Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms

A

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Abattoirs

MS = Places where animals are slaughtered and dressed for market.

UI = D000003

 

Abbreviated Injury Scale

MS = Classification system for assessing impact injury severity developed and published by the American Association for Automotive Medicine. It is the system of choice for coding single injuries and is the foundation for methods assessing multiple injuries or for assessing cumulative effects of more than one injury. These include Maximum AIS (MAIS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and Probability of Death Score (PODS).

AN = no qualif

UI = D015998

 

Abbreviations

MS = Shortened forms of written words or phrases used for brevity.

AN = includes acronyms; IM; no qualif

UI = D000004

 

Abbreviations [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of lists of shortened forms of written words or phrases used for brevity. Acronyms are included here.

UI = D020463

 

Abdomen

MS = That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; abdom muscles = ABDOMINAL MUSCLES but RECTUS ABDOMINIS is available; abdominal pain = ABDOMINAL PAIN; abrupt dis requiring emerg surg = ABDOMEN, ACUTE

UI = D000005

 

Abdomen, Acute

MS = Clinical syndrome characterized by abdominal pain of great severity associated with other symptoms and signs, usually those of acute peritonitis, which might well be the result of a ruptured abdominal viscus or a similar abdominal catastrophe requiring urgent surgical operation.

AN = do not confuse with ABDOMINAL PAIN

UI = D000006

 

Abdominal Abscess

MS = An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = for coord read note on ABSCESS

UI = D018784

 

Abdominal Cavity

MS = The region in the abdomen extending from the thoracic DIAPHRAGM to the plane of the superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet). The abdominal cavity contains the PERITONEUM and abdominal VISCERA, as well as the extraperitoneal space which includes the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.

AN = prefer specifics; ABDOMEN is also available, use author's language

UI = D034841

 

Abdominal Injuries

MS = General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.

AN = general term for inj of organs in the abdom cavity; prefer specific organs /inj

UI = D000007

 

Abdominal Muscles

MS = Muscles forming the ABDOMINAL WALL including RECTUS ABDOMINIS, external and internal oblique muscles, transversus abdominis, and quadratus abdominis. (from Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = RECTUS ABDOMINIS is available; hernia = HERNIA, VENTRAL; /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent

UI = D000009

 

Abdominal Neoplasms

AN = general term for neopl of organs in the abdom cavity; prefer specific organ/neopl terms; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl if given (IM)

UI = D000008

 

Abdominal Pain

MS = Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.

AN = do not confuse with ABDOMEN, ACUTE for abrupt abdom dis requiring emerg surg

UI = D015746

 

Abdominal Wall

MS = The outer margins of the ABDOMEN, extending from the osteocartilaginous thoracic cage to the PELVIS. Though its major part is muscular, the abdominal wall consists of at least seven layers: the SKIN, subcutaneous fat, deep FASCIA; ABDOMINAL MUSCLES, transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fat, and the parietal PERITONEUM.

UI = D034861

 

Abducens Nerve

MS = The 6th cranial nerve. The abducens nerve originates in the abducens nucleus of the pons and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the eye. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control.

AN = neopl = ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES (IM) + CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D000010

 

Abducens Nerve Diseases

MS = Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. The nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure or orbit. Dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and ESOTROPIA. Common conditions associated with nerve injury include INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ISCHEMIA; and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.

AN = neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D020434

 

Abducens Nerve Injury

MS = Traumatic injury to the abducens, or sixth, cranial nerve. Injury to this nerve results in lateral rectus muscle weakness or paralysis. The nerve may be damaged by closed or penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA or by facial trauma involving the orbit.

UI = D020222

 

Abelmoschus

MS = A plant genus of the family MALVACEAE, order Malvales, subclass Dilleniidae best known for okra.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028483

 

Abelson murine leukemia virus

MS = A replication-defective strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) capable of transforming lymphoid cells and producing a rapidly progressing lymphoid leukemia after superinfection with FRIEND, MALONEY, or RAUSCHER MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS.

AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM)

UI = D000011

 

Abetalipoproteinemia

MS = A disorder of lipid metabolism inherited as an autosomal recessive trait characterized by the near absence of APOLIPOPROTEINS B and apoB-containing lipoproteins in plasma. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein is deficient or absent in enterocytes. Clinical and laboratory findings include acanthocytosis, hypocholesterolemia, peripheral neuropathy, posterior column degeneration, ataxia, and steatorrhea. Intellectual abilities may also be impaired. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p118; Curr Opin Lipidol 1994 Apr;5(2):81-6)

AN = do not confuse with HYPOBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA

UI = D000012

 

Abies

MS = A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. Balm of Gilead is a common name more often referring to POPULUS and sometimes to COMMIPHORA.

AN = DOUGLAS FIR see PSEUDOTSUGA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028202

 

Abnormalities

MS = Congenital malformations of organs or parts.

AN = GEN only: prefer /abnorm: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.1; do not use /compl /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; policy: Manual 23.20+; TN 109: relation to /congen & INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D000013

 

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced

MS = Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.

AN = IM; do not use /chem ind /compl /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific chem /adv eff-pois-tox (IM) + specific organ /abnorm or specific abnorm /chem ind (IM); Manual 23.20.3

UI = D000014

 

Abnormalities, Multiple

AN = IM; do not use /compl /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific abnorm (IM); Manual 23.20.2

UI = D000015

 

Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced

MS = Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.

AN = IM; do not use /compl /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific abnorm (IM)

UI = D000016

 

ABO Blood-Group System

MS = The major human blood type system which depends on the presence or absence of two antigens A and B. Type O occurs when neither A nor B is present and AB when both are present. A and B are genetic factors that determine the presence of enzymes for the synthesis of certain glycoproteins mainly in the red cell membrane.

AN = IM; coord with disease /blood (IM), not /immunol nor /genet; TN 230

UI = D000017

 

Abomasum

MS = The fourth stomach of ruminating animals. It is also called the "true" stomach. It is an elongated pear-shaped sac lying on the floor of the abdomen, on the right-hand side, and roughly between the seventh and twelfth ribs. It leads to the beginning of the small intestine. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)

AN = a ruminant's 4th stomach; dis: coord IM with STOMACH DISEASES /vet (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type /vet (IM); ulcer: coord IM with STOMACH ULCER /vet (IM)

UI = D000018

 

Aborigines

MS = Native inhabitants or indigenous individuals of a country.

AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent; for Australian aborigines as a racial group index under ABORIGINES (IM) + AUSTRALOID RACE (IM) + AUSTRALIA or specific Australian territory; for Australian aborigines as an ethnic group, index under ABORIGINES (IM) + AUSTRALIA or specific Australian territory

UI = D016359

 

Aborted Fetus

MS = A mammalian fetus expelled by INDUCED ABORTION or SPONTANEOUS ABORTION.

UI = D037881

 

Abortifacient Agents

MS = Chemical substances that interrupt pregnancy after implantation.

AN = do not use /ther use for use of abortifacients as abortifacients

UI = D000019

 

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal

MS = Non-steroidal chemical compounds with abortifacient activity.

AN = do not use /ther use for use of the abortifacients as abortifacients

UI = D000020

 

Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal

MS = Steroidal compounds with abortifacient activity.

AN = do not use /ther use for use of the abortifacients as abortifacients

UI = D000021

 

Abortion Applicants

MS = Individuals requesting induced abortions.

AN = don't forget also check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D000023

 

Abortion, Criminal

MS = Illegal termination of pregnancy.

AN = don't forget also check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY; for abortifacients in crim abort see note on ABORTION, INDUCED

UI = D000024

 

Abortion, Eugenic

MS = Abortion performed because of possible fetal defects.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; don't forget also check tags HUMAN or ANIMAL & FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D000025

 

Abortion, Habitual

MS = Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.

UI = D000026

 

Abortion, Incomplete

MS = Abortion in which not all the products of conception have been expelled.

AN = not all conception products are expelled; restrict to spontaneous, not induced abortions; don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D000027

 

Abortion, Induced

MS = Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; for use of an abortifacient here or in ABORTION, CRIMINAL, coord IM with abortifacient agent (IM with no qualif, not /adv eff unless text specifically discusses adverse eff); don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D000028

 

Abortion, Legal

MS = Termination of pregnancy under conditions allowed under local laws. (POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991)

AN = /adv eff permitted; do not use /util (except by MeSH definition) /vet; don't forget also HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D000029

 

Abortion, Missed

MS = The retention in the uterus of a dead fetus two months or more after its death.

AN = dead fetus retained 2 or more months; /prev /ther /vet permitted; don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D000030

 

Abortion, Septic

MS = Infected abortion in which there is dissemination of microorganisms and their products into the maternal systemic circulation.

AN = infected abortion; /prev /ther permitted; /vet permitted only if discussed as "septic" abortion: do not use automatically for animal abortion in brucellosis, vibriosis, trichomoniasis, etc. in animals; don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D000031

 

Abortion, Spontaneous

MS = Expulsion of the products of conception before the completion of gestation without deliberate interference.

AN = /chem ind permitted but do not confuse with ABORTION, INDUCED (E4); /chem ind: consider also ABORTIFACIENT AGENTS; don't forget also check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D000022

 

Abortion, Therapeutic

MS = Abortion induced to save the life or health of a pregnant woman. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D000032

 

Abortion, Threatened

MS = Condition of vaginal bleeding with or without pain in early pregnancy which may presage an abortion.

AN = pain & bleeding in early pregn heralding abortion; /prev /ther /vet permitted; don't forget check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D000033

 

Abortion, Veterinary

MS = Premature expulsion of the fetus in animals.

AN = IM + specific type of abortion with /vet (NIM); don't forget also check tags ANIMAL & FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D000034

 

Abreaction

MS = A process in psychotherapy in which the patient is "desensitized" to emotionally painful, often forgotten (repressed) memories by recalling and reacting to them in the "safety" of the treatment setting.

AN = no qualif

UI = D000035

 

Abrin

MS = A toxic lectin from the seeds of jequirity, Abrus precatorius L. Very active poison. Five different proteins have so far been isolated: Abrus agglutinin, the component responsible for hemagglutininating activity, & abrins a-d, the toxic principles each consisting of two peptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds.

UI = D000036

 

Abruptio Placentae

MS = Premature separation of the normally implanted placenta.

AN = premature separation of placenta; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D000037

 

Abrus

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members contain ABRIN.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029912

 

Abscess

MS = Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.

AN = IM; coord IM with site (organ/dis term) (IM) + precoord organism/infect term (IM); if unspecified bacterial abscess do not coord with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (since most abscesses are bact) but coord with specific bact infect term if given (as ABSCESS + STAPH INFECTIONS)

UI = D000038

 

Abscisic Acid

MS = Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.

UI = D000040

 

Absenteeism

MS = Chronic absence from work or other duty.

AN = IM; no qualif

UI = D000041

 

Absidia

MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi, family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES, which sometimes causes infection in humans.

AN = infection: coord IM with MUCORMYCOSIS (IM)

UI = D020095

 

Absinthe

MS = An extract of absinthium and other bitter herbs, containing 60% alcohol. Prolonged ingestion causes nervousness, convulsions, trismus, amblyopia, optic neuritis, and mental deterioration. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = an alcoholic beverage

UI = D018646

 

Absorbable Implants

MS = Implants constructed of materials designed to be absorbed by the body without producing an immune response. They are usually composed of plastics and are frequently used in orthopedics and orthodontics.

AN = coord with substance if emphasized

UI = D020341

 

Absorbent Pads

MS = Pads made of various materials used for personal hygiene usually for absorbing URINE or FECES. They can be worn as underpants or pants liners by various age groups, from NEWBORNS to the ELDERLY. Absorbent pads can be made of fluff wood pulp and HYDROGEL absorbent covered with viscose rayon, polyester, polypropylene, or POLYETHYLENE coverstock.

UI = D041342

 

Absorptiometry, Photon

MS = A noninvasive method for quantitating bone mineral content. It is used especially in the diagnosis of osteoporosis and also in measuring bone mineralization in infants.

AN = NIM; measures bone mineral content; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D015502

 

Absorption

MS = The taking in or incorporation of gaseous or liquid substances, light, or heat. It includes the metabolic absorption of exogenous nutrients, chemicals, and drugs into microorganisms, tissues, and organs.

AN = almost never IM; coord NIM with substance /pharmacokin (IM) or organ /metab (IM) when absorptive process, degree or rate in article; TN 1: relation to metab & importance in pharmacol

UI = D000042

 

Abstracting and Indexing

MS = Shortening or summarizing of documents; assigning of descriptors for referencing documents.

AN = IM; med abstracting & indexing: do not coord with MEDICINE; do not confuse with Publication Type ABSTRACTS OR MEETING ABSTRACTS

UI = D000043

 

Abstracts [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of lists of publications on a subject and that provide full annotated bibliographical information together with substantive summaries or condensations of the facts, ideas, or opinions presented in each publication listed. (From LC Subject Cataloging Manual)

UI = D020504

 

Acacia

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The gums and tanning agents obtained from Acacia are called GUM ARABIC. The common name of catechu is more often used for Areca catechu (ARECA).

AN = acacia pharmaceut agents are probably GUM ARABIC; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D000045

 

Academic Dissertations [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of formal presentations made usually to fulfill requirements for an academic degree.

AN = publication type only; for acad dissertations as a subject, index under main heading DISSERTATIONS, ACADEMIC; used by History of Medicine Division and special data producers only

UI = D019478

 

Academic Medical Centers

MS = Medical complexes consisting of medical school, hospitals, clinics, libraries, administrative facilities, etc.

AN = specify geog; DF: ACAD MED CENTERS

UI = D000046

 

Academies and Institutes

MS = Organizations representing specialized fields which are accepted as authoritative; may be non-governmental, university or an independent research organization, e.g., National Academy of Sciences, Brookings Institution, etc.

AN = not for educ acad & institutes ( = SCHOOLS or its indentions); Acad of Med: do not index also under MEDICINE; NY Acad of Med: when geog coord needed use NEW YORK CITY; DF: ACADEMIES

UI = D000047

 

Acanthaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Scrophulariales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. It is characterized by simple leaves in opposite pairs, cystoliths (enlarged cells containing crystals of calcium carbonate), and bilaterally symmetrical and bisexual flowers that are usually crowded together.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027901

 

Acanthamoeba

MS = A genus of free-living soil amoebae that produces no flagellate stage. Its organisms are pathogens for several infections in humans and have been found in the eye, bone, brain, and respiratory tract.

AN = infection: coord IM with AMEBIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D000048

 

Acanthamoeba Keratitis

MS = Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.

AN = note category: a corneal dis: do not confuse with KERATOACANTHOMA, a skin dis

UI = D015823

 

Acanthocephala

MS = A phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: Moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and Macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine.

AN = infection: coord IM with HELMINTHIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D000049

 

Acanthocytes

MS = Erythrocytes with protoplasmic projections giving the cell a thorny appearance.

AN = A 11 qualif

UI = D000050

 

Acantholysis

MS = Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see PEMPHIGUS) and KERATOSIS FOLLICULARIS.

AN = ACANTHOLYSIS BULLOSA see EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA is also available

UI = D000051

 

Acanthopanax

MS = A plant genus of the family ARALIACEAE. Ciwujia extract, which is prepared from plants of this genus, contains ciwujianosides and is used to enhance PHYSICAL ENDURANCE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031065

 

Acanthopodina

MS = A suborder of ameboid protozoa. Characteristics include subpseudopodia that are more or less finely tipped, occasionally filiform, commonly furcate hyaline, and produced from a broad hyaline lobe. Cysts are usually formed and nuclear division is mesomitotic or metamitotic.

AN = a suborder of protozoa

UI = D016842

 

Acanthosis Nigricans

MS = A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.

AN = a type of melanosis

UI = D000052

 

Acarbose

MS = An inhibitor of alpha glucosidase that retards the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine and hence reduces the increase in blood-glucose concentrations after a carbohydrate load. It is given orally to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients where diet modification or oral hypoglycemic agents do not control their condition. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

UI = D020909

 

Acari

MS = A large, subclass of arachnids comprising the MITES and TICKS, including parasites of plants, animals, and humans, as well as several important disease vectors.

AN = acaricides: index under INSECTICIDES even though Acari are not insects

UI = D000053

 

Acaridae

MS = Family of MITES, in the superfamily Acaroidea, order Astigmata. They are frequently found in cereal-based foodstuffs including GRAIN and FLOUR.

UI = D040041

 

Acatalasia

MS = A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of CATALASE activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present.

UI = D020642

 

Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm

MS = A transient and intermittent type of arrhythmia with episodes lasting from a few seconds to a minute which usually occurs in patients with acute myocardial infarction or with digitalis toxicity. Suppressive therapy is rarely necessary because the ventricular rate is generally less than 100 beats per minute.

AN = a supraventric tachycardia; DF: note short X ref

UI = D016170

 

Acceleration

AN = IM

UI = D000054

 

Access to Information

MS = Individual's rights to obtain and use information collected or generated by others.

UI = D022126

 

Accessory Nerve

MS = The 11th cranial nerve. The accessory nerve originates from neurons in the medulla and in the cervical spinal cord. It has a cranial root, which joins the vagus (10th cranial) nerve and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the larynx, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Damage to the nerve produces weakness in head rotation and shoulder elevation.

AN = neopl = ACCESSORY NERVE DISEASES (IM) + CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D000055

 

Accessory Nerve Diseases

MS = Diseases of the eleventh cranial (spinal accessory) nerve. This nerve originates from motor neurons in the lower medulla (accessory portion of nerve) and upper spinal cord (spinal portion of nerve). The two components of the nerve join and exit the skull via the jugular foramen, innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, which become weak or paralyzed if the nerve is injured. The nerve is commonly involved in MOTOR NEURON DISEASE, and may be injured by trauma to the posterior triangle of the neck.

AN = neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D020436

 

Accident Prevention

AN = no qualif

UI = D000056

 

Accident Proneness

MS = Tendency toward involvement in accidents. Implies certain personality characteristics which predispose to accidents.

AN = no qualif

UI = D000057

 

Accidental Falls

MS = Falls due to slipping or tripping which result in injury.

AN = coord IM with specific inj (IM) if pertinent

UI = D000058

 

Accidents

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D000059

 

Accidents, Aviation

AN = IM; coord with specific inj (IM)

UI = D000060

 

Accidents, Home

AN = IM; coord with specific inj (IM)

UI = D000061

 

Accidents, Occupational

MS = Unforeseen occurrences, especially of an injurious character due to factors involving one's employment. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p10)

AN = IM; coord with specific occupation (IM); DF: ACCIDENTS OCCUP

UI = D000062

 

Accidents, Radiation

MS = Accidental dispersal of radioactive materials from a radiation source. Accidents at nuclear reactors can involve large groups of the population from dispersion of radioactivity into the environment and through fallout or a few individuals with high injurious doses.

AN = usually accidents & exposure at nuclear reactors so do not index also under NUCLEAR REACTORS; specify other rad source (IM); IM; coord with specific inj or med aspect (IM); do not index here for rad inj during radiother or radiodiag: index under specific radiother or radiodiag heading; specify geog; DF: ACCIDENTS RAD

UI = D018788

 

Accidents, Traffic

MS = Accidents on streets, roads, and highways involving drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or vehicles. Traffic accidents refer to AUTOMOBILES (passenger cars, buses, and trucks), BICYCLING, and MOTORCYCLES but not OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES; RAILROADS nor snowmobiles.

AN = implies automobile accid so do not coord with AUTOMOBILES unless the auto is especially discussed; coord IM with BICYCLING (IM) or MOTORCYCLES (IM) if pertinent; not for railroad accidents ( = RAILROADS + ACCIDENTS) or all-terrain vehicles, motorbikes or snowmobiles ( = OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES + ACCIDENTS)

UI = D000063

 

Acclimatization

MS = Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.

AN = includes to climate, altitude, weather but not to gravity ( = ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL)

UI = D000064

 

Accommodation, Ocular

MS = The dioptric adjustment of the eye (to attain maximal sharpness of retinal imagery for an object of regard) referring to the ability, to the mechanism, or to the process. It is the effecting of refractive changes by changes in the shape of the crystalline lens. Loosely, it refers to ocular adjustments for vision at various distances. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

AN = adjustment of lens to distance; do not confuse with ADAPTATION, OCULAR, adjustment of eye to light

UI = D000065

 

Account Books [Publication Type]

MS = Books in which personal or commercial accounts of financial transactions are recorded. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

AN = publication type only; for account books as a subject, index under main heading ACCOUNTING

UI = D019479

 

Accounting

MS = System of recording financial transactions.

AN = IM; coord with SPEC (IM) or specific financial endeavor (IM)

UI = D000066

 

Accounts Payable and Receivable

MS = Short-term debt obligations and assets occurring in the regular course of operational transactions.

AN = no qualif; DF: ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

UI = D000067

 

Accreditation

MS = Certification as complying with a standard set by non-governmental organizations, applied for by institutions, programs, and facilities on a voluntary basis.

AN = by the profession; do not confuse with LICENSURE (by the state)

UI = D000068

 

Acculturation

MS = Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilates various cultural patterns from another.

AN = no qualif

UI = D000069

 

Acebutolol

MS = A cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.

UI = D000070

 

Acecainide

MS = A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.

UI = D000120

 

Acedapsone

MS = Acetylated sulfone that is slowly metabolized to give long-term, low blood levels of DAPSONE. It has antimicrobial and antimalarial action, but is mainly used as a depot leprostatic agent.

UI = D000072

 

Acenaphthenes

MS = Tricyclic ethylene-bridged naphthalene derivatives. They are found in petroleum residues and coal tar and used as dye intermediates, in the manufacture of plastics, and in insecticides and fungicides.

AN = aromatic hydrocarbons

UI = D000073

 

Acenocoumarol

MS = A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233)

UI = D000074

 

Acepromazine

MS = A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of psychoses.

UI = D000075

 

Acer

MS = A plant genus of the family ACERACEAE, best known for trees with palmately lobed leaves.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031002

 

Aceraceae

MS = A plant family of the order Sapindales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Leaves are opposite and usually toothed or lobed. The fruit, a samara (a winged nutlet), splits into two (rarely three) winged, one-seeded parts. This family is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031001

 

Acetabularia

MS = A genus of green algae found in the Mediterranean and other warm seas.

AN = a green alga

UI = D000076

 

Acetabulum

AN = point of union of the 3 pelvic bones; do not confuse with HIP or HIP JOINT or PELVIC BONES; fract = ACETABULUM /inj (IM) + FRACTURES (IM)

UI = D000077

 

Acetaldehyde

MS = A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.

UI = D000079

 

Acetals

UI = D000080

 

Acetamides

MS = Derivatives of acetamide that are used as solvents, as mild irritants, and in organic synthesis.

UI = D000081

 

Acetaminophen

MS = Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.

UI = D000082

 

Acetanilides

MS = N-Phenylacetamide. Precursor of many drugs, dyes and other compounds in chemical synthesis; formerly used as analgesic and antipyretic, but often causes lethal methemoglobinemia. Synonyms: acetylaniline; acetylaminobenzene; antifebrin.

UI = D000083

 

Acetate Kinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of acetate in the presence of a divalent cation and ATP with the formation of acetylphosphate and ADP. It is important in the glycolysis process. EC 2.7.2.1.

UI = D000084

 

Acetate-CoA Ligase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of CoA derivatives from ATP, acetate, and CoA to form AMP, pyrophosphate, and acetyl CoA. It acts also on propionates and acrylates. EC 6.2.1.1.

UI = D000106

 

Acetates

MS = Salts or esters of acetic acid in which the terminal hydrogen atom is replaced by a metal, for instance copper acetate Cu(CH3COO)2, or where substitution is by a radical, for instance ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H5. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D000085

 

Acetazolamide

MS = One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)

UI = D000086

 

Acetic Acid

MS = Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

AN = do not confuse with ACETIC ACIDS

UI = D019342

 

Acetic Acids

MS = Acetic acid and its derivatives which may be formed by substitution reactions. Mono- and di-substituted, as well as halogenated compounds have been synthesized.

AN = do not confuse with ACETIC ACID; note X ref ACETIC ACID ESTERS see ACETATES; acetic acid salts = ACETATES

UI = D000088

 

Acetic Anhydrides

MS = Compounds used extensively as acetylation, oxidation and dehydrating agents and in the modification of proteins and enzymes.

UI = D000089

 

Acetoacetates

MS = Salts and derivatives of acetoacetic acid.

UI = D000090

 

Acetobacter

MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria of the family ACETOBACTERACEAE found in flowers and fruits. Cells are ellipsoidal to rod-shaped and straight or slightly curved.

AN = do not confuse with Acetobacterium ( = GRAM-POSITIVE ASPOROGENOUS RODS, IRREGULAR)

UI = D000091

 

Acetobacteraceae

MS = A family of gram-negative aerobic bacteria consisting of ellipsoidal to rod-shaped cells that occur singly, in pairs, or in chains.

UI = D016947

 

Acetohexamide

MS = A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.

UI = D000092

 

Acetoin

MS = A product of fermentation. It is a component of the butanediol cycle in microorganisms. In mammals it is oxidized to carbon dioxide.

UI = D000093

 

Acetoin Dehydrogenase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoin to diacetyl in the presence of NAD. EC 1.1.1.5.

UI = D000094

 

Acetolactate Synthase

MS = A flavoprotein that catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from 2 moles of pyruvate in the biosynthesis of valine and the formation of acetohydroxybutyrate from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate in the biosynthesis of isoleucine. EC 4.1.3.18.

UI = D000095

 

Acetone

MS = A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis.

AN = acetonemia & acetonuria go under KETONE BODIES

UI = D000096

 

Acetonitriles

MS = Compounds in which a methyl group is attached to the cyano moiety.

UI = D000097

 

Acetophenones

UI = D000098

 

Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene

MS = An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.

UI = D000099

 

Acetrizoic Acid

MS = An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.

UI = D000100

 

Acetyl Coenzyme A

MS = Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.

AN = do not confuse with ACYL COENZYME A

UI = D000105

 

Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of acetyl-CoA. EC 2.3.1.9.

AN = do not confuse with ACETYL-COA C-ACYLTRANSFERASE

UI = D000101

 

Acetyl-CoA C-Acyltransferase

MS = Enzyme that catalyzes the final step of fatty acid oxidation in which acetyl-CoA is released and the CoA ester of a fatty acid two carbons shorter is formed. EC 2.3.1.16.

AN = do not confuse with ACETYL-COA C-ACETYLTRANSFERASE

UI = D000102

 

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

MS = A carboxylating enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, acetyl-CoA, and HCO3- to ADP, orthophosphate, and malonyl-CoA. It is a biotinyl-protein that also catalyzes transcarboxylation. The plant enzyme also carboxylates propanoyl-CoA and butanoyl-CoA (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.4.1.2.

UI = D000103

 

Acetyl-CoA Hydrolase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA to yield CoA and acetate. The enzyme is involved in the oxidation of fatty acids. EC 3.1.2.1.

UI = D000104

 

Acetylation

MS = Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = almost never IM; enzymatic acetylation: coord NIM with ACETYLTRANSFERASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific acetyltransferase (IM)

UI = D000107

 

Acetylcarnitine

MS = An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of acetyl CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.

UI = D000108

 

Acetylcholine

MS = A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000109

 

Acetylcholinesterase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and ACETATE. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.

AN = reactivation or reactivators: coord NIM (with no qualif) with CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS (IM)

UI = D000110

 

Acetylcysteine

MS = The N-acetyl derivative of CYSTEINE. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates.

UI = D000111

 

Acetyldigitoxins

MS = Cardioactive derivatives of lanatoside A or of DIGITOXIN. They are used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure.

AN = do not confuse with ACETYLDIGOXINS

UI = D000112

 

Acetyldigoxins

MS = Alpha- or beta-acetyl derivatives of DIGOXIN or lanatoside C from Digitalis lanata. They are better absorbed and longer acting than digoxin and are used in congestive heart failure.

AN = Digitalis glycosides; do not confuse with ACETYLDIGITOXINS; alpha isomer & beta isomer go here

UI = D000113

 

Acetylene

UI = D000114

 

Acetylesterase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetate esters and water to alcohols and acetate. EC 3.1.1.6.

UI = D000115

 

Acetylgalactosamine

MS = The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.

UI = D000116

 

Acetylglucosamine

MS = The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.

UI = D000117

 

Acetylglucosaminidase

MS = 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxygluco-hydrolase. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucose residues in chitobiose and higher analogs as well as in glycoproteins. Has been used widely in structural studies on bacterial cell walls and in the study of diseases such as mucolipidosis and various inflammatory disorders of muscle and connective tissue.

UI = D000118

 

Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine

MS = Peptidoglycan immunoadjuvant originally isolated from bacterial cell wall fragments; also acts as pyrogen and may cause arthritis; stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity.

AN = /biosyn permitted; DF: AMAIG

UI = D000119

 

Acetylserotonin N-Methyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N-acetylserotonin to form N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (MELATONIN). EC 2.1.1.4.

AN = DF: HIOMT

UI = D000121

 

Acetylthiocholine

MS = An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.

UI = D000122

 

Acetyltransferases

MS = Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1.

UI = D000123

 

Achievement

MS = Success in bringing an effort to the desired end; the degree or level of success attained in some specified area (esp. scholastic) or in general.

AN = no qualif

UI = D000124

 

Achillea

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that has long been used in folk medicine for treating wounds.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031162

 

Achilles Tendon

AN = rupture = ACHILLES TENDON /inj (IM) + RUPTURE (NIM)

UI = D000125

 

Achlorhydria

MS = A lack of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice despite stimulation of gastric secretion.

UI = D000126

 

Acholeplasma

MS = A genus of gram-negative organisms including saprophytic and parasitic or pathogenic species.

UI = D000127

 

Acholeplasma laidlawii

MS = An organism originally isolated from sewage, manure, humus, and soil, but recently found as a parasite in mammals and birds.

AN = in sewage, dung, soil & animals

UI = D000128

 

Acholeplasmataceae

MS = Gram-negative organisms including apparently free-living saprophytes as well as mammalian and avian parasites, and possibly pathogens.

AN = free-living saphrophytes & mammalian & avian parasites

UI = D000129

 

Achondroplasia

MS = An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, genu varum, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)

UI = D000130

 

Achyranthes

MS = A plant genus of the family AMARANTHACEAE, order Caryophyllales, which has been used in traditional medicine (MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029044

 

Achyrocline

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain TERPENES and achyrofuran, a prenylated dibenzofuran (BENZOFURANS).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D036921

 

Acid Anhydride Hydrolases

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds in compounds such as nucleoside di- and tri-phosphates, and sulfonyl-containing anhydrides such as adenylylsulfate. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.6.

UI = D017766

 

Acid Etching, Dental

MS = Pretreatment of tooth surfaces with etching agents, usually phosphoric acid, to increase the adhesion of various resin systems.

AN = etching of tooth surface to increase adhesion of resins; do not use for etching of metal appliances for better adhesion ( = specific appliance (IM) + METALLURGY (NIM) ); do not use for etching of veneers or resins ( = specific dent restoration); DF: ACID ETCHING DENT

UI = D000134

 

Acid Phosphatase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.

AN = /defic permitted: TN 222; prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PROSTATE + ACID PHOSPHATASE): do not confuse with PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, a serine proteinase

UI = D000135

 

Acid Rain

MS = Acidic water usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water.

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D015258

 

Acid-Base Equilibrium

MS = The balance between acids and bases in the blood plasma. Normally it results in a slightly alkaline state with an excess of hydroxyl ions in comparison to hydrogen. The balance is achieved by the offset of the ingestion and production of acidic and basic material by the amount of acidic and basic material metabolized and excreted by the body.

AN = consider also ACID-BASE IMBALANCE

UI = D000136

 

Acid-Base Imbalance

MS = Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.

UI = D000137

 

Acidic Glycosphingolipids

MS = A subclass of GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS containing large polar heads made up of several sugar units. One or more of their terminal sugar units are bound to a negatively charged molecule at pH 7. Members of this class include: GANGLIOSIDES, uronoglycosphingolipids, SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS, phosphoglycosphingolipids, and phosphonoglycosphingolipids.

UI = D020384

 

Acidosis

MS = A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate) content of the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration (decrease in pH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = an acid-base imbalance; GEN & unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D000138

 

Acidosis, Lactic

MS = Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as diabetes mellitus, leukemia, or liver failure.

AN = accumulation of lactic acid

UI = D000140

 

Acidosis, Renal Tubular

MS = A rare sometimes familial disorder of the renal tubule characterized by the inability to excrete urine of normal acidity. This leads to a hyperchloremic acidosis which is often associated with one or more secondary complications such as hypercalcinuria with nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis, rickets, or osteomalacia and severe potassium depletion.

AN = does not include TYPE IV RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS

UI = D000141

 

Acidosis, Respiratory

MS = Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.

UI = D000142

 

Acids

MS = Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

AN = GEN; avoid; do not use for specific acids, acid-fast bacteria, acid reactions, etc.

UI = D000143

 

Acids, Acyclic

MS = Carboxylic acids that have open-chain molecular structures as opposed to ring-shaped structures.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

UI = D000144

 

Acids, Aldehydic

MS = Dicarboxylic acids in which one of the carboxyl groups (-COOH) has been replaced by an aldehyde group (-CHO).

