Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
A
RETURN TO INDEX Abattoirs
MS = Places where animals are slaughtered and dressed for market.
UI = D000003
Abbreviated Injury Scale
MS = Classification system for assessing impact injury severity developed and published by the American Association for Automotive Medicine. It is the system of choice for coding single injuries and is the foundation for methods assessing multiple injuries or for assessing cumulative effects of more than one injury. These include Maximum AIS (MAIS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and Probability of Death Score (PODS).
AN = no qualif
UI = D015998
Abbreviations
MS = Shortened forms of written words or phrases used for brevity.
AN = includes acronyms; IM; no qualif
UI = D000004
Abbreviations [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of lists of shortened forms of written words or phrases used for brevity. Acronyms are included here.
UI = D020463
Abdomen
MS = That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; abdom muscles = ABDOMINAL MUSCLES but RECTUS ABDOMINIS is available; abdominal pain = ABDOMINAL PAIN; abrupt dis requiring emerg surg = ABDOMEN, ACUTE
UI = D000005
Abdomen, Acute
MS = Clinical syndrome characterized by abdominal pain of great severity associated with other symptoms and signs, usually those of acute peritonitis, which might well be the result of a ruptured abdominal viscus or a similar abdominal catastrophe requiring urgent surgical operation.
AN = do not confuse with ABDOMINAL PAIN
UI = D000006
Abdominal Abscess
MS = An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = for coord read note on ABSCESS
UI = D018784
Abdominal Cavity
MS = The region in the abdomen extending from the thoracic DIAPHRAGM to the plane of the superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet). The abdominal cavity contains the PERITONEUM and abdominal VISCERA, as well as the extraperitoneal space which includes the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.
AN = prefer specifics; ABDOMEN is also available, use author's language
UI = D034841
Abdominal Injuries
MS = General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.
AN = general term for inj of organs in the abdom cavity; prefer specific organs /inj
UI = D000007
Abdominal Muscles
MS = Muscles forming the ABDOMINAL WALL including RECTUS ABDOMINIS, external and internal oblique muscles, transversus abdominis, and quadratus abdominis. (from Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = RECTUS ABDOMINIS is available; hernia = HERNIA, VENTRAL; /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D000009
Abdominal Neoplasms
AN = general term for neopl of organs in the abdom cavity; prefer specific organ/neopl terms; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl if given (IM)
UI = D000008
Abdominal Pain
MS = Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.
AN = do not confuse with ABDOMEN, ACUTE for abrupt abdom dis requiring emerg surg
UI = D015746
Abdominal Wall
MS = The outer margins of the ABDOMEN, extending from the osteocartilaginous thoracic cage to the PELVIS. Though its major part is muscular, the abdominal wall consists of at least seven layers: the SKIN, subcutaneous fat, deep FASCIA; ABDOMINAL MUSCLES, transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fat, and the parietal PERITONEUM.
UI = D034861
Abducens Nerve
MS = The 6th cranial nerve. The abducens nerve originates in the abducens nucleus of the pons and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the eye. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control.
AN = neopl = ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES (IM) + CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D000010
Abducens Nerve Diseases
MS = Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. The nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure or orbit. Dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and ESOTROPIA. Common conditions associated with nerve injury include INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ISCHEMIA; and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.
AN = neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D020434
Abducens Nerve Injury
MS = Traumatic injury to the abducens, or sixth, cranial nerve. Injury to this nerve results in lateral rectus muscle weakness or paralysis. The nerve may be damaged by closed or penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA or by facial trauma involving the orbit.
UI = D020222
Abelmoschus
MS = A plant genus of the family MALVACEAE, order Malvales, subclass Dilleniidae best known for okra.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028483
Abelson murine leukemia virus
MS = A replication-defective strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) capable of transforming lymphoid cells and producing a rapidly progressing lymphoid leukemia after superinfection with FRIEND, MALONEY, or RAUSCHER MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS.
AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM)
UI = D000011
Abetalipoproteinemia
MS = A disorder of lipid metabolism inherited as an autosomal recessive trait characterized by the near absence of APOLIPOPROTEINS B and apoB-containing lipoproteins in plasma. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein is deficient or absent in enterocytes. Clinical and laboratory findings include acanthocytosis, hypocholesterolemia, peripheral neuropathy, posterior column degeneration, ataxia, and steatorrhea. Intellectual abilities may also be impaired. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p118; Curr Opin Lipidol 1994 Apr;5(2):81-6)
AN = do not confuse with HYPOBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA
UI = D000012
Abies
MS = A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. Balm of Gilead is a common name more often referring to POPULUS and sometimes to COMMIPHORA.
AN = DOUGLAS FIR see PSEUDOTSUGA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028202
Abnormalities
MS = Congenital malformations of organs or parts.
AN = GEN only: prefer /abnorm: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.1; do not use /compl /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; policy: Manual 23.20+; TN 109: relation to /congen & INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D000013
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
MS = Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.
AN = IM; do not use /chem ind /compl /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific chem /adv eff-pois-tox (IM) + specific organ /abnorm or specific abnorm /chem ind (IM); Manual 23.20.3
UI = D000014
Abnormalities, Multiple
AN = IM; do not use /compl /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific abnorm (IM); Manual 23.20.2
UI = D000015
Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced
MS = Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.
AN = IM; do not use /compl /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific abnorm (IM)
UI = D000016
ABO Blood-Group System
MS = The major human blood type system which depends on the presence or absence of two antigens A and B. Type O occurs when neither A nor B is present and AB when both are present. A and B are genetic factors that determine the presence of enzymes for the synthesis of certain glycoproteins mainly in the red cell membrane.
AN = IM; coord with disease /blood (IM), not /immunol nor /genet; TN 230
UI = D000017
Abomasum
MS = The fourth stomach of ruminating animals. It is also called the "true" stomach. It is an elongated pear-shaped sac lying on the floor of the abdomen, on the right-hand side, and roughly between the seventh and twelfth ribs. It leads to the beginning of the small intestine. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)
AN = a ruminant's 4th stomach; dis: coord IM with STOMACH DISEASES /vet (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type /vet (IM); ulcer: coord IM with STOMACH ULCER /vet (IM)
UI = D000018
Aborigines
MS = Native inhabitants or indigenous individuals of a country.
AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent; for Australian aborigines as a racial group index under ABORIGINES (IM) + AUSTRALOID RACE (IM) + AUSTRALIA or specific Australian territory; for Australian aborigines as an ethnic group, index under ABORIGINES (IM) + AUSTRALIA or specific Australian territory
UI = D016359
Aborted Fetus
MS = A mammalian fetus expelled by INDUCED ABORTION or SPONTANEOUS ABORTION.
UI = D037881
Abortifacient Agents
MS = Chemical substances that interrupt pregnancy after implantation.
AN = do not use /ther use for use of abortifacients as abortifacients
UI = D000019
Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal
MS = Non-steroidal chemical compounds with abortifacient activity.
AN = do not use /ther use for use of the abortifacients as abortifacients
UI = D000020
Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal
MS = Steroidal compounds with abortifacient activity.
AN = do not use /ther use for use of the abortifacients as abortifacients
UI = D000021
Abortion Applicants
MS = Individuals requesting induced abortions.
AN = don't forget also check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D000023
Abortion, Criminal
MS = Illegal termination of pregnancy.
AN = don't forget also check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY; for abortifacients in crim abort see note on ABORTION, INDUCED
UI = D000024
Abortion, Eugenic
MS = Abortion performed because of possible fetal defects.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; don't forget also check tags HUMAN or ANIMAL & FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D000025
Abortion, Habitual
MS = Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.
UI = D000026
Abortion, Incomplete
MS = Abortion in which not all the products of conception have been expelled.
AN = not all conception products are expelled; restrict to spontaneous, not induced abortions; don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D000027
Abortion, Induced
MS = Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; for use of an abortifacient here or in ABORTION, CRIMINAL, coord IM with abortifacient agent (IM with no qualif, not /adv eff unless text specifically discusses adverse eff); don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D000028
Abortion, Legal
MS = Termination of pregnancy under conditions allowed under local laws. (POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991)
AN = /adv eff permitted; do not use /util (except by MeSH definition) /vet; don't forget also HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D000029
Abortion, Missed
MS = The retention in the uterus of a dead fetus two months or more after its death.
AN = dead fetus retained 2 or more months; /prev /ther /vet permitted; don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D000030
Abortion, Septic
MS = Infected abortion in which there is dissemination of microorganisms and their products into the maternal systemic circulation.
AN = infected abortion; /prev /ther permitted; /vet permitted only if discussed as "septic" abortion: do not use automatically for animal abortion in brucellosis, vibriosis, trichomoniasis, etc. in animals; don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D000031
Abortion, Spontaneous
MS = Expulsion of the products of conception before the completion of gestation without deliberate interference.
AN = /chem ind permitted but do not confuse with ABORTION, INDUCED (E4); /chem ind: consider also ABORTIFACIENT AGENTS; don't forget also check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D000022
Abortion, Therapeutic
MS = Abortion induced to save the life or health of a pregnant woman. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; don't forget also check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D000032
Abortion, Threatened
MS = Condition of vaginal bleeding with or without pain in early pregnancy which may presage an abortion.
AN = pain & bleeding in early pregn heralding abortion; /prev /ther /vet permitted; don't forget check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D000033
Abortion, Veterinary
MS = Premature expulsion of the fetus in animals.
AN = IM + specific type of abortion with /vet (NIM); don't forget also check tags ANIMAL & FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D000034
Abreaction
MS = A process in psychotherapy in which the patient is "desensitized" to emotionally painful, often forgotten (repressed) memories by recalling and reacting to them in the "safety" of the treatment setting.