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

UI = D000145

 

Acids, Carbocyclic

MS = Carboxylic acids that have a homocyclic ring structure in which all the ring atoms are carbon.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; do not confuse with CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

UI = D000146

 

Acids, Heterocyclic

MS = A class of acids containing a ring structure in which atleast one atom other than CARBON is incorporated.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

UI = D000147

 

Acids, Noncarboxylic

MS = Inorganic acids with a non metal, other than carbon, attached to hydrogen, or an acid radical containing no carbon.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

UI = D000148

 

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride

MS = A sodium fluoride solution, paste or powder, which has been acidulated to pH 3 to 4 and buffered with a phosphate. It is used in the prevention of dental caries.

UI = D000149

 

Acinetobacter

MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family NEISSERIACEAE, found in soil and water and of uncertain pathogenicity.

AN = infection = ACINETOBACTER INFECTIONS

UI = D000150

 

Acinetobacter baumannii

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria, commonly found in the clinical laboratory, and frequently resistant to common antibiotics.

AN = infection: coord IM with ACINETOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D040981

 

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria found in soil and water. Although considered to be normally nonpathogenic, this bacterium is a causative agent of nosocomial infections, particularly in debilitated individuals.

AN = in soil & water; nosocomial; infection: coord IM with ACINETOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016954

 

Acinetobacter Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.

AN = gram-neg bact infect

UI = D000151

 

Acitretin

MS = An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.

UI = D017255

 

Aclarubicin

MS = An anthracycline antibiotic produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity, especially in the treatment of leukemias, with reduced cardiac toxicity in comparison to daunorubicin or doxorubicin.

UI = D015250

 

Acne Keloid

MS = A type of acneiform disorder in which secondary pyogenic infection in and around pilosebaceous structures ends in keloidal scarring. It manifests as persistent folliculitis of the back of the neck associated with occlusion of the follicular orifices. It is most often encountered in black or Asian men.

AN = acneiform eruption with keloid scarring

UI = D000153

 

Acne Rosacea

MS = An acneiform eruption occurring mostly in middle-aged adults and appearing generally on the forehead, cheeks, nose, and chin. Three types are recognized: granulomatous, glandular hyperplastic with rhinophyma, and ocular.

AN = an acneiform eruption

UI = D012393

 

Acne Vulgaris

MS = A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.

AN = an acneiform eruption

UI = D000152

 

Acneiform Eruptions

MS = Visible efflorescent lesions of the skin caused by acne or resembling acne. (Dorland, 28th ed, p18, 575)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D017486

 

Aconitate Hydratase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of cis-aconitate to yield citrate or isocitrate. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.3.

UI = D000154

 

Aconite

AN = an alkaloid; do not confuse with ACONITINE

UI = D000155

 

Aconitic Acid

UI = D000156

 

Aconitine

MS = A alkaloid from the root of Aconitum napellus L. and other aconites. Activates voltage-gated Na+ channels. Has been used to induce arrhythmia in experimental animals. Shows antiinflammatory and antineuralgic properties.

AN = do not confuse with ACONITE

UI = D000157

 

Aconitum

MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain a number of diterpenoid alkaloids including: aconitans, hypaconitine, ACONITINE, jesaconitine, ignavine, napelline, and mesaconitine.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031841

 

Acoraceae

MS = A plant family of the order Arales, subclass Arecidae, class Liliopsida (monocot).

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029022

 

Acorus

MS = A plant genus of the family ACORACEAE, order Arales, subclass Arecidae most notable for Acorus calamus L. root which contains asarone and has been used in traditional medicine.

AN = do not confuse with the Calamus genus = ARECACEAE; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029023

 

Acoustic Impedance Tests

MS = Objective tests of middle ear function based on the difficulty (impedance) or ease (admittance) of sound flow through the middle ear. These include static impedance and dynamic impedance (i.e., tympanometry and impedance tests in conjunction with intra-aural muscle reflex elicitation). This term is used also for various components of impedance and admittance (e.g., compliance, conductance, reactance, resistance, susceptance).

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D000158

 

Acoustic Maculae

MS = Thickened areas of the saccule and utricle where the termination of the vestibular nerve occurs.

UI = D008267

 

Acoustic Stimulation

MS = Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.

UI = D000161

 

Acoustics

MS = The branch of physics that deals with sound and sound waves. In medicine it is often applied in procedures in speech and hearing studies. With regard to the environment, it refers to the characteristics of a room, auditorium, theatre, building, etc. that determines the audibility or fidelity of sounds in it. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

AN = in speech & hearing research & for the environment (home, hospital, facilities, theater, etc.)

UI = D000162

 

Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome

MS = Syndrome consisting of synovitis, acne, palmoplantar pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO). The most common site of the disease is the upper anterior chest wall, characterized by predominantly osteosclerotic lesions, hyperostosis, and arthritis of the adjacent joints. The association of sterile inflammatory bone lesions and neutrophilic skin eruptions is indicative of this syndrome.

UI = D020083

 

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

MS = An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.

AN = caused by HIV; coord IM with HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM) if pertinent; /epidemiol: consider also HIV SEROPREVALENCE; AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS is available if particularly discussed: see note there; for lymphoma with AIDS, use LYMPHOMA, AIDS-RELATED

UI = D000163

 

Acremonium

MS = A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus.

UI = D000164

 

Acridine Orange

MS = A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D000165

 

Acridines

AN = D25-26 qualif; acridinamines & acridinylamines = AMINOACRIDINES

UI = D000166

 

Acriflavine

MS = 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D000167

 

Acro-Osteolysis

MS = A condition with congenital and acquired forms causing recurrent ulcers in the fingers and toes. The congenital form exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance; the acquired form is found in workers who handle VINYL CHLORIDE. When acro-osteolysis is accompanied by generalized OSTEOPOROSIS and skull deformations, it is called HAJDU-CHENEY SYNDROME.

UI = D030981

 

Acrocephalosyndactylia

MS = Craniostenosis characterized by acrocephaly and syndactyly, probably occurring as an autosomal dominant trait and usually as a new mutation. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = congen deform of skull, fingers & toes; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D000168

 

Acrodermatitis

MS = Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.

AN = dermatitis of hands or feet so do not bother to coord with HAND DERMATOSES or FOOT DERMATOSES unless particularly discussed

UI = D000169

 

Acrodynia

MS = A condition seen primarily in childhood, most often resulting from chronic exposure to MERCURY COMPOUNDS which may result in ENCEPHALOPATHY and POLYNEUROPATHY. Clinical features include pain, swelling and pinkish discoloration of the fingers and toes, weakness in the extremities, extreme irritability, HYPERESTHESIA, and alterations in level of consciousness. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p603)

UI = D000170

 

Acrolein

UI = D000171

 

Acromegaly

MS = A disorder caused by excessive secretion of GROWTH HORMONE, characterized by bony enlargement of the face (especially prognathism), hands, feet, head, and thorax. Impaired glucose tolerance; HYPERTENSION; ARTHRITIS; diffuse hyperplasia of soft tissues; CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME; visceromegaly; and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS are frequently associated with this condition. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE secreting pituitary ADENOMA (see also PITUITARY NEOPLASMS). (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)

AN = coord with GROWTH HORMONE /secret (in animals) or SOMATROPIN /secret (in humans) if pertinent

UI = D000172

 

Acromioclavicular Joint

MS = The gliding joint formed by the outer extremity of the CLAVICLE and the inner margin of the acromion process of the SCAPULA.

AN = dislocation: coord (IM) with DISLOCATIONS (IM)

UI = D000173

 

Acromion

MS = The lateral extension of the spine of the SCAPULA and the highest point of the SHOULDER.

AN = part of the scapula; fracture = ACROMION /inj (IM) + FRACTURES (IM), not SHOULDER FRACTURES

UI = D000174

 

Acronine

MS = A pyrano-acridone alkaloid found in RUTACEAE plants.

AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant

UI = D000175

 

Acrosin

MS = A trypsin-like enzyme of spermatozoa which is not inhibited by alpha 1 antitrypsin.

UI = D000176

 

Acrosome

MS = The cap-like structure covering the anterior portion of SPERM HEAD. Acrosome, derived from LYSOSOMES, is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the required hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes necessary for sperm penetration of the egg in FERTILIZATION.

UI = D000177

 

Acrosome Reaction

MS = Changes that occur to liberate the enzymes of the ACROSOME of a sperm (SPERMATOZOA). Acrosome reaction allows the sperm to penetrate the ZONA PELLUCIDA and enter the OVUM during FERTILIZATION.

UI = D020101

 

Acrospiroma, Eccrine

MS = A tumor derived from eccrine sweat duct epithelium which may be intra-epidermal (hidro-acanthoma simplex), juxta-epidermal (eccrine poroma) or intradermal (dermal duct tumor). They are comparatively uncommon. There is no indication that heredity or external agents cause these tumors. (Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2409)

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SWEAT GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018250

 

Acrylamide

MS = A colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile. It is primarily used in research laboratories for electrophoresis, chromatography, and electron microscopy and in the sewage and wastewater treatment industries.

AN = ACRYLAMIDES is also available

UI = D020106

 

Acrylamides

MS = Colorless, odorless crystals that are used extensively in research laboratories for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis and in organic synthesis, and polymerization. Some of its polymers are used in sewage and wastewater treatment, permanent press fabrics, and as soil conditioning agents.

AN = ACRYLAMIDE is also available

UI = D000178

 

Acrylates

UI = D000179

 

Acrylic Resins

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D000180

 

Acrylonitrile

MS = A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber.

UI = D000181

 

Actaea

MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Cycloartanes have been found in the rhizomes.

AN = ACTAEA RACEMOSA see CIMICIFUGA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031842

 

ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic

MS = Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.

AN = caused by "ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms"; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term with /secret (IM) + histol type of neopl /secret (IM)

UI = D000182

 

Actihaemyl

MS = An extract from calf blood containing inorganic salts, amino acids, polypeptides and purines, but no proteins nor antigenic substances or blood group characteristics. Its exact composition is unknown. It has been proposed as a radiation-protective agent.

UI = D000183

 

Acting Out

MS = Expressing unconscious emotional conflicts or feelings, often of hostility or love, through overt behavior.

AN = no qualif

UI = D000184

 

Actinidia

MS = A plant species of the family ACTINIDIACEAE, order Theales.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029042

 

Actinidiaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Theales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is best known for Kiwi fruit (ACTINIDIA).

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029041

 

Actinin

MS = A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin.

AN = a muscle & microfilament protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000185

 

Actinium

MS = Actinium. A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, atomic number 89, and atomic weight 227.0278. Its principal isotope is 227 and decays primarily by beta-emission.

AN = naturally radioactive; IM

UI = D000186

 

Actinobacillosis

MS = A disease characterized by suppurative and granulomatous lesions in the respiratory tract, upper alimentary tract, skin, kidneys, joints, and other tissues. Actinobacillus lignieresii infects cattle and sheep while A. equuli infects horses and pigs.

AN = a vet dis entity caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii: do not confuse with ACTINOBACILLUS INFECTIONS; check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000187

 

Actinobacillus

MS = A genus of PASTEURELLACEAE described as gram-negative, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes. Most members are found both as pathogens and commensal organisms in the respiratory, alimentary, and genital tracts of animals.

AN = infection = ACTINOBACILLUS INFECTIONS or ACTINOBACILLOSIS: see notes there

UI = D000188

 

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic spherical or rod-shaped bacteria that associates with species of ACTINOMYCES in actinomycotic lesions.

AN = for name, see MeSH definition; infection: coord IM with ACTINOBACILLUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: ACTINOBACILLUS ACT

UI = D016976

 

Actinobacillus Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.

AN = do not confuse with ACTINOBACILLOSIS, a specific vet dis entity caused by A. lignieresii

UI = D000189

 

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacillus-shaped bacteria that has been isolated from pneumonic lesions and blood. It produces pneumonia with accompanying fibrinous pleuritis in swine.

AN = infection: coord IM with ACTINOBACILLUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016977

 

Actinobacteria

MS = Class of BACTERIA with diverse morphological properties. Strains of Actinobacteria show greater than 80% 16S rDNA/rRNA sequence similarity among each other and also the presence of certain signature nucleotides. (Stackebrandt E. et al, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1997) 47:479-491)

UI = D039903

 

Actinoid Series Elements

MS = A series of radioactive elements from ACTINIUM, atomic number 89, to and including LAWRENCIUM, atomic number 103.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

UI = D008671

 

Actinomyces

MS = A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are nonmotile. Filaments that may be present in certain species are either straight or wavy and may have swollen or clubbed heads.

AN = a genus of the family ACTINOMYCETACEAE of the order ACTINOMYCETALES; infection = ACTINOMYCOSIS

UI = D000190

 

Actinomyces viscosus

MS = A species of ACTINOMYCES found in the oral cavity of man and hamsters. It has been isolated from actinomycotic lesions in swine, cats, and dogs and has been identified as a causative agent of animal diseases.

AN = infection: coord IM with ACTINOMYCOSIS

UI = D016924

 

Actinomycetaceae

MS = A family of bacteria including numerous parasitic and pathogenic forms.

AN = a family of the order ACTINOMYCETALES

UI = D000191

 

Actinomycetales

MS = An order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic BACTERIA that tend to form branching filaments.

AN = infection = ACTINOMYCETALES INFECTIONS

UI = D000192

 

Actinomycetales Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.

AN = gram-pos bact infect by organism of the order ACTINOMYCETALES; do not confuse with ACTINOMYCOSIS, infection by genus ACTINOMYCES

UI = D000193

 

Actinomycosis

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOMYCES.

AN = bact infect, not fungal despite "-mycosis": = infection by genus ACTINOMYCES; do not confuse with ACTINOMYCETALES INFECTIONS, infection by order ACTINOMYCETALES; pulm actinomycosis = ACTINOMYCOSIS (IM) + LUNG DISEASES (IM), not LUNG DISEASES, FUNGAL

UI = D000196

 

Actinomycosis, Cervicofacial

MS = A form of ACTINOMYCOSIS characterized by slow-growing inflammatory lesions of the lymph nodes that drain the mouth (lumpy jaw), reddening of the overlying skin, and intraperitoneal abscesses.

AN = bact infect, not fungal despite "-mycosis": = infect by genus ACTINOMYCES

UI = D000197

 

Actins

MS = Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

AN = muscle & microfilament proteins; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; alpha-actin, beta-actin, gamma-actin, etc. go here

UI = D000199

 

Action Potentials

MS = The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation.

AN = do not confuse with SYNAPTIC POTENTIALS see SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION

UI = D000200

 

Activated Protein C Resistance

MS = A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.

UI = D020016

 

Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule

MS = Cell adhesion molecule expressed on activated leukocytes, fibroblasts, and neurons. It is a ligand for CD6. ALCAM-CD6 interactions may play a role in the binding of T and B cells to activated leukocytes.

UI = D020410

 

Activation Analysis

MS = A method of chemical analysis based on the detection of characteristic radionuclides following a nuclear bombardment. It is also known as radioactivity analysis. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: ACTIVATION ANAL

UI = D000201

 

Activator Appliances

MS = Loose-fitting removable orthodontic appliances which redirect the pressures of the facial and masticatory muscles onto the teeth and their supporting structures to produce improvements in tooth arrangements and occlusal relations.

UI = D000202

 

Active Transport, Cell Nucleus

MS = Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with CELL NUCLEUS /metab (IM) + substance /metab (IM)

UI = D021581

 

Activin Receptors

MS = Receptors for ACTIVINS are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES, thus also named activin receptor-like kinases (ALK's). Activin receptors also bind TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. As those transmembrane receptors of the TGF-beta superfamily (RECEPTORS, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA), ALK's consist of two different but related protein kinases, Type I and Type II. Activins initiate cellular signal transduction by first binding to the type II receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II ) which then recruit and phosphorylate the type I receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I ) with subsequent activation of the type I kinase activity.

UI = D029404

 

Activin Receptors, Type I

MS = One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS or activin receptor-like kinases (ALK'S). There are several type I activin receptors. The major active ones are ALK-2 (ActR-IA) and ALK-4 (ActR-IB).

UI = D030201

 

Activin Receptors, Type II

MS = One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS. They are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES. The major type II activin receptors are ActR-IIA and ActR-IIB.

UI = D030301

 

Activins

MS = Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.

UI = D028341

 

Activities of Daily Living

MS = The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation.

AN = IM; DF: note short X ref

UI = D000203

 

Activity Cycles

MS = Bouts of physical irritability or movement alternating with periods of quiescence. It includes biochemical activity and hormonal activity which may be cellular. These cycles are shorter than 24 hours and include sleep-wakefulness cycles and the periodic activation of the digestive system.

AN = less than 24 hours

UI = D000204

 

Actomyosin

MS = A protein complex of actin and MYOSINS occurring in muscle. It is the essential contractile substance of muscle.

AN = a muscle protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000205

 

Actuarial Analysis

MS = The application of probability and statistical methods to calculate the risk of occurrence of any event, such as onset of illness, recurrent disease, hospitalization, disability, or death. It may include calculation of the anticipated money costs of such events and of the premiums necessary to provide for payment of such costs.

AN = IM; few qualif apply

UI = D000206

 

Acupressure

MS = A type of massage in which finger pressure on specific body sites is used to promote healing, relieve fatigue, etc. Although the anatomical locations are the same as the ACUPUNCTURE POINTS used in ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY (hence acu-), no needle or other acupuncture technique is employed in acupressure. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed). Shiatsu is a modern outgrowth that focuses more on prevention than healing.

UI = D019050

 

Acupuncture

MS = The occupational discipline of the traditional Chinese methods of ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY for treating disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians.

AN = SPEC only; do not confuse with ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY

UI = D026881

 

Acupuncture Analgesia

MS = Analgesia produced by the insertion of ACUPUNCTURE needles at certain ACUPUNCTURE POINTS on the body. This activates small myelinated nerve fibers in the muscle which transmit impulses to the spinal cord and then activate three centers - the spinal cord, midbrain and pituitary/hypothalamus - to produce analgesia.

UI = D015667

 

Acupuncture Points

MS = Designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles.

UI = D015669

 

Acupuncture Therapy

MS = Treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease being treated. It is sometimes used in conjunction with heat, moxibustion, acupressure, or electric stimulation.

AN = do not confuse wth ACUPUNCTURE, the specialty; ACUPUNCTURE, EAR is also available; Oriental taking of pulses = PULSE + appropriate acupuncture or Oriental medicine terms

UI = D015670

 

Acupuncture, Ear

MS = Acupuncture therapy by inserting needles in the ear. It is used to control pain and for treating various ailments.

UI = D020831

 

Acute Disease

MS = Disease having a short and relatively severe course.

AN = IM GEN only; usually NIM with specific dis IM; no qualif when NIM; Manual 23.16+

UI = D000208

 

Acute Toxicity Tests

MS = Experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of one-time, short-term exposure to a chemical or chemicals.

UI = D023382

 

Acute-Phase Proteins

MS = Proteins that are secreted into the blood in increased or decreased quantities by hepatocytes in response to trauma, inflammation, or disease. These proteins can serve as inhibitors or mediators of the inflammatory processes. Certain acute-phase proteins have been used to diagnose and follow the course of diseases or as tumor markers.

AN = blood proteins; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

UI = D000209

 

Acute-Phase Reaction

MS = An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.

AN = note category: in presence of a dis, use /etiol, not /compl

UI = D000210

 

Acyclovir

MS = A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.

UI = D000212

 

Acyl Carrier Protein

MS = Consists of a polypeptide chain and 4'-phosphopantetheine linked to a serine residue by a phosphodiester bond. Acyl groups are bound as thiol esters to the pantothenyl group. Acyl carrier protein is involved in every step of fatty acid synthesis by the cytoplasmic system.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000213

 

Acyl Coenzyme A

MS = S-Acyl coenzyme A. Fatty acid coenzyme A derivatives that are involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation.

AN = do not confuse with ACETYL COENZYME A

UI = D000214

 

Acylation

MS = The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule.

AN = almost never IM; enzymatic acylation: coord NIM with ACYLTRANSFERASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific acyltransferase (IM); ACETYLATION & ACETYLTRANSFERASES are also available

UI = D000215

 

Acyltransferases

MS = Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.

UI = D000217

 

Adamantane

MS = A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.

AN = a cycloparaffin

UI = D000218

 

Adams-Stokes Syndrome

MS = Transient asystole or ventricular fibrillation in the presence of atrioventricular block.

AN = transient asystole or ventric fibrill in AV block

UI = D000219

 

Adansonia

MS = A plant genus of the family BOMBACACEAE that is used for FOOD and MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D035162

 

Adaptation, Biological

AN = much of biol adapt will be ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL as more specific; mimicry goes here; DF: ADAPTATION BIOL

UI = D000220

 

Adaptation, Ocular

MS = The adjustment of the eye to variations in the intensity of light. Light adaptation is the adjustment of the eye when the light threshold is increased; DARK ADAPTATION when the light is greatly reduced. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

AN = adjustment of eye to variations in intensity of light; do not confuse with ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR, adjustment of lens to distance

UI = D000221

 

Adaptation, Physiological

AN = DF: ADAPTATION PHYSIOL

UI = D000222

 

Adaptation, Psychological

MS = A state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)

AN = human & animal; DF: ADAPTATION PSYCHOL

UI = D000223

 

Adaptor Protein Complex 1

MS = A clathrin adaptor protein complex primarily involved in clathrin-related transport at the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK.

UI = D033961

 

Adaptor Protein Complex 2

MS = An adaptor protein complex primarily involved in the formation of clathrin-related endocytotic vesicles (ENDOSOMES) at the CELL MEMBRANE.

UI = D033962

 

Adaptor Protein Complex 3

MS = An adaptor protein complex found primarily on perinuclear compartments.

UI = D033963

 

Adaptor Protein Complex 4

MS = An adaptor protein complex involved in transport of molecules between the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK and the endosomal-lysosomal system.

UI = D033964

 

Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits

MS = A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 100 kD in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 2.

UI = D033965

 

Adaptor Protein Complex beta Subunits

MS = A family of large adaptin protein complex subunits of approximately 90-130 kD in size.

UI = D033966

 

Adaptor Protein Complex delta Subunits

MS = A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 130 kD in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 3.

UI = D033981

 

Adaptor Protein Complex gamma Subunits

MS = A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 90 KD in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 1.

UI = D033982

 

Adaptor Protein Complex mu Subunits

MS = A family of medium adaptin protein subunits of approximately 45 KD in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 3 and ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 4.

UI = D033983

 

Adaptor Protein Complex sigma Subunits

MS = A family of small adaptin protein complex subunits of approximately 19 KD in size.

UI = D034002

 

Adaptor Protein Complex Subunits

MS = The subunits that make up the large, medium and small chains of adaptor proteins.

UI = D034001

 

Adaptor Proteins

MS = A class of proteins involved in the transport of molecules via TRANSPORT VESICLES. They perform functions such as binding to the cell membrane, capturing cargo molecules and promoting the assembly of CLATHRIN. The majority of adaptor proteins exist as multisubunit complexes, however monomeric varieties have also been found.

UI = D033942

 

Addison's Disease

MS = A disease characterized by hypotension, weight loss, anorexia, weakness, and sometimes a bronze-like melanotic hyperpigmentation of the skin. It is due to tuberculosis- or autoimmune-induced disease (hypofunction) of the adrenal glands that results in deficiency of aldosterone and cortisol. In the absence of replacement therapy, it is usually fatal.

AN = an autoimmune dis with adrenal hypofunction

UI = D000224

 

Addresses [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of speeches, orations, or written statements, usually formal, directed to a particular group of persons. These are different from LECTURES [PUBLICATION TYPE] that are usually delivered to classes for instructional purposes.

AN = publication type only; do not confuse with Publication Type LECTURES which is usually for classroom instruction

UI = D019484

 

Adenine

MS = A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.

AN = /biosyn/physiol permitted

UI = D000225

 

Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1

MS = A subtype of mitochondrial ADP, ATP translocase found primarily in heart muscle (MYOCARDIUM) and skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL).

UI = D033741

 

Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2

MS = A subtype of mitochondrial ADP, ATP translocase found primarily in FIBROBLASTS.

UI = D033742

 

Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 3

MS = A subtype of mitochondrial ADP, ATP translocase found primarily in the LIVER.

UI = D033781

 

Adenine Nucleotides

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000227

 

Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase

MS = An enzyme catalyzing the formation of AMP from adenine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. It can act as a salvage enzyme for recycling of adenine into nucleic acids. EC 2.4.2.7.

AN = DF: APRT

UI = D000228

 

Adenocarcinoma

MS = A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D000230

 

Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar

MS = A carcinoma thought to be derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D002282

 

Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell

MS = An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018262

 

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular

MS = An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with THYROID NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018263

 

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous

MS = An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = also called "mucoid" or "mucous" carcinoma; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D002288

 

Adenocarcinoma, Papillary

MS = An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D000231

 

Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous

MS = An adenocarcinoma with a hard (Greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D002293

 

Adenocarcinoma, Sebaceous

MS = A malignant tumor composed of cells showing differentiation toward sebaceous epithelium. The tumor is solitary, firm, somewhat raised, more or less translucent, and covered with normal or slightly verrucose epidermis. It may be yellow or orange. The face and scalp are the commonest sites. The growth can be slow or rapid but metastasis is uncommon. Surgery cures most of the cases. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, pp2403-4)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SEBACEOUS GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018266

 

Adenofibroma

MS = A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = do not confuse with FIBROADENOMA; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D000232

 

Adenoidectomy

MS = Excision of the adenoids. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D000233

 

Adenoids

AN = surg: probably ADENOIDECTOMY

UI = D000234

 

Adenolymphoma

MS = A benign tumor characterized histologically by tall columnar epithelium within a lymphoid tissue stroma. It is usually found in the salivary glands, especially the parotid.

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D000235

 

Adenoma

MS = A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D000236

 

Adenoma, Acidophil

MS = A benign tumor, usually found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, whose cells stain with acid dyes. Such pituitary tumors may give rise to excessive secretion of growth hormone, resulting in gigantism or acromegaly. A specific type of acidophil adenoma may give rise to nonpuerperal galactorrhea. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PITUITARY NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D000239

 

Adenoma, Adrenal Cortical

MS = A benign neoplasm of adrenal cortical cells resembling normal adrenal cells histologically but possessing functional autonomy. In general it does not exceed 5 cm in its largest dimension, although benign tumors exceeding 20 cm have been reported. Adrenal cortical adenomas produce hypercortisolism and hyperaldosteronism, but seldom produce adrenogenital syndromes. For the most part the prognosis after surgery is reasonably favorable. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1286)

AN = coord IM with ADRENAL CORTEX NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018246

 

Adenoma, Basophil

MS = A small tumor of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland whose cells stain with basic dyes. It may give rise to excessive secretion of ACTH, resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PITUITARY NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D000237

 

Adenoma, Bile Duct

MS = A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC (IM) + BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D002759

 

Adenoma, Chromophobe

MS = A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.

AN = coord IM with PITUITARY NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D000238

 

Adenoma, Islet Cell

MS = A benign tumor of the islets of Langerhans that may occur anywhere throughout the pancreas. Such tumors may result in HYPERINSULINISM or ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS (IM); note ALPHA-CELL TUMOR see GLUCAGONOMA; BETA-CELL TUMOR see INSULINOMA but delta-cell tumor = SOMATOSTATINOMA or VIPOMA

UI = D007516

 

Adenoma, Liver Cell

MS = A benign epithelial tumor of the liver.

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LIVER NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018248

 

Adenoma, Oxyphilic

MS = A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askenazy cells.

AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); for X ref Hurthle CELL TUMOR, coord IM with THYROID NEOPLASMS

UI = D018249

 

Adenoma, Pleomorphic

MS = A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SALIVARY GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM) or specific salivary gland neopl precoord (IM); if of a minor salivary gland, coord IM with SALIVARY GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM) + SALIVARY GLANDS, MINOR (IM); for X ref SYRINGOMA, CHONDROID, coord IM with SWEAT GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D008949

 

Adenoma, Sweat Gland

MS = A benign neoplasm derived from epithelial cells of sweat glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SWEAT GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D006607

 

Adenoma, Villous

MS = An adenoma of the large intestine. It is usually a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections. Hypersecretion and malignant changes occur frequently. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably COLONIC NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018253

 

Adenomatoid Tumor

MS = A small, circumscribed, benign tumor of the genital tract, composed of small glandlike spaces lined by flattened or cuboidal mesothelium-like cells. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord genital/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018254

 

Adenomatosis, Pulmonary

MS = A neoplastic disease in which the alveoli and distal bronchi are filled with mucus and mucus-secreting columnar epithelial cells. It is characterized by abundant, extremely tenacious sputum, chills, fever, cough, dyspnea, and pleuritic pain. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM); DF: ADENOMATOSIS PULM

UI = D018255

 

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli

MS = An autosomal dominant polyposis syndrome in which the colon contains few to thousands of adenomatous polyps, often occurring by age 15 to 25.

UI = D011125

 

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein

MS = A negative regulator of beta-catenin signaling which is mutant in ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI and GARDNER SYNDROME.

AN = do not confuse cross reference APC PROTEIN with activated PROTEIN C

UI = D025601

 

Adenomatous Polyps

MS = Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018256

 

Adenomyoma

MS = A benign neoplasm of muscle (usually smooth muscle) with glandular elements. It occurs most frequently in the uterus and uterine ligaments. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018194

 

Adenophorea

MS = A subclass of nematodes characterized by reduced or absent caudal papillae and an excretory system lacking lateral canals. Its organisms are usually infective to their final host.

AN = a subclass of nematodes; infection = ADENOPHOREA INFECTIONS

UI = D017157

 

Adenophorea Infections

MS = Infections with nematodes of the subclass ADENOPHOREA.

AN = nematode infect

UI = D017188

 

Adenosarcoma

MS = A malignant neoplasm arising simultaneously or consecutively in mesodermal tissue and glandular epithelium of the same part. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018195

 

Adenosine

MS = A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000241

 

Adenosine Deaminase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia. Since there are wide tissue and species variations in the enzyme, it has been used as a tool in the study of human and animal genetics and in medical diagnosis. EC 3.5.4.4.

AN = /defic: consider also SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY or SCID

UI = D000243

 

Adenosine Diphosphate

MS = Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000244

 

Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose

MS = Serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants.

UI = D000245

 

Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose

MS = An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.

UI = D000246

 

Adenosine Diphosphate Sugars

MS = Esters formed between the aldehydic carbon of sugars and the terminal phosphate of adenosine diphosphate.

UI = D000247

 

Adenosine Kinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.

UI = D000248

 

Adenosine Monophosphate

MS = Adenylic acid. Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000249

 

Adenosine Phosphosulfate

MS = 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with sulfuric acid. The initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. Synonyms: adenosine sulfatophosphate; APS.

UI = D000250

 

Adenosine Triphosphate

MS = An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

UI = D000255

 

Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide)

MS = A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.

UI = D019830

 

Adenosinetriphosphatase

MS = A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA. EC 3.6.1.3.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D000251

 

Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to yield 5'-deoxy-(5'-),3-aminopropyl-(1), methylsulfonium salt. It is one of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of spermidine from putrescine. EC 4.1.1.50.

UI = D012437

 

Adenoviridae

MS = A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.

AN = a family of DNA viruses; adeno- refers to early isol from adenoids; infection = ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

UI = D000256

 

Adenoviridae Infections

MS = Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; ADENOVIRUS INFECTIONS, HUMAN is available

UI = D000257

 

Adenovirus E1 Proteins

MS = The very first viral gene products synthesized after cells are infected with adenovirus. The E1 region of the genome has been divided into two major transcriptional units, E1A and E1B, each expressing proteins of the same name (ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS and ADENOVIRUS E1B PROTEINS).

AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D017498

 

Adenovirus E1A Proteins

MS = Proteins transcribed from the E1A region of adenovirus which are involved in positive regulation of transcription of the early genes.

AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D017500

 

Adenovirus E1B Proteins

MS = Proteins transcribed from the E1B region of adenovirus which are involved in regulation of the levels of early and late gene expression.

AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D017501

 

Adenovirus E2 Proteins

MS = Proteins transcribed from the E2 region of adenovirus. Several of these are required for viral DNA replication.

AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D017502

 

Adenovirus E3 Proteins

MS = Proteins transcribed from the E3 region of adenovirus but not essential for viral replication. The E3 19K protein mediates adenovirus persistence by reducing the expression of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens on the surface of infected cells.

AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D017503

 

Adenovirus E4 Proteins

MS = Proteins transcribed from the E4 region of adenovirus. The E4 19K protein transactivates transcription of the adenovirus E2F protein and complexes with it.

AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D017504

 

Adenovirus Early Proteins

MS = Proteins encoded by adenoviruses that are synthesized prior to, and in the absence of, viral DNA replication. The proteins are involved in both positive and negative regulation of expression in viral and cellular genes, and also affect the stability of viral mRNA. Some are also involved in oncogenic transformation.

AN = viral oncogene proteins; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D017456

 

Adenovirus Infections, Human

MS = Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.

UI = D000258

 

Adenoviruses, Bovine

MS = Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS, causing disease affecting the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems in cattle. Serotypes have been grouped into several different species.

AN = infection: coord IM with ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D025661

 

Adenoviruses, Canine

MS = Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS that causes fever, edema, vomiting, and diarrhea in dogs and encephalitis in foxes. Epizootics have also been caused in bears, wolves, coyotes, and skunks. The official species name is Canine adenovirus and it contains two serotypes.

AN = infection: coord IM with ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) or HEPATITIS, INFECTIOUS CANINE (IM) if pertinent

UI = D006516

 

Adenoviruses, Human

MS = Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS, causing a wide range of diseases in humans. Infections are mostly asymptomatic, but can be associated with diseases of the respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Serotypes (named with arabic numbers) have been grouped into species designated Human adenovirus A-F.

AN = infection = ADENOVIRUS INFECTIONS, HUMAN

UI = D000260

 

Adenoviruses, Porcine

MS = Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS, causing neurological disease in pigs.

AN = infection: coord IM with ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D025662

 

Adenoviruses, Simian

MS = Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS associated with respiratory and enteric infections in primate hosts.

AN = species of the genus Mastadenovirus; infection: coord IM with ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D000261

 

Adenylate Cyclase

MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of CYCLIC AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1.

UI = D000262

 

Adenylate Cyclase Toxin

MS = One of the virulence factors produced by virulent BORDETELLA organisms. It is a bifunctional protein with both ADENYLATE CYCLASE and hemolysin components.

UI = D037361

 

Adenylate Kinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3.

UI = D000263

 

Adenylosuccinate Lyase

MS = An enzyme that, in the course of purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, catalyzes the conversion of 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-5-aminoimidazole to 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-carboxamide-5-aminoimidazole and the conversion of adenylosuccinic acid to AMP. EC 4.3.2.2.

UI = D000264

 

Adenylosuccinate Synthase

MS = A carbon-nitrogen ligase. During purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, this enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of adenylosuccinate from GTP; IMP; and aspartate with the formation of orthophosphate and GDP. EC 6.3.4.4.

UI = D000265

 

Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate

MS = 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: APPNHP

UI = D000266

 

Adhatoda

MS = A plant genus in the family ACANTHACEAE. Adhatoda vasica Nees is a source of vasicine.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027902

 

Adherens Junctions

MS = Anchoring points where the CYTOSKELETON of neighboring cells are connected to each other. They are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane where bundles of MICROFILAMENTS attach to the membrane through the transmembrane linkers, CADHERINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to cadherins in the neighboring cell membranes. In sheets of cells, they form into adhesion belts (zonula adherens) that go all the way around a cell.

UI = D022005

 

Adhesins, Bacterial

MS = Cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion (BACTERIAL ADHESION) to other cells or to inanimate surfaces. Most fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) of gram-negative bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the fimbriae that is the actual adhesin. In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin.

AN = bact antigens; coord IM with specific bacterium (IM) but note that ADHESINS, ESCHERICHIA COLI is available; do not confuse with BACTERIAL ADHESION; DF: ADHESINS BACT

UI = D018829

 

Adhesins, Escherichia coli

MS = Thin, filamentous protein structures, including proteinaceous capsular antigens (fimbrial antigens), that mediate adhesion of E. coli to surfaces and play a role in pathogenesis. They have a high affinity for various epithelial cells.

AN = bact antigens; DF: ADHESINS E COLI

UI = D018830

 

Adhesions

MS = Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with organ/dis precoord (IM)

UI = D000267

 

Adhesiveness

AN = almost never IM

UI = D000268

 

Adhesives

MS = Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex.

AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with DENTURE RETENTION (IM) for denture adhesives; spray adhesives: coord IM with AEROSOLS (NIM) if pertinent; available also are BONE CEMENTS & DENTAL CEMENTS

UI = D000269

 

Adiantum

MS = A plant genus of the family Pteridaceae. Members contain TRITERPENES. Some species in this genus are called maidenhair fern which is also a common name occasionally used for Lygodium (FERNS) and POLYPODIUM.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D035681

 

Adie Syndrome

MS = A syndrome characterized by a TONIC PUPIL that occurs in combination with decreased lower extremity reflexes. The affected pupil will respond more briskly to accommodation than to light (light-near dissociation) and is supersensitive to dilute pilocarpine eye drops, which induce pupillary constriction. Pathologic features include degeneration of the ciliary ganglion and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that innervate the pupillary constrictor muscle. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p279)

UI = D000270

 

Adipic Acids

MS = A group of dicarboxylic acids that are structurally related to hexanedioic acid (adipic acid). (From Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D000272

 

Adipocytes

MS = Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of TRYGLYCERIDES.

UI = D017667

 

Adipose Tissue

MS = Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue.

AN = inflammation = PANNICULITIS; /surg: consider also LIPECTOMY

UI = D000273

 

Adiposis Dolorosa

MS = A rare disease, believed to be autosomal dominant, manifested by fatty deposits that press on nerves causing weakness and pain.

UI = D000274

 

Adjustment Disorders

MS = Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.

UI = D000275

 

Adjuvants, Anesthesia

MS = Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage.

AN = IM; coord with specific adjuvant (IM) & specific type of anesthesia (IM)

UI = D000759

 

Adjuvants, Immunologic

MS = Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

AN = DF: ADJUVANTS IMMUNOL

UI = D000276

 

Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic

MS = Agents that aid or increase the action of the principle drug or that affect the absorption, mechanism of action, metabolism, or excretion of the primary drug in such a way as to enhance its effects.

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: ADJUVANTS PHARM

UI = D000277

 

Administration, Buccal

MS = Administration of a soluble dosage form between the cheek and gingiva. It may involve direct application of a drug onto the buccal mucosa, as by painting or spraying.

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every buccally administered drug; no qualif

UI = D000278

 

Administration, Cutaneous

MS = The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here rountinely for every cutaneously administered drug; no qualif

UI = D000279

 

Administration, Inhalation

MS = The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every drug admin by inhalation; no qualif

UI = D000280

 

Administration, Intranasal

MS = The administration of drugs through the nasal passage.

UI = D000281

 

Administration, Intravaginal

MS = The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every intravaginally administered drug; no qualif

UI = D000282

 

Administration, Intravesical

MS = The instillation or other administration of drugs into the bladder, usually to treat local disease, including neoplasms.

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every intravesically administered drug; no qualif

UI = D000283

 

Administration, Oral

MS = The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every orally administered drug; no qualif

UI = D000284

 

Administration, Rectal

MS = The insertion of drugs into the rectum, usually for confused or incompetent patients, like children, infants, and the very old or comatose.

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every rectally administered drug; no qualif

UI = D000285

 

Administration, Sublingual

MS = Administration of a soluble dosage form by placement under the tongue.

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every sublingually administered drug; no qualif

UI = D000286

 

Administration, Topical

AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every topically administered drug; no qualif; consider also OINTMENTS; LINIMENTS & POWDERS; ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS is also available

UI = D000287

 

Administrative Personnel

MS = Individuals responsible for the development of policy and supervision of the execution of plans and functional operations.

UI = D000288

 

Admitting Department, Hospital

MS = Hospital department responsible for the flow of patients and the processing of admissions, discharges, transfers, and also most procedures to be carried out in the event of a patient's death.

AN = DF: ADMIT DEP

UI = D000289

 

Adnexa Uteri

MS = Appendages of the UTERUS which include the FALLOPIAN TUBES, the OVARY, and the supporting ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).

AN = seen in titles more frequently in adjective form "adnexal"; inflammation = ADNEXITIS

UI = D000290

 

Adnexal Diseases

MS = Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).

AN = inflamm dis = PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE

UI = D000291

 

Adolescent

MS = A person 13 to 18 years of age.

AN = age 13-18 yr; IM as psychol & sociol entity; check tag ADOLESCENT for NIM; Manual 18.5.12, 34.9.5

UI = D000293

 

Adolescent Behavior

MS = Any observable response or action of an adolescent.

AN = check also tag ADOLESCENCE

UI = D000294

 

Adolescent Health Services

MS = Organized services to provide health care to adolescents, ages ranging from 13 through 18 years.

AN = check also tags HUMAN & ADOLESCENCE; DF: ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERV

UI = D016497

 

Adolescent Medicine

MS = A branch of medicine pertaining to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases occurring during the period beginning with puberty until the cessation of somatic growth.

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; when permitted for "adolescent dis": Manual 28.10.1; relation to ADOLESCENCE: Manual 28.10.1; DF: ADOLESCENT MED

UI = D000295

 

Adolescent Nutrition

MS = Nutrition of children aged 13-18 years.

AN = age 13-18; check the tag ADOLESCENCE

UI = D017195

 

Adolescent Psychiatry

MS = The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in individuals 13-18 years.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; not for mental disorders in adolescents ( = MENTAL DISORDERS (IM) + ADOLESCENT (NIM) ): Manual 27.9

UI = D000296

 

Adolescent Psychology

MS = Field of psychology concerned with the normal and abnormal behavior of adolescents. It includes mental processes as well as observable responses.

AN = SPEC but also the way a normal adolescent thinks & acts; when SPEC, SPEC qualif; Manual 27.11; DF: ADOLESCENT PSYCHOL

UI = D000297

 

Adolescent, Hospitalized

MS = Adolescent hospitalized for short term care.

AN = not for dis in adolescent in hosp for diag or ther: use only for hospitalized adolescents as a psychol, sociol or social entity; check also tag ADOLESCENT

UI = D000298

 

Adolescent, Institutionalized

MS = An adolescent who is receiving long-term in-patient services or who resides in an institutional setting.

AN = check also tag ADOLESCENT

UI = D000299

 

Adonis

MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain cardenolide oligoglycosides such as adoniside, adonisidum and alepposide.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031843

 

Adoption

MS = Voluntary acceptance of a child of other parents to be as one's own child, usually with legal confirmation.

UI = D000300

 

Adoptive Transfer

MS = Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).

AN = a form of passive immuniz by transpl of lymphocytes; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D019264

 

Adosterol

MS = A sterol usually substituted with radioactive iodine. It is an adrenal cortex scanning agent with demonstrated high adrenal concentration and superior adrenal imaging.

UI = D000301

 

Adoxaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Dipsacales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. Members of this family are sometimes classified in CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031003

 

ADP Ribose Transferases

MS = Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.

UI = D036002

 

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase

MS = A membrane-bound or cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of CYCLIC ADP-RIBOSE (cADPR) from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). This enzyme generally catalyzes the hydrolysis of cADPR to ADP-RIBOSE, as well, and sometimes the synthesis of cyclic ADP-ribose 2' phosphate (2`-P-cADPR) from NADP.

UI = D036541

 

ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1

MS = ADP-RIBOSYLATION FACTOR 1 is involved in regulating intracellular transport by modulating the interaction of coat proteins with organelle membranes in the early secretory pathway. It is a component of COAT PROTEIN COMPLEX I.

UI = D020823

 

ADP-Ribosylation Factors

MS = MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that were initially recognized as allosteric activators of the MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE of the CHOLERA TOXIN catalytic subunit. They are involved in vesicle trafficking and activation of PHOSPHOLIPASE D.

UI = D020727

 

Adrenal Cortex

MS = The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids.

AN = PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM is available; also available are the 3 zonae of the cortex: ZONA GLOMERULOSA (outer), ZONA FASCICULATA (middle) & ZONA RETICULARIS (inner)

UI = D000302

 

Adrenal Cortex Diseases

UI = D000303

 

Adrenal Cortex Function Tests

UI = D000304

 

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

AN = GEN only; avoid: prefer specifics; /defic: consider also ADRENAL GLAND HYPOFUNCTION

UI = D000305

 

Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancers of the cortex of the adrenal gland.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D000306

 

Adrenal Gland Diseases

AN = coord IM with ADRENAL MEDULLA (IM) for dis of adrenal medulla; for adrenal hyperplasia see note at ADRENAL GLANDS

UI = D000307

 

Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction

AN = do not confuse with ADRENAL GLAND HYPOFUNCTION; do not use /congen ( = ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL) & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; non-congen adrenal hyperplasia: index under ADRENAL GLANDS /pathol (IM) + HYPERPLASIA (NIM)

UI = D000308

 

Adrenal Gland Hypofunction

MS = Adrenocortical hypofunction includes all conditions in which adrenal steroid hormone secretion falls below the requirements of the body. Adrenal insufficiency may be divided into two general categories: (1) those associated with primary inability of the adrenal to elaborate sufficient quantities of hormone and (2) those associated with a secondary failure due to a primary failure in the elaboration of adrenocorticotropin. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1970)

AN = do not confuse with ADRENAL GLAND HYPERFUNCTION

UI = D000309

 

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the adrenal gland.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D000310

 

Adrenal Glands

MS = Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney.

AN = /surg = probably ADRENALECTOMY; hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: coord HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM + PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; hyperplasia = ADRENAL GLANDS /pathol (IM) + HYPERPLASIA (NIM); congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) = ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL

UI = D000311

 

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital

MS = A group of syndromes caused by inherited defects in cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE biosynthesis. There are several types including simple virilizing forms (adrenogenital syndrome), salt-wasting forms, and virilizing hypertension forms depending on the enzyme of defects. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE are most common. Other defects occur in STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE, STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE, or 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).

UI = D000312

 

Adrenal Medulla

MS = The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines.

AN = dis = ADRENAL MEDULLA (IM) + ADRENAL GLAND DISEASES (IM); medulla enucleation: for physiol studies, ADRENAL MEDULLA /physiol, for surg ther, ADRENAL MEDULLA /surg

UI = D000313

 

Adrenal Rest Tumor

MS = A rare, usually benign, ovarian tumor thought to be derived from embryonic rest cells of the adrenals. This tumor causes various degrees of masculinization.

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D000314

 

Adrenalectomy

MS = Excision of one or both adrenal glands. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = excision of entire adrenal; enucleation: see note under ADRENAL MEDULLA

UI = D000315

 

Adrenergic Agents

MS = Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff; DF: ADREN AGENTS

UI = D018663

 

Adrenergic Agonists

MS = Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS; DF: ADREN AGON or ADREN AG

UI = D000322

 

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists

MS = Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; DF: ADREN ALPHA AGON or ADREN ALPHA AG

UI = D000316

 

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists

MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic alpha-antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC ALPHA-AGONISTS; DF: ADREN ALPHA ANTAG

UI = D000317

 

Adrenergic Antagonists

MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC AGONISTS; DF: ADREN ANTAG

UI = D018674

 

Adrenergic beta-Agonists

MS = Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; DF: ADREN BETA AGON or ADREN BETA AG

UI = D000318

 

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists

MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC BETA-AGONISTS; DF: ADREN BETA ANTAG

UI = D000319

 

Adrenergic Fibers

MS = Nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse.

UI = D000320

 

Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors

MS = Drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: ADREN UPTAKE INHIB

UI = D018759

 

Adrenochrome

MS = Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.

AN = /physiol permitted

UI = D000323

 

Adrenodoxin

MS = An iron-sulfur protein which serves as an electron carrier in enzymatic steroid hydroxylation reactions in adrenal cortex mitochondria. The electron transport system which catalyzes this reaction consists of adrenodoxin reductase, NADP, adrenodoxin, and cytochrome P-450.

AN = an iron-sulfur protein

UI = D000325

 

Adrenoleukodystrophy

MS = An X-linked recessive leukodystrophy characterized by an abnormal accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in LYSOSOMES. It primarily affects the white matter of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the ADRENAL CORTEX. This disorder results from defective beta-oxidation and occurs almost exclusively in males and has multiple phenotypes. Relatively common clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; adrenal insufficiency; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. A related condition, adrenomyeloneuropathy, usually has its onset in adult life and is characterized by spastic paraparesis, adrenal insufficiency, neuropathy, and HYPOGONADISM. (From Neuropediatrics 1998 Feb;29(1):3-13; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p188) The defective gene for this disorder has been localized to the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq28).

AN = do not confuse with ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY, NEONATAL see PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS

UI = D000326

 

Adsorption

MS = The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals.

AN = almost never IM; coord NIM with substance /pharmacokin (IM)

UI = D000327

 

Adult

MS = A person having attained full growth or maturity. Adults are of 19 through 44 years of age.

AN = age 19-44 yr; almost never IM; IM only as social, sociol, polit, etc. entity; NIM as check tag; no qualif when NIM, /psychol permitted when IM but ADULT as IM is unlikely; Manual 18.5+, 34.10

UI = D000328

 

Adult Children

MS = Children who have reached maturity or the legal age of majority.

AN = HUMAN only; use only when the subject of discussion, not as a checktag

UI = D032721

 

Advance Care Planning

MS = Discussions with patients and/or their representatives about the goals and desired direction of the patient's care, particularly end-of-life care, in the event that the patient is or becomes incompetent to make decisions.

UI = D032722

 

Advance Directive Adherence

MS = Compliance by health personnel or proxies with the stipulations of ADVANCE DIRECTIVES (or similar directives such as RESUSCITATION ORDERS) when patients are unable to direct their own care.

UI = D024362

 

Advance Directives

MS = Declarations by patients, made in advance of a situation in which they may be incompetent to decide about their own care, stating their treatment preferences or authorizing a third party to make decisions for them. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

UI = D016223

 

Advanced Cardiac Life Support

MS = The use of sophisticated methods and equipment to treat cardiopulmonary arrest. Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) includes the use of specialized equipment to maintain the airway, early defibrilation and pharmacological therapy.

UI = D022561

 

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems

MS = Systems developed for collecting reports from government agencies, manufacturers, hospitals, physicians, and other sources on adverse drug reactions.

AN = DF: ADR REPORT SYSTEMS

UI = D016907

 

Advertisements [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of publicly distributed notices, usually as paid announcements in mass media such as newspapers, magazines, or on billboards. They include those in motion picture, television advertising, or electronic media.

AN = publication type only; for advertisements in newspapers, magazine, billboards, & in electronic media etc.; Publication Types BROADSIDES & POSTERS & PROSPECTUSES are also available; for advertisements as a subject, index under main heading ADVERTISING

UI = D019480

 

Advertising

MS = The act or practice of calling public attention to a product, service, need, etc., especially by paid announcements in newspapers, magazines, on radio, or on television. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

AN = IM; med advert: do not coord with MEDICINE; coord with subject of advert & medium if relevant (IM); do not confuse with Publication Type ADVERTISEMENTS for newspaper, magazine, billboard, etc. advertising

UI = D000329

 

Advisory Committees

MS = Groups set up to advise governmental bodies, societies, or other institutions on policy. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

AN = coord IM with specific activity or agency (IM) + geog if pertinent

UI = D026683

 

Aedes

MS = A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.

AN = mosquito; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

UI = D000330

 

Aequorin

MS = A photoprotein isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea. It emits visible light by an intramolecular reaction when a trace amount of calcium ion is added. The light-emitting moiety in the bioluminescence reaction is believed to be 2-amino-3-benzyl-5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazine (AF-350).

AN = a luminescent protein from jellyfish Aequorea

UI = D000331

 

Aerobiosis

MS = Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.

AN = almost never IM

UI = D000332

 

Aeromonas

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Its organisms are found in fresh water and sewage and are pathogenic to humans, frogs, and fish.

AN = in fish; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D000333

 

Aeromonas hydrophila

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that may be pathogenic for frogs, fish, and mammals, including man. In humans, cellulitis and diarrhea can result from infection with this organism.

AN = pathogenic for frog, fish, humans & other mammals; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016980

 

Aerophagy

MS = Spasmodic swallowing of air.

UI = D000334

 

Aerosol Propellants

MS = Compressed gases or vapors in a container which, upon release of pressure and expansion through a valve, carry another substance from the container. They are used for cosmetics, household cleaners, and so on. Examples are BUTANES; CARBON DIOXIDE; FLUOROCARBONS; NITROGEN; and PROPANE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = IM; coord with propellant if relevant (IM); D25-26 qualif with discretion

UI = D000335

 

Aerosols

MS = Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellent agents.

AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif); /adv eff permitted but be careful: it may be the adv eff of the drug in aerosol form, not the aerosol

UI = D000336

 

Aerospace Medicine

MS = A specialty which is concerned with the health and medical problems of man in aviation (aviation medicine) and space (space medicine).

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; med, physiol or psychol aspects of aviation go here: Manual 28.8; SPACE MEDICINE as a specialty goes here but med, physiol or psychol aspects of space flight go under SPACE FLIGHT; DF: AEROSPACE MED

UI = D000337

 

Aesculus

MS = A plant genus of the family HIPPOCASTANACEAE (or SAPINDACEAE by some) that contains antimicrobial protein 1 and escin. A. hippocastanum is used in folk medicine for treating chronic venous insufficiency.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031319

 

Affect

MS = The feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation. It is the most direct psychic derivative of instinct and the psychic representative of the various bodily changes by means of which instincts manifest themselves.

UI = D000339

 

Affective Disorders, Psychotic

MS = Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.

UI = D000341

 

Affective Symptoms

MS = Mood or emotional responses dissonant with or inappropriate to the behavior and/or stimulus.

AN = human only; do not confuse with AFFECTIVE DISORDERS: read MeSH definitions & follow text

UI = D000342

 

Afferent Loop Syndrome

MS = A complication of gastrojejunostomy, caused by acute or chronic obstruction of the afferent loop due to hernia, intussusception, kinking, volvulus, etc. It is characterized by pain and vomiting of bile-stained fluid and includes acute afferent loop obstruction.

UI = D000343

 

Afferent Pathways

MS = Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.

AN = coord NIM with origin (IM) + termination (IM)

UI = D000344

 

Affinity Labels

MS = Analogs of those substrates or compounds which bind naturally at the active sites of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, steroids, or physiological receptors. These analogs form a stable covalent bond at the binding site, thereby acting as inhibitors of the proteins or steroids.

AN = D25-26 qualif; use with caution: few apply

UI = D000345

 

Afghanistan

UI = D000346

 

Afibrinogenemia

MS = A deficiency or absence of fibrinogen (coagulation factor I) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a blood coag disord

UI = D000347

 

Afipia

MS = A genus of gram-negative, oxidase-positive, nonfermentative rods which are motile by means of a single flagellum. Afipia felis and BARTONELLA HENSELAE are causative agents of CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) or CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE (IM)

UI = D020622

 

Aflatoxin B1

MS = A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; DF: AFB1

UI = D016604

 

Aflatoxin M1

MS = A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; DF: AFM1

UI = D016607

 

Aflatoxins

MS = A group of closely related toxic metabolites that are designated mycotoxins. They are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Members of the group include AFLATOXIN B1; aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2; AFLATOXIN M1; and aflatoxin M2.

AN = mycotoxins; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

UI = D000348

 

Africa

AN = for the continent or unspecified only: prefer smaller geog subdivisions, as AFRICA, NORTHERN; AFRICA, CENTRAL; etc.

UI = D000349

 

Africa South of the Sahara

MS = All of Africa except Northern Africa (AFRICA, NORTHERN).

AN = all of Africa except Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia

UI = D017954

 

Africa, Central

MS = The geographical area of Africa comprising CAMEROON; CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC; CHAD; CONGO; EQUATORIAL GUINEA; GABON; and DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO.

AN = a geog area; prefer specific countries

UI = D000350

 

Africa, Eastern

MS = The geographical area of Africa comprising BURUNDI; DJIBOUTI; ETHIOPIA; KENYA; RWANDA; SOMALIA; SUDAN; TANZANIA; and UGANDA.

AN = a geog area; prefer specific countries

UI = D000351

 

Africa, Northern

MS = The geographical area of Africa comprising ALGERIA; EGYPT; LIBYA; MOROCCO; and TUNISIA. It includes also the vast deserts and oases of the Sahara. It is often referred to as North Africa, French-speaking Africa, or the Magreb. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p856)

AN = = Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia collectively: prefer specifics; titles often refer to the Maghreb or Maghrib, the Arabic name for Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia & sometimes Libya collectively: check text for possible specificity, otherwise index under AFRICA, NORTHERN

UI = D000352

 

Africa, Southern

MS = The geographical area of Africa comprising ANGOLA; BOTSWANA; LESOTHO; MALAWI; MOZAMBIQUE; NAMIBIA; SOUTH AFRICA; SWAZILAND; ZAMBIA; and ZIMBABWE. It includes what was formerly called South-West Africa or German Southwest Africa but it was terminated in 1966 by a United Nations resolution. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1144)

AN = a geog area: prefer specific countries; do not confuse with SOUTH AFRICA ( = Union of South Africa 1910-60)

UI = D000353

 

Africa, Western

MS = The geographical area of Africa comprising BENIN; BURKINA FASO; COTE D'IVOIRE; GAMBIA; GHANA; GUINEA; GUINEA-BISSAU; LIBERIA; MALI; MAURITANIA; NIGER; NIGERIA; SENEGAL; SIERRA LEONE; and TOGO.

AN = a geog area: prefer specific countries

UI = D000354

 

African Horse Sickness

MS = An insect-borne reovirus infection of horses, mules and donkeys in Africa and the Middle East; characterized by pulmonary edema, cardiac involvement, and edema of the head and neck.

AN = caused by an Orbivirus; in horses, mules & donkeys; if in horses don't forget also HORSES (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; if in mules or donkeys, coord IM with EQUIDAE (IM) & check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000355

 

African horse sickness virus

MS = A species of ORBIVIRUS that causes disease in horses, mules, and donkeys.Via its principal vector CULICOIDES, it can also infect dogs, elephants, camels, cattle, sheep, goats, and, in special circumstances, humans.

AN = infection = AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS

UI = D000356

 

African Swine Fever

MS = A sometimes fatal ASFIVIRUS infection of pigs, characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph nodes, and edema of the gallbladder. It is transmitted between domestic swine by direct contact, ingestion of infected meat, or fomites, or mechanically by biting flies or soft ticks (genus Ornithodoros).

AN = do not confuse with SWINE FEVER see CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER

UI = D000357

 

African Swine Fever Virus

MS = The lone species of the genus Asfivirus. It infects domestic and wild pigs, warthogs, and bushpigs. Disease is endemic in domestic swine in many African countries and Sardinia. Soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros are also infected and act as vectors.

AN = infection = AFRICAN SWINE FEVER: see note there

UI = D000358

 

After-Hours Care

MS = Medical care provided after the regular practice schedule of the physicians. Usually it is designed to deliver 24-hour-a-day and 365-day-a-year patient care coverage for emergencies, triage, pediatric care, or hospice care.

UI = D039602

 

Aftercare

MS = The care and treatment of a convalescent patient, especially that of a patient after surgery.

AN = med, nurs, psychiat care after discharge from a hosp or other health facil; differentiate from REHABILITATION which is for getting a person back to pre-illness work or other activity

UI = D000359

 

Afterimage

MS = Continuation of visual impression after cessation of stimuli causing the original image.

AN = differentiate from FIGURAL AFTEREFFECT which is displacement of (usually) geometric pattern in shape & space; while both are in the field of perception, AFTERIMAGE is likely to be in ophthalmol jrnls, FIGURAL AFTEREFFECT, in psychol jrnls

UI = D000360

 

Agammaglobulinemia

MS = An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.

AN = TN 225: relation to HYPO- & DYSGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA

UI = D000361

 

AGAMOUS Protein, Arabidopsis

MS = A plant homeotic protein involved in the development of stamens and carpels of Arabidopsis thaliana. It is a DNA-binding protein that contains the MADS-box domain. It is one of the four founder proteins that structurally define the superfamily of MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS.

AN = AGAMOUS-LIKE PROTEINS see MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS is also available

UI = D026342

 

Agar

MS = A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D000362

 

Agaricales

MS = An extensive order of basidiomycetous fungi whose fruiting bodies are commonly call mushrooms.

AN = note x ref MUSHROOMS; pois = MUSHROOM POISONING

UI = D000363

 

Agaricus

MS = A basidiomycetous fungal genus of the family Agaricaceae, order Agaricales, which includes the field mushroom (A. campestris) and the commercial mushroom (A. bisporus).

AN = a basidiomycete

UI = D000364

 

Agastache

MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that contains tilianin, agastanol, and agastaquinone (a cytotoxic diterpenoid quinone).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031327

 

Agavaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Liliales, subclass Liliidae, class Liliopsida. Members of the family have narrow, lance-shaped, sometimes fleshy or toothed leaves that are clustered at the base of each plant. Most species have large flower clusters containing many flowers. The fruit is a capsule or berry.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027881

 

Agave

MS = A genus known for fibers obtained from their leaves: sisal from A. sisalana, henequen from A. fourcroyoides and A. cantala, or Manila-Maguey fiber from A. cantala. Some species provide a sap that is fermented to an intoxicating drink, called pulque in Mexico. Some contain agavesides.

AN = X ref CENTURY PLANT: CENTAURY = CENTAURIUM is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027882

 

Age Determination by Skeleton

UI = D000365

 

Age Determination by Teeth

UI = D000366

 

Age Distribution

MS = The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.

AN = NIM; no qualif; human & animal; a statist concept: do not confuse with AGE FACTORS, more related to cause & effect; age-sex distribution: coord (NIM) with SEX DISTRIBUTION (NIM)

UI = D017677

 

Age Factors

MS = Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

AN = NIM; no qualif; human & animal; related to cause & effect: do not confuse with AGE DISTRIBUTION which is largely statistical; differentiate from AGING, a physiol concept; policy: Manual 35.7

UI = D000367

 

Age Groups

MS = Persons classified by age from birth (INFANT, NEWBORN) to octogenarians and older (AGED, 80 AND OVER).

AN = not used for indexing

UI = D009273

 

Age of Onset

MS = The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.

AN = IM: GEN only; not for routine age of onset of dis in individual case reports; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM), as "age of onset in peptic ulcer" = AGE OF ONSET (NIM) + PEPTIC ULCER /epidemiol (IM); no qualif

UI = D017668

 

Aged

MS = A person 65 through 79 years of age. For a person older than 79 years, AGED, 80 AND OVER is available.

AN = age 65-79 if IM, age 65 & over as check tag; AGED, 80 AND OVER is also available; IM as physiol, psychol or sociol entity; NIM as check tag; Manual 18.5+, 34.10.1; differentiate from AGING, a physiol process, & AGE FACTORS & AGE DISTRIBUTION, statist concepts

UI = D000368

 

Aged, 80 and over

MS = A person 80 years of age and older.

AN = age 80 yr & over; IM as psychol or sociol entity; NIM as for AGED check tag; whether IM or NIM check tag AGED; Manual 18.5+, 34.10.1; DF: AGED 80

UI = D000369

 

Ageratina

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The common name of snakeroot is also used for POLYGALA; SANICULA; ARISTOLOCHIA and others.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D036603

 

Ageratum

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that contains PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS. Yellow vein disease of Ageratum is caused by a viral DNA complex of a begomovirus (GEMINIVIRIDAE).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031163

 

Ageusia

MS = Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of taste, frequently accompanied by OLFACTION DISORDERS.

AN = do not confuse with DYSGEUSIA, distortion of sense of taste

UI = D000370

 

Agglutination

AN = NIM, no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D000371

 

Agglutination Tests

MS = Tests that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

AN = NIM

UI = D000372

 

Agglutinins

MS = Substances, usually of biological origin, that cause cells or other organic particles to aggregate and stick to each other. They also include those antibodies which cause aggregation or agglutination of a particulate or insoluble antigen.

AN = cold agglutinin disease = COLD AGGLUTININ DISEASE see ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC, AUTOIMMUNE

UI = D000373

 

Aggression

MS = A form of behavior which leads to self-assertion; it may arise from innate drives and/or a response to frustration; may be manifested by destructive and attacking behavior, by covert attitudes of hostility and obstructionism, or by healthy self-expressive drive to mastery. (Dorland 27th ed)

AN = human & animal; "agression" in French is translated "stress" & indexed under a STRESS heading; "agressologie" = STRESS

UI = D000374

 

Aging

MS = The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

AN = human & animal; IM; aging process anywhere between birth & old age; differentiation from other age-related terms: Manual 28.16, 34.10; "aging" of lower organisms, cultures, drugs, etc. is probably TIME FACTORS; AGING, PREMATURE is also available

UI = D000375

 

Aging, Premature

MS = Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.

AN = unspecified with relation to age; in children, consider PROGERIA; in adults, consider PROGERIA, ADULT see WERNER SYNDROME

UI = D019588

 

Agkistrodon

MS = A genus of venomous snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae. Twelve species of this genus are found in North and Central America and Asia. Agkistrodon contortrix is the copperhead, A. piscivorus, the cottonmouth. The former is named for its russet or orange-brown color, the latter for the white interior of its mouth. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336; Moore, Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p75)

AN = a genus of vipers; note X refs; its venom: coord IM with CROTALID VENOMS (IM)

UI = D017836

 

Aglaia

MS = A plant genus of the family MELIACEAE. Members contain lariciresinol, pregnanes, insecticidal rocaglamide derivatives and other compounds.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031602

 

Agmatine

MS = Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.

UI = D000376

 

Agnosia

MS = Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities.

AN = coord IM with type of stimulus that is not recognized (IM)

UI = D000377

 

Agonistic Behavior

MS = Any behavior associated with conflict between two individuals.

UI = D000378

 

Agoraphobia

MS = Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.

UI = D000379

 

Agranulocytosis

MS = A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES (BASOPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, and NEUTROPHILS).

UI = D000380

 

Agraphia

MS = Loss or impairment of the ability to write (letters, syllables, words, or phrases) due to an injury to a specific cerebral area or occasionally due to emotional factors. This condition rarely occurs in isolation, and often accompanies APHASIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p485; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

UI = D000381

 

Agricultural Workers' Diseases

MS = Diseases in persons engaged in cultivating and tilling soil, growing plants, harvesting crops, raising livestock, or otherwise engaged in husbandry and farming. The diseases are not restricted to farmers in the sense of those who perform conventional farm chores: the heading applies also to those engaged in the individual activities named above, as in those only gathering harvest or in those only dusting crops.

AN = coord IM with specific dis (IM); specify geog if pertinent

UI = D000382

 

Agriculture

MS = The science of soil cultivation, crop production, and livestock raising.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D000383

 

Agrimonia

MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE that has been used in folk treatment of diabetes. Members contain agrimoniin (TANNINS).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031981

 

Agrin

MS = A protein component of the synaptic basal lamina. It has been shown to induce clustering of acetylcholine receptors on the surface of muscle fibers and other synaptic molecules in both synapse regeneration and development.