AN = no qualif
UI = D000035
Abrin
MS = A toxic lectin from the seeds of jequirity, Abrus precatorius L. Very active poison. Five different proteins have so far been isolated: Abrus agglutinin, the component responsible for hemagglutininating activity, & abrins a-d, the toxic principles each consisting of two peptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds.
UI = D000036
Abruptio Placentae
MS = Premature separation of the normally implanted placenta.
AN = premature separation of placenta; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D000037
Abrus
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members contain ABRIN.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029912
Abscess
MS = Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.
AN = IM; coord IM with site (organ/dis term) (IM) + precoord organism/infect term (IM); if unspecified bacterial abscess do not coord with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (since most abscesses are bact) but coord with specific bact infect term if given (as ABSCESS + STAPH INFECTIONS)
UI = D000038
Abscisic Acid
MS = Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.
UI = D000040
Absenteeism
MS = Chronic absence from work or other duty.
AN = IM; no qualif
UI = D000041
Absidia
MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi, family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES, which sometimes causes infection in humans.
AN = infection: coord IM with MUCORMYCOSIS (IM)
UI = D020095
Absinthe
MS = An extract of absinthium and other bitter herbs, containing 60% alcohol. Prolonged ingestion causes nervousness, convulsions, trismus, amblyopia, optic neuritis, and mental deterioration. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = an alcoholic beverage
UI = D018646
Absorbable Implants
MS = Implants constructed of materials designed to be absorbed by the body without producing an immune response. They are usually composed of plastics and are frequently used in orthopedics and orthodontics.
AN = coord with substance if emphasized
UI = D020341
Absorbent Pads
MS = Pads made of various materials used for personal hygiene usually for absorbing URINE or FECES. They can be worn as underpants or pants liners by various age groups, from NEWBORNS to the ELDERLY. Absorbent pads can be made of fluff wood pulp and HYDROGEL absorbent covered with viscose rayon, polyester, polypropylene, or POLYETHYLENE coverstock.
UI = D041342
Absorptiometry, Photon
MS = A noninvasive method for quantitating bone mineral content. It is used especially in the diagnosis of osteoporosis and also in measuring bone mineralization in infants.
AN = NIM; measures bone mineral content; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D015502
Absorption
MS = The taking in or incorporation of gaseous or liquid substances, light, or heat. It includes the metabolic absorption of exogenous nutrients, chemicals, and drugs into microorganisms, tissues, and organs.
AN = almost never IM; coord NIM with substance /pharmacokin (IM) or organ /metab (IM) when absorptive process, degree or rate in article; TN 1: relation to metab & importance in pharmacol
UI = D000042
Abstracting and Indexing
MS = Shortening or summarizing of documents; assigning of descriptors for referencing documents.
AN = IM; med abstracting & indexing: do not coord with MEDICINE; do not confuse with Publication Type ABSTRACTS OR MEETING ABSTRACTS
UI = D000043
Abstracts [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of lists of publications on a subject and that provide full annotated bibliographical information together with substantive summaries or condensations of the facts, ideas, or opinions presented in each publication listed. (From LC Subject Cataloging Manual)
UI = D020504
Acacia
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The gums and tanning agents obtained from Acacia are called GUM ARABIC. The common name of catechu is more often used for Areca catechu (ARECA).
AN = acacia pharmaceut agents are probably GUM ARABIC; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D000045
Academic Dissertations [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of formal presentations made usually to fulfill requirements for an academic degree.
AN = publication type only; for acad dissertations as a subject, index under main heading DISSERTATIONS, ACADEMIC; used by History of Medicine Division and special data producers only
UI = D019478
Academic Medical Centers
MS = Medical complexes consisting of medical school, hospitals, clinics, libraries, administrative facilities, etc.
AN = specify geog; DF: ACAD MED CENTERS
UI = D000046
Academies and Institutes
MS = Organizations representing specialized fields which are accepted as authoritative; may be non-governmental, university or an independent research organization, e.g., National Academy of Sciences, Brookings Institution, etc.
AN = not for educ acad & institutes ( = SCHOOLS or its indentions); Acad of Med: do not index also under MEDICINE; NY Acad of Med: when geog coord needed use NEW YORK CITY; DF: ACADEMIES
UI = D000047
Acanthaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Scrophulariales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. It is characterized by simple leaves in opposite pairs, cystoliths (enlarged cells containing crystals of calcium carbonate), and bilaterally symmetrical and bisexual flowers that are usually crowded together.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027901
Acanthamoeba
MS = A genus of free-living soil amoebae that produces no flagellate stage. Its organisms are pathogens for several infections in humans and have been found in the eye, bone, brain, and respiratory tract.
AN = infection: coord IM with AMEBIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D000048
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
MS = Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.
AN = note category: a corneal dis: do not confuse with KERATOACANTHOMA, a skin dis
UI = D015823
Acanthocephala
MS = A phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: Moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and Macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine.
AN = infection: coord IM with HELMINTHIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D000049
Acanthocytes
MS = Erythrocytes with protoplasmic projections giving the cell a thorny appearance.
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D000050
Acantholysis
MS = Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see PEMPHIGUS) and KERATOSIS FOLLICULARIS.
AN = ACANTHOLYSIS BULLOSA see EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA is also available
UI = D000051
Acanthopanax
MS = A plant genus of the family ARALIACEAE. Ciwujia extract, which is prepared from plants of this genus, contains ciwujianosides and is used to enhance PHYSICAL ENDURANCE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031065
Acanthopodina
MS = A suborder of ameboid protozoa. Characteristics include subpseudopodia that are more or less finely tipped, occasionally filiform, commonly furcate hyaline, and produced from a broad hyaline lobe. Cysts are usually formed and nuclear division is mesomitotic or metamitotic.
AN = a suborder of protozoa
UI = D016842
Acanthosis Nigricans
MS = A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.
AN = a type of melanosis
UI = D000052
Acarbose
MS = An inhibitor of alpha glucosidase that retards the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine and hence reduces the increase in blood-glucose concentrations after a carbohydrate load. It is given orally to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients where diet modification or oral hypoglycemic agents do not control their condition. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
UI = D020909
Acari
MS = A large, subclass of arachnids comprising the MITES and TICKS, including parasites of plants, animals, and humans, as well as several important disease vectors.
AN = acaricides: index under INSECTICIDES even though Acari are not insects
UI = D000053
Acaridae
MS = Family of MITES, in the superfamily Acaroidea, order Astigmata. They are frequently found in cereal-based foodstuffs including GRAIN and FLOUR.
UI = D040041
Acatalasia
MS = A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of CATALASE activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present.
UI = D020642
Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm
MS = A transient and intermittent type of arrhythmia with episodes lasting from a few seconds to a minute which usually occurs in patients with acute myocardial infarction or with digitalis toxicity. Suppressive therapy is rarely necessary because the ventricular rate is generally less than 100 beats per minute.
AN = a supraventric tachycardia; DF: note short X ref
UI = D016170
Acceleration
AN = IM
UI = D000054
Access to Information
MS = Individual's rights to obtain and use information collected or generated by others.
UI = D022126
Accessory Nerve
MS = The 11th cranial nerve. The accessory nerve originates from neurons in the medulla and in the cervical spinal cord. It has a cranial root, which joins the vagus (10th cranial) nerve and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the larynx, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Damage to the nerve produces weakness in head rotation and shoulder elevation.
AN = neopl = ACCESSORY NERVE DISEASES (IM) + CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D000055
Accessory Nerve Diseases
MS = Diseases of the eleventh cranial (spinal accessory) nerve. This nerve originates from motor neurons in the lower medulla (accessory portion of nerve) and upper spinal cord (spinal portion of nerve). The two components of the nerve join and exit the skull via the jugular foramen, innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, which become weak or paralyzed if the nerve is injured. The nerve is commonly involved in MOTOR NEURON DISEASE, and may be injured by trauma to the posterior triangle of the neck.
AN = neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D020436
Accident Prevention
AN = no qualif
UI = D000056
Accident Proneness
MS = Tendency toward involvement in accidents. Implies certain personality characteristics which predispose to accidents.
AN = no qualif
UI = D000057
Accidental Falls
MS = Falls due to slipping or tripping which result in injury.
AN = coord IM with specific inj (IM) if pertinent
UI = D000058
Accidents
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D000059
Accidents, Aviation
AN = IM; coord with specific inj (IM)
UI = D000060
Accidents, Home
AN = IM; coord with specific inj (IM)
UI = D000061
Accidents, Occupational
MS = Unforeseen occurrences, especially of an injurious character due to factors involving one's employment. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p10)
AN = IM; coord with specific occupation (IM); DF: ACCIDENTS OCCUP
UI = D000062
Accidents, Radiation
MS = Accidental dispersal of radioactive materials from a radiation source. Accidents at nuclear reactors can involve large groups of the population from dispersion of radioactivity into the environment and through fallout or a few individuals with high injurious doses.
AN = usually accidents & exposure at nuclear reactors so do not index also under NUCLEAR REACTORS; specify other rad source (IM); IM; coord with specific inj or med aspect (IM); do not index here for rad inj during radiother or radiodiag: index under specific radiother or radiodiag heading; specify geog; DF: ACCIDENTS RAD
UI = D018788
Accidents, Traffic
MS = Accidents on streets, roads, and highways involving drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or vehicles. Traffic accidents refer to AUTOMOBILES (passenger cars, buses, and trucks), BICYCLING, and MOTORCYCLES but not OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES; RAILROADS nor snowmobiles.
AN = implies automobile accid so do not coord with AUTOMOBILES unless the auto is especially discussed; coord IM with BICYCLING (IM) or MOTORCYCLES (IM) if pertinent; not for railroad accidents ( = RAILROADS + ACCIDENTS) or all-terrain vehicles, motorbikes or snowmobiles ( = OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES + ACCIDENTS)
UI = D000063
Acclimatization
MS = Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.
AN = includes to climate, altitude, weather but not to gravity ( = ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL)
UI = D000064
Accommodation, Ocular
MS = The dioptric adjustment of the eye (to attain maximal sharpness of retinal imagery for an object of regard) referring to the ability, to the mechanism, or to the process. It is the effecting of refractive changes by changes in the shape of the crystalline lens. Loosely, it refers to ocular adjustments for vision at various distances. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
AN = adjustment of lens to distance; do not confuse with ADAPTATION, OCULAR, adjustment of eye to light
UI = D000065
Account Books [Publication Type]
MS = Books in which personal or commercial accounts of financial transactions are recorded. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = publication type only; for account books as a subject, index under main heading ACCOUNTING
UI = D019479
Accounting
MS = System of recording financial transactions.
AN = IM; coord with SPEC (IM) or specific financial endeavor (IM)
UI = D000066
Accounts Payable and Receivable
MS = Short-term debt obligations and assets occurring in the regular course of operational transactions.
AN = no qualif; DF: ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
UI = D000067
Accreditation
MS = Certification as complying with a standard set by non-governmental organizations, applied for by institutions, programs, and facilities on a voluntary basis.
AN = by the profession; do not confuse with LICENSURE (by the state)
UI = D000068
Acculturation
MS = Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilates various cultural patterns from another.
AN = no qualif
UI = D000069
Acebutolol
MS = A cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.
UI = D000070
Acecainide
MS = A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.
UI = D000120
Acedapsone
MS = Acetylated sulfone that is slowly metabolized to give long-term, low blood levels of DAPSONE. It has antimicrobial and antimalarial action, but is mainly used as a depot leprostatic agent.
UI = D000072
Acenaphthenes
MS = Tricyclic ethylene-bridged naphthalene derivatives. They are found in petroleum residues and coal tar and used as dye intermediates, in the manufacture of plastics, and in insecticides and fungicides.
AN = aromatic hydrocarbons
UI = D000073
Acenocoumarol
MS = A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233)
UI = D000074
Acepromazine
MS = A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of psychoses.
UI = D000075
Acer
MS = A plant genus of the family ACERACEAE, best known for trees with palmately lobed leaves.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031002
Aceraceae
MS = A plant family of the order Sapindales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Leaves are opposite and usually toothed or lobed. The fruit, a samara (a winged nutlet), splits into two (rarely three) winged, one-seeded parts. This family is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031001
Acetabularia
MS = A genus of green algae found in the Mediterranean and other warm seas.
AN = a green alga
UI = D000076
Acetabulum
AN = point of union of the 3 pelvic bones; do not confuse with HIP or HIP JOINT or PELVIC BONES; fract = ACETABULUM /inj (IM) + FRACTURES (IM)
UI = D000077
Acetaldehyde
MS = A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.
UI = D000079
Acetals
UI = D000080
Acetamides
MS = Derivatives of acetamide that are used as solvents, as mild irritants, and in organic synthesis.
UI = D000081
Acetaminophen
MS = Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.
UI = D000082
Acetanilides
MS = N-Phenylacetamide. Precursor of many drugs, dyes and other compounds in chemical synthesis; formerly used as analgesic and antipyretic, but often causes lethal methemoglobinemia. Synonyms: acetylaniline; acetylaminobenzene; antifebrin.
UI = D000083
Acetate Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of acetate in the presence of a divalent cation and ATP with the formation of acetylphosphate and ADP. It is important in the glycolysis process. EC 2.7.2.1.
UI = D000084
Acetate-CoA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of CoA derivatives from ATP, acetate, and CoA to form AMP, pyrophosphate, and acetyl CoA. It acts also on propionates and acrylates. EC 6.2.1.1.
UI = D000106
Acetates
MS = Salts or esters of acetic acid in which the terminal hydrogen atom is replaced by a metal, for instance copper acetate Cu(CH3COO)2, or where substitution is by a radical, for instance ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H5. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D000085
Acetazolamide
MS = One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)
UI = D000086
Acetic Acid
MS = Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = do not confuse with ACETIC ACIDS
UI = D019342
Acetic Acids
MS = Acetic acid and its derivatives which may be formed by substitution reactions. Mono- and di-substituted, as well as halogenated compounds have been synthesized.
AN = do not confuse with ACETIC ACID; note X ref ACETIC ACID ESTERS see ACETATES; acetic acid salts = ACETATES
UI = D000088
Acetic Anhydrides
MS = Compounds used extensively as acetylation, oxidation and dehydrating agents and in the modification of proteins and enzymes.
UI = D000089
Acetoacetates
MS = Salts and derivatives of acetoacetic acid.
UI = D000090
Acetobacter
MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria of the family ACETOBACTERACEAE found in flowers and fruits. Cells are ellipsoidal to rod-shaped and straight or slightly curved.
AN = do not confuse with Acetobacterium ( = GRAM-POSITIVE ASPOROGENOUS RODS, IRREGULAR)
UI = D000091
Acetobacteraceae
MS = A family of gram-negative aerobic bacteria consisting of ellipsoidal to rod-shaped cells that occur singly, in pairs, or in chains.
UI = D016947
Acetohexamide
MS = A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.
UI = D000092
Acetoin
MS = A product of fermentation. It is a component of the butanediol cycle in microorganisms. In mammals it is oxidized to carbon dioxide.
UI = D000093
Acetoin Dehydrogenase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoin to diacetyl in the presence of NAD. EC 1.1.1.5.
UI = D000094
Acetolactate Synthase
MS = A flavoprotein that catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from 2 moles of pyruvate in the biosynthesis of valine and the formation of acetohydroxybutyrate from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate in the biosynthesis of isoleucine. EC 4.1.3.18.
UI = D000095
Acetone
MS = A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis.
AN = acetonemia & acetonuria go under KETONE BODIES
UI = D000096
Acetonitriles
MS = Compounds in which a methyl group is attached to the cyano moiety.
UI = D000097
Acetophenones
UI = D000098
Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene
MS = An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.
UI = D000099
Acetrizoic Acid
MS = An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.
UI = D000100
Acetyl Coenzyme A
MS = Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.
AN = do not confuse with ACYL COENZYME A
UI = D000105
Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of acetyl-CoA. EC 2.3.1.9.
AN = do not confuse with ACETYL-COA C-ACYLTRANSFERASE
UI = D000101
Acetyl-CoA C-Acyltransferase
MS = Enzyme that catalyzes the final step of fatty acid oxidation in which acetyl-CoA is released and the CoA ester of a fatty acid two carbons shorter is formed. EC 2.3.1.16.
AN = do not confuse with ACETYL-COA C-ACETYLTRANSFERASE
UI = D000102
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
MS = A carboxylating enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, acetyl-CoA, and HCO3- to ADP, orthophosphate, and malonyl-CoA. It is a biotinyl-protein that also catalyzes transcarboxylation. The plant enzyme also carboxylates propanoyl-CoA and butanoyl-CoA (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.4.1.2.
UI = D000103
Acetyl-CoA Hydrolase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA to yield CoA and acetate. The enzyme is involved in the oxidation of fatty acids. EC 3.1.2.1.
UI = D000104
Acetylation
MS = Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic acetylation: coord NIM with ACETYLTRANSFERASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific acetyltransferase (IM)
UI = D000107
Acetylcarnitine
MS = An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of acetyl CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.
UI = D000108
Acetylcholine
MS = A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000109
Acetylcholinesterase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and ACETATE. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.
AN = reactivation or reactivators: coord NIM (with no qualif) with CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS (IM)
UI = D000110
Acetylcysteine
MS = The N-acetyl derivative of CYSTEINE. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates.
UI = D000111
Acetyldigitoxins
MS = Cardioactive derivatives of lanatoside A or of DIGITOXIN. They are used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure.
AN = do not confuse with ACETYLDIGOXINS
UI = D000112
Acetyldigoxins
MS = Alpha- or beta-acetyl derivatives of DIGOXIN or lanatoside C from Digitalis lanata. They are better absorbed and longer acting than digoxin and are used in congestive heart failure.
AN = Digitalis glycosides; do not confuse with ACETYLDIGITOXINS; alpha isomer & beta isomer go here
UI = D000113
Acetylene
UI = D000114
Acetylesterase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetate esters and water to alcohols and acetate. EC 3.1.1.6.
UI = D000115
Acetylgalactosamine
MS = The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.
UI = D000116
Acetylglucosamine
MS = The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.
UI = D000117
Acetylglucosaminidase
MS = 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxygluco-hydrolase. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucose residues in chitobiose and higher analogs as well as in glycoproteins. Has been used widely in structural studies on bacterial cell walls and in the study of diseases such as mucolipidosis and various inflammatory disorders of muscle and connective tissue.
UI = D000118
Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine
MS = Peptidoglycan immunoadjuvant originally isolated from bacterial cell wall fragments; also acts as pyrogen and may cause arthritis; stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity.
AN = /biosyn permitted; DF: AMAIG
UI = D000119
Acetylserotonin N-Methyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N-acetylserotonin to form N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (MELATONIN). EC 2.1.1.4.
AN = DF: HIOMT
UI = D000121
Acetylthiocholine
MS = An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.
UI = D000122
Acetyltransferases
MS = Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1.
UI = D000123
Achievement
MS = Success in bringing an effort to the desired end; the degree or level of success attained in some specified area (esp. scholastic) or in general.
AN = no qualif
UI = D000124
Achillea
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that has long been used in folk medicine for treating wounds.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031162
Achilles Tendon
AN = rupture = ACHILLES TENDON /inj (IM) + RUPTURE (NIM)
UI = D000125
Achlorhydria
MS = A lack of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice despite stimulation of gastric secretion.