AN = a nerve tissue protein

UI = D018171

 

Agrobacterium

MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, plants, and marine mud. With the exception of Agrobacterium radiobacter, members of this genus invade the crown, roots, and stems of plants, via wounds, causing the transformation of the plant cells into proliferating tumor cells (PLANT TUMORS).

UI = D000384

 

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and the stems and roots of plants. It causes oncogenic transformations (tumor formation) in a wide variety of higher plants after wounding.

AN = found in soil & on plant rods & stems; DF: AGROBACT TUMEFACIENS

UI = D016960

 

Agrochemicals

MS = Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc.

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: AGROCHEM

UI = D016573

 

Agropyron

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The common name of wheatgrass is also used for other plants in the family.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031702

 

Agrostemma

MS = A plant genus of the family CARYOPHYLLACEAE that contains ALLANTOIN and a ribosome-inactivating protein.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031242

 

Agrostis

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031703

 

Aid to Families with Dependent Children

MS = Financial assistance provided by the government to indigent families with dependent children who meet certain requirements as defined by the Social Security Act, Title IV, in the U.S.

AN = treed under SOCIAL SECURITY; specify geog; DF: AFDC

UI = D000385

 

AIDS Arteritis, Central Nervous System

MS = Inflammation of blood vessels of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that occurs in association with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME. In children, this condition may be associated with INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM formation. Cerebral vasculitis in this setting is frequently associated with AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS including varicella, CMV, fungal, tuberculosis, and syphilis. (From Neurol Clin 1997 Nov;15(4):927-44; Neurology 1998 Aug;51(2):560-5)

AN = DF: AIDS ARTERITIS CNS

UI = D020943

 

AIDS Dementia Complex

MS = A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNONDEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefication, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)

AN = coord IM with HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM or NIM) if pertinent

UI = D015526

 

AIDS Serodiagnosis

MS = Immunologic tests for identification of HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) antibodies. They include assays for HIV SEROPOSITIVITY and HIV SERONEGATIVITY; (ELISA, immunofluorescence, immunoblot, etc.) that have been developed for screening persons carrying the viral antibody from patients with overt symptoms of AIDS or AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX.

AN = used with AIDS patients & HIV-seropositive or -negative persons; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: AIDS SERODIAG

UI = D015492

 

AIDS Vaccines

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.

UI = D016915

 

AIDS-Associated Nephropathy

MS = Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.

AN = coord IM with specific kidney dis (IM); specify HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM or NIM) if pertinent; DF: HIVAN

UI = D016263

 

AIDS-Related Complex

MS = A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.

AN = coord IM with HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM) if pertinent; DF: note short X ref

UI = D000386

 

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections

MS = Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.

AN = coord IM with HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM or NIM if pertinent); coord IM with specific opportunistic infect (IM); DF: AIDS RELAT OPPORTUNISTIC INFECT

UI = D017088

 

Ailanthus

MS = A plant genus of the family SIMAROUBACEAE. Members contain ailantinols and other quassinoids.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032268

 

Ainhum

MS = Spontaneous autoamputation of the fourth or fifth toe.

UI = D000387

 

Air

MS = The mixture of gases present in the earth's atmosphere consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.

AN = do not confuse with ATMOSPHERE or OXYGEN

UI = D000388

 

Air Abrasion, Dental

MS = A technique using a pneumatic, high-pressure stream of aluminum oxide to remove DENTAL ENAMEL; DENTIN; and restorative materials from teeth. In contrast to using DENTAL HIGH-SPEED EQUIPMENT, this method usually requires no dental anesthesia (ANESTHESIA, DENTAL) and reduces risks of tooth chipping and microfracturing. It is used primarily for routine DENTAL CAVITY PREPARATION.

UI = D020906

 

Air Ambulances

MS = Fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters equipped for air transport of patients.

AN = airplanes & helicopters

UI = D017732

 

Air Bags

MS = Automotive safety devices consisting of a bag designed to inflate upon collision and prevent passengers from pitching forward. (American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)

UI = D017278

 

Air Conditioning

MS = The maintenance of certain aspects of the environment within a defined space to facilitate the function of that space; aspects controlled include air temperature and motion, radiant heat level, moisture, and concentration of pollutants such as dust, microorganisms, and gases. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D000389

 

Air Ionization

UI = D000390

 

Air Microbiology

MS = The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the air. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

AN = IM; coord IM with specific bact, virus or fungus (IM); DF: AIR MICROBIOL

UI = D000391

 

Air Movements

AN = no qualif; WIND is also available but see note there

UI = D000392

 

Air Pollutants

MS = Substances which pollute the air.

AN = specify pollutant if pertinent (IM or NIM)

UI = D000393

 

Air Pollutants, Environmental

MS = Air pollutants which affect environmental conditions.

AN = specify pollutant if pertinent (IM or NIM); DF: AIR POLLUTANTS ENVIR

UI = D000394

 

Air Pollutants, Occupational

MS = Air pollutants found in the work area. They are usually produced by the specific nature of the occupation.

AN = specify pollutant or occup if pertinent (IM or NIM); DF: AIR POLLUTANTS OCCUP

UI = D000395

 

Air Pollutants, Radioactive

MS = Pollutants, present in air, which exhibit radioactivity.

AN = specify radiopollutant if pertinent (IM or NIM)

UI = D000396

 

Air Pollution

AN = includes pollen in the air (coord with POLLEN)

UI = D000397

 

Air Pollution, Indoor

MS = The contamination of indoor air.

AN = IM; specify environ if pertinent (IM)

UI = D016902

 

Air Pollution, Radioactive

AN = IM; coord with specific source of radiation (IM); specify geog if pertinent

UI = D000398

 

Air Pressure

MS = The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment.

AN = no qualif

UI = D000399

 

Air Sacs

MS = Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals.

AN = in birds, fish, insects & mammals; sacculitis in veterinary animals: coord IM with RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES/vet (IM) or RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS/vet (IM)

UI = D000400

 

Aircraft

MS = A weight-carrying structure for navigation of the air that is supported either by its own buoyancy or by the dynamic action of the air against its surfaces. (Webster, 1973)

UI = D000401

 

Airway Obstruction

MS = Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.

AN = acute: chronic airway obstruct, chronic airflow obstruct & COAD (chronic obstruct airway dis) go under LUNG DISEASES, OBSTRUCTIVE (see note there); NASAL OBSTRUCTION is also available

UI = D000402

 

Airway Resistance

MS = Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow.

UI = D000403

 

Aizoaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D035722

 

Ajmaline

MS = An alkaloid found in the root of Rauwolfia serpentina, among other plant sources. It is a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.

UI = D000404

 

Ajuga

MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that contains cyasterone, ajugasterone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, 8-acetylharpagide (an iridoid glycoside).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031328

 

Akathisia, Drug-Induced

MS = A condition associated with the use of certain medications and characterized by an internal sense of motor restlessness often described as an inability to resist the urge to move.

AN = shows "anxiety, restlessness & agitation": do not confuse with DYSKINESIA, DRUG-INDUCED which shows repetitive movements

UI = D017109

 

Akinetic Mutism

MS = A syndrome characterized by a silent and inert state without voluntary motor activity despite preserved sensorimotor pathways and vigilance. Bilateral FRONTAL LOBE dysfunction involving the anterior cingulate gyrus and related brain injuries are associated with this condition. This may result in impaired abilities to communicate and initiate motor activities. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p348; Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1995 Feb;63(2):59-67)

UI = D000405

 

AKR murine leukemia virus

MS = A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) isolated from spontaneous leukemia in AKR strain mice.

AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) or LEUKEMIA (IM) (for spontaneous leukemia)

UI = D000406

 

Alabama

UI = D000407

 

Alagille Syndrome

MS = Hypoplasia of the hepatic ducts, congenital pulmonary artery stenosis, facial abnormalities, and other congenital malformations, particularly skeletal. It is often presented as jaundice during the neonatal period. It is an autosomal recessive disease generally manifesting during childhood. "Arteriohepatic" refers to the pulmonary artery and the intrahepatic bile ducts, not to the hepatic artery.

UI = D016738

 

Alamethicin

MS = A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

AN = a peptide antibiotic

UI = D000408

 

Alangiaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Cornales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida, consisting of slow-growing evergreen trees common in tropical forests of south India and Burma. Members contain tetrahydroisoquinoline-monoterpene and iridoid glycosides.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032604

 

Alanine

MS = A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

AN = BETA-ALANINE is also available

UI = D000409

 

Alanine Racemase

MS = A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that reversibly catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine to D-alanine. EC 5.1.1.1.

UI = D000411

 

Alanine Transaminase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.

AN = /blood = SGPT /blood (not just SGPT)

UI = D000410

 

Alanine-tRNA Ligase

MS = An enzyme that activates alanine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.7.

UI = D000412

 

Alaska

UI = D000413

 

Albania

AN = in translations of historical articles use spelling People's Republic, not Peoples' nor Peoples

UI = D000415

 

Albendazole

MS = A benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintic structurally related to MEBENDAZOLE that is effective against many diseases. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p38)

UI = D015766

 

Alberta

MS = A province of western Canada, lying between the provinces of British Columbia and Saskatchewan. Its capital is Edmonton. It was named in honor of Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p26 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p12)

AN = a province of Canada

UI = D000416

 

Albinism

MS = General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.

AN = hypopigmentation of skin, hair, eye; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D000417

 

Albinism, Ocular

MS = Albinism affecting the eye in which pigment of the hair and skin is normal or only slightly diluted. The classic type is X-linked (Nettleship-Falls), but an autosomal recessive form also exists. Ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity.

AN = hypopigmentation of eye; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D016117

 

Albinism, Oculocutaneous

MS = Heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders comprising at least four recognized types, all having in common varying degrees of hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. The two most common are the tyrosinase-positive and tyrosinase-negative types.

UI = D016115

 

Albizzia

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that contains julibroside (triterpenoid saponins).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031289

 

Albumins

MS = Water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. They coagulate upon heating.

UI = D000418

 

Albuminuria

MS = The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

UI = D000419

 

Albuterol

MS = A racemic mixture with a 1:1 ratio of the r-isomer, levalbuterol, and s-albuterol. It is a short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist with its main clinical use in ASTHMA.

UI = D000420

 

Alcaligenes

MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, motile bacteria that occur in water and soil. Some are common inhabitants of the intestinal tract of vertebrates. These bacteria occasionally cause opportunistic infections in humans.

AN = ALCALIGENES EUTROPHA see RALSTONIA EUTROPHA is available

UI = D000421

 

Alchemilla

MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE. Members contain esculetin and QUERCETIN.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031982

 

Alchemy

AN = no qualif

UI = D000422

 

Alcian Blue

MS = A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D000423

 

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder

MS = A mental disorder associated with chronic ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) and nutritional deficiencies characterized by short term memory loss, confabulations, and disturbances of attention. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1139)

UI = D000425

 

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

MS = A zinc-containing enzyme which oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals in the presence of NAD. In alcoholic fermentation, it catalyzes the final step of reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen.

AN = a specific enzyme; do not confuse with ALCOHOL OXIDORECUCTASES

UI = D000426

 

Alcohol Deterrents

MS = Substances interfering with the metabolism of ethyl alcohol, causing unpleasant side effects thought to discourage the drinking of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol deterrents are used in the treatment of alcoholism.

AN = consider also ALCOHOLISM /drug ther

UI = D000427

 

Alcohol Drinking

MS = Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.

AN = drunkenness = ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION but binge drinking & acute alcohol intox = ETHANOL /pois; chronic alcohol consumption = ALCOHOLISM; TEMPERANCE is available for "abstinence from alcohol" but do not confuse with alcohol withdrawal (see note under ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL DELIRIUM & SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME)

UI = D000428

 

Alcohol Oxidoreductases

MS = A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).

UI = D000429

 

Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium

MS = An acute organic mental disorder induced by cessation or reduction in chronic alcohol consumption. Clinical characteristics include CONFUSION; DELUSIONS; vivid HALLUCINATIONS; TREMOR; agitation; insomnia; and signs of autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., elevated blood pressure and heart rate, dilated pupils, and diaphoresis). This condition may occasionally be fatal. It was formerly called delirium tremens. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1175)

AN = note X ref; do not confuse with "alcohol withdrawal syndrome" ( = SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME (IM) + ETHANOL /adv eff (IM)); ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SEIZURES is available

UI = D000430

 

Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures

MS = A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)

AN = ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL DELIRIUM is available

UI = D020270

 

Alcohol-Induced Disorders

MS = Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol.

UI = D020751

 

Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System

MS = Acute and chronic neurologic disorders associated with the various neurologic effects of ETHANOL. Primary sites of injury include the brain and peripheral nerves.

UI = D020268

 

Alcohol-Related Disorders

MS = Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or mis-use of alcohol.

UI = D019973

 

Alcoholic Beverages

MS = Drinkable liquids containing ETHANOL.

AN = GEN; BEER & WINE are available; chronic consumption of alcoholic bev = ALCOHOLISM

UI = D000434

 

Alcoholic Intoxication

MS = An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.

AN = human & animal

UI = D000435

 

Alcoholic Neuropathy

MS = A condition where damage to the peripheral nervous system (including the peripheral elements of the autonomic nervous system) is associated with chronic ingestion of alcoholic beverages. The disorder may be caused by a direct effect of alcohol, an associated nutritional deficiency, or a combination of factors. Clinical manifestations include variable degrees of weakness; ATROPHY; PARESTHESIAS; pain; loss of reflexes; sensory loss; diaphoresis; and postural hypotension. (From Arch Neurol 1995;52(1):45-51; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1146)

UI = D020269

 

Alcoholics Anonymous

MS = An organization of self-proclaimed alcoholics who meet frequently to reinforce their practice of abstinence.

AN = IM CATALOG: use NAF Entry

UI = D000436

 

Alcoholism

MS = A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)

AN = human & animal; do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE: alcoholism is presumed to be chronic; differentiate from ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION, being drunk, not chronic; acute alcoholic intox & binge drinking is ETHANOL /pois; /drug ther: consider also ALCOHOL DETERRENTS; consider also LIVER DISEASES, ALCOHOLIC & its specifics FATTY LIVER, ALCOHOLIC; HEPATITIS, ALCOHOLIC & LIVER CIRRHOSIS, ALCOHOLIC; also PANCREATITIS, ALCOHOLIC; also CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; PSYCHOSES, ALCOHOLIC & FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; index other compl of alcoholism under ALCOHOLISM /compl (IM) + disease /etiol not /chem ind (IM); abstinence from alcohol in alcoholism: coord with TEMPERANCE (NIM); available is SKID ROW ALCOHOLICS see HOMELESS PERSONS but see note there

UI = D000437

 

Alcohols

MS = Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

AN = do not use for "alcohol" ( = ETHANOL); diols = GLYCOLS; hypophysectomy by alcohol (ethanol) injection = HYPOPHYSECTOMY, CHEMICAL & do not index under ETHANOL unless particularly discussed

UI = D000438

 

Alcuronium

MS = A non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant similar to TUBOCURARINE. It is used as an anesthesia adjuvant.

UI = D000443

 

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase

MS = An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70.

UI = D000444

 

Aldehyde Oxidoreductases

UI = D000445

 

Aldehyde Reductase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of an aldose to an alditol. It possesses broad specificity for many aldoses. EC 1.1.1.21.

UI = D000449

 

Aldehyde-Ketone Transferases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of aldehyde or ketone residues. EC 2.2.

UI = D019880

 

Aldehyde-Lyases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze a reverse aldol condensation. A molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group is cleaved at a C-C bond to produce two smaller molecules (ALDEHYDES or KETONES). EC 4.1.2.

UI = D000446

 

Aldehydes

MS = Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.

UI = D000447

 

Aldicarb

MS = Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D000448

 

Aldose-Ketose Isomerases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of aldoses and ketoses. EC 5.3.1.

UI = D019747

 

Aldosterone

MS = A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic: consider also HYPOALDOSTERONISM; PSEUDOHYPOALDOSTERONISM is also available; consider also RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM see RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM & do not index under ALDOSTERONE unless particularly discussed

UI = D000450

 

Aldosterone Antagonists

MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of aldosterone.

AN = DF: ALDOSTERONE ANTAG

UI = D000451

 

Aldosterone Synthase

MS = A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 18-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-specific flavoprotein. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B2 gene, is important in the conversion of CORTICOSTERONE to 18-hydroxycorticosterone and the subsequent conversion to ALDOSTERONE.

AN = do not confuse with other cytochrome P-450 CYP's

UI = D019405

 

Aldrin

MS = A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D000452

 

Alendronate

MS = A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis.

UI = D019386

 

Aleurites

MS = A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE that is the source of tung oil and a phorbol diester (PHORBOL ESTERS).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031284

 

Aleutian Mink Disease

MS = A slow progressive disease of mink caused by the ALEUTIAN MINK DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by poor reproduction, weight loss, autoimmunity, hypergammaglobulinemia, increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, and death from renal failure. The disease occurs in all color types, but mink which are homozygous recessive for the Aleutian gene for light coat color are particularly susceptible.

AN = caused by a parvovirus; don't forget also MINK (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000453

 

Aleutian Mink Disease Virus

MS = A species of PARVOVIRUS that causes a disease in mink, mainly those homozygous for the recessive Aleutian gene which determines a desirable coat color.

AN = a species of Parvovirus; infection = ALEUTIAN MINK DISEASE: see note there; DF: ALEUTIAN MINK DIS PARVOVIRUS

UI = D000454

 

Alexander Disease

MS = A rare inherited disorder of myelin formation. Alexander disease is a progressive leukencephalopathy whose hallmark is the widespread accumulation of cytoplasmic inclusions called Rosenthal fibers. The fibers contain GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN in association with ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN. Rosenthal fibers are found predominantly in ASTROCYTES located in the subependymal, subpial, and periventricular areas of the BRAIN.

UI = D038261

 

Alexia, Pure

MS = Loss of the power to comprehend written materials despite preservation of the ability to write (i.e., alexia without agraphia). This condition is generally attributed to lesions that "disconnect" the visual cortex of the non-dominant hemisphere from language centers in the dominant hemisphere. This may occur when a dominant visual cortex injury is combined with underlying white matter lesions that involve crossing fibers from the occipital lobe of the opposite hemisphere. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p483)

AN = ALEXIA see DYSLEXIA is also available

UI = D020237

 

Alfalfa mosaic virus

MS = The type species of the genus ALFAMOVIRUS that is non-persistently transmitted by aphids.

AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol

UI = D017794

 

Alfamovirus

MS = A genus of the family BROMOVIRIDAE with a wide host range. Transmission is by aphids and the type species is ALFALFA MOSAIC VIRUS.

AN = a genus of mosaic viruses; from ALFAlfa MOsaic virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

UI = D019178

 

Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture

MS = A 3:1 mixture of alfaxalone with alfadolone acetate that previously had been used as a general anesthetic. It is no longer actively marketed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1445)

UI = D000530

 

Alfentanil

MS = A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.

UI = D015760

 

Algae

MS = A major group of lower plants that comprises, usually, photosynthetic plants of extremely varied morphology and physiology, and that is commonly considered to be a heterogeneous assemblage. They are freshwater and marine, terrestrial and subterranean; some are neustonic (living at the interface of water and the atmosphere). They live in various protozoa and within other plants. Among the vectors of aquatic algae are water movements (tides and currents), wind, ships, beetles, aquatic birds, etc. They live also in soil and on soil surfaces, on long-persistent snows, and in Antarctic rocks. Thermophilic algae inhabit hot springs. (From Webster, 3d ed; from Bold & Wynne, Introduction to the Algae, 2d ed, pp1-6)

AN = lower plants; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse X ref CYANOPHORA with the group CYANOBACTERIA

UI = D000456

 

Algae and Fungi

MS = ALGAE represent a group of spore-propagating plants, unicellular or undifferentiated into root, stem, and leaf. They include seaweed and many unicellular fresh-water plants, most of which contain chlorophyll. They account for about 90% of the earth's photosynthetic activity. FUNGI are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites and include mushrooms, YEASTS, smuts, molds, etc. They lack chlorophyll. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D000457

 

Algae, Brown

MS = Predominantly marine algae of the division Phaeophyta, having chromatophores containing carotenoid pigments. Genera include Ascophyllum, Fucus, Eisenia, Petalonia, Ectocarpus.

AN = common genera: Ascophyllum, Fucus, Eisenia, Petalonia, Ectocarpus

UI = D000459

 

Algae, Green

MS = Algae of the division Chlorophyta, in which the green pigment of CHLOROPHYLL is not masked by other pigments. Classes include Charophyceae, Bryopsidophyceae, Conjugatophyceae, Oedogoniophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Prasinophyceae. Common genera are ACETABULARIA; CHLAMYDOMONAS; CHLORELLA; Nitella; PROTOTHECA; Scenedesmus, Spirogyra, and Volvox.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D000460

 

Algae, Red

MS = Algae of the division Rhodophyta, in which the pigment is predominantly red; common genera are Gelidium, Gracilaria, and Polysiphonia.

AN = common genera: Gelidium, Gracilaria, Polysiphonia

UI = D000461

 

Algal Proteins

MS = Proteins found in any species of algae.

AN = coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific alga (IM)

UI = D020418

 

Algeria

MS = A country in northern Africa between MOROCCO and LIBYA. Its capital is Algiers. It was known to the Romans as Numidia. From 430 A.D. until 1942 it was successively in the hands of the Vandals, the Eastern Roman Empire, the Arabs, the Ottoman Empire, and the French, and gained independence in 1962. The country took its name from its capital, from the Arabic al (the) + jaza'ir (islands), with reference to four islands lying off the coast at Algiers but joined to the mainland by 1525. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p31 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p14)

AN = a country in northern Africa

UI = D000462

 

Algestone

MS = 16 alpha,17-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Progestational dihydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE. Its acetonide possesses anti-inflammatory properties.

AN = a synthetic progestational hormone

UI = D000523

 

Algestone Acetophenide

MS = (16 alpha(R))-16,17-((1-Phenylethylidene)bis(oxy))pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A progesterone that has been used in estrus synchronization and has been evaluated as an injectable contraceptive in combination with estradiol enanthate. It is also used therapeutically as a topical anti-inflammatory and is applied topically in the treatment of acne.

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent & female contraceptive

UI = D000463

 

Alginates

MS = Salts of alginic acid that are extracted from marine kelp and used to make dental impressions and as absorbent material for surgical dressings.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D000464

 

Algorithms

MS = A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

UI = D000465

 

Alisma

MS = A plant genus of the family ALISMATACEAE. The flowers have 3 green sepals, 3 yellow and white petals, 6 stamens, and several pistils. Members contain TRITERPENES and SESQUITERPENES. Alisma is a component of tokishakuyakusan. Some species in this genus are called water plantain which is also a common name for other ALISMATACEAE plants.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D034902

 

Alismataceae

MS = A plant family of the subclass ALISMATIDAE, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons) of aquatic plants. The flower parts are in threes with 3 green sepals and 3 white or yellow petals.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D034901

 

Alismatidae

MS = A plant subclass of the class Liliopsida (monocotyledons) in the Chronquist classification system. This is equivalent to the Alismatales order in the APG classification system. It is a primitive group of more or less aquatic plants.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D035961

 

Alkadienes

MS = Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having two carbon-carbon double bonds.

UI = D000466

 

Alkalies

MS = Usually a hydroxide of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium, but also the carbonates of these metals, ammonia, and the amines. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

AN = singular form is "alkali"; /adv eff: consider also MILK-ALKALI SYNDROME see HYPERCALCEMIA

UI = D000468

 

Alkaline Phosphatase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

AN = /defic: consider also HYPOPHOSPHATASIA

UI = D000469

 

Alkaloids

MS = Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific alkaloid; alkaloids from specific plants go here (IM) + name of plant or PLANTS, MEDICINAL, etc.

UI = D000470

 

Alkalosis

MS = A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.

UI = D000471

 

Alkalosis, Respiratory

MS = A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = excess loss of CO2 from body

UI = D000472

 

Alkanes

MS = The generic name for the group of aliphatic hydrocarbons Cn-H2n+2. They are denoted by the suffix -ane. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

AN = cycloalkanes = CYCLOPARAFFINS

UI = D000473

 

Alkanesulfonates

MS = Organic esters or salts of sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical.

UI = D000476

 

Alkanesulfonic Acids

MS = Sulfonic acid derivatives that are substituted with an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.

UI = D017738

 

Alkaptonuria

MS = An inborn error of amino acid metabolism resulting from a defect in the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase and causing an accumulation of homogentisic acid in the urine. The condition is characterized by ochronosis in various tissues and arthritis.

AN = an inborn error of amino acid metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D000474

 

Alkenes

MS = Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408)

UI = D000475

 

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases

MS = A somewhat heterogeneous class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or related groups (excluding methyl groups). EC 2.5.

UI = D019883

 

Alkylating Agents

MS = Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases.

UI = D000477

 

Alkylation

MS = The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group.

AN = almost never IM; enzymatic alkylation: coord NIM with TRANSFERASES (IM) + substrate (NIM); METHYLATION & METHYLTRANSFERASES are also available

UI = D000478

 

Alkylmercury Compounds

MS = Organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to an alkyl group.

AN = DF: ALKYLMERCURY CPDS

UI = D000479

 

Alkynes

MS = Acyclic hydrocarbons with one triple bond of the general formula Cn-H2n-2. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D000480

 

Allantoin

AN = /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted

UI = D000481

 

Allantois

MS = An embryonic diverticulum of the hindgut of reptiles, birds, and mammals; in man its blood vessels give rise to those of the umbilical cord.

AN = mammalian, avian or reptilian

UI = D000482

 

Alleles

MS = Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process.

AN = no qualif; = allelomorphs

UI = D000483

 

Allelic Imbalance

MS = A situation where one member (allele) of a gene pair is lost (LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY) or amplified.

AN = do not confuse with ALLELIC LOSS see LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY

UI = D022981

 

Allergens

MS = Antigen-type substances that produce immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).

AN = coord IM with specific allergen (IM), e.g., pollen as an allergen = ALLERGENS + POLLEN

UI = D000485

 

Allergy and Immunology

MS = A medical specialty concerned with the hypersensitivity of the individual to foreign substances and protection from the resultant infection or disorder.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with ALLERGY see HYPERSENSITIVITY (Cat C); consider also /immunol: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.37; immunohematology is indexed under BLOOD GROUPS; immunologic processes = IMMUNITY or specific; DF: ALLERGY IMMUNOL

UI = D000486

 

Allethrin

MS = Synthetic analogs of the naturally occuring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D000487

 

Allied Health Occupations

MS = Occupations of medical personnel who are not physicians, and are qualified by special training and, frequently, by licensure to work in supporting roles in the health care field. These occupations include, but are not limited to, medical technology, physical therapy, physician assistant, etc.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: ALLIED HEALTH OCCUP

UI = D016390

 

Allied Health Personnel

MS = Health care workers specially trained and licensed to assist and support the work of health professionals. Often used synonymously with paramedical personnel, the term generally refers to all health care workers who perform tasks which must otherwise be performed by a physician or other health professional.

UI = D000488

 

Alligators and Crocodiles

MS = Large, long-tailed reptiles, including caimans, of the order Loricata.

AN = IM; qualif permitted; DF: ALLIGATORS

UI = D000489

 

Allium

MS = A genus of the plant family Liliaceae (sometimes classified as Alliaceae) in the order Liliales. Many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as food, condiment, and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D000490

 

Allolevivirus

MS = A bacteriophage genus of the family LEVIVIRIDAE, whose viruses contain the longer version of the genome and have no separate cell lysis gene.

AN = coord with specific bacterium /virol

UI = D017908

 

Allophanate Hydrolase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of allophanic acid to two molecules of ammonia plus two molecules of "active carbon dioxide". EC 3.5.1.54.

UI = D000492

 

Allopurinol

MS = A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.

UI = D000493

 

Allosteric Regulation

AN = almost never IM; DF: ALLOSTERIC REG

UI = D000494

 

Allosteric Site

MS = A site on an enzyme which upon binding of a modulator, causes the protein to undergo a conformational change that may alter the catalytic or binding properties of the enzyme.

UI = D000495

 

Alloxan

AN = ALLOXAN DIABETES indexed as DIABETES MELLITUS, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) + ALLOXAN (NIM) only if chem is particularly discussed

UI = D000496

 

Alloys

MS = A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D000497

 

Allyl Compounds

AN = DF: ALLYL CPDS

UI = D000498

 

Allylamine

MS = Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.

UI = D000499

 

Allylestrenol

MS = A synthetic steroid with progestational activity.

UI = D000500

 

Allylglycine

MS = An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals.

UI = D000501

 

Allylisopropylacetamide

MS = An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.

UI = D000502

 

Almanacs

MS = Publications, usually annual, containing a calendar for the coming year, the times of such events and phenomena as anniversaries, sunrises, sunsets, phases of the moon, tides, meteorological, and other statistical information and related topics. Almanacs are also annual reference books of useful and interesting facts relating to countries of the world, sports, entertainment, population groups, etc. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

AN = for med almanacs, do not coord with MEDICINE; do not confuse with Publication Type ALMANACS

UI = D000503

 

Almanacs [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of a calendar of days, weeks, and months, together with information such as astronomical data, various statistics, etc. (From Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing, 2d ed)

AN = publication type only; for almanacs as a subject, index under main heading ALMANACS

UI = D019482

 

Almitrine

MS = A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.

UI = D015765

 

Almshouses

MS = Privately endowed or public charities or institutions receiving and supporting the aged or infirm poor. They sometimes functioned as centers of health care before the establishment of formal hospitals. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed & Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)

AN = in hist contexts only; check hist tags

UI = D019022

 

Alnus

MS = A plant genus of the family BETULACEAE that is distinguished from birch (BETULA) by its usually stalked winter buds and by cones that remain on the branches after the small, winged nutlets are released.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029661

 

Alocasia

MS = A plant genus of the family ARACEAE. Members contain beta-glucosidases and trypsin inhibitors.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031055

 

Aloe

MS = A plant genus of the family Aloeaceae, order Liliales (or Asphodelaceae, Asparagales in APG system) which is used medicinally. It contains anthraquinone glycosides such as aloin-emodin or aloe-emodin (EMODIN).

AN = for HESPERALOE see AGAVACEAE is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D000504

 

Alopecia

MS = Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.

UI = D000505

 

Alopecia Areata

MS = A microscopically inflammatory, usually reversible, patchy hair loss occurring in sharply defined areas and usually involving the beard or scalp. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = baldness in defined areas

UI = D000506

 

Alouatta

MS = A genus of the subfamily ALOUATTINAE, family CEBIDAE, composed of six species. They are A. belzebul (black and red howler), A. caraya (black howler), A. fusca (brown howler), A. palliata (mantled howler), A. seniculus (red howler), and A. villosa (also known as A. pigra; Guatemalan howler). They inhabit the forests of Central and South America. Howlers travel in groups and define their territories by howling accompanied by vigorously shaking and breaking branches.

AN = New World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D000508

 

Alouattinae

MS = A subfamily of CEBIDAE inhabiting the forests of Central and South America. The genus ALOUATTA, or howler monkeys, belongs to this subfamily of New World monkeys.

AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D016661

 

alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin

MS = Glycoprotein found in alpha(1)-globulin region in human serum. It inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteinases in vivo and has cytotoxic killer-cell activity in vitro. The protein also has a role as an acute-phase protein and is active in the control of immunologic and inflammatory processes, and as a tumor marker. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

AN = a serpin & acute phase protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000514

 

alpha 1-Antitrypsin

MS = Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits trypsin, neutrophil elastase, and other proteolytic enzymes. Commonly referred to as alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI), it exists in over 30 different biochemical variant forms known collectively as the Pi (protease inhibitor) system. Hereditary A1PI deficiency is associated with pulmonary emphysema.

UI = D000515

 

alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency

MS = Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN, leading primarily to degradation of elastin of the alveolar walls, as well as other structural proteins of a variety of tissues. (From Scriver, Beaudet, Sly, & Valle, The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 7th ed, p4125)

AN = Pi or PiZZ goes here + PHENOTYPE; DF: ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFIC

UI = D019896

 

alpha Karyopherins

MS = Nucleocytoplasmic transport molecules that bind to the NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SIGNAL of cytoplasmic molecules destined to be imported into the CELL NUCLEUS. Once attached to their cargo they bind to BETA KARYOPHERINS and are transported through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Inside the CELL NUCLEUS alpha karyopherins dissociate from beta karypherins and their cargo. They then form a complex with CELLULAR APOPTOSIS SUCCEPTIBILITY PROTEIN and RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN which is exported to the CYTOPLASM.

UI = D028901

 

Alpha Particles

MS = Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability.

AN = ionizing; radiation policy: see Manual index under RADIATION & entries following

UI = D000512

 

alpha Proteobacteria

MS = A group generally comprised of those members of the proteobacteria class which are considered as oligotrophic.

AN = DF: ALPHA PROTEOBACT

UI = D020561

 

Alpha Rhythm

MS = One of four types of brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of 8-13 Hz. They constitute the majority of waves recorded by EEG registering the activity of the parietal and occipital lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed with the eyes closed.

AN = in EEG

UI = D000513

 

alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid

MS = An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D018350

 

alpha-Amylase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages in starch, glycogen, and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides containing 3 or more 1,4-alpha-linked D-glucose units. EC 3.2.1.1.

UI = D000516

 

alpha-Chlorohydrin

MS = A chlorinated propanediol compound that has shown anti-fertility activity in males and has been used as a chemosterilant in rodents.