UI = D000126
Acholeplasma
MS = A genus of gram-negative organisms including saprophytic and parasitic or pathogenic species.
UI = D000127
Acholeplasma laidlawii
MS = An organism originally isolated from sewage, manure, humus, and soil, but recently found as a parasite in mammals and birds.
AN = in sewage, dung, soil & animals
UI = D000128
Acholeplasmataceae
MS = Gram-negative organisms including apparently free-living saprophytes as well as mammalian and avian parasites, and possibly pathogens.
AN = free-living saphrophytes & mammalian & avian parasites
UI = D000129
Achondroplasia
MS = An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, genu varum, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)
UI = D000130
Achyranthes
MS = A plant genus of the family AMARANTHACEAE, order Caryophyllales, which has been used in traditional medicine (MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029044
Achyrocline
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain TERPENES and achyrofuran, a prenylated dibenzofuran (BENZOFURANS).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036921
Acid Anhydride Hydrolases
MS = A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds in compounds such as nucleoside di- and tri-phosphates, and sulfonyl-containing anhydrides such as adenylylsulfate. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.6.
UI = D017766
Acid Etching, Dental
MS = Pretreatment of tooth surfaces with etching agents, usually phosphoric acid, to increase the adhesion of various resin systems.
AN = etching of tooth surface to increase adhesion of resins; do not use for etching of metal appliances for better adhesion ( = specific appliance (IM) + METALLURGY (NIM) ); do not use for etching of veneers or resins ( = specific dent restoration); DF: ACID ETCHING DENT
UI = D000134
Acid Phosphatase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.
AN = /defic permitted: TN 222; prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PROSTATE + ACID PHOSPHATASE): do not confuse with PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, a serine proteinase
UI = D000135
Acid Rain
MS = Acidic water usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water.
AN = specify geog if pertinent
UI = D015258
Acid-Base Equilibrium
MS = The balance between acids and bases in the blood plasma. Normally it results in a slightly alkaline state with an excess of hydroxyl ions in comparison to hydrogen. The balance is achieved by the offset of the ingestion and production of acidic and basic material by the amount of acidic and basic material metabolized and excreted by the body.
AN = consider also ACID-BASE IMBALANCE
UI = D000136
Acid-Base Imbalance
MS = Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.
UI = D000137
Acidic Glycosphingolipids
MS = A subclass of GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS containing large polar heads made up of several sugar units. One or more of their terminal sugar units are bound to a negatively charged molecule at pH 7. Members of this class include: GANGLIOSIDES, uronoglycosphingolipids, SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS, phosphoglycosphingolipids, and phosphonoglycosphingolipids.
UI = D020384
Acidosis
MS = A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate) content of the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration (decrease in pH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = an acid-base imbalance; GEN & unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D000138
Acidosis, Lactic
MS = Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as diabetes mellitus, leukemia, or liver failure.
AN = accumulation of lactic acid
UI = D000140
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
MS = A rare sometimes familial disorder of the renal tubule characterized by the inability to excrete urine of normal acidity. This leads to a hyperchloremic acidosis which is often associated with one or more secondary complications such as hypercalcinuria with nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis, rickets, or osteomalacia and severe potassium depletion.
AN = does not include TYPE IV RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS
UI = D000141
Acidosis, Respiratory
MS = Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.
UI = D000142
Acids
MS = Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = GEN; avoid; do not use for specific acids, acid-fast bacteria, acid reactions, etc.
UI = D000143
Acids, Acyclic
MS = Carboxylic acids that have open-chain molecular structures as opposed to ring-shaped structures.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
UI = D000144
Acids, Aldehydic
MS = Dicarboxylic acids in which one of the carboxyl groups (-COOH) has been replaced by an aldehyde group (-CHO).
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
UI = D000145
Acids, Carbocyclic
MS = Carboxylic acids that have a homocyclic ring structure in which all the ring atoms are carbon.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; do not confuse with CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
UI = D000146
Acids, Heterocyclic
MS = A class of acids containing a ring structure in which atleast one atom other than CARBON is incorporated.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
UI = D000147
Acids, Noncarboxylic
MS = Inorganic acids with a non metal, other than carbon, attached to hydrogen, or an acid radical containing no carbon.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
UI = D000148
Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride
MS = A sodium fluoride solution, paste or powder, which has been acidulated to pH 3 to 4 and buffered with a phosphate. It is used in the prevention of dental caries.
UI = D000149
Acinetobacter
MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family NEISSERIACEAE, found in soil and water and of uncertain pathogenicity.
AN = infection = ACINETOBACTER INFECTIONS
UI = D000150
Acinetobacter baumannii
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria, commonly found in the clinical laboratory, and frequently resistant to common antibiotics.
AN = infection: coord IM with ACINETOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D040981
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria found in soil and water. Although considered to be normally nonpathogenic, this bacterium is a causative agent of nosocomial infections, particularly in debilitated individuals.
AN = in soil & water; nosocomial; infection: coord IM with ACINETOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016954
Acinetobacter Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.
AN = gram-neg bact infect
UI = D000151
Acitretin
MS = An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.
UI = D017255
Aclarubicin
MS = An anthracycline antibiotic produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity, especially in the treatment of leukemias, with reduced cardiac toxicity in comparison to daunorubicin or doxorubicin.
UI = D015250
Acne Keloid
MS = A type of acneiform disorder in which secondary pyogenic infection in and around pilosebaceous structures ends in keloidal scarring. It manifests as persistent folliculitis of the back of the neck associated with occlusion of the follicular orifices. It is most often encountered in black or Asian men.
AN = acneiform eruption with keloid scarring
UI = D000153
Acne Rosacea
MS = An acneiform eruption occurring mostly in middle-aged adults and appearing generally on the forehead, cheeks, nose, and chin. Three types are recognized: granulomatous, glandular hyperplastic with rhinophyma, and ocular.
AN = an acneiform eruption
UI = D012393
Acne Vulgaris
MS = A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.
AN = an acneiform eruption
UI = D000152
Acneiform Eruptions
MS = Visible efflorescent lesions of the skin caused by acne or resembling acne. (Dorland, 28th ed, p18, 575)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D017486
Aconitate Hydratase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of cis-aconitate to yield citrate or isocitrate. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.3.
UI = D000154
Aconite
AN = an alkaloid; do not confuse with ACONITINE
UI = D000155
Aconitic Acid
UI = D000156
Aconitine
MS = A alkaloid from the root of Aconitum napellus L. and other aconites. Activates voltage-gated Na+ channels. Has been used to induce arrhythmia in experimental animals. Shows antiinflammatory and antineuralgic properties.
AN = do not confuse with ACONITE
UI = D000157
Aconitum
MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain a number of diterpenoid alkaloids including: aconitans, hypaconitine, ACONITINE, jesaconitine, ignavine, napelline, and mesaconitine.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031841
Acoraceae
MS = A plant family of the order Arales, subclass Arecidae, class Liliopsida (monocot).
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029022
Acorus
MS = A plant genus of the family ACORACEAE, order Arales, subclass Arecidae most notable for Acorus calamus L. root which contains asarone and has been used in traditional medicine.
AN = do not confuse with the Calamus genus = ARECACEAE; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029023
Acoustic Impedance Tests
MS = Objective tests of middle ear function based on the difficulty (impedance) or ease (admittance) of sound flow through the middle ear. These include static impedance and dynamic impedance (i.e., tympanometry and impedance tests in conjunction with intra-aural muscle reflex elicitation). This term is used also for various components of impedance and admittance (e.g., compliance, conductance, reactance, resistance, susceptance).
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D000158
Acoustic Maculae
MS = Thickened areas of the saccule and utricle where the termination of the vestibular nerve occurs.
UI = D008267
Acoustic Stimulation
MS = Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.
UI = D000161
Acoustics
MS = The branch of physics that deals with sound and sound waves. In medicine it is often applied in procedures in speech and hearing studies. With regard to the environment, it refers to the characteristics of a room, auditorium, theatre, building, etc. that determines the audibility or fidelity of sounds in it. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = in speech & hearing research & for the environment (home, hospital, facilities, theater, etc.)
UI = D000162
Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome
MS = Syndrome consisting of synovitis, acne, palmoplantar pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO). The most common site of the disease is the upper anterior chest wall, characterized by predominantly osteosclerotic lesions, hyperostosis, and arthritis of the adjacent joints. The association of sterile inflammatory bone lesions and neutrophilic skin eruptions is indicative of this syndrome.
UI = D020083
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
MS = An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.
AN = caused by HIV; coord IM with HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM) if pertinent; /epidemiol: consider also HIV SEROPREVALENCE; AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS is available if particularly discussed: see note there; for lymphoma with AIDS, use LYMPHOMA, AIDS-RELATED
UI = D000163
Acremonium
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus.
UI = D000164
Acridine Orange
MS = A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D000165
Acridines
AN = D25-26 qualif; acridinamines & acridinylamines = AMINOACRIDINES
UI = D000166
Acriflavine
MS = 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D000167
Acro-Osteolysis
MS = A condition with congenital and acquired forms causing recurrent ulcers in the fingers and toes. The congenital form exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance; the acquired form is found in workers who handle VINYL CHLORIDE. When acro-osteolysis is accompanied by generalized OSTEOPOROSIS and skull deformations, it is called HAJDU-CHENEY SYNDROME.
UI = D030981
Acrocephalosyndactylia
MS = Craniostenosis characterized by acrocephaly and syndactyly, probably occurring as an autosomal dominant trait and usually as a new mutation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = congen deform of skull, fingers & toes; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D000168
Acrodermatitis
MS = Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.