UI = D000517

 

alpha-Crystallin A Chain

MS = One of the subunits of alpha-crystallins. Unlike ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN the expression of ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN is limited primarily to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE).

UI = D038202

 

alpha-Crystallin B Chain

MS = One of the alpha crystallin subunits. In addition to being expressed in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE), alpha-crystallin B chain has been found in a variety of tissues such as HEART, BRAIN, MUSCLE and KIDNEY. Accumulation of the protein in the brain is associated with NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES such as CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME and ALEXANDER DISEASE.

UI = D038203

 

alpha-Crystallins

MS = A subclass of crystallins that provides the majority of refractive power and translucency to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) in VERTEBRATES. Alpha-crystallins also act as molecular chaperones that bind to denatured proteins, keep them in solution and thereby maintain the translucency of the lens. The proteins exist as large oligomers that are formed from ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN and ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN subunits.

UI = D038201

 

alpha-Defensins

MS = DEFENSINS found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal PANETH CELLS.

UI = D023084

 

alpha-Endorphin

MS = An endogenous opioid peptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. It differs from GAMMA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid.

AN = BETA-ENDORPHIN & GAMMA-ENDORPHIN are also available; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D018822

 

alpha-Fetoproteins

MS = The first alpha-globulins to appear in mammalian sera during development of the embryo and the dominant serum proteins in early embryonic life. They reappear in the adult serum during certain pathologic states, primarily hepatocellular carcinoma. They may also be elevated in the amniotic fluid and maternal serum during pregnancy in ANENCEPHALY.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000509

 

alpha-Galactosidase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-galactosides including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans, and galactolipids. EC 3.2.1.22.

UI = D000519

 

Alpha-Globulins

MS = Serum proteins that have the most rapid migration during ELECTROPHORESIS. This subgroup of globulins is divided into faster and slower alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-globulins.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D000510

 

alpha-Glucosidases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the exohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glucosidic linkages with release of alpha-glucose. Deficiency of alpha-1,4-glucosidase may cause GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE II. EC 3.2.1.20.

AN = defic/: consider also GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE II

UI = D000520

 

alpha-L-Fucosidase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of an alpha L-fucoside to yield an alcohol and L-fucose. Deficiency of this enzyme can cause FUCOSIDOSIS. EC 3.2.1.51.

AN = /defic: consider also FUCOSIDOSIS

UI = D005644

 

alpha-Linolenic Acid

MS = A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins.

AN = GAMMA-LINOLENIC ACID is an omega-6 fatty acid; DF: note short X ref

UI = D017962

 

alpha-Macroglobulins

MS = Glycoproteins with a molecular weight of approximately 620,000 to 680,000. Precipitation by electrophoresis is in the alpha region. They include alpha 1-macroglobulins and alpha 2-macroglobulins. These proteins exhibit trypsin-, chymotrypsin-, thrombin-, and plasmin-binding activity and function as hormonal transporters.

UI = D000511

 

alpha-Methyltyrosine

MS = An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)

UI = D019805

 

alpha-MSH

MS = A 13-amino acid peptide derived from the anterior pituitary gland in man and from the pars intermedia in lower vertebrates. Its amino acid sequence is identical to the first 13 amino acids of ACTH. It influences the formation of deposition of melanin in the body and produces color changes in the skin of amphibians, fishes and reptiles. It is secreted in humans only during fetal life and occasionally during pregnancy.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000521

 

alpha-Thalassemia

MS = A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D017085

 

alpha-Tocopherol

MS = A natural tocopherol and one of the most potent antioxidant tocopherols. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. It has four methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus. The natural d form of alpha-tocopherol is more active than its synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol racemic mixture.

AN = /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY (IM)

UI = D024502

 

Alphaherpesvirinae

MS = A subfamily of HERPESVIRIDAE characterized by a short replication cycle. The genera include: SIMPLEXVIRUS, VARICELLOVIRUS, MAREK'S DISEASE-LIKE VIRUSES, and INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS-LIKE VIRUSES.

AN = infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018138

 

Alphaprodine

MS = An opioid analgesic chemically related to and with an action resembling that of MEPERIDINE, but more rapid in onset and of shorter duration. It has been used in obstetrics, as pre-operative medication, for minor surgical procedures, and for dental procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1067)

UI = D000522

 

Alpharetrovirus

MS = A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE with type C morphology, that causes malignant and other diseases in wild birds and domestic fowl.

AN = infection: coord IM with AVIAN LEUKOSIS (IM) or SARCOMA, AVIAN (IM), but if not so specified coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) if pertinent

UI = D001355

 

Alphavirus

MS = A genus of TOGAVIRIDAE, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the SINDBIS VIRUS.

AN = infection = ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS

UI = D000524

 

Alphavirus Infections

MS = Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE.

AN = caused by a togavirus; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D018354

 

Alpinia

MS = A plant genus of the family ZINGIBERACEAE. Members contain galangin, yakuchinone-A, and diarylheptanoids.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032429

 

Alprazolam

MS = A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, and in generalized anxiety disorder. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238)

UI = D000525

 

Alprenolol

MS = One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.

UI = D000526

 

Alprostadil

MS = A potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow. It inhibits platelet aggregation and has many other biological effects such as bronchodilation, mediation of inflammation, etc.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D000527

 

Alstonia

MS = A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE. Members contain echitovenidine, echitamine, venenatine (an indole alkaloid), and anti-inflammatory triterpenoids

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031051

 

Alstroemeria

MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. Members contain allergens, tuliposide A and tulipalin A.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031402

 

Alternaria

MS = A mitosporic Loculoascomycetes fungal genus including several plant pathogens and at least one species which produces a highly phytotoxic antibiotic. Its teleomorph is Lewia.

AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOSES (IM) or specific mycosis (IM)

UI = D000528

 

Alternative Splicing

MS = A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.

AN = for NESTED TRANSCRIPTS also index the RNA; do not confuse with NESTED GENES; for nested primers use NESTED PCR (POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION)

UI = D017398

 

Alteromonadaceae

MS = A family of marine, gram-negative PROTEOBACTERIA including the genera ALTEROMONAS, Colwellia, Idiomarina, Marinobacter, MORITELLA, PSEUDOALTEROMONAS, and SHEWANELLA.

UI = D034241

 

Alteromonas

MS = A genus of gram-negative, straight or curved rods which are motile by means of a single, polar flagellum. Members of this genus are found in coastal waters and the open ocean. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

UI = D020591

 

Althaea

MS = A plant genus of the family MALVACEAE known for mucilaginous roots. The common names of hollyhock and mallow are also used for other genera of MALVACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031583

 

Altitude

AN = no qualif; consider also ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; /adv eff = probably ALTITUDE SICKNESS

UI = D000531

 

Altitude Sickness

MS = A morbid condition of ANOXIA caused by the reduced available oxygen at high altitudes.

UI = D000532

 

Altretamine

MS = An alkylating agent proposed as an antineoplastic. It also acts as a chemosterilant for male houseflies and other insects.

UI = D006585

 

Altruism

MS = Consideration and concern for others, as opposed to self-love or egoism, which can be a motivating influence.

AN = no qualif

UI = D000533

 

Alu Elements

MS = The Alu sequence family (named for the restriction endonuclease cleavage enzyme Alu I) is the most highly repeated interspersed repeat element in humans (over a million copies). It is derived from the 7SL RNA component of the SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE and contains an RNA polymerase III promoter. Transposition of this element into coding and regulatory regions of genes is responsible for many heritable diseases.

UI = D020087

 

Alum Compounds

MS = Aluminum metal sulfate compounds used medically as astringents and for many industrial purposes. They are used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of ulcerative stomatitis, leukorrhea, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, metritis, and minor wounds.

AN = astringents; also many indust uses; used also in vet med; D25-26 qualif; DF: ALUM CPDS

UI = D000534

 

Aluminum

MS = A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.

AN = Al-27; Al-23-26, 28-30 = ALUMINUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

UI = D000535

 

Aluminum Compounds

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain aluminum as an integral part of the molecule.

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: ALUMINUM CPDS

UI = D017607

 

Aluminum Hydroxide

MS = A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc.

UI = D000536

 

Aluminum Oxide

MS = An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.

UI = D000537

 

Aluminum Silicates

MS = Any of the numerous types of clay which contain varying proportions of Al2O3 and SiO2. They are made synthetically by heating aluminum fluoride at 1000-2000 degrees C with silica and water vapor. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

AN = "numerous types of clay"

UI = D000538

 

Alveolar Bone Loss

MS = The resorption of bone in the supporting structures of the maxilla or mandible as a result of periodontal disease.

AN = caused by periodontal dis; use Cat C qualif; coord IM with MANDIBULAR DISEASES or MAXILLARY DISEASES (IM or NIM)

UI = D016301

 

Alveolar Process

MS = The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth.

AN = dis: coord with JAW DISEASES or specific precoord jaw dis (IM); for /surg, prefer ALVEOLECTOMY or ALVEOLOPLASTY

UI = D000539

 

Alveolar Ridge Augmentation

MS = Preprosthetic surgery involving rib, cartilage, or iliac crest bone grafts, usually autologous, or synthetic implants for rebuilding the alveolar ridge.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D000540

 

Alveolectomy

MS = Subtotal or complete excision of the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = excision of part of the ALVEOLAR PROCESS (see note there); do not confuse with ALVEOLOPLASTY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D000541

 

Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic

MS = Conditions in which inhalation of organic dusts results in hypersensitivity reactions at the alveolar level, associated with the production of precipitins.

AN = a type of resp hypersensitivity

UI = D000542

 

Alveoloplasty

MS = Conservative contouring of the alveolar process, in preparation for immediate or future denture construction. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = refers to ALVEOLAR PROCESS (see note there); do not confuse with ALVEOLECTOMY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D000543

 

Alzheimer Disease

MS = A degenerative disease of the brain characterized by the insidious onset of dementia. Impairment of memory, judgement, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)

UI = D000544

 

Alzheimer Vaccines

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat ALZHEIMER DISEASE.

UI = D023582

 

Amacrine Cells

MS = INTERNEURONS of the vertebrate RETINA. They integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer.

UI = D025042

 

Amanita

MS = A genus of fungi of the family Agaricaceae, order Agaricales; most species are poisonous.

AN = a poisonous basidiomycete; coord NIM for MUSHROOM POISONING (IM) by Amanita

UI = D000545

 

Amanitins

MS = Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

UI = D000546

 

Amantadine

MS = An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake.

UI = D000547

 

Amaranth Dye

MS = A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = the plant AMARANTH see AMARANTHUS is also available; D25-26 qualif

UI = D000548

 

Amaranthaceae

MS = A family of flowering plants in the order Caryophyllales, with about 60 genera and more than 800 species of plants, with a few shrubs, trees, and vines. The leaves usually have nonindented edges.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027703

 

Amaranthus

MS = A plant genus, in the family AMARANTHACEAE, best known as a source of high-protein grain crops and of Red Dye No. 2 (AMARANTH DYE). Tumbleweed sometimes refers to Amaranthus but more often refers to SALSOLA.

AN = X ref REDROOT PIGWEED: REDROOT see SANGUINARIA is also available; AMARANTH DYE is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027721

 

Amaurosis Fugax

MS = Transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by EMBOLI from the CAROTID ARTERY (usually in association with CAROTID STENOSIS) and other locations that enter the central RETINAL ARTERY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p245)

UI = D020757

 

Ambenonium Chloride

MS = A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112)

UI = D000549

 

Amber

MS = A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber.

AN = a resin; do not confuse with AMBER (Advanced Multiple Beam Equalization Radiography) or amber codon or amber suppressor; D25-26 qualif

UI = D018647

 

Ambergris

MS = A gray substance found in the intestinal tracts of the sperm whale.

UI = D018648

 

Amblyopia

MS = A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.

UI = D000550

 

Ambrosia

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The POLLEN is one cause of HAYFEVER.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031164

 

Ambroxol

MS = A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.

UI = D000551

 

Ambulances

MS = A vehicle equipped for transporting patients in need of emergency care.

UI = D000552

 

Ambulatory Care

MS = Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility.

UI = D000553

 

Ambulatory Care Facilities

MS = Those facilities which administer health services to individuals who do not require hospitalization or institutionalization.

AN = IM

UI = D000554

 

Ambulatory Care Information Systems

MS = Information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of ambulatory care services and facilities.

AN = IM

UI = D000555

 

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures

MS = Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.

AN = outpatient surg performed in MD's office, surgicenter or hosp

UI = D000556

 

Ambystoma

MS = A genus of the Ambystomatidae family. The best known species of this genus are the axolotl forms AMBYSTOMA MEXICANUM and Ambystoma tigrinum. They may retain gills and remain aquatic without developing all of the adult characteristics. However, under proper changes in the environment they metamorphose.

AN = salamander; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D000557

 

Ambystoma mexicanum

MS = An axolotl found in Mexican mountain lakes and accounting for about 30 percent of the urodeles used in research.

AN = salamander; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D000558

 

Ambystomatidae

MS = A family of the class Urodela which includes 4 living genera, about 33 species, and occurs only in North America. Adults are usually terrestrial, but the larval forms are aquatic.

AN = a family of salamanders; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D000559

 

Amdinocillin

MS = Amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action. It is poorly absorbed if given orally and is used in urinary infections and typhus.

UI = D000560

 

Amdinocillin Pivoxil

MS = Pivaloyloxymethyl ester of amdinocillin that is well absorbed orally, but broken down to amdinocillin in the intestinal mucosa. It is active against gram-negative organisms and used as for amdinocillin.

UI = D000561

 

Amebiasis

MS = Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.

AN = caused by "any of various amebae"; /drug ther: consider also AMEBICIDES; note X ref ABSCESS, AMEBIC: LIVER ABSCESS, AMEBIC is also available

UI = D000562

 

Amebicides

MS = Agents which are destructive to amebae, especially the parasitic species causing AMEBIASIS in man and animal.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific amebicide; consider also AMOEBA /drug eff & AMEBIASIS /drug ther

UI = D000563

 

Ameloblastoma

MS = An epithelial tumor of the jaw originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the developing period of the enamel.

AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably JAW NEOPLASMS (IM) or precoord jaw/neopl term (IM)

UI = D000564

 

Ameloblasts

MS = Cylindrical epithelial cells in the innermost layer of the ENAMEL ORGAN. Their functions include contribution to the development of the dentinoenamel junction by the deposition of a layer of the matrix, thus producing the foundation for the prisms (the structural units of the DENTAL ENAMEL), and production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

AN = an epithelial cell in the enamel organ; A 11 qualif

UI = D000565

 

Amelogenesis

MS = The elaboration of dental enamel by ameloblasts, beginning with its participation in the formation of the dentino-enamel junction to the production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

AN = formation of dent enamel; DENTINOGENESIS, formation of dentin, is also available

UI = D000566

 

Amelogenesis Imperfecta

MS = An autosomal dominant or X-linked disorder in which there is faulty development of the dental enamel owing to agenesis, hypoplasia, or hypocalcification of the enamel. It is marked by enamel that is very thin and friable and frequently stained in various shades of brown. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a tooth abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D000567

 

Amenorrhea

MS = Absence of menstruation.

AN = "postpartum amenorrhea" is indexed under AMENORRHEA (IM) + PUERPERIUM (IM) & not LACTATION unless lactation is particularly discussed

UI = D000568

 

American Cancer Society

MS = A voluntary organization concerned with the prevention and treatment of cancer through education and research.

AN = add UNITED STATES or specific state (NIM) CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D000570

 

American Dental Association

MS = Professional society representing the field of dentistry.

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: ADA CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D000571

 

American Heart Association

MS = A voluntary organization concerned with the prevention and treatment of heart and vascular diseases.

AN = add UNITED STATES or specific state (NIM): DF: AMERICAN HEART ASSOC CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D000572

 

American Hospital Association

MS = A professional society in the United States whose membership is composed of hospitals.

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: AHA CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D000573

 

American Medical Association

MS = Professional society representing the field of medicine.

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: AMA CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D000574

 

American Nurses' Association

MS = Professional society representing the field of nursing.

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: ANA CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D000575

 

American Public Health Association

MS = Professional organization concerned with issues affecting personal and environmental health, including federal and state funding for health programs, programs related to chronic and infectious diseases, and professional education in public health.

AN = DF: AM PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC

UI = D040363

 

American Samoa

MS = A group of islands of SAMOA, in the southwest central Pacific. Its capital is Pago Pago. The islands were ruled by native chiefs until about 1869. An object of American interest beginning in 1839, Pago Pago and trading and extraterritorial rights were granted to the United States in 1878. The United States, Germany, and England administered the islands jointly 1889-99, but in 1899 they were granted to the United States by treaty. The Department of the Interior has administered American Samoa since 1951. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p44)

AN = an island group in Samoa; admin by US Dept of Interior

UI = D018948

 

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association

MS = A professional society concerned with the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and remediation of speech, language, and hearing disorders.

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: ASHA CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D016235

 

Americas

MS = The general name for NORTH AMERICA; CENTRAL AMERICA; and SOUTH AMERICA unspecified or combined.

AN = too general; avoid; prefer specific continents or countries; titles saying "American" are likely to be indexed to UNITED STATES, not here

UI = D000569

 

Americium

MS = Americium. A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, atomic number 95, and atomic weight 243. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.

AN = naturally radioactive; IM

UI = D000576

 

Amide Synthases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of either ammonia or an amide with another molecule, in which the linkage is in the form of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.1.

UI = D019732

 

Amides

MS = Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D000577

 

Amidine-Lyases

MS = These enzymes catalyze the elimination of ammonia from amidines with the formation of a double bond. EC 4.3.2.

UI = D019760

 

Amidines

UI = D000578

 

Amidinotransferases

MS = Enzymes of a subclass of TRANSFERASES that catalyze the transfer of an amidino group from donor to acceptor. EC 2.1.4.

UI = D000579

 

Amido Black

MS = A dye used to stain proteins in electrophoretic techniques. It is used interchangeably with its acid form.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D000580

 

Amidohydrolases

UI = D000581

 

Amidophosphoribosyltransferase

MS = An enzyme, involved in the early steps of purine nucleotide biosynthesis, that catalyzes the formation of 5-phosphoribosylamine from glutamine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. EC 2.4.2.14.

UI = D000582

 

Amifostine

MS = A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D004999

 

Amikacin

MS = A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and ototoxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.

UI = D000583

 

Amiloride

MS = A pyrazine compound inhibiting sodium reabsorbtion through sodium channels in renal epithelial cells. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with diuretics to spare potassium loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)

UI = D000584

 

Aminacrine

MS = A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D000585

 

Amination

MS = The creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compound or reduction of a nitro group.

AN = almost never IM; enzymatic amination: coord NIM with TRANSAMINASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific transaminase (IM)

UI = D000586

 

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)

MS = A group of enzymes including those oxidizing primary monoamines, diamines, and histamine. They are copper proteins, and, as their action depends on a carbonyl group, they are sensitive to inhibition by semicarbazide. EC 1.4.3.6.

UI = D006631

 

Amine Oxidoreductases

MS = Enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation of secondary amines, introducing a C=N double bond as the primary reaction. In some cases this is later hydrolyzed.

UI = D000587

 

Amines

MS = A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D000588

 

Amino Acid Activation

MS = The first step of protein synthesis, whereby an amino acid reacts with adenosine triphosphate in the presence of aminoacyl RNA synthetase to produce an amino acid adenylate, which provides the energy necessary for the attachment of the amino acid to a specific transfer RNA molecule.

AN = IM; coord with specific amino acid (IM)

UI = D000589

 

Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones

MS = Inhibitors of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES and sulfhydryl group-containing enzymes. They act as alkylating agents and are known to interfere in the translation process.

AN = serine proteinase inhib; DF: AACK

UI = D000590

 

Amino Acid Isomerases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze either the racemization or epimerization of chiral centers within amino acids or derivatives. EC 5.1.1.

UI = D000591

 

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors

MS = Disorders affecting amino acid metabolism. The majority of these disorders are inherited and present in the neonatal period with metabolic disturbances (e.g., ACIDOSIS) and neurologic manifestations. They are present at birth, although they may not become symptomatic until later in life.

AN = coord IM with specific amino acid /metab (IM); DF: AA METAB INBORN ERR

UI = D000592

 

Amino Acid Motifs

MS = Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

AN = IM general; coord NIM with specific protein (IM); PROTEIN DOMAINS see PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY is available; if the amino acid motif is a representative of conserved sequence then also index CONSENSUS SEQUENCE; DF: AA MOTIFS

UI = D020816

 

Amino Acid Naphthylamidases

UI = D000593

 

Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

MS = Amino acids released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Among the amino acid neurotransmitters are glutamate (GLUTAMIC ACID) and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID which are, respectively, the most common excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D018378

 

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases

MS = A class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions of amino acids. EC 1.4.-.

UI = D000594

 

Amino Acid Sequence

MS = The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

AN = IM general; coord NIM with specific protein or peptide; when to index with MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA: see note there; DF: AMINO ACID SEQ or AA SEQ; use this heading when protein structure refers to the sequence of a protein; for covalent bonds to other molecules we have MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; when protein structure refers to protein architecture use PROTEIN CONFORMATION or its specifics

UI = D000595

 

Amino Acid Substitution

MS = The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

UI = D019943

 

Amino Acid Transport Disorders, Inborn

MS = Disorders characterized by defective transport of amino acids across cell membranes. These include deficits in transport across brush-border epithelial cell membranes of the small intestine (MICROVILLI) and KIDNEY TUBULES; transport across the basolateral membrane; and transport across the membranes of intracellular organelles. (From Nippon Rinsho 1992 Jul;50(7):1587-92)

AN = DF: AA TRANSPORT DIS INBORN

UI = D020157

 

Amino Acid Transport System A

MS = A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE, SERINE, and GLUTAMINE.

UI = D026924

 

Amino Acid Transport System ASC

MS = A ubiquitous sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE, SERINE, and CYSTEINE.

UI = D026962

 

Amino Acid Transport System L

MS = A sodium-independent neutral amino acid transporter system with specificity for large amino acids. One of the functions of the transporter system is to supply large neutral amino acids to the brain.

UI = D027062

 

Amino Acid Transport System X-AG

MS = A family of potassium-dependent acidic amino acid transporters that demonstrate a high affinity for GLUTAMIC ACID and ASPARTATIC ACID. Several variants of this system are found in neuronal tissue.

UI = D027322

 

Amino Acid Transport System y+

MS = A sodium-independent, basic amino acid transport system with a high-affinity for LYSINE, ARGININE and ORNITHINE.

UI = D027182

 

Amino Acid Transport System y+L

MS = A leucine-sensitive amino acid transport system with high affinity for basic amino acids( AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

UI = D027241

 

Amino Acid Transport Systems

MS = Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D026905

 

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic

MS = Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting acidic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, ACIDIC).

UI = D026922

 

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

MS = Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

UI = D026923

 

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral

MS = Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting neutral amino acids (AMINO ACIDS NEUTRAL).

UI = D026921

 

Amino Acids

MS = Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

AN = /urine permitted but consider also AMINOACIDURIA, RENAL

UI = D000596

 

Amino Acids, Acidic

MS = Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH.

UI = D024342

 

Amino Acids, Aromatic

MS = Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

UI = D024322

 

Amino Acids, Basic

MS = Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.

UI = D024361

 

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

MS = Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

UI = D000597

 

Amino Acids, Cyclic

MS = A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

UI = D000598

 

Amino Acids, Diamino

UI = D000599

 

Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic

UI = D000600

 

Amino Acids, Essential

MS = Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

UI = D000601

 

Amino Acids, Neutral

MS = Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

UI = D021542

 

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

MS = Amino acids and chains of amino acids connected by peptide linkages.

AN = not used for indexing

UI = D000602

 

Amino Acids, Sulfur

UI = D000603

 

Amino Acyl-tRNA Ligases

MS = A subclass of enzymes that acylate a specific RNA, TRANSFER with the corresponding amino acid. EC 6.1.1.

UI = D000604

 

Amino Alcohols

MS = Compounds possessing both a hydroxyl (-OH) and an amino group (-NH2).

UI = D000605

 

Amino Sugars

UI = D000606

 

Aminoacetonitrile

MS = Cyanomethylamine.

UI = D000607

 

Aminoaciduria, Renal

MS = Impairment of renal tubular transport of amino acids.

AN = impairment of renal tubule transport of amino acids; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific amino acid /urine (IM)

UI = D000608

 

Aminoacridines

MS = Acridines which are substituted in any position by one or more amino groups or substituted amino groups.

UI = D000609

 

Aminoacyltransferases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an aminoacyl group from donor to acceptor resulting in the formation of an ester or amide linkage. EC 2.3.2.

UI = D019881

 

Aminobenzoic Acids

MS = BENZOIC ACID substituted with an amino group. They can either be mono-, di-, or tri- substituted. Para-aminobenzoic acid (see 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID) is considered a member of the vitamin b complex.

UI = D000610

 

Aminobiphenyl Compounds

MS = Biphenyl compounds substituted in any position by one or more amino groups. Permitted are any substituents except fused rings.

AN = DF: AMINOBIPHENYL CPDS

UI = D000611

 

Aminobutyric Acids

MS = Aliphatic four carbon acids substituted in any position(s) with amino group(s). They are found in most living things. The best known is GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D000613

 

Aminocaproic Acids

MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of aminohexanoic acids.

UI = D000614

 

Aminoethylphosphonic Acid

MS = An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues.

UI = D000615

 

Aminoglutethimide

MS = An aromatase inhibitor that produces a state of "medical" adrenalectomy by blocking the production of adrenal steroids. It also blocks the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Aminoglutethimide has been used in the treatment of advanced breast and prostate cancer. It was formerly used for its weak anticonvulsant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p454)

AN = an aromatase inhib

UI = D000616

 

Aminoglycosides

MS = Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substitutent on the glycoside.

AN = "aminoglycosides" in a clinical context almost always means ANTIBIOTICS, AMINOGLYCOSIDE but check text

UI = D000617

 

Aminohippuric Acids

MS = A group of glycine amides of aminobenzoic acids.

UI = D000618

 

Aminohydrolases

UI = D000619

 

Aminoimidazole Carboxamide

MS = An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.

UI = D000620

 

Aminoisobutyric Acids

MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

UI = D000621

 

Aminolevulinic Acid

MS = A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis.

UI = D000622

 

Aminooxyacetic Acid

MS = A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.

UI = D000625

 

Aminopeptidases

MS = A subclass of EXOPEPTIDASES that act on the free N terminus end of a polypeptide liberating a single amino acid residue. EC 3.4.11.

UI = D000626

 

Aminophenols

MS = Phenols substituted in any position by an amino group.

UI = D000627

 

Aminophylline

MS = A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.

UI = D000628

 

Aminopropionitrile

MS = 3-Aminopropanenitrile. Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.

UI = D000629

 

Aminopterin

MS = A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.

UI = D000630

 

Aminopyridines

MS = Pyridines substituted in any position with an amino group. May be hydrogenated, but must retain at least one double bond.

AN = = pyridinamines & pyridylamines

UI = D000631

 

Aminopyrine

MS = A drug with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but, owing to the risk of agranulocytosis, whose use is discouraged. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p3)

AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent; do not confuse DIPYRINE (X ref) with DIPYRONE

UI = D000632

 

Aminopyrine N-Demethylase

UI = D000633

 

Aminoquinolines

MS = Quinolines substituted in any position by one or more amino groups.

UI = D000634

 

Aminorex

MS = An amphetamine-like anorectic agent. It may cause pulmonary hypertension.

UI = D000635

 

Aminosalicylic Acids

MS = A group of 2-hydroxybenzoic acids that can be substituted by amino groups at any of the 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-positions.

AN = P-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID is also available

UI = D000636

 

Amiodarone

MS = An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.

UI = D000638

 

Amitriptyline

MS = Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.

UI = D000639

 

Amitrole

MS = A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.

UI = D000640

 

Amlodipine

MS = A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.

UI = D017311

 

Ammi

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that is the primary plant source of KHELLIN.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031165

 

Ammonia

MS = Ammonia. A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions.

AN = a colorless alkaline gas; formed in body during decomposition of organic matter

UI = D000641

 

Ammonia-Lyases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond by the elimination of AMMONIA. EC 4.3.1.

UI = D000642

 

Ammonium Chloride

MS = An acidifying agent that is used as an expectorant and a diuretic.

AN = /analogs = AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS

UI = D000643

 

Ammonium Compounds

MS = Inorganic and organic compounds that contain the hypothetical radical NH4.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: AMMONIUM CPDS

UI = D000644

 

Ammonium Sulfate

MS = Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.

UI = D000645

 

Ammotherapy

MS = Treatment by application of hot sand.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D000646

 

Amnesia

MS = Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)

UI = D000647

 

Amnesia, Anterograde

MS = Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)

UI = D020324

 

Amnesia, Retrograde

MS = Loss of the ability to recall information that had been previously encoded in memory prior to a specified or approximate point in time. This process may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organic forms may be associated with CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS; SEIZURES; DEMENTIA; and a wide variety of other conditions that impair cerebral function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-9)

UI = D000648

 

Amnesia, Transient Global

MS = A syndrome characterized by a transient loss of the ability to form new memories. It primarily occurs in middle aged or elderly individuals, and episodes may last from minutes to hours. During the period of amnesia, immediate and recent memory abilities are impaired, but the level of consciousness and ability to perform other intellectual tasks are preserved. The condition is related to bilateral dysfunction of the medial portions of each TEMPORAL LOBE. Complete recovery normally occurs, and recurrences are unusual. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp429-30)

AN = AMNESIA, GLOBAL see AMNESIA is also available

UI = D020236

 

Amniocentesis

MS = Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D000649

 

Amnion

MS = The extraembryonic membrane which contains the EMBRYO and AMNIOTIC FLUID.

AN = not restricted to mammals; intra-amniotic injections = AMNION + INJECTIONS; amniotomy = AMNION /surg + probably LABOR, INDUCED

UI = D000650

 

Amniotic Band Syndrome

MS = A disorder present in the newborn infant in which constriction rings or bands, causing soft tissue depressions, encircle digits, extremities, or limbs and sometimes the neck, thorax, or abdomen. They may be associated with intrauterine amputations.

AN = constriction bands in newborn inf; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D000652

 

Amniotic Fluid

MS = Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the AMNION and fetal lungs and kidneys.

AN = intra-amniotic injections do not go here: use AMNION + INJECTIONS; excess fluid and hydramnios = POLYHYDRAMNIOS; fluid deficiency = OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS

UI = D000653

 

Amobarbital

MS = A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)

AN = a sedative

UI = D000654

 

Amodiaquine

MS = A 4-aminoquinoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.

UI = D000655

 

Amoeba

MS = A genus of ameboid protozoa. Characteristics include a vesicular nucleus and the formation of several lodopodia, one of which is dominant at a given time. Reproduction occurs asexually by binary fission.

AN = the genus name: X ref AMEBA sometimes used loosely for the common nouns ameba & amoeba; /drug eff: consider also AMEBICIDES; infection = AMEBIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D000656

 

Amoebida

MS = An order of ameboid protozoa that is commonly uninucleate and possess mitochondria. Most organisms are nonpathogenic.

AN = an order of ameboid protozoa; usually nonpathogenic

UI = D016841

 

Amomum

MS = A plant genus of the family ZINGIBERACEAE. Members contain aculeatin D, beta-sitosterol, and STIGMASTEROL. Some members have been reclassified to ELETTARIA and other ZINGIBERACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D035801

 

Amorphophallus

MS = A plant genus of the family ARACEAE. Members contain konjac glucomannan (MANNANS) and SEROTONIN.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031056

 

Amoxapine

MS = The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both. It also blocks dopamine receptors.

UI = D000657

 

Amoxicillin

MS = A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.

UI = D000658

 

Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination

MS = A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate (see AMOXICILLIN), an aminopenicillin, and potassium clavulanate (see CLAVULANIC ACID), a beta-lactamase inhibitor, used to treat a broad-spectrum of bacterial infections, especially resistant strains.

AN = DF: Amox-clav

UI = D019980

 

AMP Deaminase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of AMP to IMP. EC 3.5.4.6.

UI = D000659

 

Ampelopsis

MS = A plant genus of the family VITACEAE. Members contain momordin and SITOSTEROLS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032421

 

Amphetamine

MS = A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.

AN = a specific chem: do not confuse with AMPHETAMINES; d-amphetamine = DEXTROAMPHETAMINE; N-methylamphetamine = METHAMPHETAMINE

UI = D000661

 

Amphetamine-Related Disorders

MS = Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.

UI = D019969

 

Amphetamines

MS = Analogs or derivatives of AMPHETAMINE. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with AMPHETAMINE, a specific chem; N-methylamphetamine = METHAMPHETAMINE

UI = D000662

 

Amphibia

MS = VERTEBRATES such as frogs, toads, newts and salamanders that live in a semiaquatic environment.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific available orders, families & genera; NIM when exper animal

UI = D000663

 

Amphibian Proteins

MS = Proteins obtained from species in the class of AMPHIBIA.

AN = coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific amphibian (IM)

UI = D029845

 

Amphibian Venoms

MS = Venoms produced by frogs, toads, salamanders, etc. The venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and contain cardiotoxic glycosides, cholinolytics, and a number of other bioactive materials, many of which have been characterized. The venoms have been used as arrow poisons and include bufogenin, bufotoxin, bufagin, bufotalin, histrionicotoxins, and pumiliotoxin.