AN = dermatitis of hands or feet so do not bother to coord with HAND DERMATOSES or FOOT DERMATOSES unless particularly discussed
UI = D000169
Acrodynia
MS = A condition seen primarily in childhood, most often resulting from chronic exposure to MERCURY COMPOUNDS which may result in ENCEPHALOPATHY and POLYNEUROPATHY. Clinical features include pain, swelling and pinkish discoloration of the fingers and toes, weakness in the extremities, extreme irritability, HYPERESTHESIA, and alterations in level of consciousness. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p603)
UI = D000170
Acrolein
UI = D000171
Acromegaly
MS = A disorder caused by excessive secretion of GROWTH HORMONE, characterized by bony enlargement of the face (especially prognathism), hands, feet, head, and thorax. Impaired glucose tolerance; HYPERTENSION; ARTHRITIS; diffuse hyperplasia of soft tissues; CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME; visceromegaly; and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS are frequently associated with this condition. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE secreting pituitary ADENOMA (see also PITUITARY NEOPLASMS). (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)
AN = coord with GROWTH HORMONE /secret (in animals) or SOMATROPIN /secret (in humans) if pertinent
UI = D000172
Acromioclavicular Joint
MS = The gliding joint formed by the outer extremity of the CLAVICLE and the inner margin of the acromion process of the SCAPULA.
AN = dislocation: coord (IM) with DISLOCATIONS (IM)
UI = D000173
Acromion
MS = The lateral extension of the spine of the SCAPULA and the highest point of the SHOULDER.
AN = part of the scapula; fracture = ACROMION /inj (IM) + FRACTURES (IM), not SHOULDER FRACTURES
UI = D000174
Acronine
MS = A pyrano-acridone alkaloid found in RUTACEAE plants.
AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant
UI = D000175
Acrosin
MS = A trypsin-like enzyme of spermatozoa which is not inhibited by alpha 1 antitrypsin.
UI = D000176
Acrosome
MS = The cap-like structure covering the anterior portion of SPERM HEAD. Acrosome, derived from LYSOSOMES, is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the required hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes necessary for sperm penetration of the egg in FERTILIZATION.
UI = D000177
Acrosome Reaction
MS = Changes that occur to liberate the enzymes of the ACROSOME of a sperm (SPERMATOZOA). Acrosome reaction allows the sperm to penetrate the ZONA PELLUCIDA and enter the OVUM during FERTILIZATION.
UI = D020101
Acrospiroma, Eccrine
MS = A tumor derived from eccrine sweat duct epithelium which may be intra-epidermal (hidro-acanthoma simplex), juxta-epidermal (eccrine poroma) or intradermal (dermal duct tumor). They are comparatively uncommon. There is no indication that heredity or external agents cause these tumors. (Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2409)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SWEAT GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018250
Acrylamide
MS = A colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile. It is primarily used in research laboratories for electrophoresis, chromatography, and electron microscopy and in the sewage and wastewater treatment industries.
AN = ACRYLAMIDES is also available
UI = D020106
Acrylamides
MS = Colorless, odorless crystals that are used extensively in research laboratories for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis and in organic synthesis, and polymerization. Some of its polymers are used in sewage and wastewater treatment, permanent press fabrics, and as soil conditioning agents.
AN = ACRYLAMIDE is also available
UI = D000178
Acrylates
UI = D000179
Acrylic Resins
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D000180
Acrylonitrile
MS = A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber.
UI = D000181
Actaea
MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Cycloartanes have been found in the rhizomes.
AN = ACTAEA RACEMOSA see CIMICIFUGA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031842
ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic
MS = Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.
AN = caused by "ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms"; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term with /secret (IM) + histol type of neopl /secret (IM)
UI = D000182
Actihaemyl
MS = An extract from calf blood containing inorganic salts, amino acids, polypeptides and purines, but no proteins nor antigenic substances or blood group characteristics. Its exact composition is unknown. It has been proposed as a radiation-protective agent.
UI = D000183
Acting Out
MS = Expressing unconscious emotional conflicts or feelings, often of hostility or love, through overt behavior.
AN = no qualif
UI = D000184
Actinidia
MS = A plant species of the family ACTINIDIACEAE, order Theales.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029042
Actinidiaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Theales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is best known for Kiwi fruit (ACTINIDIA).
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029041
Actinin
MS = A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin.
AN = a muscle & microfilament protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000185
Actinium
MS = Actinium. A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, atomic number 89, and atomic weight 227.0278. Its principal isotope is 227 and decays primarily by beta-emission.
AN = naturally radioactive; IM
UI = D000186
Actinobacillosis
MS = A disease characterized by suppurative and granulomatous lesions in the respiratory tract, upper alimentary tract, skin, kidneys, joints, and other tissues. Actinobacillus lignieresii infects cattle and sheep while A. equuli infects horses and pigs.
AN = a vet dis entity caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii: do not confuse with ACTINOBACILLUS INFECTIONS; check tag ANIMAL
UI = D000187
Actinobacillus
MS = A genus of PASTEURELLACEAE described as gram-negative, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes. Most members are found both as pathogens and commensal organisms in the respiratory, alimentary, and genital tracts of animals.
AN = infection = ACTINOBACILLUS INFECTIONS or ACTINOBACILLOSIS: see notes there
UI = D000188
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic spherical or rod-shaped bacteria that associates with species of ACTINOMYCES in actinomycotic lesions.
AN = for name, see MeSH definition; infection: coord IM with ACTINOBACILLUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: ACTINOBACILLUS ACT
UI = D016976
Actinobacillus Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.
AN = do not confuse with ACTINOBACILLOSIS, a specific vet dis entity caused by A. lignieresii
UI = D000189
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacillus-shaped bacteria that has been isolated from pneumonic lesions and blood. It produces pneumonia with accompanying fibrinous pleuritis in swine.
AN = infection: coord IM with ACTINOBACILLUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016977
Actinobacteria
MS = Class of BACTERIA with diverse morphological properties. Strains of Actinobacteria show greater than 80% 16S rDNA/rRNA sequence similarity among each other and also the presence of certain signature nucleotides. (Stackebrandt E. et al, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1997) 47:479-491)
UI = D039903
Actinoid Series Elements
MS = A series of radioactive elements from ACTINIUM, atomic number 89, to and including LAWRENCIUM, atomic number 103.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D008671
Actinomyces
MS = A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are nonmotile. Filaments that may be present in certain species are either straight or wavy and may have swollen or clubbed heads.
AN = a genus of the family ACTINOMYCETACEAE of the order ACTINOMYCETALES; infection = ACTINOMYCOSIS
UI = D000190
Actinomyces viscosus
MS = A species of ACTINOMYCES found in the oral cavity of man and hamsters. It has been isolated from actinomycotic lesions in swine, cats, and dogs and has been identified as a causative agent of animal diseases.
AN = infection: coord IM with ACTINOMYCOSIS
UI = D016924
Actinomycetaceae
MS = A family of bacteria including numerous parasitic and pathogenic forms.
AN = a family of the order ACTINOMYCETALES
UI = D000191
Actinomycetales
MS = An order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic BACTERIA that tend to form branching filaments.
AN = infection = ACTINOMYCETALES INFECTIONS
UI = D000192
Actinomycetales Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.
AN = gram-pos bact infect by organism of the order ACTINOMYCETALES; do not confuse with ACTINOMYCOSIS, infection by genus ACTINOMYCES
UI = D000193
Actinomycosis
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOMYCES.
AN = bact infect, not fungal despite "-mycosis": = infection by genus ACTINOMYCES; do not confuse with ACTINOMYCETALES INFECTIONS, infection by order ACTINOMYCETALES; pulm actinomycosis = ACTINOMYCOSIS (IM) + LUNG DISEASES (IM), not LUNG DISEASES, FUNGAL
UI = D000196
Actinomycosis, Cervicofacial
MS = A form of ACTINOMYCOSIS characterized by slow-growing inflammatory lesions of the lymph nodes that drain the mouth (lumpy jaw), reddening of the overlying skin, and intraperitoneal abscesses.
AN = bact infect, not fungal despite "-mycosis": = infect by genus ACTINOMYCES
UI = D000197
Actins
MS = Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.
AN = muscle & microfilament proteins; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; alpha-actin, beta-actin, gamma-actin, etc. go here
UI = D000199
Action Potentials
MS = The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation.
AN = do not confuse with SYNAPTIC POTENTIALS see SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
UI = D000200
Activated Protein C Resistance
MS = A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.
UI = D020016
Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule
MS = Cell adhesion molecule expressed on activated leukocytes, fibroblasts, and neurons. It is a ligand for CD6. ALCAM-CD6 interactions may play a role in the binding of T and B cells to activated leukocytes.
UI = D020410
Activation Analysis
MS = A method of chemical analysis based on the detection of characteristic radionuclides following a nuclear bombardment. It is also known as radioactivity analysis. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: ACTIVATION ANAL
UI = D000201
Activator Appliances
MS = Loose-fitting removable orthodontic appliances which redirect the pressures of the facial and masticatory muscles onto the teeth and their supporting structures to produce improvements in tooth arrangements and occlusal relations.
UI = D000202
Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
MS = Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with CELL NUCLEUS /metab (IM) + substance /metab (IM)
UI = D021581
Activin Receptors
MS = Receptors for ACTIVINS are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES, thus also named activin receptor-like kinases (ALK's). Activin receptors also bind TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. As those transmembrane receptors of the TGF-beta superfamily (RECEPTORS, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA), ALK's consist of two different but related protein kinases, Type I and Type II. Activins initiate cellular signal transduction by first binding to the type II receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II ) which then recruit and phosphorylate the type I receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I ) with subsequent activation of the type I kinase activity.
UI = D029404
Activin Receptors, Type I
MS = One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS or activin receptor-like kinases (ALK'S). There are several type I activin receptors. The major active ones are ALK-2 (ActR-IA) and ALK-4 (ActR-IB).
UI = D030201
Activin Receptors, Type II
MS = One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS. They are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES. The major type II activin receptors are ActR-IIA and ActR-IIB.
UI = D030301
Activins
MS = Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.
UI = D028341
Activities of Daily Living
MS = The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation.
AN = IM; DF: note short X ref
UI = D000203
Activity Cycles
MS = Bouts of physical irritability or movement alternating with periods of quiescence. It includes biochemical activity and hormonal activity which may be cellular. These cycles are shorter than 24 hours and include sleep-wakefulness cycles and the periodic activation of the digestive system.
AN = less than 24 hours
UI = D000204
Actomyosin
MS = A protein complex of actin and MYOSINS occurring in muscle. It is the essential contractile substance of muscle.
AN = a muscle protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000205
Actuarial Analysis
MS = The application of probability and statistical methods to calculate the risk of occurrence of any event, such as onset of illness, recurrent disease, hospitalization, disability, or death. It may include calculation of the anticipated money costs of such events and of the premiums necessary to provide for payment of such costs.
AN = IM; few qualif apply
UI = D000206
Acupressure
MS = A type of massage in which finger pressure on specific body sites is used to promote healing, relieve fatigue, etc. Although the anatomical locations are the same as the ACUPUNCTURE POINTS used in ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY (hence acu-), no needle or other acupuncture technique is employed in acupressure. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed). Shiatsu is a modern outgrowth that focuses more on prevention than healing.
UI = D019050
Acupuncture
MS = The occupational discipline of the traditional Chinese methods of ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY for treating disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians.
AN = SPEC only; do not confuse with ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY
UI = D026881
Acupuncture Analgesia
MS = Analgesia produced by the insertion of ACUPUNCTURE needles at certain ACUPUNCTURE POINTS on the body. This activates small myelinated nerve fibers in the muscle which transmit impulses to the spinal cord and then activate three centers - the spinal cord, midbrain and pituitary/hypothalamus - to produce analgesia.
UI = D015667
Acupuncture Points
MS = Designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles.
UI = D015669
Acupuncture Therapy
MS = Treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease being treated. It is sometimes used in conjunction with heat, moxibustion, acupressure, or electric stimulation.
AN = do not confuse wth ACUPUNCTURE, the specialty; ACUPUNCTURE, EAR is also available; Oriental taking of pulses = PULSE + appropriate acupuncture or Oriental medicine terms
UI = D015670
Acupuncture, Ear
MS = Acupuncture therapy by inserting needles in the ear. It is used to control pain and for treating various ailments.
UI = D020831
Acute Disease
MS = Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
AN = IM GEN only; usually NIM with specific dis IM; no qualif when NIM; Manual 23.16+
UI = D000208
Acute Toxicity Tests
MS = Experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of one-time, short-term exposure to a chemical or chemicals.
UI = D023382
Acute-Phase Proteins
MS = Proteins that are secreted into the blood in increased or decreased quantities by hepatocytes in response to trauma, inflammation, or disease. These proteins can serve as inhibitors or mediators of the inflammatory processes. Certain acute-phase proteins have been used to diagnose and follow the course of diseases or as tumor markers.
AN = blood proteins; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted
UI = D000209
Acute-Phase Reaction
MS = An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.
AN = note category: in presence of a dis, use /etiol, not /compl
UI = D000210
Acyclovir
MS = A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.
UI = D000212
Acyl Carrier Protein
MS = Consists of a polypeptide chain and 4'-phosphopantetheine linked to a serine residue by a phosphodiester bond. Acyl groups are bound as thiol esters to the pantothenyl group. Acyl carrier protein is involved in every step of fatty acid synthesis by the cytoplasmic system.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000213
Acyl Coenzyme A
MS = S-Acyl coenzyme A. Fatty acid coenzyme A derivatives that are involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation.
AN = do not confuse with ACETYL COENZYME A
UI = D000214
Acylation
MS = The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule.
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic acylation: coord NIM with ACYLTRANSFERASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific acyltransferase (IM); ACETYLATION & ACETYLTRANSFERASES are also available
UI = D000215
Acyltransferases
MS = Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.
UI = D000217
Adamantane
MS = A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.
AN = a cycloparaffin
UI = D000218
Adams-Stokes Syndrome
MS = Transient asystole or ventricular fibrillation in the presence of atrioventricular block.
AN = transient asystole or ventric fibrill in AV block
UI = D000219
Adansonia
MS = A plant genus of the family BOMBACACEAE that is used for FOOD and MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035162
Adaptation, Biological
AN = much of biol adapt will be ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL as more specific; mimicry goes here; DF: ADAPTATION BIOL
UI = D000220
Adaptation, Ocular
MS = The adjustment of the eye to variations in the intensity of light. Light adaptation is the adjustment of the eye when the light threshold is increased; DARK ADAPTATION when the light is greatly reduced. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
AN = adjustment of eye to variations in intensity of light; do not confuse with ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR, adjustment of lens to distance
UI = D000221
Adaptation, Physiological
AN = DF: ADAPTATION PHYSIOL
UI = D000222
Adaptation, Psychological
MS = A state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)
AN = human & animal; DF: ADAPTATION PSYCHOL
UI = D000223
Adaptor Protein Complex 1
MS = A clathrin adaptor protein complex primarily involved in clathrin-related transport at the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK.
UI = D033961
Adaptor Protein Complex 2
MS = An adaptor protein complex primarily involved in the formation of clathrin-related endocytotic vesicles (ENDOSOMES) at the CELL MEMBRANE.
UI = D033962
Adaptor Protein Complex 3
MS = An adaptor protein complex found primarily on perinuclear compartments.
UI = D033963
Adaptor Protein Complex 4
MS = An adaptor protein complex involved in transport of molecules between the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK and the endosomal-lysosomal system.
UI = D033964
Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits
MS = A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 100 kD in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 2.
UI = D033965
Adaptor Protein Complex beta Subunits
MS = A family of large adaptin protein complex subunits of approximately 90-130 kD in size.
UI = D033966
Adaptor Protein Complex delta Subunits
MS = A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 130 kD in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 3.
UI = D033981
Adaptor Protein Complex gamma Subunits
MS = A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 90 KD in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 1.
UI = D033982
Adaptor Protein Complex mu Subunits
MS = A family of medium adaptin protein subunits of approximately 45 KD in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 3 and ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 4.
UI = D033983
Adaptor Protein Complex sigma Subunits
MS = A family of small adaptin protein complex subunits of approximately 19 KD in size.
UI = D034002
Adaptor Protein Complex Subunits
MS = The subunits that make up the large, medium and small chains of adaptor proteins.
UI = D034001
Adaptor Proteins
MS = A class of proteins involved in the transport of molecules via TRANSPORT VESICLES. They perform functions such as binding to the cell membrane, capturing cargo molecules and promoting the assembly of CLATHRIN. The majority of adaptor proteins exist as multisubunit complexes, however monomeric varieties have also been found.
UI = D033942
Addison's Disease
MS = A disease characterized by hypotension, weight loss, anorexia, weakness, and sometimes a bronze-like melanotic hyperpigmentation of the skin. It is due to tuberculosis- or autoimmune-induced disease (hypofunction) of the adrenal glands that results in deficiency of aldosterone and cortisol. In the absence of replacement therapy, it is usually fatal.
AN = an autoimmune dis with adrenal hypofunction
UI = D000224
Addresses [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of speeches, orations, or written statements, usually formal, directed to a particular group of persons. These are different from LECTURES [PUBLICATION TYPE] that are usually delivered to classes for instructional purposes.
AN = publication type only; do not confuse with Publication Type LECTURES which is usually for classroom instruction
UI = D019484
Adenine
MS = A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.
AN = /biosyn/physiol permitted
UI = D000225
Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1
MS = A subtype of mitochondrial ADP, ATP translocase found primarily in heart muscle (MYOCARDIUM) and skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL).
UI = D033741
Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2
MS = A subtype of mitochondrial ADP, ATP translocase found primarily in FIBROBLASTS.
UI = D033742
Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 3
MS = A subtype of mitochondrial ADP, ATP translocase found primarily in the LIVER.
UI = D033781
Adenine Nucleotides
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000227
Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase
MS = An enzyme catalyzing the formation of AMP from adenine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. It can act as a salvage enzyme for recycling of adenine into nucleic acids. EC 2.4.2.7.
AN = DF: APRT
UI = D000228
Adenocarcinoma
MS = A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D000230
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar
MS = A carcinoma thought to be derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D002282
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell
MS = An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018262
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular
MS = An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with THYROID NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018263
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous
MS = An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = also called "mucoid" or "mucous" carcinoma; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D002288
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary
MS = An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D000231
Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous
MS = An adenocarcinoma with a hard (Greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D002293
Adenocarcinoma, Sebaceous
MS = A malignant tumor composed of cells showing differentiation toward sebaceous epithelium. The tumor is solitary, firm, somewhat raised, more or less translucent, and covered with normal or slightly verrucose epidermis. It may be yellow or orange. The face and scalp are the commonest sites. The growth can be slow or rapid but metastasis is uncommon. Surgery cures most of the cases. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, pp2403-4)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SEBACEOUS GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018266
Adenofibroma
MS = A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = do not confuse with FIBROADENOMA; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D000232
Adenoidectomy
MS = Excision of the adenoids. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D000233
Adenoids
AN = surg: probably ADENOIDECTOMY
UI = D000234
Adenolymphoma
MS = A benign tumor characterized histologically by tall columnar epithelium within a lymphoid tissue stroma. It is usually found in the salivary glands, especially the parotid.