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted; coord IM with specific amphibian (IM or NIM)

UI = D000664

 

Amphipoda

MS = An order of mostly marine CRUSTACEA containing more than 5500 species in over 100 families. Like ISOPODA, the other large order in the superorder Peracarida, members are shrimp-like in appearance, have sessile compound eyes, and no carapace. But unlike Isopoda, they possess thoracic gills and their bodies are laterally compressed.

UI = D033304

 

Ampholyte Mixtures

MS = Such mixtures of amphoteric electrolytes or buffers that provide a continuous range of pH in an electric field; used for separating proteins by their isoelectric points, i.e., by isoelectric focusing.

AN = buffers; D25-26 qualif

UI = D000665

 

Amphotericin B

MS = Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.

UI = D000666

 

Ampicillin

MS = Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.

UI = D000667

 

Ampicillin Resistance

MS = Nonsusceptibility of a microbe to the action of ampicillin, a penicillin derivative that interferes with cell wall synthesis.

UI = D000668

 

Amplifiers

MS = Electronic devices that increase the strength of an input signal, or apparatus for increasing the magnification of a microscope. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = NIM

UI = D000669

 

Amprolium

MS = Veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with thiamine metabolism. It may cause thiamine deficiency.

UI = D000670

 

Amputation

MS = The removal of a limb or other appendage or outgrowth of the body. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = a surg procedure: do not confuse with AMPUTATION, TRAUMATIC; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D000671

 

Amputation Stumps

MS = The part of a limb or tail following amputation that is proximal to the amputated section.

AN = restrict to extremities: do not use for gastric stump ( = GASTRIC STUMP), appendiceal stump, ureteral stump, cervical stump & the like (indexed probably under relevant -ECTOMY or other surg term)

UI = D000672

 

Amputation, Traumatic

MS = Loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury.

AN = by accident or inj: do not confuse with AMPUTATION, a surg procedure; /surg: consider also REPLANTATION

UI = D000673

 

Amputees

AN = do not coord ARM (NIM) or LEG (NIM) unless specifically relevant

UI = D000674

 

Ampyrone

MS = 4-Amino-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazolone. A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates liver microsomes and is also used to measure extracellular water.

AN = an analgesic & non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent

UI = D000675

 

Amrinone

MS = A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.

UI = D000676

 

Amsacrine

MS = Aminoacridine derivative that is a potent intercalating antineoplastic agent. It is effective in the treatment of acute leukemias and malignant lymphomas, but has poor activity in the treatment of solid tumors. It is frequently used in combination with other antineoplastic agents in chemotherapy protocols. It produces consistent but acceptable myelosuppression and cardiotoxic effects.

UI = D000677

 

Amsinckia

MS = A plant genus of the family BORAGINACEAE. Members contain PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS. The common name of burweed is also used for Triumfetta (TILIACEAE).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029682

 

Amsonia

MS = A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE. Species of this genus contain YOHIMBINE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D030006

 

Amygdala

MS = Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.

UI = D000679

 

Amygdalin

MS = A cyanogenic glycoside found in the seeds of Rosaceae.

AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant

UI = D000678

 

Amyl Nitrite

MS = A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.

UI = D000680

 

Amylases

MS = A group of amylolytic enzymes that cleave starch, glycogen, and related alpha-1,4-glucans. (Stedman, 25th ed) EC 3.2.1.-.

AN = amylase isoenzymes: index under AMYLASES (IM) + ISOENZYMES (IM), not ISOAMYLASE; amylases/blood: consider HYPERAMYLASEMIA

UI = D000681

 

Amyloid

MS = A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed).

AN = a glycoprotein; = amyloid substance; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000682

 

Amyloid beta-Protein

MS = A 4 kD protein, 39-43 amino acids long, expressed by a gene located on chromosome 21. It is the major protein subunit of the vascular and plaque amyloid filaments in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The protein is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D016229

 

Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor

MS = A precursor to the AMYLOID-BETA PROTEIN (beta/A4). Alterations in the expression of the amyloid beta-protein precursor (ABPP) gene, located on chromosome 21, plays a role in the development of the neuropathology common to both ALZHEIMER DISEASE and DOWN SYNDROME. ABPP is associated with the extensive extracellular matrix secreted by neuronal cells. Upon cleavage, this precursor produces three proteins of varying amino acid lengths: 695, 751, and 770. The beta/A4 (695 amino acids) or beta-amyloid protein is the principal component of the extracellular amyloid in senile plaques found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DOWN SYNDROME and, to a limited extent, in normal aging.

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: ABPP

UI = D016564

 

Amyloid Neuropathies

MS = Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)

AN = coord IM with specific neurol dis (IM) or specific nerve (IM); /genet: consider also AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES, HEREDITARY

UI = D017772

 

Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial

MS = Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.

UI = D028227

 

Amyloid P Component

MS = Amyloid P component is a small, non-fibrillar glycoprotein found in normal serum and in all amyloid deposits. It has a pentagonal (pentaxin) structure. It acts as an acute phase protein in the mouse, modulates immunologic responses in man, inhibits elastase, and has been suggested as an indicator of liver disease.

AN = an acute phase protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000683

 

Amyloid Protein AA

MS = A nonimmunoglobulin amyloid isolated from amyloid fibrils deposited in amyloidosis secondary to chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Antisera to amyloid protein AA have been used to detect a related serum protein SAA.

AN = an acute phase protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted; AMYLOID PROTEIN SAA is also available

UI = D000684

 

Amyloid Protein SAA

MS = A serum protein believed to be a circulating precursor to amyloid protein AA. It is present in low concentrations in normal sera, but found in much higher concentrations in sera of older persons and in patients with amyloidosis or with diseases known to predispose to amyloidosis. Very high levels of this protein have been reported during acute inflammatory episodes. Antisera to amyloid protein AA cross-react with protein SAA.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000685

 

Amyloidosis

MS = A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition. As the AMYLOID deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.

AN = coord IM with organ/dis precoord (IM); /genet: consider also AMYLOIDOSIS, HEREDITARY

UI = D000686

 

Amyloidosis, Familial

MS = Diseases in which there is a familial pattern of AMYLOIDOSIS.

UI = D028226

 

Amylopectin

MS = A highly branched glucan in starch.

UI = D000687

 

Amylose

MS = An unbranched glucan in starch.

UI = D000688

 

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

MS = A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)

UI = D000690

 

Anabaena

MS = A genus of CYANOBACTERIA consisting of trichomes that are untapered with conspicuous constrictions at cross-walls. A firm individual sheath is absent, but a soft covering is often present. Many species are known worldwide as major components of freshwater plankton and also of many saline lakes. The species Anabaena flos-aquae is responsible for acute poisonings of various animals.

AN = a genus of Cyanobacteria

UI = D017033

 

Anabasine

MS = A botanical insecticide.

UI = D000691

 

Anabolic Steroids

MS = Chemical derivatives of TESTOSTERONE that are used for anabolic promotion of growth and repair of body tissues and the development of male sexual characteristics.

UI = D000692

 

Anacardiaceae

MS = The sumac plant family in the order Sapindales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are tropical and subtropical trees, shrubs, and woody vines that have resin ducts in the bark. The sap of many of the species is irritating to the skin.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027926

 

Anacardium

MS = A plant genus of the family ANACARDIACEAE. This is the source of the familiar cashew nuts, which are heat treated to remove the irritant toxin.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031021

 

Anaerobic Threshold

MS = The oxygen consumption level above which aerobic energy production is supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms during exercise, resulting in a sustained increase in lactate concentration and metabolic acidosis. The anaerobic threshold is affected by factors that modify oxygen delivery to the tissues; it is low in patients with heart disease. Methods of measurement include direct measure of lactate concentration, direct measurement of bicarbonate concentration, and gas exchange measurements.

UI = D015308

 

Anaerobiosis

MS = The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

AN = almost never IM

UI = D000693

 

Anagallis

MS = A plant genus of the family PRIMULACEAE that contains anagallosides, which are molluscicidal triterpenoid saponins.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031823

 

Anal Gland Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the anal gland.

AN = animal only; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); do not confuse with ANUS NEOPLASMS; coord with ANAL SACS for anal sac neoplasms; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000694

 

Anal Sacs

MS = Two sacs opening on either side of the anus near the junction of the mucous membrane and skin in carnivores. The glandular lining produces a gray or brown sebaceous secretion having an unpleasant odor. The sac ducts sometimes become occluded and the secretion accumulates. This leads to irritation that the animal attempts to relieve by rubbing its anus along the ground. The sacs may subsequently become infected and abscessed. (The Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed, p189)

AN = in carnivores only; for neopl, coord with ANAL GLAND NEOPLASMS

UI = D000695

 

Analgesia

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D000698

 

Analgesia, Epidural

MS = The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; for relief of pain: do not confuse with ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL

UI = D015360

 

Analgesia, Obstetrical

MS = The elimination of sensibility to pain, without the loss of consciousness, during labor, delivery, and possibly the postpartum period, usually through the administration of narcotic analgesics.

AN = do not confuse with ANESTHESIA, OBSTETRICAL; IM; coord with specific type of analgesia (IM) or analgesic (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D016362

 

Analgesia, Patient-Controlled

MS = Relief of pain, without loss of consciousness, through an analgesic agent administered by the patient. It has been used successfully to control postoperative pain, during labor, after burns, and in terminal care. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D016058

 

Analgesics

MS = Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anesthesia.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific analgesics; no qualif for analgesics when used with ANALGESIA; /ther use permitted for relief of pain in dis

UI = D000700

 

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic

MS = Drugs that have principally analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory actions. They do not bind to opioid receptors and are not classified under the Controlled Substances Act. (From Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p109)

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics

UI = D018712

 

Analgesics, Opioid

MS = Narcotic or opioid substances, synthetic or semisynthetic agents producing profound analgesia, drowsiness, and changes in mood. Mood changes may be pleasurable, therefore creating a potential for the abuse of these agents; the prototype of these is morphine to which all other analgesics are compared.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D000701

 

Analog-Digital Conversion

MS = The process of converting analog data such as continually measured voltage to discrete, digital form.

AN = no qualif

UI = D000703

 

Analysis of Variance

MS = A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif

UI = D000704

 

Ananas

MS = A plant genus of the family BROMELIACEAE known for the edible fruit that is the source of BROMELAINS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031230

 

Anaphase

MS = The third phase of cell division, in which the chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles of the spindle.

AN = 3d phase of cell div; NIM specific cell when merely test cell; coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms

UI = D000705

 

Anaphylatoxins

MS = The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability.

AN = "produced in the serum during complement activation"

UI = D000706

 

Anaphylaxis

MS = An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death.

AN = /chem ind permitted but not for anaphylactic reactions to toxins & similar biol prod ( = /etiol)

UI = D000707

 

Anaplasia

MS = Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with organ /pathol (IM); note CARCINOMA, ANAPLASTIC see CARCINOMA: do not coord with ANAPLASIA unless anaplasia is particularly discussed

UI = D000708

 

Anaplasma

MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria whose organisms are obligate parasites of vertebrates. Species are transmitted by arthropod vectors with the host range limited to ruminants. Anaplasma marginale is the most pathogenic species and is the causative agent of severe bovine anaplasmosis.

AN = infection = ANAPLASMOSIS

UI = D000709

 

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus ANAPLASMA, family ANAPLASMATACEAE, formerly called Ehrlichia phagocytophila or Ehrlichia equi. This organism is tick-borne (IXODES) and causes disease in horses and sheep. In humans, it causes human granulocytic EHRLICHIOSIS.

AN = infection: coord IM with EHRLICHIOSIS (IM)

UI = D041081

 

Anaplasmataceae

MS = A family of bacteria which inhabit red blood cells and cause several animal diseases.

AN = infection = ANAPLASMATACEAE INFECTIONS

UI = D000710

 

Anaplasmataceae Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the family ANAPLASMATACEAE.

AN = rickettsial infect

UI = D000711

 

Anaplasmosis

MS = A disease of cattle caused by parasitization of the red blood cells by bacteria of the genus ANAPLASMA.

AN = tick-borne dis; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000712

 

Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y

MS = A Y-shaped surgical anastomosis of any part of the digestive system which includes the small intestine as the eventual drainage site.

AN = usually the digestive tract; NIM with specific organ /surg (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ROUX EN Y

UI = D000713

 

Anastomosis, Surgical

MS = Surgical union or shunt between ducts, tubes or vessels. It may be end-to-end, end-to-side, side-to-end, or side-to-side.

AN = NIM with specific organ /surg (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF:ANASTOMOSIS SURG

UI = D000714

 

Anatomy

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; with organ or organism use /anat: Manual 19.8.7, 19.7+; DF: ANAT

UI = D000715

 

Anatomy, Artistic

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; anatomical atlases go here (IM) + MEDICAL ILLUSTRATION (IM)

UI = D000716

 

Anatomy, Comparative

MS = The comparative study of animal structure with regard to homologous organs or parts. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; do not check COMPARATIVE STUDY for, as a field, it is not a substitute for a comparison of two or more anatomical concepts ( = COMPARATIVE STUDY tag); Manual 18.13.4: relation to COMPARATIVE STUDY

UI = D000717

 

Anatomy, Cross-Sectional

MS = Descriptive anatomy based on three-dimensional imaging of the body, organs, and structures using a series of computer multiplane sections, displayed by transverse, coronal, and sagittal analyses. It is essential to accurate interpretation by the radiologist of such techniques as ultrasonic diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography. (From Lane & Sharfaei, Modern Sectional Anatomy, 1992, Preface)

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; SPEC qualif; NIM with organ /anat (IM); DF: ANAT CROSS SECTION

UI = D019412

 

Anatomy, Regional

AN = SPEC; no qualif

UI = D000718

 

Anatomy, Veterinary

AN = SPEC

UI = D000719

 

Ancient Lands

MS = Geographical sites known to be extant in a remote period in the history of civilization, familiar as the names of ancient countries and empires.

AN = "ancient" refers to a far-past date or period; GEN or unspecified ancient countries or empires; prefer specifics; use historical tags

UI = D018436

 

Ancillary Services, Hospital

MS = Those support services other than room, board, and medical and nursing services that are provided to hospital patients in the course of care. They include such services as laboratory, radiology, pharmacy, and physical therapy services.

AN = DF: ANCILLARY SERV HOSP

UI = D000720

 

Ancitabine

MS = Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.

UI = D003504

 

Ancrod

MS = An enzyme fraction from the venom of the Malayan pit viper, Agkistrodon rhodostoma. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of a number of amino acid esters and a limited proteolysis of fibrinogen. It is used clinically to produce controlled defibrination in patients requiring anticoagulant therapy. EC 3.4.21.-.

UI = D000721

 

Ancylostoma

MS = A genus of nematode intestinal parasites that consists of several species. A. duodenale is the common hookworm in humans. A. braziliense, A. ceylonicum, and A. caninum occur primarily in cats and dogs, but all have been known to occur in humans.

AN = a genus of nematodes; infection = ANCYLOSTOMIASIS; coord with specific pre-coordinated helminth terms (e.g., ANTIGENS, HELMINTH) if pertinent

UI = D000722

 

Ancylostomatoidea

MS = A superfamily of nematode parasitic hookworms consisting of four genera: ANCYLOSTOMA, NECATOR, Bunostomum, and Uncinaria. ANCYLOSTOMA and NECATOR occur in humans and other mammals. Bunostomum is common in ruminants and Uncinaria in wolves, foxes, and dogs.

AN = a superfamily of nematodes (hookworms): HOOKWORM, NEW WORLD see NECATOR & HOOKWORM, OLD WORLD see ANCYLOSTOMA are available; infection = HOOKWORM INFECTIONS but see note under ANCYLOSTOMA; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D000723

 

Ancylostomiasis

MS = Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.

AN = hookworm infect; Ancylostoma americanum infection = NECATORIASIS, not ANCYLOSTOMIASIS

UI = D000724

 

Andorra

MS = A principality in the Pyrenees between France and Spain. Its capital is also called Andorra. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p50)

AN = a country lying between France & Spain

UI = D000725

 

Androblastoma

MS = A neoplasm arising from the ovarian stroma. It commonly causes defeminization.

AN = coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D001144

 

Androgen Antagonists

MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of androgens.

AN = DF: ANDROGEN ANTAG

UI = D000726

 

Androgen-Binding Protein

MS = Carrier proteins produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis, secreted into the seminiferous tubules, and transported via the efferent ducts to the epididymis. They participate in the transport of androgens. Androgen-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as SEX HORMONE BINDING-GLOBULIN. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosacaccharide modifications.

UI = D000727

 

Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome

MS = A familial form of PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait. These patients have a karyotype of 46,XY with end-organ resistance to androgen due to mutations in the androgen receptor (RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN; AR) gene. Severity of the defect in AR quantity or quality correlates with their phenotypes. The phenotype spectrum varies from those with normal female external genitalia in ANDROGEN-INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME, through those with genital ambiguity in Reifenstein Syndrome, to that of a normal male with INFERTILITY.

AN = check the tag MALE

UI = D013734

 

Androgens

MS = A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic: consider also HYPOGONADISM & other gonadal disord in Cat C19; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to ANDROGENS, SYNTHETIC

UI = D000728

 

Androgens, Synthetic

MS = Compounds obtained by chemical synthesis which possess masculinizing activities, but differ in structure from naturally occurring androgens.

AN = /antag permitted: do not confuse with ANDROGENS /chem syn; DF: ANDROGENS SYN

UI = D000729

 

Andrographis

MS = A plant genus of the family ACANTHACEAE. Members contain andrographolide and other DITERPENES and androechin, a CHALCONE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D035685

 

Andrology

MS = A scientific or medical discipline concerning the study of male reproductive biology, diseases of the male genital organs, and male infertility. Major areas of interest include ENDOCRINOLOGY; SPERMATOGENESIS; semen analysis; FERTILIZATION; CONTRACEPTION; and CRYOPRESERVATION.

AN = SPEC

UI = D033441

 

Andropogon

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The common name of bluestem is also used for other plants in this family. Andropogon nardus has been reclassified as CYMBOPOGON nardus.

AN = ANDROPOGON NARDUS see CYMBOPOGON is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031722

 

Androst-5-ene-3 beta,17 beta-diol

MS = An adrenal-derived estrogenic metabolite of DHEA. Evidence exist for its use as an endocrine regulator of immune response.

AN = an anabolic steroid

UI = D015114

 

Androstadienes

MS = Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.

UI = D000730

 

Androstane-3,17-diol

MS = The unspecified form of the steroid. It has been implicated as a regulation of gonadotropin secretion. Many of its metabolites possess androgenic activity as well.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D015113

 

Androstanes

MS = The family of steroids from which the androgens are derived.

AN = do not confuse with ANDROSTENES

UI = D000731

 

Androstanols

MS = Androstanes and androstane derivatives which are substituted in any position with one or more hydroxyl groups.

AN = do not confuse with ANDROSTENOLS

UI = D000732

 

Androstatrienes

MS = Derivatives of the steroid androstane having three double bonds at any site in any of the rings.

UI = D000733

 

Androstenediols

MS = Unsaturated androstane derivatives which are substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position in the ring system.

AN = do not confuse with ANDROSTANEDIOL

UI = D000734

 

Androstenedione

MS = A steroid with androgenic properties that is produced in the TESTIS, OVARY, and ADRENAL CORTEX. It is a precursor to TESTOSTERONE and other androgenic hormones.

AN = do not confuse with androstanedione

UI = D000735

 

Androstenes

MS = Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.

AN = do not confuse with ANDROSTANES

UI = D000736

 

Androstenols

MS = Unsaturated androstanes which are substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position in the ring system.

AN = do not confuse with ANDROSTANOLS

UI = D000737

 

Androsterone

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000738

 

Anecdotes

MS = Brief accounts or narratives of an incident or event.

AN = no qualif

UI = D000739

 

Anecdotes [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of brief accounts or narratives of incidents or events.

UI = D020465

 

Anemarrhena

MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. Members contain anemarans (POLYSACCHARIDES), hinokiresinol, mangiferin (a xanthone), and timosaponin (a steroidal saponin).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031403

 

Anemia

MS = A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D000740

 

Anemia, Aplastic

MS = A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.

AN = a bone marrow dis

UI = D000741

 

Anemia, Diamond-Blackfan

MS = A rare congenital hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. The disease is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, occasional neutropenia or thrombocytosis, a normocellular bone marrow with erythroid hypoplasia, and an increased risk of developing leukemia. (Curr Opin Hematol 2000 Mar;7(2):85-94)

UI = D029503

 

Anemia, Dyserythropoietic, Congenital

MS = A familial disorder characterized by anemia with multinuclear erythroblasts, karyorrhexis, asynchrony of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, and various nuclear abnormalities of bone marrow erythrocyte precursors. Type II is the most common of the 3 types of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia; it is often referred to as HEMPAS, based on the Hereditary Erythroblast Multinuclearity with Positive Acidified Serum test.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: note short X ref (MeSH definition gives meaning)

UI = D000742

 

Anemia, Hemolytic

MS = Anemia due to decreased life span of erythrocytes.

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics

UI = D000743

 

Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune

MS = Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of autoantibodies which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own red cells.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D000744

 

Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital

MS = Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.

UI = D000745

 

Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Nonspherocytic

MS = Any one of a group of congenital hemolytic anemias in which there is no abnormal hemoglobin or spherocytosis and in which there is a defect of glycolysis in the erythrocyte. In some cases, pyruvate kinase deficiency has been demonstrated; in other cases, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency has been demonstrated.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: ANEMIA HEMOL CONGEN NONSPHER

UI = D000746

 

Anemia, Hypochromic

MS = Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)

AN = note X ref; ANEMIA, IRON-DEFICIENCY is also available

UI = D000747

 

Anemia, Hypoplastic, Congenital

MS = An inborn condition characterized by deficiencies of red cell precursors that sometimes also includes LEUKOPENIA and THROMBOCYTOPENIA.

UI = D029502

 

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency

MS = Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.

AN = DF: ANEMIA IRON DEFIC

UI = D018798

 

Anemia, Macrocytic

MS = Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).

UI = D000748

 

Anemia, Megaloblastic

MS = Anemia characterized by the presence of megaloblasts in the bone marrow. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a type of macrocytic anemia

UI = D000749

 

Anemia, Myelophthisic

MS = Anemia characterized by appearance of immature myeloid and nucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood, resulting from infiltration of the bone marrow by foreign or abnormal tissue.

UI = D000750

 

Anemia, Neonatal

MS = The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; check the tag INFANT, NEWBORN

UI = D000751

 

Anemia, Pernicious

MS = A megaloblastic anemia occurring in children but more commonly in later life, characterized by histamine-fast achlorhydria, in which the laboratory and clinical manifestations are based on malabsorption of vitamin B 12 due to a failure of the gastric mucosa to secrete adequate and potent intrinsic factor. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a type of megaloblastic anemia

UI = D000752

 

Anemia, Refractory

MS = A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.

UI = D000753

 

Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts

MS = Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.

UI = D000754

 

Anemia, Sickle Cell

MS = A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.

AN = PL 92-294: Natl Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act; sickle cell dis goes here unless specifically HEMOGLOBIN SC DISEASE or HEMOGLOBIN C DISEASE or SICKLE CELL TRAIT or THALASSEMIA; /drug ther: consider also ANTISICKLING AGENTS

UI = D000755

 

Anemia, Sideroblastic

MS = Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.

UI = D000756

 

Anemone

MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE that contains triterpene saponins. The root of Anemone raddeana is the source of a Chinese folk medicine, zhu jie xian fu. The common name of liverwort is also used with other plants. This genus is unrelated to SEA ANEMONES.

AN = X ref ANEMONE: venom of Conus anemone use MOLLUSK VENOMS is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031883

 

Anencephaly

MS = A malformation of the nervous system caused by failure of the anterior neuropore to close. Infants are born with intact spinal cords, cerebellums, and brainstems, but lack formation of neural structures above this level. The skull is only partially formed but the eyes are usually normal. This condition may be associated with folate deficiency. Affected infants are only capable of primitive (brain stem) reflexes and usually do not survive for more than two weeks. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p247)

UI = D000757

 

Anesthesia

MS = A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.

AN = Manual 26.21+

UI = D000758

 

Anesthesia and Analgesia

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D000760

 

Anesthesia Department, Hospital

MS = Hospital department responsible for the administration of functions and activities pertaining to the delivery of anesthetics.

AN = DF: ANESTH DEP

UI = D000761

 

Anesthesia Recovery Period

MS = The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.

AN = no qualif

UI = D000762

 

Anesthesia, Caudal

MS = Epidural anesthesia administered via the sacral canal.

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000763

 

Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit

MS = Inhalation anesthesia where the gases exhaled by the patient are rebreathed as some carbon dioxide is simultaneously removed and anesthetic gas and oxygen are added so that no anesthetic escapes into the room. Closed-circuit anesthesia is used especially with explosive anesthetics to prevent fires where electrical sparking from instruments is possible.

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000764

 

Anesthesia, Conduction

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000765

 

Anesthesia, Dental

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000766

 

Anesthesia, Epidural

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000767

 

Anesthesia, General

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000768

 

Anesthesia, Inhalation

MS = Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000769

 

Anesthesia, Intratracheal

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000770

 

Anesthesia, Intravenous

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000771

 

Anesthesia, Local

MS = A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (IM)

UI = D000772

 

Anesthesia, Obstetrical

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000773

 

Anesthesia, Rectal

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000774

 

Anesthesia, Spinal

AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)

UI = D000775

 

Anesthesiology

MS = A specialty concerned with the study of anesthetics and anesthesia.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: ANESTHESIOL

UI = D000776

 

Anesthetics

MS = Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific anesthetics; no qualif for anesthetics when used to produce anesthesia; with type of anesthesia: Manual 26.21+; policy: Manual 25.21+

UI = D000777

 

Anesthetics, Combined

MS = The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

AN = admin simultaneously or sequentially; IM; coord with specific anesthetics (IM) using same qualifs

UI = D019162

 

Anesthetics, Dissociative

MS = Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)

AN = intravenous anesthetics inducing selective loss of some sensations, leaving others intact

UI = D000778

 

Anesthetics, General

MS = Agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p.173)

AN = see note at ANESTHETICS

UI = D018681

 

Anesthetics, Inhalation

MS = Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)

AN = see note at ANESTHETICS

UI = D018685

 

Anesthetics, Intravenous

MS = Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)

AN = see note at ANESTHETICS

UI = D018686

 

Anesthetics, Local

MS = Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.

AN = see note at ANESTHETICS

UI = D000779

 

Anestrus

MS = A state of sexual inactivity in female animals exhibiting no ESTROUS CYCLE. Causes of anestrus include pregnancy, presence of offspring, season, stress, and pathology.

AN = non-primate mammals only

UI = D000780

 

Anethole Trithione

MS = Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.

UI = D000781

 

Anethum graveolens

MS = Anethum graveolens L. is a plant species of the family APIACEAE. It is one of the plant SPICES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028524

 

Aneugens

MS = Agents which affect CELL DIVISION and the MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS resulting in the loss or gain of whole CHROMOSOMES, thereby inducing an ANEUPLOIDY.

UI = D024422

 

Aneuploidy

MS = The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes or chromosome pairs. In a normally diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy (symbol: 2N+1).

AN = a chromosome aberration; no qualif

UI = D000782

 

Aneurysm

MS = A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart.

AN = IM; coord with specific vessel (IM) or precoord vasc dis if available (IM); also available are AORTIC ANEURYSM; INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM; CORONARY ANEURYSM; HEART ANEURYSM; ILIAC ANEURYSM; rupture = ANEURYSM, RUPTURED (see note there)

UI = D000783

 

Aneurysm, Dissecting

MS = Splitting or dissection of an arterial wall by blood entering through an intimal tear or by interstitial hemorrhage. It is most common in the aorta.

AN = most commonly of aortic aneurysms but when aortic coord IM with AORTIC ANEURYSM (IM); for other arteries, coord IM with specific artery or precoord artery/diseases term (IM)

UI = D000784

 

Aneurysm, False

MS = An aneurysm in which the entire wall is injured and the blood is contained by the surrounding tissues, with eventual formation of a sac communicating with the artery or heart. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = IM; coord with specific vessel (IM) or precoord vasc dis if available (IM)

UI = D017541

 

Aneurysm, Infected

MS = Aneurysm due to growth of microorganisms in the arterial wall, or infection arising within preexisting arteriosclerotic aneurysms.

AN = coord IM with specific bact or fungal infect (IM); note X refs ANEURYSM, BACTERIAL & ANEURYSM, MYCOTIC: do not coord with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS or MYCOSES if the specific bacterium or fungus is not specified

UI = D000785

 

Aneurysm, Ruptured

MS = The tearing or herniation of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac.

AN = IM; coord with specific vessel (IM) or precoord vasc dis if available (IM); if spontaneous, coord with RUPTURE, SPONTANEOUS (NIM)

UI = D017542

 

Angelica

MS = A plant genus of the family Apiaceae.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029969

 

Angelica archangelica

MS = A plant species of the family Apiaceae that contains COUMARINS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029970

 

Angelica sinensis

MS = A plant species of the family APIACEAE that is the source of dong quai.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029971

 

Angelman Syndrome

MS = A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence "happy"); jerky puppetlike movements (hence "puppet"); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)

UI = D017204

 

Anger

MS = A strong emotional feeling of displeasure aroused by being interfered with, injured or threatened.

AN = human & animal

UI = D000786

 

Angina Pectoris

MS = The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.

UI = D000787

 

Angina Pectoris, Variant

MS = A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the electrocardiogram, but with preserved exercise capacity.

UI = D000788

 

Angina, Unstable

MS = Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

UI = D000789

 

Angiocardiography

MS = Radiography of the heart and great vessels after injection of a contrast medium.

AN = NIM; a specific x-ray (not radionuclide) technique: do not confuse with HEART /radiogr or CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY; coord with disease /radiogr; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ANGIOCARDIOGR

UI = D000790

 

Angiodysplasia

MS = Degenerative, acquired lesions consisting of distorted, dilated, thin-walled vessels lined by vascular endothelium. This pathological state is seen especially in the gastrointestinal tract and is frequently a cause of upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the elderly.

AN = acquired only: congen = ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; seen often in gastrointestinal tract

UI = D016888

 

Angiofibroma

MS = A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are numerous small and large, frequently dilated, vascular channels. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018322

 

Angiogenesis Factor

MS = Substance causing proliferation of new blood vessels. It is found in tissues with high metabolic requirements, such as the retina, and in certain cancers. The factor is also released by hypoxic macrophages at the edges or outer surfaces of wounds and initiates revascularization in wound healing.

AN = a growth factor

UI = D000791

 

Angiogenesis Inhibitors

MS = Agents and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels.

UI = D020533

 

Angiography

MS = Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.

AN = NIM; GEN or unspecified; prefer /radiogr with specific blood vessels but CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY is available; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; DF: ANGIOGR

UI = D000792

 

Angiography, Digital Subtraction

MS = A method of delineating blood vessels by subtracting a tissue background image from an image of tissue plus intravascular contrast material that attenuates the X-ray photons. The background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. The resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the vessel. This subtraction technique allows extraction of a high-intensity signal from the superimposed background information. The image is thus the result of the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues.

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DS ANGIOGR

UI = D015901

 

Angioid Streaks

MS = Small breaks in the elastin-filled tissue of the retina.

UI = D000793

 

Angiokeratoma

MS = A vascular, horny neoplasm of the skin characterized by TELANGIECTASIS and secondary epithelial changes including acanthosis and hyperkeratosis.

AN = coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant

UI = D000794

 

Angiolipoma

MS = A benign neoplasm composed of a mixture of adipose tissue and blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018206

 

Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia

MS = Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells.

AN = DF: ALHE

UI = D000796

 

Angiomatosis

AN = non-neoplastic; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM)

UI = D000798

 

Angiomatosis, Bacillary

MS = An infectious bacterial disease characterized by cutaneous vascular lesions. It is caused by BARTONELLA HENSELAE and is seen in AIDS patients and other immunocompromised hosts.

AN = gram-neg bact infect caused by Bartonella henselae; seen in AIDS & other immunocompromised states

UI = D016917

 

Angiomyolipoma

MS = A benign tumor containing vascular, adipose, and muscle elements. It occurs most often in the kidney with smooth muscle elements (angiolipoleiomyoma) in association with tuberous sclerosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018207

 

Angiomyoma

MS = A benign tumor consisting of vascular and smooth muscle elements.

AN = coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018229

 

Angioneurotic Edema

MS = Recurring attacks of transient edema suddenly appearing in areas of the skin or mucous membranes and occasionally of the viscera, often associated with dermatographism, urticaria, erythema, and purpura.

AN = a vasc dis, a form of urticaria

UI = D000799

 

Angioplasty

MS = Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called ENDARTERECTOMY.

AN = coord IM with disease /surg (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D017130

 

Angioplasty, Balloon

MS = Use of a balloon catheter for dilatation of an occluded artery. It is used in treatment of arterial occlusive diseases, including renal artery stenosis and arterial occlusions in the leg. For the specific technique of balloon dilatation in coronary arteries, ANGIOPLASTY, TRANSLUMINAL, PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY is available.

AN = coord IM with disease /ther (IM), not /surg

UI = D000800

 

Angioplasty, Balloon, Laser-Assisted

MS = Techniques using laser energy in combination with a balloon catheter to perform angioplasty. These procedures can take several forms including: a) laser fiber delivering the energy while the inflated balloon centers the fiber and occludes the blood flow; b) balloon angioplasty immediately following laser angioplasty; or c) laser energy transmitted through angioplasty balloons that contain an internal fiber.