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D000235
Adenoma
MS = A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D000236
Adenoma, Acidophil
MS = A benign tumor, usually found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, whose cells stain with acid dyes. Such pituitary tumors may give rise to excessive secretion of growth hormone, resulting in gigantism or acromegaly. A specific type of acidophil adenoma may give rise to nonpuerperal galactorrhea. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PITUITARY NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D000239
Adenoma, Adrenal Cortical
MS = A benign neoplasm of adrenal cortical cells resembling normal adrenal cells histologically but possessing functional autonomy. In general it does not exceed 5 cm in its largest dimension, although benign tumors exceeding 20 cm have been reported. Adrenal cortical adenomas produce hypercortisolism and hyperaldosteronism, but seldom produce adrenogenital syndromes. For the most part the prognosis after surgery is reasonably favorable. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1286)
AN = coord IM with ADRENAL CORTEX NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018246
Adenoma, Basophil
MS = A small tumor of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland whose cells stain with basic dyes. It may give rise to excessive secretion of ACTH, resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PITUITARY NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D000237
Adenoma, Bile Duct
MS = A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC (IM) + BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D002759
Adenoma, Chromophobe
MS = A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.
AN = coord IM with PITUITARY NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D000238
Adenoma, Islet Cell
MS = A benign tumor of the islets of Langerhans that may occur anywhere throughout the pancreas. Such tumors may result in HYPERINSULINISM or ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS (IM); note ALPHA-CELL TUMOR see GLUCAGONOMA; BETA-CELL TUMOR see INSULINOMA but delta-cell tumor = SOMATOSTATINOMA or VIPOMA
UI = D007516
Adenoma, Liver Cell
MS = A benign epithelial tumor of the liver.
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LIVER NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018248
Adenoma, Oxyphilic
MS = A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askenazy cells.
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); for X ref Hurthle CELL TUMOR, coord IM with THYROID NEOPLASMS
UI = D018249
Adenoma, Pleomorphic
MS = A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SALIVARY GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM) or specific salivary gland neopl precoord (IM); if of a minor salivary gland, coord IM with SALIVARY GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM) + SALIVARY GLANDS, MINOR (IM); for X ref SYRINGOMA, CHONDROID, coord IM with SWEAT GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D008949
Adenoma, Sweat Gland
MS = A benign neoplasm derived from epithelial cells of sweat glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SWEAT GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D006607
Adenoma, Villous
MS = An adenoma of the large intestine. It is usually a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections. Hypersecretion and malignant changes occur frequently. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably COLONIC NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018253
Adenomatoid Tumor
MS = A small, circumscribed, benign tumor of the genital tract, composed of small glandlike spaces lined by flattened or cuboidal mesothelium-like cells. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord genital/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018254
Adenomatosis, Pulmonary
MS = A neoplastic disease in which the alveoli and distal bronchi are filled with mucus and mucus-secreting columnar epithelial cells. It is characterized by abundant, extremely tenacious sputum, chills, fever, cough, dyspnea, and pleuritic pain. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM); DF: ADENOMATOSIS PULM
UI = D018255
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
MS = An autosomal dominant polyposis syndrome in which the colon contains few to thousands of adenomatous polyps, often occurring by age 15 to 25.
UI = D011125
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein
MS = A negative regulator of beta-catenin signaling which is mutant in ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI and GARDNER SYNDROME.
AN = do not confuse cross reference APC PROTEIN with activated PROTEIN C
UI = D025601
Adenomatous Polyps
MS = Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018256
Adenomyoma
MS = A benign neoplasm of muscle (usually smooth muscle) with glandular elements. It occurs most frequently in the uterus and uterine ligaments. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018194
Adenophorea
MS = A subclass of nematodes characterized by reduced or absent caudal papillae and an excretory system lacking lateral canals. Its organisms are usually infective to their final host.
AN = a subclass of nematodes; infection = ADENOPHOREA INFECTIONS
UI = D017157
Adenophorea Infections
MS = Infections with nematodes of the subclass ADENOPHOREA.
AN = nematode infect
UI = D017188
Adenosarcoma
MS = A malignant neoplasm arising simultaneously or consecutively in mesodermal tissue and glandular epithelium of the same part. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018195
Adenosine
MS = A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000241
Adenosine Deaminase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia. Since there are wide tissue and species variations in the enzyme, it has been used as a tool in the study of human and animal genetics and in medical diagnosis. EC 3.5.4.4.
AN = /defic: consider also SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY or SCID
UI = D000243
Adenosine Diphosphate
MS = Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000244
Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose
MS = Serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants.
UI = D000245
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose
MS = An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.
UI = D000246
Adenosine Diphosphate Sugars
MS = Esters formed between the aldehydic carbon of sugars and the terminal phosphate of adenosine diphosphate.
UI = D000247
Adenosine Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.
UI = D000248
Adenosine Monophosphate
MS = Adenylic acid. Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000249
Adenosine Phosphosulfate
MS = 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with sulfuric acid. The initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. Synonyms: adenosine sulfatophosphate; APS.
UI = D000250
Adenosine Triphosphate
MS = An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.
UI = D000255
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide)
MS = A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.
UI = D019830
Adenosinetriphosphatase
MS = A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA. EC 3.6.1.3.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D000251
Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to yield 5'-deoxy-(5'-),3-aminopropyl-(1), methylsulfonium salt. It is one of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of spermidine from putrescine. EC 4.1.1.50.
UI = D012437
Adenoviridae
MS = A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.
AN = a family of DNA viruses; adeno- refers to early isol from adenoids; infection = ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
UI = D000256
Adenoviridae Infections
MS = Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; ADENOVIRUS INFECTIONS, HUMAN is available
UI = D000257
Adenovirus E1 Proteins
MS = The very first viral gene products synthesized after cells are infected with adenovirus. The E1 region of the genome has been divided into two major transcriptional units, E1A and E1B, each expressing proteins of the same name (ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS and ADENOVIRUS E1B PROTEINS).
AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D017498
Adenovirus E1A Proteins
MS = Proteins transcribed from the E1A region of adenovirus which are involved in positive regulation of transcription of the early genes.
AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D017500
Adenovirus E1B Proteins
MS = Proteins transcribed from the E1B region of adenovirus which are involved in regulation of the levels of early and late gene expression.
AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D017501
Adenovirus E2 Proteins
MS = Proteins transcribed from the E2 region of adenovirus. Several of these are required for viral DNA replication.
AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D017502
Adenovirus E3 Proteins
MS = Proteins transcribed from the E3 region of adenovirus but not essential for viral replication. The E3 19K protein mediates adenovirus persistence by reducing the expression of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens on the surface of infected cells.
AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D017503
Adenovirus E4 Proteins
MS = Proteins transcribed from the E4 region of adenovirus. The E4 19K protein transactivates transcription of the adenovirus E2F protein and complexes with it.
AN = adenovirus early proteins; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D017504
Adenovirus Early Proteins
MS = Proteins encoded by adenoviruses that are synthesized prior to, and in the absence of, viral DNA replication. The proteins are involved in both positive and negative regulation of expression in viral and cellular genes, and also affect the stability of viral mRNA. Some are also involved in oncogenic transformation.
AN = viral oncogene proteins; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D017456
Adenovirus Infections, Human
MS = Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.
UI = D000258
Adenoviruses, Bovine
MS = Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS, causing disease affecting the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems in cattle. Serotypes have been grouped into several different species.
AN = infection: coord IM with ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D025661
Adenoviruses, Canine
MS = Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS that causes fever, edema, vomiting, and diarrhea in dogs and encephalitis in foxes. Epizootics have also been caused in bears, wolves, coyotes, and skunks. The official species name is Canine adenovirus and it contains two serotypes.
AN = infection: coord IM with ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) or HEPATITIS, INFECTIOUS CANINE (IM) if pertinent
UI = D006516
Adenoviruses, Human
MS = Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS, causing a wide range of diseases in humans. Infections are mostly asymptomatic, but can be associated with diseases of the respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Serotypes (named with arabic numbers) have been grouped into species designated Human adenovirus A-F.
AN = infection = ADENOVIRUS INFECTIONS, HUMAN
UI = D000260
Adenoviruses, Porcine
MS = Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS, causing neurological disease in pigs.
AN = infection: coord IM with ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D025662
Adenoviruses, Simian
MS = Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS associated with respiratory and enteric infections in primate hosts.
AN = species of the genus Mastadenovirus; infection: coord IM with ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D000261
Adenylate Cyclase
MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of CYCLIC AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1.
UI = D000262
Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
MS = One of the virulence factors produced by virulent BORDETELLA organisms. It is a bifunctional protein with both ADENYLATE CYCLASE and hemolysin components.
UI = D037361
Adenylate Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3.
UI = D000263
Adenylosuccinate Lyase
MS = An enzyme that, in the course of purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, catalyzes the conversion of 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-5-aminoimidazole to 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-carboxamide-5-aminoimidazole and the conversion of adenylosuccinic acid to AMP. EC 4.3.2.2.
UI = D000264
Adenylosuccinate Synthase
MS = A carbon-nitrogen ligase. During purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, this enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of adenylosuccinate from GTP; IMP; and aspartate with the formation of orthophosphate and GDP. EC 6.3.4.4.
UI = D000265
Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate
MS = 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: APPNHP
UI = D000266
Adhatoda
MS = A plant genus in the family ACANTHACEAE. Adhatoda vasica Nees is a source of vasicine.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027902
Adherens Junctions
MS = Anchoring points where the CYTOSKELETON of neighboring cells are connected to each other. They are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane where bundles of MICROFILAMENTS attach to the membrane through the transmembrane linkers, CADHERINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to cadherins in the neighboring cell membranes. In sheets of cells, they form into adhesion belts (zonula adherens) that go all the way around a cell.