AN = coord IM with disease /surg (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; if coronary, coord IM with ANGIOPLASTY, TRANSLUMINAL, PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY (IM); DF: PTLA

UI = D017222

 

Angioplasty, Laser

MS = A technique utilizing a laser coupled to a catheter which is used in the dilatation of occluded blood vessels. This includes laser thermal angioplasty where the laser energy heats up a metal tip, and direct laser angioplasty where the laser energy directly ablates the occlusion. One form of the latter approach uses an excimer laser which creates microscopically precise cuts without thermal injury. When laser angioplasty is performed in combination with balloon angioplasty it is called laser-assisted balloon angioplasty (ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, LASER-ASSISTED).

AN = coord IM with disease /surg (IM); using balloon = ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, LASER-ASSISTED; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D016342

 

Angioplasty, Transluminal, Percutaneous Coronary

MS = Dilatation of an occluded coronary artery (or arteries) by means of a balloon catheter to restore myocardial blood supply.

AN = coord IM with disease /ther (IM), not /surg; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; if laser, coord IM with ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, LASER-ASSISTED (IM); DF: note short X ref

UI = D015906

 

Angioscopes

MS = Endoscopes used for viewing the interior of blood vessels.

UI = D020677

 

Angioscopy

MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on the interior of blood vessels.

AN = coord with specific vessel (IM); do not confuse with MICROSCOPIC ANGIOSCOPY

UI = D017546

 

Angiosperms

MS = Any member of the more than 250,000 species of flowering plants. Angiosperms are often differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida).

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific families or specific plants

UI = D019684

 

Angiostrongylus

MS = A genus of parasitic nematodes of the superfamily METASTRONGYLOIDEA. Two species, ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS and A. vasorum, infest the lungs of rats and dogs, respectively. A. cantonensis is transmissible to man where it causes frequently fatal infection of the central nervous system.

AN = a genus of nematodes; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D000801

 

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

MS = A species of parasitic nematodes distributed throughout the Pacific islands that infests the lungs of domestic rats. Human infection, caused by consumption of raw slugs and land snails, results in eosinophilic meningitis.

AN = a species of nematode in rat & man; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D017185

 

Angiotensin Amide

MS = The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.

UI = D000802

 

Angiotensin I

MS = The decapeptide precursor of ANGIOTENSIN II, generated by the action of renin on angiotensinogen. It has limited pharmacologic activity.

AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000803

 

Angiotensin II

MS = The active form of angiotensin. An octapeptide found in blood, it is synthesized from ANGIOTENSIN I and quickly destroyed. Angiotensin II causes profound vasoconstriction with a resulting increase in blood pressure. It differs among species by the amino acid in position 5. The human form has ISOLEUCINE in this position. The clinically and experimentally used bovine form has VALINE in position 5.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000804

 

Angiotensin III

MS = A heptapeptide formed by the enzymatic hydrolysis of ANGIOTENSIN II. It has greater activity than angiotensin II for stimulating aldosterone synthesis and in the release of prostaglandins but only 20% of the pressor activity.

AN = a neurotransmitter; comparison with angiotensin II: see MeSH definition; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D000805

 

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

MS = A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.

AN = protease inhib & antihypertensives; DF: ACE INHIB

UI = D000806

 

Angiotensinogen

MS = An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

AN = a serpin & angiotensin II precursor; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D000808

 

Angiotensins

MS = Oligopeptides ranging in size from angiotensin precursors with 14 amino acids to the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin II with 8 amino acids, or their analogs or derivatives. The amino acid content varies with the species and changes in that content produce antagonistic or inactive compounds.

UI = D000809

 

Angola

MS = A republic in southern Africa, southwest of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and west of ZAMBIA. Its capital is Luanda. It was formerly a Portuguese overseas province called Portuguese West Africa, having been reached by Portuguese sailors in 1483, with Portuguese rule established in 1575. Its status was changed from colony to overseas province in 1951 and it received its independence in 1975. Angola is named for N'gola, a native ruler there in the 16th century. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p51 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p23)

AN = a republic in southern Africa

UI = D000810

 

Anguilla

AN = eel; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D000811

 

Anhydrides

MS = Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water.

UI = D000812

 

Anilides

UI = D000813

 

Aniline Compounds

AN = DF: ANILINE CPDS

UI = D000814

 

Aniline Hydroxylase

MS = A drug-metabolizing, cytochrome P-450 enzyme which catalyzes the hydroxylation of aniline to hydroxyaniline in the presence of reduced flavoprotein and molecular oxygen. EC 1.14.14.-.

AN = a cytochrome P-450 enzyme

UI = D000815

 

Aniline Mustard

MS = Alkylating anti-neoplastic agent.

UI = D000816

 

Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates

MS = A class of organic compounds which contain an anilino (phenylamino) group linked to a salt or ester of naphthalenesulfonic acid. They are frequently used as fluorescent dyes and sulfhydryl reagents.

UI = D000817

 

Animal

AN = check tag only; Manual 18.7+, 22.33; relation to /vet: Manual 19.8.81; do not confuse with ANIMALS (B2) CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only

UI = D000818

 

Animal Care Committees

MS = Institutional committees established to protect the welfare of animals used in research and education. The 1971 NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals introduced the policy that institutions using warm-blooded animals in projects supported by NIH grants either be accredited by a recognized professional laboratory animal accrediting body or establish its own committee to evaluate animal care; the Public Health Service adopted a policy in 1979 requiring such committees; and the 1985 amendments to the Animal Welfare Act mandate review and approval of federally funded research with animals by a formally designated Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

UI = D035661

 

Animal Communication

MS = Communication between animals involving the giving off by one individual of some chemical or physical signal, that, on being received by another, influences its behavior.

AN = no qualif; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000819

 

Animal Diseases

AN = avoid: too general; IM general only for unspecified animal & unspecified disease; NIM with specific animal (IM) for which no precoord animal/diseases term exists; do not use at all when a specific dis /vet is used; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL; policy: Manual 23.33+; animal neopl: Manual 24.6+; TN 136; TN 193

UI = D000820

 

Animal Experimentation

MS = The use of animals as investigational subjects.

AN = IM for moral, legal, ethical, social, and religious aspects of experiments on animals; do not routinely add for specific research studies involving animals

UI = D032761

 

Animal Feed

AN = TN 50: differentiate from ANIMAL NUTRITION & DIET

UI = D000821

 

Animal Husbandry

MS = The science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition.

AN = includes animal "breeding, feeding & care ... housing & nutrition"; do not confuse with VETERINARY MEDICINE; SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D000822

 

Animal Identification Systems

MS = Procedures for recognizing individual animals and certain identifiable characteristics pertaining to them; includes computerized methods, ear tags, etc.

AN = does not include classif or taxonomy: for individual animals only

UI = D000823

 

Animal Migration

MS = Periodic movements of animals in response to seasonal changes or reproductive instinct. Hormonal changes are the trigger in at least some animals. Most migrations are made for reasons of climatic change, feeding, or breeding.

UI = D025041

 

Animal Nutrition

AN = no qualif; TN 50: differentiate from ANIMAL FEED & DIET

UI = D000824

 

Animal Rights

MS = The moral and ethical bases of the protection of animals from cruelty and abuse. The rights are extended to domestic animals, laboratory animals, and wild animals.

AN = refers to domestic, laboratory or wild animals; ANIMAL WELFARE is also available

UI = D017087

 

Animal Structures

MS = Organs and other anatomical structures of non-human vertebrate and invertebrate animals.

AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics

UI = D000825

 

Animal Technicians

MS = Assistants to a veterinarian, biological or biomedical researcher, or other scientist who are engaged in the care and management of animals, and who are trained in basic principles of animal life processes and routine laboratory and animal health care procedures. (Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988)

AN = X ref VETERINARY NURSES is British

UI = D017750

 

Animal Testing Alternatives

MS = Procedures, such as TISSUE CULTURE, mathematical models, etc., when used or advocated for use in place of the use of animals in research or diagnostic laboratories.

AN = SPEC qualif

UI = D000826

 

Animal Use Alternatives

MS = Alternatives to the use of animals in research, testing, and education. The alternatives may include reduction in the number of animals used, replacement of animals with a non-animal model or with animals of a species lower phylogenetically, or refinement of methods to minimize pain and distress of animals used.

UI = D023401

 

Animal Welfare

MS = The protection of animals in laboratories or other specific environments by promoting their health through better nutrition, housing, and care.

UI = D000827

 

Animals

MS = Animals grouped according to ecological, morphological or genetic populations.

AN = do not confuse with check tag ANIMAL; avoid: too general; IM; /surg: consider also SURGERY, VETERINARY; for indexing policy, see Manual index under Animal and related entries

UI = D000828

 

Animals, Congenic

MS = Inbred strains of animals that are genetically identical except at a single locus, or a few specified loci, so that their known genetic differences are expressed in the same genetic background. A congenic strain is produced by outbreeding a strain and then eliminating the background by many generations of backcrosses while maintaining the desired genetic differences by selection of progeny. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = coord with specific congenic animal; NIM when exper animal

UI = D020296

 

Animals, Domestic

MS = Animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with man. They include animals domesticated by man to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches (e.g., horses, cattle, sheep) and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship (e.g., dogs, cats, horses).

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific domestic animals like CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; DOGS; CATS; etc.; IM; qualif permitted; PETS: TN 146; domestication goes here; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000829

 

Animals, Genetically Modified

MS = ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

AN = coord with specific animal /genet

UI = D030801

 

Animals, Inbred Strains

MS = Animals produced by the mating of littermates or siblings over multiple generations. The resultant strain of animals is virtually identical genotypically. Highly inbred animal lines allow the study of certain traits in a relatively pure form. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord NIM with specific exper animal (NIM); when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

UI = D017849

 

Animals, Laboratory

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000830

 

Animals, Newborn

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000831

 

Animals, Outbred Strains

MS = Animals that are generated from breeding two genetically dissimilar strains of the same species.

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord NIM with specific animal probably NIM

UI = D021461

 

Animals, Poisonous

AN = IM; qualif permitted; coord IM with specific poisonous animal (IM); do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000832

 

Animals, Suckling

MS = Young, unweaned mammals. Refers to nursing animals whether nourished by their biological mother, foster mother, or bottle fed.

AN = suckled by mother or by bottle; coord with specific suckling; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; suckling of animals (the act, as in the eff of suckling on animal physiol) goes under LACTATION; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000833

 

Animals, Wild

MS = Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.

AN = GEN or unspecified; do not index as coord with animals ordinarily considered wild, as LIONS; BEARS; etc.; coord IM with animal not usually wild (IM) as wild dogs; IM; qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000835

 

Animals, Zoo

AN = IM; qualif permitted; coord IM with specific zoo animal (IM); do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL

UI = D000836

 

Animation [Publication Type]

MS = A film or video wholly or partially created by photographing drawings, sculptures, or other inanimate things in sequence to create the illusion of motion. Animations are also generated by computers. (From Moving Image Materials: Genre Terms, 1988)

AN = publication type only; for animation as a subject, index under main heading MOTION PICTURES; used for historical materials only

UI = D019486

 

Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte

MS = A ubiquitous membrane transport protein found in the plasma membrane of diverse cell types and tissues, and in nuclear, mitochondrial, and Golgi membranes. It is the major integral transmembrane protein of the erythrocyte plasma membrane, comprising 25% of the total membrane protein. It exists as a dimer and performs the important function of allowing the efficient transport of bicarbonate across erythrocyte cell membranes in exchange for chloride ion.

UI = D001457

 

Anion Exchange Resins

MS = High-molecular-weight insoluble polymers that contain functional cationic groups capable of undergoing exchange reactions with anions.

UI = D000837

 

Anion Transport Proteins

MS = Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane.

AN = ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS is also available

UI = D027321

 

Anions

MS = Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D000838

 

Aniridia

MS = A congenital abnormality in which there is only a rudimentary iris. This is due to the failure of the optic cup to grow. Aniridia also occurs in a hereditary form, usually autosomal dominant.

AN = rudimentary iris; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D015783

 

Anisakiasis

MS = Infection with roundworms of the genus ANISAKIS. Human infection results from the consumption of fish harboring roundworm larvae. The worms may cause acute nausea and vomiting or may penetrate into the wall of the digestive tract, where they give rise to eosinophilic granulomas in the stomach, intestine, or the omentum.

AN = roundworm infect of intestines

UI = D017129

 

Anisakis

MS = A genus of nematodes of the superfamily ASCARIDOIDEA. Its organisms are found in the stomachs of marine animals and birds. Human infection occurs by ingestion of raw fish that contain larvae.

AN = a genus of nematodes found in marine animals & birds; infection = ANISAKIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D017163

 

Aniseikonia

MS = A condition in which the ocular image of an object as seen by one eye differs in size and shape from that seen by the other.

AN = refractive error in which each eye sees a different size & shape of an object

UI = D000839

 

Anisocoria

MS = Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestion of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (IRIS DISEASES) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.

AN = consider also PUPIL DISORDERS or MIOSIS

UI = D015875

 

Anisoles

MS = A group of compounds that are structurally related to methoxybenzene and contain the general formula R-C7H70.

UI = D000840

 

Anisometropia

MS = A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes.

UI = D015858

 

Anisomycin

MS = An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.

UI = D000841

 

Anisotropy

MS = A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions.

AN = NIM; no qualif; coord with specific determinative technique (IM or NIM) like NMR; MRI; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; etc.

UI = D016880

 

Anistreplase

MS = An acylated inactive complex of streptokinase and human lysine-plasminogen. After injection, the acyl group is slowly hydrolyzed, producing an activator that converts plasminogen to plasmin, thereby initiating fibrinolysis. Its half-life is about 90 minutes compared to 5 minutes for TPA; (TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR); 16 minutes for URINARY PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR and 23 minutes for STREPTOKINASE. If treatment is initiated within 3 hours of onset of symptoms for acute myocardial infarction, the drug preserves myocardial tissue and left ventricular function and increases coronary artery patency. Bleeding complications are similar to other thrombolytic agents.

AN = first X ref shows derivation of heading

UI = D016255

 

Ankle

MS = The region of the lower limb between the FOOT and the LEG.

AN = primates only; use TARSUS, ANIMAL for non-primate vertebrates; differentiate from ANKLE JOINT; ANKLE BONES see TARSAL BONES is also available; do not confuse X ref TARSUS with tarsus or tarsal referring to the eyelid

UI = D000842

 

Ankle Injuries

MS = Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.

AN = consider also TARSAL BONES /inj

UI = D016512

 

Ankle Joint

MS = The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the TIBIA; the malleolar articular surface of the FIBULA; and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the TALUS.

AN = primates only; differentiation from ANKLE

UI = D000843

 

Ankylosis

MS = Fixation and immobility of a joint.

UI = D000844

 

Ankyrin Repeat

MS = Protein motif that contains a 33-amino acid long sequence that often occurs in tandem arrays. This repeating sequence of 33-amino acids was discovered in ANKYRIN where it is involved in interaction with the anion exchanger (ANION EXCHANGE PROTEIN 1, ERYTHROCYTE). Ankyrin repeats cooperatively fold into structures that mediate molecular recognition via protein-protein interactions.

UI = D017089

 

Ankyrins

MS = A family of membrane-associated proteins responsible for the attachment of the cytoskeleton. Erythrocyte-related isoforms of ankyrin attach the SPECTRIN cytoskeleton to a transmembrane protein (ANION EXCHANGE PROTEIN 1, ERYTHROCYTE) in the erythrocyte plasma membrane. Brain-related isoforms of ankyrin also exist.

AN = membrane proteins; from the Greek word for anchor with ref to their role in attachment of the cytoskeleton; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D017487

 

Annelida

MS = A phylum of metazoan invertebrates comprising the segmented worms, and including marine annelids (POLYCHAETA), freshwater annelids, earthworms (OLIGOCHAETA), and LEECHES. Only the leeches are of medical interest. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a phylum of segmented worms; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

UI = D000845

 

Annexin I

MS = Protein of the annexin family exhibiting lipid interaction and steroid-inducibility.

AN = a calcium-binding protein

UI = D017305

 

Annexin II

MS = Protein (p36) of the annexin family that is a substrate for a tyrosine kinase (ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC)) and for the cellular protein p11.

AN = a calcium-binding protein

UI = D017306

 

Annexin III

MS = A protein of the annexin family that catalyzes the conversion of 1-D-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate and water to 1-D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate. EC 3.1.4.36.

AN = a calcium-binding protein

UI = D017318

 

Annexin IV

MS = Protein of the annexin family originally isolated from the electric organ of the electric ray Torpedo marmorata. It has also been found in a wide range of mammalian tissues.

AN = a calcium-binding protein

UI = D017314

 

Annexin V

MS = A protein of the annexin family isolated from human placenta and other tissues. It inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2, and displays anticoagulant activity.

UI = D017304

 

Annexin VI

MS = Protein of the annexin family with a probable role in exocytotic and endocytotic membrane events.

AN = a calcium-binding protein

UI = D017317

 

Annexin VII

MS = Protein of the annexin family that promotes the aggregation and fusion of chromaffin granules and can also act as a voltage-dependent calcium channel.

AN = a calcium-binding protein

UI = D017310

 

Annexins

MS = Family of calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins which are structurally related and exhibit immunological cross-reactivity. Each member contains four homologous 70 kD repeats. The annexins are differentially distributed in vertebrate tissues (and lower eukaryotes) and appear to be involved in membrane fusion and signal transduction.

AN = calcium- & phospholipid-binding proteins

UI = D017302

 

Anniversaries and Special Events

MS = Occasions to commemorate an event or occasions designated for a specific purpose.

AN = NIM; no qualif; note X ref below: do not index here for anniversaries, centennials, etc. in historical articles; do not coord here for ANNIVERSARY REACTION; DF: ANNIVERSARIES

UI = D000846

 

Annona

MS = A plant genus of the family ANNONACEAE. It has edible fruit and seeds which contain acetogenins and benzoquinazoline and other alkaloids.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031041

 

Annonaceae

MS = The custard-apple plant family of the order Magnoliales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. Some members provide large pulpy fruits and commercial timber. Leaves and wood are often fragrant. Leaves are simple, with smooth margins, and alternately arranged in two rows along the stems.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029061

 

Annual Reports

MS = Annual statements reviewing the status of the administrative and operational functions and accomplishments of an institution or organization.

AN = NIM; no qualif; coord with specific organiz or society (IM) + geog; do not confuse with Publication Type ANNUAL REPORTS

UI = D000847

 

Annual Reports [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of annual statements concerning the administrative and operational functions of an institution or organization.

AN = publication type only; for annual reports as a subject, index under main heading ANNUAL REPORTS; Manual 17.10

UI = D019487

 

Anodontia

MS = Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = congen absence of teeth; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; congen absence of one or more teeth: do not confuse with JAW, EDENTULOUS (total lack of teeth in either jaw through disease or extraction), JAW, EDENTULOUS, PARTIALLY (partial lack in either jaw) or MOUTH, EDENTULOUS (total lack of teeth in both jaws through disease or extraction)

UI = D000848

 

Anoikis

MS = APOPTOSIS triggered by loss of contact with the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.

UI = D023102

 

Anomia

MS = A language dysfunction characterized by the inability to name people and objects that are correctly perceived. The individual is able to describe the object in question, but cannot provide the name. This condition is associated with lesions of the dominant hemisphere involving the language areas, in particular the TEMPORAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p484)

AN = inability to name objects: do not confuse with ANOMIE ("state of social disorganization & demoralization in society...", often called "anomia")

UI = D000849

 

Anomie

MS = A state of social disorganization and demoralization in society which is largely the result of disharmony between cultural goals and the means for attaining them. This may be reflected in the behavior of the individual in many ways - non-conformity, social withdrawal, deviant behavior, etc.

AN = no qualif; "state of social disorganization & demoralization in society..."; sometimes called "anomia" but do not confuse with ANOMIA ("inability to name objects")

UI = D000850

 

Anomura

MS = An infraorder of CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA comprising the hermit crabs and characterized by a small fifth pair of legs.

UI = D033381

 

Anonymous Testing

MS = Testing in which the source of the specimen or the person being tested is not individually identified.

UI = D035041

 

Anonyms and Pseudonyms

MS = Designations for persons whose names are not known or who wish to remain anonymous (anonyms) and for persons who wish to conceal or obscure their identity by assuming a fictitious name (pseudonyms).

AN = no qualif; DF: ANONYMS

UI = D000851

 

Anopheles

MS = A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) that are known vectors of MALARIA.

AN = mosquito; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

UI = D000852

 

Anophthalmos

MS = Congenital absence of the eye or eyes.

AN = absence of one or both eyes; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D000853

 

Anoplura

MS = An order of insects comprising the sucking lice, which are blood-sucking ectoparasites of mammals. Recognized families include: Echionphthiriidae, Haematopinidae, and Pediculidae. The latter contains the medically important genera affecting humans: PEDICULUS and PHTHIRUS.

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

UI = D000854

 

Anorexia

MS = Clinical manifestation consisting of a physiopathological lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat.

AN = ANOREXIA NERVOSA is also available

UI = D000855

 

Anorexia Nervosa

MS = Syndrome in which the primary features include excessive fear of becoming overweight, body image disturbance, significant weight loss, refusal to maintain minimal normal weight, and amenorrhea. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

AN = a severe eating disord

UI = D000856

 

Anostraca

MS = An order of CRUSTACEA comprised of shrimp-like organisms containing body trunks with at least 20 segments. The are commonly used as aquarium food.

AN = note X ref FAIRY SHRIMP: several other shrimp terms are available; check text and MeSH; as animal & food; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); unspecified shrimp as food is probably PENAEIDAE

UI = D033202

 

Anovulation

MS = Suspension or cessation of ovulation in animals and humans.

AN = absence of ovulation; human & animal; only Cat C qualif

UI = D000858

 

Anoxemia

MS = Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of relatively complete absence of oxygen in arterial blood.

AN = differentiate from ANOXIA

UI = D000859

 

Anoxia

MS = Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of a relatively complete absence of oxygen.

AN = differentiate from ANOXEMIA; do not confuse X ref HYPOXIA with HYPEROXIA; fetal anoxia = FETAL ANOXIA; CEREBRAL ANOXIA see HYPOXIA, BRAIN; restrict to dis or clin state in human & higher animals: do not confuse with anoxic or hypoxic state in lower animals or micro-organisms ( = OXYGEN or ANAEROBIOSIS); TN 145: ANOXIA & HYPOXIA see ANOXIA as clin entities in C23 & not for decrease of oxygen in tissues & cells ( = CELL HYPOXIA)

UI = D000860

 

Anserine

AN = a dipeptide

UI = D000861

 

Answering Services

MS = Communication services provided by a person or a machine to record and relay the message from the caller.

UI = D039604

 

Ant Venoms

MS = Venoms from the superfamily Formicoidea, Ants. They may contain protein factors and toxins, histamine, enzymes, and alkaloids and are often allergenic or immunogenic.

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted

UI = D000862

 

Antacids

MS = Substances that counteract or neutralize acidity. They are used mainly for the treatment of gastrointestinal irritation or ulcers.

UI = D000863

 

Antarctic Regions

MS = The continent lying around the South Pole and the southern waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It includes the Falkland Islands Dependencies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p55)

AN = note spelling: -ARCTIC: neither spelled nor pronounced "antartic"

UI = D000864

 

Antazoline

MS = An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.

UI = D000865

 

Antelopes

MS = Any of various ruminant mammals of the order Bovidae. They include numerous species in Africa and the American pronghorn.

AN = includes dik-dik, eland, gazelle, gnu, hartebeest, impala, springbok, wildebeest; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D000866

 

Anterior Cerebral Artery

MS = Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL). Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the CAUDATE NUCLEUS; INTERNAL CAPSULE; PUTAMEN; SEPTAL NUCLEI; GYRUS CINGULI; and surfaces of the FRONTAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE.

UI = D020771

 

Anterior Chamber

MS = The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)

AN = the space between the cornea & lens which contains the aqueous humor; do not confuse with ANTERIOR EYE SEGMENT; hemorrhage within anterior chamber = HYPHEMA; anterior chamber endothelium = ENDOTHELIUM, ANTERIOR CHAMBER see ENDOTHELIUM, CORNEAL

UI = D000867

 

Anterior Compartment Syndrome

MS = Rapid swelling, increased tension, pain, and ischemic necrosis of the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment of the leg, often following excessive exertion.

AN = in tibia; note X ref: restricted to anterior muscle

UI = D000868

 

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

MS = A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.

AN = a ligament of the knee

UI = D016118

 

Anterior Eye Segment

MS = That part of the eyeball anterior to the lens.

AN = do not confuse with ANTERIOR CHAMBER

UI = D000869

 

Anterior Horn Cells

MS = Motor neurons in the anterior (ventral) horn of the spinal cord which project to skeletal muscles.

UI = D000870

 

Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus

MS = Loose heterogeneous collection of cells in the anterior hypothalamus, continuous rostrally with the medial and lateral preoptic areas and caudally with the tuber cinereum.

AN = do not confuse with HYPOTHALAMUS, ANTERIOR; diseases: coord IM with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES (IM)

UI = D007025

 

Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome

MS = Ischemia or infarction of the spinal cord in the distribution of the anterior spinal artery, which supplies the ventral two-thirds of the spinal cord. This condition is usually associated with ATHEROSCLEROSIS of the aorta and may result from dissection of an AORTIC ANEURYSM or rarely dissection of the anterior spinal artery. Clinical features include weakness and loss of pain and temperature sensation below the level of injury, with relative sparing of position and vibratory sensation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1249-50)

UI = D020759

 

Anterior Temporal Lobectomy

MS = A neurosurgical procedure that removes the anterior TEMPORAL LOBE including the medial temporal structures of CEREBRAL CORTEX, AMYGDALA, HIPPOCAMPUS and the adjacent PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS. This procedure is generally used for the treatment of intractable temporal epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TEMPORAL LOBE).

UI = D038481

 

Anterior Thalamic Nuclei

MS = Three nuclei located beneath the dorsal surface of the most rostral part of the thalamus. The group includes the anterodorsal nucleus, anteromedial nucleus, and anteroventral nucleus. All receive connections from the mamillary body and fornix, and project fibers to the cingulate body.

UI = D020643

 

Anthelmintics

MS = Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific anthelmintic; consider also HELMINTHS /drug eff & HELMINTHIASIS /drug ther or pertinent specifics

UI = D000871

 

Anthemis

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that is similar to MATRICARIA but this has tiny chaffy bract scales between each pair of florets. Members contain sesquiterpene lactones. Other plants with similar common names include FERULA; FOENICULUM; MATRICARIA; CHAMAEMELUM and TRIPLEUROSPERMUM.

AN = X refs: distinguish from related plants with similar common names; check text and MeSH; ANTHEMIS NOBILIS see CHAMAEMELUM is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031166

 

Anthocyanins

MS = A group of glycosylated compounds based on cyanidin which derive biosynthetically from flavonols via proanthocyanidins. The conjugated bonds result in blue, red, and purple colors in flowers of plants.

UI = D000872

 

Anthozoa

MS = A class in the phylum CNIDARIA, comprised mostly of corals and anemones. All members occur only as polyps; the medusa stage is completely absent.

UI = D037421

 

Anthracenes

MS = A family of aromatic hydrocarbons derived from coal tar distillation.

AN = carcinogens; D25-26 qualif

UI = D000873

 

Anthracosilicosis

MS = A mixed condition of anthracosis and silicosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = anthracosis with silicosis; do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

UI = D000874

 

Anthracyclines

MS = Organic compounds that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.

AN = in ther of dis is likely to be ANTIBIOTICS, ANTHRACYCLINE

UI = D018943

 

Anthralin

MS = An anti-inflammatory anthracene derivative used for the treatment of dermatoses, especially psoriasis. It may cause folliculitis.

UI = D000875

 

Anthramycin

MS = A broad-spectrum spectrum antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces refuineus var. thermotolerans. It has low toxicity, some activity against Trichomonas and Endamoeba, and inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis. It binds irreversibly to DNA.

UI = D000876

 

Anthranilate Phosphoribosyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of N-5'-phosphoribosylanthranilic acid from anthranilate and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, the first step in tryptophan synthesis in E. coli. It exists in a complex with ANTHRANILATE SYNTHASE in bacteria. EC 2.4.2.18.

UI = D000877

 

Anthranilate Synthase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of anthranilate (o-aminobenzoate) and pyruvic acid from chorismate and glutamine. Anthranilate is the biosynthetic precurser of tryptophan and numerous secondary metabolites, including inducible plant defense compounds. EC 4.1.3.27.

UI = D000878

 

Anthranilic Acids

MS = Benzoic acids which are substituted with an amino group in the C-2 position.

UI = D000879

 

Anthraquinones

MS = An anthracene ring which contains two ketone moieties in any position. Can be substituted in any position except on the ketone groups.

UI = D000880

 

Anthrax

MS = An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.

AN = Bacillus infect; human & animal; /vet permitted

UI = D000881

 

Anthrax Vaccines

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent ANTHRAX.

UI = D022122

 

Anthropology

MS = The science devoted to the comparative study of man.

AN = IM as SPEC: SPEC qualif; HOMINIDAE is available as taxonomic Man; NIM as coord with no qualif; med anthropology: do not coord with MEDICINE; DF: ANTHROPOL

UI = D000883

 

Anthropology, Cultural

MS = The study of social phenomena which characterize the learned, shared, and transmitted social activities of a particular ethnic group.

AN = IM as SPEC: SPEC qualif; NIM as coord with no qualif; DF: ANTHROPOL CULTURAL

UI = D000884

 

Anthropology, Physical

MS = The comparative science dealing with the physical characteristics of humans as related to their origin, evolution, and development in the total environment.

AN = IM as SPEC: SPEC qualif; NIM as coord, no qualif; DF: ANTHROPOL PHYSICAL

UI = D000885

 

Anthropometry

MS = The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body.

AN = primate only; consider also specific terms under BODY WEIGHTS AND MEASURES; SKINFOLD THICKNESS is also available

UI = D000886

 

Anthroposophy

MS = Knowledge of the nature of man. A spiritual and mystical doctrine that grew out of theosophy and derives mainly from the philosophy of Rudolph Steiner, Austrian social philosopher (1861-1925). (Webster, 3d ed)

UI = D000887

 

Anti-Allergic Agents

MS = Agents that are used to treat allergic reactions. Most of these drugs act by preventing the release of inflammatory mediators or inhibiting the actions of released mediators on their target cells. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p475)

AN = consider also HYPERSENSITIVITY /drug ther

UI = D018926

 

Anti-Allergic and Respiratory System Agents

MS = A collective term for drugs used to treat allergic reactions as well as those drugs that produce an effect on the respiratory system.

AN = not used for indexing; consider also HYPERSENSITIVITY /drug ther; consider also RESPIRATORY SYSTEM /drug eff & RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES /drug ther or their specifics CATALOG: do not use

UI = D018944

 

Anti-Anxiety Agents

MS = Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also ANXIETY /drug ther

UI = D014151

 

Anti-Anxiety Agents, Benzodiazepine

MS = Substances with a benzodiazepine ring structure widely used to treat anxiety and neuroses. Drugs in this class also generally have sedative or weak hypnotic properties and may be effective as muscle relaxants, anticonvulsants, and anesthesia adjuvants.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D001568

 

Anti-Arrhythmia Agents

MS = Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade.

AN = consider also ARRHYTHMIA /drug ther

UI = D000889

 

Anti-Asthmatic Agents

MS = Drugs that are used to treat asthma.

AN = consider also ASTHMA /drug ther

UI = D018927

 

Anti-Dyskinesia Agents

MS = Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders. Most of these act centrally on dopaminergic or cholinergic systems. Among the most important clinically are those used for the treatment of Parkinson disease (ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS) and those for the tardive dyskinesias.

UI = D018726

 

Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease

MS = Glomerulonephritis, usually of a generalized proliferative crescent-forming histologic type with a rapidly progressive course, marked by circulating anti-GBM antibodies and linear deposits of immunoglobulin and complement along the glomerular basement membrane. When associated with pulmonary hemorrhage the condition is called GOODPASTURE SYNDROME. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = a type of glomerulonephritis; DF: note short X ref

UI = D019867

 

Anti-HIV Agents

MS = Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.

AN = consider also AIDS /drug ther; may be used for articles on simian acquired immunodefic syndrome & simian immunodefic virus

UI = D019380

 

Anti-Infective Agents

MS = Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific anti-infective agent

UI = D000890

 

Anti-Infective Agents, Fluoroquinolone

MS = Synthetic antimicrobial agents with the characteristic 4-quinolone ring structure and containing a fluorine moiety at the 6-position. Some members also have a 1-piperazinyl group at the 7-position. Fluoroquinolone agents have greater intrinsic antibacterial activity and a broader antibacterial spectrum than the quinolone agents.

UI = D017372

 

Anti-Infective Agents, Local

MS = Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects.

UI = D000891

 

Anti-Infective Agents, Quinolone

MS = A group of synthetic antimicrobial agents which usually contain a 4-quinolinone ring structure. A few compounds belonging to this group have related nitrogen heterocyclic ring structures such as naphthyridine or phthalazine groups. All compounds in this group are substituted with an oxo group at the 4-position. The second-generation quinolones are also substituted with a 1-piperazinyl group at the 7-position and a fluorine moiety at the 6-position. The quinolones inhibit the A subunit of DNA gyrase and thus interfere with the ability of the enzyme to repair bacterial DNA breaks during replication. The compounds have a broad spectrum of activity against a variety of aerobic bacteria.

UI = D015364

 

Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary

MS = Substances capable of killing agents causing urinary tract infections or of preventing them from spreading.

AN = consider also URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS /drug ther

UI = D000892

 

Anti-Inflammatory Agents

MS = Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; DF: ANTI INFLAMM AGENTS or ANTIINFLAMM AGENTS

UI = D000893

 

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antirheumatic Agents, and Inflammation Mediators

MS = Both endogenous and exogenous substances used to counteract the inflammatory process or alleviate or prevent rheumatic diseases, and the compounds that mediate the inflammation process.

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D018372

 

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal

MS = Anti-inflammatory agents that are not steroids. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They are used primarily in the treatment of chronic arthritic conditions and certain soft tissue disorders associated with pain and inflammation. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects. Certain NSAIDs also may inhibit lipoxygenase enzymes or phospholipase C or may modulate T-cell function. (AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p 1814-5)

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; DF: NSAID

UI = D000894

 

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Steroidal

MS = Steroid compounds that act to reduce or suppress inflammation through a steroidal mechanism.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: AIAS

UI = D000895

 

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Topical

MS = Anti-inflammatory agents that are applied to the skin and whose pharmacological effect only occurs at the area of application.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: AIAT

UI = D000896

 

Anti-Obesity Agents

MS = Agents that increase energy expenditure and weight loss by neural and chemical regulation. Beta-adrenergic agents and serotoninergic drugs have been experimentally used in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) to treat obesity.

AN = consider also OBESITY /drug ther

UI = D019440

 

Anti-Ulcer Agents

MS = Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate ulcers or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.

AN = restrict to gastrointestinal ulcers; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also PEPTIC ULCER /drug ther & /drug ther with pertinent specifics

UI = D000897

 

Antiaris

MS = A plant genus of the family MORACEAE. Members have been used as an arrow poison.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031621

 

Antibiosis

MS = A property of microorganisms which enables one microorganism to kill, injure, or inhibit the growth of a different microorganism.

AN = micro-organisms only

UI = D000898

 

Antibiotic Prophylaxis

MS = Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications.

AN = IM; coord with specific antibiotic /ther use (IM)

UI = D019072

 

Antibiotics

MS = Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms.

AN = not a synonym for "antibacterials"; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific antibiotic groups or specific antibiotic; /pharmacol: resistance to antibiotics in general goes under ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE see DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL; preop use of antibiotics for prev of infect: index under ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS (IM) + specific antibiotic /ther use (IM)

UI = D000900

 

Antibiotics, Aminoglycoside

MS = Antibiotics whose structure contains amino sugars attached to an aminocyclitol ring (hexose nucleus) by glycosidic bonds. Aminoglycoside antibiotics are derived from various species of Streptomyces and Micromonospora or are produced synthetically. They act by inhibiting protein synthesis.

UI = D000901

 

Antibiotics, Anthracycline

MS = Antibiotics which have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to a sugar molecule. These antibiotics have potent antineoplastic activity. The two best known members of this group are daunorubicin and doxorubicin. Since these agents intercalate with DNA, many DNA functions are adversely affected. Futhermore they interact with cell membranes thereby altering their functions and also generate hydrogen peroxide and hydroxy radicals which are highly destructive to cells.

UI = D015249

 

Antibiotics, Antifungal

MS = Antibiotics inhibiting the growth of or killing fungi and used in the treatment of various fungal diseases.

UI = D000902

 

Antibiotics, Antineoplastic

MS = Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; do not use /biosyn unless by living matter; TN 4: relation to ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS

UI = D000903

 

Antibiotics, Antitubercular

MS = Substances obtained from various species of microorganisms that are, alone or in combination with other agents, of use in treating various forms of tuberculosis; most of these agents are merely bacteriostatic, induce resistance in the organisms, and may be toxic.

UI = D000904

 

Antibiotics, Combined

MS = Combinations of antibiotics used against difficult-to-treat infections. Antibiotic combinations have been used mainly to broaden the antibacterial spectrum and prevent development of resistance. In some instances these combinations have shown lower toxicity, but drug antagonism may be one of the problems encountered by their use. They may be given simultaneously or sequentially. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

AN = admin simultaneously or sequentially; IM; coord with specific antibiotics (IM), using same qualifs

UI = D015261

 

Antibiotics, Glycopeptide

MS = Antibiotics whose structure contains one or more cyclic peptides to which are attached to one or more deoxy sugars in glycosidic linkage. They are generally effective against gram-positive bacteria and act by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls.

UI = D017333

 

Antibiotics, Lactam

MS = Compounds containing a four-membered ring with an amide nitrogen and a keto group. This configuration includes bacteriostatic, cell-wall inhibiting antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins, their analogs and derivatives, such as the penem (or penam) compounds, clavulanic acids, and monobactams. They are substrates for and may act as inhibitors of bacterial beta-lactamases.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics;

UI = D000905

 

Antibiotics, Macrolide

MS = A group of antibiotics containing a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. These antibiotics are produced by certain species of Streptomyces. They often inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunits of 70S ribosomes.

UI = D015548

 

Antibiotics, Peptide

MS = Antibiotics whose structure contains one or more peptides, usually cyclic. They are generally effective against GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA and act by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls.

AN = ANTIBIOTICS, GLYCOPEPTIDE is also available

UI = D017561

 

Antibiotics, Tetracycline

MS = Broad-spectrum natural and semisynthetic antibiotics with a naphthacene structure obtained from various Streptomyces species.

UI = D019088

 

Antibodies

MS = Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS), or with an antigen closely related to it.

AN = antibodies to IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; etc. = ANTIBODIES, ANTI-IDIOTYPIC (IM) + IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; etc. (IM); ANTIBODY-TOXIN CONJUGATES is available as toxin carrier: see note there

UI = D000906

 

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic

MS = Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.

AN = only anti-immunoglobulin antibodies: anti-IGA antibodies, anti-IGG antibodies, etc.: coord IM with IMMUNOGLOBULIN A (IM), IMMUNOGLOBULIN G (IM), etc.; caution: anti-liver antibodies (& others of this type) = ANTIBODIES, not ANTI-ANTIBODIES; DF: note short X ref

UI = D000888

 

Antibodies, Anticardiolipin

MS = Antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME, and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. The antibodies are detected by solid-phase immunoassay employing the purified phospholipid antigen cardiolipin.

AN = autoantibodies; do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

UI = D017153

 

Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic

MS = Autoantibodies directed against cytoplasmic constituents of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and/or monocytes. They are used as specific markers for Wegener's granulomatosis and other diseases, though their pathophysiological role is not clear. ANCA are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence with three different patterns: c-ANCA (cytoplasmic), p-ANCA (perinuclear), and atypical ANCA.

AN = autoantibodies; do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn; DF: note short X ref

UI = D019268

 

Antibodies, Antinuclear

MS = Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.

AN = autoantibodies; coord with specific nuclear antigen /immunol (IM) (see MeSH definition); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

UI = D000974

 

Antibodies, Antiphospholipid

MS = Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; SYSTEMIC), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals.

AN = autoantibodies; do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

UI = D017152

 

Antibodies, Archaeal

MS = Immunoglobulins induced by substances elaborated by archaea that have an antigenic activity.

AN = coord IM with specific archaeon /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

UI = D019844

 

Antibodies, Bacterial

MS = Immunoglobulins induced by substances elaborated by bacteria that have an antigenic activity.

AN = coord IM with specific bacterium /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn; DF: ANTIBODIES BACT

UI = D000907

 

Antibodies, Bispecific

MS = Antibodies, often monoclonal, in which the two antigen-binding sites are specific for separate antigenic determinants. They are artificial antibodies produced by chemical crosslinking, fusion of hybridoma cells, or by molecular genetic techniques. They function as the main mediators of targeted cellular cytotoxicity and have been shown to be efficient in the targeting of drugs, toxins, radiolabeled haptens, and effector cells to diseased tissue, primarily tumors.

AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

UI = D018033

 

Antibodies, Blocking

MS = Antibodies that inhibit the reaction between antigen and other antibodies or sensitized T-lymphocytes (e.g., antibodies of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN G class that compete with IgE antibodies for antigen, thereby blocking an allergic response). Blocking antibodies that bind tumors and prevent destruction of tumor cells by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes have also been called enhancing antibodies. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

AN = antibodies inhibiting reaction between antigen and other antibodies or sensitized T-lymphocytes: not for any antibody reaction to an antigen ( = ANTIBODIES or specific antibody); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

UI = D019138

 

Antibodies, Catalytic

MS = Antibodies that can catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions. They are characterized by high substrate specificity and share many mechanistic features with enzymes.

AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

UI = D017151

 

Antibodies, Fungal

MS = Immunoglobulins induced by substances elaborated by fungi that have an antigenic activity.

AN = coord IM with specific fungus /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

UI = D000908

 

Antibodies, Helminth

MS = Antibodies produced by human or animal cells following clinical or experimental exposure to parasitic helminth antigens. The IMMUNOGLOBULIN E class of immunoglobulins is usually formed and released, but IMMUNOGLOBULIN G, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M, and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A may also occur.

AN = coord IM with specific helminth /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

UI = D000909

 

Antibodies, Heterophile

MS = Antibodies elicited in a different species from which the antigen originated. These antibodies are directed against a wide variety of interspecies-specific antigens, the best known of which are Forssman, Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D), and Paul-Bunnell (P-B). Incidence of antibodies to these antigens--i.e., the phenomenon of heterophile antibody response--is useful in the serodiagnosis, pathogenesis, and prognosis of infection and latent infectious states as well as in cancer classification.

AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

UI = D000910

 

Antibodies, Monoclonal

MS = Antibodies produced by clones of cells such as those isolated after hybridization of activated B lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. These hybrids are often referred to as hybridomas.

AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for biosyn; ANTIBODY-TOXIN CONJUGATES is available as a toxin carrier: see note there

UI = D000911

 

Antibodies, Neoplasm

MS = Immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumors other than the normally occurring histocompatibility antigens.

AN = coord IM with required neopl coords with /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn; DF: ANTIBODIES NEOPL

UI = D000912

 

Antibodies, Protozoan

MS = Antibodies produced by human or animal cells following clinical or experimental exposure to parasitic protozoan antigens.

AN = coord IM with specific protozoan /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

UI = D000913

 

Antibodies, Viral

MS = Immunoglobulins produced as a response to viral antigens; includes all classes of immunoglobulins elicited by all viral components.

AN = coord IM with specific virus /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn

UI = D000914

 

Antibody Affinity

MS = A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.

AN = do not confuse with BINDING SITES, ANTIBODY or ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS

UI = D000915

 

Antibody Diversity

MS = The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of ANTIBODIES, which enables the IMMUNE SYSTEM to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of ANTIGENS it encounters. Antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: (1) the Germ Line Theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possible antibody specificities, but expresses only the one stimulated by antigen; (2) the Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that antibody-producing cells contain only a few genes, which produce antibody diversity by mutation; and (3) the Gene Rearrangement Theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of VARIABLE REGION gene segments during the differentiation of the ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS.

UI = D000916

 

Antibody Formation

MS = The proliferation and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES into PLASMA CELLS or memory cells. On stimulation by ANTIGENS, those cells then produce ANTIBODIES.

AN = GEN only: do not use as coord for formation of specific antibodies

UI = D000917

 

Antibody Specificity

MS = The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

AN = coord IM with specific antibody (IM)

UI = D000918

 

Antibody-Coated Bacteria Test, Urinary

MS = Fluorescent antibody technique for visualizing antibody-bacteria complexes in urine. The presence or absence of antibody-coated bacteria in urine correlates with localization of urinary tract infection in the kidney or bladder, respectively.

AN = DF: ACBU

UI = D000919

 

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity

MS = The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IMMUNOGLOBULIN G whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D000920

 

Antibody-Dependent Enhancement

MS = Enhancement of viral infectivity caused by non-neutralizing antibodies. There are at least two mechanisms known to account for this: mediation by Fc receptors (RECEPTORS, FC) or by complement receptors (RECEPTORS, COMPLEMENT). Either the virus is complexed with antiviral IMMUNOGLOBULIN G and binds to Fc receptors, or virus is coated with antiviral IMMUNOGLOBULIN M and binds to complement receptors.

AN = enhancement of viral infectivity: read MeSH definition

UI = D019067

 

Antibody-Producing Cells

MS = Cells of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often B-lymphocytes, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize.

AN = A 11 qualif

UI = D000921

 

Anticarcinogenic Agents

MS = Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced tumors independently of the mechanism involved. They differ from antineoplastic agents in that they prevent neoplasms from forming. The anticarcinogenic substances can be divided into three categories. The first consists of compounds that prevent the formation of carcinogens from precursor substances. The second group consists of "blocking agents" which inhibit carcinogenesis by preventing carcinogenic agents from reaching or reacting with critical target sites in the tissues. The third group is the "suppressor agents" which act by suppression of expression of neoplasia in cells previously exposed to carcinogens that would otherwise cause neoplasms.

AN = do not confuse with ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS which treat or affect cancer already developed while ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS prevent or reduce the development of cancer

UI = D016588

 

Anticestodal Agents

MS = Agents used to treat tapeworm infestations in man or animals.

AN = consider also CESTODA /drug eff & CESTODE INFECTIONS /drug ther or pertinent specifics

UI = D000923

 

Anticholesteremic Agents

MS = Substances used to lower plasma cholesterol levels.

UI = D000924

 

Anticipation, Genetic

MS = The apparent tendency of certain diseases to appear at earlier AGE OF ONSET and with increasing severity in successive generations. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

UI = D020132

 

Anticoagulants

MS = Agents that prevent blood clotting. Naturally occurring agents in the blood are included only when they are used as drugs.

AN = not for circulating natural anticoagulants; consider also BLOOD COAGULATION /drug eff & THROMBOSIS /drug ther or related dis with /drug ther; DF: ANTICOAG

UI = D000925

 

Anticodon

MS = The sequential set of three nucleotides in transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) that interacts with its complement in messenger RNA (RNA, MESSENGER), the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.

UI = D000926

 

Anticonvulsants

MS = Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also CONVULSIONS /drug ther

UI = D000927

 

Antidepressive Agents

MS = Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific antidepressive agents; consider also DEPRESSION /drug ther

UI = D000928

 

Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation

MS = A structurally and mechanistically diverse group of drugs that are not tricyclics or monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The most clinically important appear to act selectively on serotonergic systems, especially by inhibiting serotonin reuptake.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D018687

 

Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic

MS = Substances that contain a fused three-ring moiety and are used in the treatment of depression. These drugs block the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into axon terminals and may block some subtypes of serotonin, adrenergic, and histamine receptors. However the mechanism of their antidepressant effects is not clear because the therapeutic effects usually take weeks to develop and may reflect compensatory changes in the central nervous system.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D000929

 

Antidiarrheals

MS = Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition.

AN = consider also DIARRHEA /drug ther

UI = D000930

 

Antidotes

MS = Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of poisons. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

AN = D25-26 qualif; consider also POISONING /drug ther

UI = D000931

 

Antiemetics

MS = Drugs used to prevent nausea or vomiting. Antiemetics act by a wide range of mechanisms. Some act on the medullary contol centers (the vomiting center and the chemoreceptive trigger zone) while others affect the peripheral receptors.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also NAUSEA /drug ther & VOMITING /drug ther

UI = D000932

 

Antifibrinolytic Agents

MS = Agents that prevent fibrinolysis or lysis of a blood clot or thrombus. Several endogenous antiplasmins are known. The drugs are used to control massive hemorrhage and in other coagulation disorders.

UI = D000933

 

Antifoaming Agents

MS = Agents used to prevent the formation of foam or to treat flatulence or bloat.

AN = D25-26 qualif; consider also FLATULENCE /drug ther

UI = D000934

 

Antifreeze Proteins

MS = Proteins that bind to ice and modify the growth of ice crystals. They perform a cryoprotective role in a variety of organisms.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific types

UI = D021301

 

Antifreeze Proteins, Type I

MS = A subclass of ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS that are 3-5 kD in size and contain a single alanine-rich amphipathic alpha-helix.

UI = D021322

 

Antifreeze Proteins, Type II

MS = A subclass of ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS that have a cystine-rich globular structure of approximately 14 kD.

UI = D021341

 

Antifreeze Proteins, Type III

MS = A subclass of ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS that are globular, 6.5 kD in size and contain compact beta-sheet structures.

UI = D021343

 

Antifreeze Proteins, Type IV

MS = A subclass of ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS that contain four amphipathic alpha-helices folded into an antiparallel helix bundle.

UI = D021302

 

Antifungal Agents

MS = Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.

AN = used in ther: differentiate from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL

UI = D000935

 

Antigen Presentation

MS = The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

AN = process whereby an antigen is made recognizable to a lymphocyte

UI = D017951

 

Antigen-Antibody Complex

MS = The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

UI = D000936

 

Antigen-Antibody Reactions

UI = D000937

 

Antigen-Presenting Cells

MS = Heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediates the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cell receptor. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. Follicular dendritic cells (DENDRITIC CELLS, FOLLICULAR) are also considered to be antigen-presenting cells by some authors.

AN = A 11 qualif

UI = D000938

 

Antigenic Modulation

MS = Loss of detectable antigen from the surface of a cell after incubation with antibodies. This is one method in which some tumors escape detection by the immune system. Antigenic modulation of target antigens also reduces the therapeutic effectiveness of treatment by monoclonal antibodies.

UI = D016525

 

Antigenic Variation

MS = Change in the surface ANTIGEN of a microorganism. There are two different types. One is a phenomenon, especially associated with INFLUENZA VIRUSES, where they undergo spontaneous variation both as slow antigenic drift and sudden emergence of new strains (antigenic shift). The second type is when certain PARASITES, especially trypanosomes, PLASMODIUM, and BORRELIA, survive the immune response of the host by changing the surface coat (antigen switching). (From Herbert et al., The Dictionary of Immunology, 4th ed)

AN = microbes only; ANTIBODY DIVERSITY is also available

UI = D000940

 

Antigens

MS = Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics

UI = D000941

 

Antigens, Archaeal

MS = Substances of archaeal origin that have antigenic activity.

AN = coord IM with specific archaeon /immunol (IM)

UI = D019845

 

Antigens, Bacterial

MS = Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

AN = coord IM with specific bacterium /immunol (IM); DF: ANTIGENS BACT

UI = D000942

 

Antigens, CD

MS = Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similiar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

UI = D015703

 

Antigens, CD1

MS = Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens; but read MeSH definition

UI = D018949

 

Antigens, CD11

MS = A group of three different alpha chains (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c) that are associated with an invariant CD18 beta chain (ANTIGENS, CD18). The three resulting leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION) are LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN; and ANTIGEN, P150,95.

AN = a group of differentiation antigens

UI = D018845

 

Antigens, CD11a

MS = An alpha-integrin subunit found on lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages and monocytes. It combines with the integrin beta2 subunit (CD18 ANTIGEN) to form LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1.

UI = D040881

 

Antigens, CD11b

MS = A CD antigen that contains a conserved I domain which is involved in ligand binding. When combined with CD18 (INTEGRIN BETA2 SUBUNIT) the two subunits form MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN.

UI = D039481

 

Antigens, CD11c

MS = An integrin alpha subunit of approximately 150 kD molecular weight. It is expressed at high levels on monocytes and combines with CD18 ANTIGEN to form the cell surface receptor INTEGRIN ALPHAXBETA2. The subunit contains a conserved I domain which is characteristic of several of alpha integrins.

UI = D039521

 

Antigens, CD13

MS = Glycoproteins expressed on human granulocyte-monocyte progenitor colony forming units (CFU-GM) and their more differentiated progeny. The enzymes are also found in a large number of tissues, often associated with membranes. EC 3.4.11.2

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

UI = D018826

 

Antigens, CD14

MS = Glycolipid-anchored membrane glycoproteins expressed on cells of the myelomonocyte lineage including monocytes, macrophages, and some granulocytes. They function as receptors for the complex of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein.

AN = myelomonocytic differentiation antigen

UI = D018950

 

Antigens, CD15

MS = Carbohydrate antigen which is accumulated in various human cancer tissues and secreted into the blood stream. The carbohydrate moiety can be further modified with fucose or sialic acid. Monoclonal antibodies have been determined which can discriminate each subgroup of this antigen in the sera of cancer patients. Sialyl SSEA-1 antigen is particularly elevated in the sera of patients with a variety of tumors.

AN = do not coord FUCOSYL SSEA-1 or SIALYL SSEA-1 with FUCOSE or SIALIC ACID unless particularly discussed; DF: SSEA1

UI = D016256

 

Antigens, CD18

MS = Cell-surface glycoprotein beta-chains that are non-covalently linked to specific alpha-chains of the CD11 family of leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION). A defect in the gene encoding CD18 causes LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME.

UI = D018821

 

Antigens, CD19

MS = Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation.

AN = B-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

UI = D018941

 

Antigens, CD2

MS = Glycoprotein members of the immunoglobulin superfamily which participate in T-cell adhesion and activation. They are expressed on most peripheral T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes, and function as co-receptors or accessory molecules in the T-cell receptor complex.

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

UI = D018801

 

Antigens, CD20

MS = Unglycosylated phosphoproteins expressed only on B-cells. They are regulators of transmembrane Ca2+ conductance and thought to play a role in B-cell activation and proliferation.

AN = B-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

UI = D018951

 

Antigens, CD26

MS = Cell-surface glycoproteins and serine protease, also known as dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, that play a role in T-lymphocyte activation. CD26 binds to adenosine deaminase on the T-cell surface. EC 3.4.14.5

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

UI = D018819

 

Antigens, CD27

MS = Dimeric membrane glycoproteins found on most T-lymphocytes. Activation of T-cells by the antigen receptor increases CD27 surface expression.

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

UI = D018127

 

Antigens, CD28

MS = T-cell differentiation antigens that serve as the receptors for the B7 antigen (ANTIGENS, CD80) which modulates T-cell lymphokine production.

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

UI = D018106

 

Antigens, CD29

MS = Integrin beta-1 chains which are expressed as heterodimers that are noncovalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the CD49 family (CD49a-f). CD29 is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for all of the very late activation antigens on cells. (from: Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p164)

UI = D019012

 

Antigens, CD3

MS = Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

UI = D017252

 

Antigens, CD30

MS = Differentiation antigens normally present in a small number of cells in the lymph nodes and tonsils in vivo, but also capable of being induced in a wide range of cells in vitro. They are clinically useful as tumor markers for Ki-1 lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, KI-1) and some cases of LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; and HODGKIN'S DISEASE.

AN = human differentiation antigens only

UI = D017730

 

Antigens, CD31

MS = Cell adhesion molecules present on virtually all monocytes, platelets, and granulocytes. CD31 is highly expressed on endothelial cells and concentrated at the junctions between them.

UI = D019408

 

Antigens, CD34

MS = Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

AN = differentiation antigens

UI = D018952

 

Antigens, CD36

MS = Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on monocytes, endothelial cells, platelets, mammary epithelial cells, and a variety of cultured cell lines. They play major roles in adhesion phenomena, signal transduction, and hematopathology. CD36 is also the receptor for thrombospondin and malaria-infected erythrocytes.

AN = differentiation antigens

UI = D018955

 

Antigens, CD4

MS = 55-kD Glycoproteins originally defined as differentiation antigens on T-lymphocytes, but also found on other cells including monocytes/macrophages. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as HIV receptors, binding directly to the envelope protein gp120 on HIV.

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens; human differentiation antigens only: for mouse use ANTIGENS, DIFFERENTIATION, T-LYMPHOCYTE

UI = D015704

 

Antigens, CD40

MS = Differentiation antigens found on all mature B-lymphocytes and some epithelial cells, carcinomas, and lymphoid dendritic cells. This is a member of the TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR superfamily. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers.

UI = D019013

 

Antigens, CD44

MS = Acidic sulfated integral membrane glycoproteins expressed in several alternatively spliced and variable glycosylated forms on a wide variety of cell types including mature T-cells, B-cells, medullary thymocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, erythrocytes, and fibroblasts. CD44 antigens are the principle cell surface receptors for hyaluronate and this interaction mediates binding of lymphocytes to high endothelial venules. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)

AN = lymphocyte homing receptors

UI = D018960

 

Antigens, CD45

MS = High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of all leukocytes and their hemopoietic progenitors. The CD45 family consists of multiple members that are all products of a single gene. CD45 expression is necessary for signalling through the T-cell receptor.

AN = human & mouse differentiation antigens

UI = D017493

 

Antigens, CD5

MS = Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens; but read MeSH definition

UI = D018956

 

Antigens, CD55

MS = Glycoproteins broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 prevents the assembly of C3 convertase or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex.

AN = differentiation antigens

UI = D018958

 

Antigens, CD56

MS = The 140-kD isoform of NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) containing a transmembrane domain and short cytoplasmic tail. It is expressed by all lymphocytes mediating non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity and is present on some neural tissues and tumors.

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

UI = D019002

 

Antigens, CD57

MS = Oligosaccharide antigenic determinants found principally on NK cells and T-cells. Their role in the immune response is poorly understood.

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

UI = D018959

 

Antigens, CD58

MS = Glycoproteins with a wide distribution on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and strongly expressed on macrophages. CD58 mediates cell adhesion by binding to CD2; (ANTIGENS, CD2); and this enhances antigen-specific T-cell activation.

AN = differentiation antigens

UI = D018968

 

Antigens, CD59

MS = Small glycoproteins found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to C8 and C9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. (From Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p234)

UI = D018957

 

Antigens, CD7

MS = Differentiation antigens expressed on pluripotential hematopoietic cells, most human thymocytes, and a major subset of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes. They have been implicated in integrin-mediated cellular adhesion and as signalling receptors on T-cells.

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

UI = D019011

 

Antigens, CD8

MS = Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.

AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens

UI = D016827

 

Antigens, CD80

MS = The natural ligand for the T-cell antigen CD28; (ANTIGENS, CD28); mediating T- and B-cell adhesion. CD80 is expressed on activated B-cells and gamma-interferon-stimulated monocytes. The binding of CD80 to CD28 and CTLA-4 provides a co-stimulatory signal to T-cells and leads to greatly upregulated lymphokine production.

AN = differentiation antigens

UI = D018122

 

Antigens, CD95

MS = Differentiation antigens expressed on a variety of cell lines including myeloid and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Their primary role is to regulate peripheral immune responses, which is achieved by triggering APOPTOSIS.

AN = in X ref FAS ANTIGENS, fas stands for Folic Acid Synthesis

UI = D019014

 

Antigens, CD98

MS = A heterodimeric protein that is a cell surface antigen associated with lymphocyte activation. The initial characterization of this protein revealed one identifiable heavy chain (CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) and an indeterminate smaller light chain. It is now known that a variety of light chain subunits (CD98 LIGHT CHAINS) can dimerize with the heavy chain. Depending upon its light chain composition a diverse array of functions can be found for this protein. Functions include: type L amino acid transport, type y+L amino acid transport and regulation of cellular fusion.

UI = D027261

 

Antigens, CD98 Heavy Chain

MS = A transmembrane glycoprotein subunit that can dimerize with a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS CD98, LIGHT CHAINS). This protein subunit serves a diverse array of functions including amino acid transport and cell fusion. Its function is altered depending which of the light chain subunits it interacts with.

UI = D027282

 

Antigens, CD98 Light Chains

MS = A family of light chains that bind to the CD98 heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) to form a heterodimer. They convey functional specificity to the protein.

UI = D027301

 

Antigens, Dermatophagoides

MS = Antigens from the house dust mites (DERMATOPHAGOIDES), mainly D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus. They are proteins, found in mite feces or mite extracts, that can cause ASTHMA and other allergic diseases such as perennial rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL) and atopic dermatitis (DERMATITIS, ATOPIC). More than 11 groups of Dermatophagoides ALLERGENS have been defined. Group I allergens, such as Der f I and Der p I from the above two species, are among the strongest mite immunogens in humans.

AN = coordinate with ALLERGENS if pertinent

UI = D039741

 

Antigens, Differentiation

MS = Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.

AN = GEN: prefer specific groups & specific differentiation antigens; note X ref LEU ANTIGENS but several specific Leu antigens are also available; DF: ANTIGENS DIFFER

UI = D000943

 

Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte

MS = Membrane antigens associated with maturation stages of B-lymphocytes, often expressed in tumors of B-cell origin.

AN = DF: B CELL DIFFER ANTIGENS

UI = D000944

 

Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic

MS = Surface antigens expressed on myeloid cells of the granulocyte-monocyte-histiocyte series during differentiation. Analysis of their reactivity in normal and malignant myelomonocytic cells is useful in identifying and classifying human leukemias and lymphomas.

AN = DF: MM DIFFER ANTIGENS or ANTIGENS DIFFER MM

UI = D015214

 

Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte

MS = Antigens expressed on the cell membrane of T-lymphocytes during differentiation, activation, and normal and neoplastic transformation. Their phenotypic characterization is important in differential diagnosis and studies of thymic ontogeny and T-cell function.

AN = DF: T CELL DIFFER ANTIGENS

UI = D000945

 

Antigens, Fungal

MS = Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.

AN = coord IM with specific fungus /immunol (IM)

UI = D000946

 

Antigens, Helminth

MS = Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.

AN = coord IM with specific helminth /immunol (IM)

UI = D000947

 

Antigens, Heterophile

MS = Antigens stimulating the formation of, or combining with heterophile antibodies. They are cross-reacting antigens found in phylogenetically unrelated species.

AN = coord IM with specific antigen/organism heading (IM)

UI = D015478

 

Antigens, Human Platelet

MS = Human alloantigens expressed only on platelets, specifically on platelet membrane glycoproteins. These platelet-specific antigens are immunogenic and can result in pathological reactions to transfusion therapy.

AN = restrict to antigens expressed on only platelets: do not confuse with HLA & other antigens expressed on platelets or other blood cells

UI = D016824

 

Antigens, Ly

MS = A group of lymphocyte surface antigens differentially located on subpopulations of mouse lymphocytes. This localization has been useful in distinguishing different functional subpopulations of lymphocytes. For example, cytotoxic T-cells bear primarily Lyt-23 on their surface and not Lyt-1, whereas helper cells bear Lyt-1 and not Lyt-23.

UI = D000950

 

Antigens, Neoplasm

MS = Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

AN = coord IM with required neopl coords with /immunol (IM); Manual 24.4.4.1+

UI = D000951

 

Antigens, Nuclear

MS = Immunologically detectable substances found in the CELL NUCLEUS.

AN = coord NIM with specific antigen/organism heading (IM)

UI = D034961

 

Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming

MS = Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.

AN = coord IM with specific polyoma virus /immunol (IM); DF: PVTA

UI = D000952

 

Antigens, Protozoan

MS = Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

AN = coord IM with specific protozoan /immunol (IM)

UI = D000953

 

Antigens, Surface

MS = Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

AN = coord NIM with specific antigen/organism heading (IM)

UI = D000954

 

Antigens, T-Independent

MS = Antigens which may directly stimulate B lymphocytes without the cooperation of T lymphocytes.

UI = D000955

 

Antigens, Thy-1

MS = A group of differentiation surface antigens, among the first to be discovered on thymocytes and T-lymphocytes. Originally identified in the mouse, they are also found in other species including humans, and are expressed on brain neurons and other cells.

AN = differentiation antigens; Thy stands for "THYmocyte"

UI = D018800

 

Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate

MS = Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: note short X ref

UI = D015295

 

Antigens, Viral

MS = Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

AN = coord IM with specific virus /immunol (IM)

UI = D000956

 

Antigens, Viral, Tumor

MS = Those proteins recognized by antibodies from serum of animals bearing tumors induced by viruses; these proteins are presumably coded for by the nucleic acids of the same viruses that caused the neoplastic transformation.

AN = coord IM with specific virus /immunol (IM)

UI = D000957

 

Antigua

MS = An island in the Lesser Antilles, one of the Leeward Islands. With Barbuda and Redonda, an uninhabited island, it constitutes the independent state of Antigua and Barbuda. Its capital is St. Johns. It was discovered by Columbus in 1493, settled by the English in 1632, occupied by the French in 1666, returned to the British in 1667, became self-governing in 1967 and independent in 1981. It was named by Columbus after the church of Santa Maria la Antigua (St. Mary the Ancient) in Seville. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p56; Antigua and Barbuda Embassy (telephone 202-362-5122); Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p24)

AN = an island in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies

UI = D000958

 

Antihypertensive Agents

MS = Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE), ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

AN = consider also HYPERTENSION /drug ther

UI = D000959

 

Antilipemic Agents

MS = Substances used to treat HYPERLIPIDEMIA.

UI = D000960

 

Antilymphocyte Serum

MS = Serum containing gamma-globulins which are antibodies for lymphocyte antigens. It is used both as a test for histocompatibility and therapeutically in transplantation.

AN = antithymocyte & anti-theta serum: ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM (IM) + T LYMPHOCYTES /immunol (IM); for "lymphocytotoxins" check text: if antibody to lymphocytes index under ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM, if toxin released by lymphocyte index under LYMPHOTOXIN

UI = D000961

 

Antimalarials

MS = Agents used in the treatment of malaria. They are usually classified on the basis of their action against plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1585)

AN = consider also PLASMODIUM /drug eff & MALARIA /drug ther or pertinent specifics

UI = D000962

 

Antimanic Agents

MS = Agents that are used to treat bipolar disorders or mania associated with other affective disorders.

AN = tranquilizing agents; consider also BIPOLAR DISORDER /drug ther

UI = D018692

 

Antimetabolites

MS = Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)

UI = D000963

 

Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic

MS = Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy.

AN = TN 4: relation to ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS

UI = D000964

 

Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides

MS = Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most s