UI = D022005
Adhesins, Bacterial
MS = Cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion (BACTERIAL ADHESION) to other cells or to inanimate surfaces. Most fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) of gram-negative bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the fimbriae that is the actual adhesin. In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin.
AN = bact antigens; coord IM with specific bacterium (IM) but note that ADHESINS, ESCHERICHIA COLI is available; do not confuse with BACTERIAL ADHESION; DF: ADHESINS BACT
UI = D018829
Adhesins, Escherichia coli
MS = Thin, filamentous protein structures, including proteinaceous capsular antigens (fimbrial antigens), that mediate adhesion of E. coli to surfaces and play a role in pathogenesis. They have a high affinity for various epithelial cells.
AN = bact antigens; DF: ADHESINS E COLI
UI = D018830
Adhesions
MS = Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with organ/dis precoord (IM)
UI = D000267
Adhesiveness
AN = almost never IM
UI = D000268
Adhesives
MS = Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex.
AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with DENTURE RETENTION (IM) for denture adhesives; spray adhesives: coord IM with AEROSOLS (NIM) if pertinent; available also are BONE CEMENTS & DENTAL CEMENTS
UI = D000269
Adiantum
MS = A plant genus of the family Pteridaceae. Members contain TRITERPENES. Some species in this genus are called maidenhair fern which is also a common name occasionally used for Lygodium (FERNS) and POLYPODIUM.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035681
Adie Syndrome
MS = A syndrome characterized by a TONIC PUPIL that occurs in combination with decreased lower extremity reflexes. The affected pupil will respond more briskly to accommodation than to light (light-near dissociation) and is supersensitive to dilute pilocarpine eye drops, which induce pupillary constriction. Pathologic features include degeneration of the ciliary ganglion and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that innervate the pupillary constrictor muscle. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p279)
UI = D000270
Adipic Acids
MS = A group of dicarboxylic acids that are structurally related to hexanedioic acid (adipic acid). (From Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D000272
Adipocytes
MS = Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of TRYGLYCERIDES.
UI = D017667
Adipose Tissue
MS = Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue.
AN = inflammation = PANNICULITIS; /surg: consider also LIPECTOMY
UI = D000273
Adiposis Dolorosa
MS = A rare disease, believed to be autosomal dominant, manifested by fatty deposits that press on nerves causing weakness and pain.
UI = D000274
Adjustment Disorders
MS = Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.
UI = D000275
Adjuvants, Anesthesia
MS = Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage.
AN = IM; coord with specific adjuvant (IM) & specific type of anesthesia (IM)
UI = D000759
Adjuvants, Immunologic
MS = Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.
AN = DF: ADJUVANTS IMMUNOL
UI = D000276
Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic
MS = Agents that aid or increase the action of the principle drug or that affect the absorption, mechanism of action, metabolism, or excretion of the primary drug in such a way as to enhance its effects.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: ADJUVANTS PHARM
UI = D000277
Administration, Buccal
MS = Administration of a soluble dosage form between the cheek and gingiva. It may involve direct application of a drug onto the buccal mucosa, as by painting or spraying.
AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every buccally administered drug; no qualif
UI = D000278
Administration, Cutaneous
MS = The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.
AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here rountinely for every cutaneously administered drug; no qualif
UI = D000279
Administration, Inhalation
MS = The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.
AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every drug admin by inhalation; no qualif
UI = D000280
Administration, Intranasal
MS = The administration of drugs through the nasal passage.
UI = D000281
Administration, Intravaginal
MS = The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.
AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every intravaginally administered drug; no qualif
UI = D000282
Administration, Intravesical
MS = The instillation or other administration of drugs into the bladder, usually to treat local disease, including neoplasms.
AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every intravesically administered drug; no qualif
UI = D000283
Administration, Oral
MS = The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every orally administered drug; no qualif
UI = D000284
Administration, Rectal
MS = The insertion of drugs into the rectum, usually for confused or incompetent patients, like children, infants, and the very old or comatose.
AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every rectally administered drug; no qualif
UI = D000285
Administration, Sublingual
MS = Administration of a soluble dosage form by placement under the tongue.
AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every sublingually administered drug; no qualif
UI = D000286
Administration, Topical
AN = NIM but only if discussed: do not index here routinely for every topically administered drug; no qualif; consider also OINTMENTS; LINIMENTS & POWDERS; ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS is also available
UI = D000287
Administrative Personnel
MS = Individuals responsible for the development of policy and supervision of the execution of plans and functional operations.
UI = D000288
Admitting Department, Hospital
MS = Hospital department responsible for the flow of patients and the processing of admissions, discharges, transfers, and also most procedures to be carried out in the event of a patient's death.
AN = DF: ADMIT DEP
UI = D000289
Adnexa Uteri
MS = Appendages of the UTERUS which include the FALLOPIAN TUBES, the OVARY, and the supporting ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).
AN = seen in titles more frequently in adjective form "adnexal"; inflammation = ADNEXITIS
UI = D000290
Adnexal Diseases
MS = Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).
AN = inflamm dis = PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
UI = D000291
Adolescent
MS = A person 13 to 18 years of age.
AN = age 13-18 yr; IM as psychol & sociol entity; check tag ADOLESCENT for NIM; Manual 18.5.12, 34.9.5
UI = D000293
Adolescent Behavior
MS = Any observable response or action of an adolescent.
AN = check also tag ADOLESCENCE
UI = D000294
Adolescent Health Services
MS = Organized services to provide health care to adolescents, ages ranging from 13 through 18 years.
AN = check also tags HUMAN & ADOLESCENCE; DF: ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERV
UI = D016497
Adolescent Medicine
MS = A branch of medicine pertaining to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases occurring during the period beginning with puberty until the cessation of somatic growth.
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; when permitted for "adolescent dis": Manual 28.10.1; relation to ADOLESCENCE: Manual 28.10.1; DF: ADOLESCENT MED
UI = D000295
Adolescent Nutrition
MS = Nutrition of children aged 13-18 years.
AN = age 13-18; check the tag ADOLESCENCE
UI = D017195
Adolescent Psychiatry
MS = The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in individuals 13-18 years.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; not for mental disorders in adolescents ( = MENTAL DISORDERS (IM) + ADOLESCENT (NIM) ): Manual 27.9
UI = D000296
Adolescent Psychology
MS = Field of psychology concerned with the normal and abnormal behavior of adolescents. It includes mental processes as well as observable responses.
AN = SPEC but also the way a normal adolescent thinks & acts; when SPEC, SPEC qualif; Manual 27.11; DF: ADOLESCENT PSYCHOL
UI = D000297
Adolescent, Hospitalized
MS = Adolescent hospitalized for short term care.
AN = not for dis in adolescent in hosp for diag or ther: use only for hospitalized adolescents as a psychol, sociol or social entity; check also tag ADOLESCENT
UI = D000298
Adolescent, Institutionalized
MS = An adolescent who is receiving long-term in-patient services or who resides in an institutional setting.
AN = check also tag ADOLESCENT
UI = D000299
Adonis
MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain cardenolide oligoglycosides such as adoniside, adonisidum and alepposide.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031843
Adoption
MS = Voluntary acceptance of a child of other parents to be as one's own child, usually with legal confirmation.
UI = D000300
Adoptive Transfer
MS = Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).
AN = a form of passive immuniz by transpl of lymphocytes; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D019264
Adosterol
MS = A sterol usually substituted with radioactive iodine. It is an adrenal cortex scanning agent with demonstrated high adrenal concentration and superior adrenal imaging.
UI = D000301
Adoxaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Dipsacales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. Members of this family are sometimes classified in CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031003
ADP Ribose Transferases
MS = Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.
UI = D036002
ADP-ribosyl Cyclase
MS = A membrane-bound or cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of CYCLIC ADP-RIBOSE (cADPR) from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). This enzyme generally catalyzes the hydrolysis of cADPR to ADP-RIBOSE, as well, and sometimes the synthesis of cyclic ADP-ribose 2' phosphate (2`-P-cADPR) from NADP.
UI = D036541
ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1
MS = ADP-RIBOSYLATION FACTOR 1 is involved in regulating intracellular transport by modulating the interaction of coat proteins with organelle membranes in the early secretory pathway. It is a component of COAT PROTEIN COMPLEX I.
UI = D020823
ADP-Ribosylation Factors
MS = MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that were initially recognized as allosteric activators of the MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE of the CHOLERA TOXIN catalytic subunit. They are involved in vesicle trafficking and activation of PHOSPHOLIPASE D.
UI = D020727
Adrenal Cortex
MS = The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids.
AN = PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM is available; also available are the 3 zonae of the cortex: ZONA GLOMERULOSA (outer), ZONA FASCICULATA (middle) & ZONA RETICULARIS (inner)
UI = D000302
Adrenal Cortex Diseases
UI = D000303
Adrenal Cortex Function Tests
UI = D000304
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
AN = GEN only; avoid: prefer specifics; /defic: consider also ADRENAL GLAND HYPOFUNCTION
UI = D000305
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancers of the cortex of the adrenal gland.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D000306
Adrenal Gland Diseases
AN = coord IM with ADRENAL MEDULLA (IM) for dis of adrenal medulla; for adrenal hyperplasia see note at ADRENAL GLANDS
UI = D000307
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction
AN = do not confuse with ADRENAL GLAND HYPOFUNCTION; do not use /congen ( = ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL) & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; non-congen adrenal hyperplasia: index under ADRENAL GLANDS /pathol (IM) + HYPERPLASIA (NIM)
UI = D000308
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
MS = Adrenocortical hypofunction includes all conditions in which adrenal steroid hormone secretion falls below the requirements of the body. Adrenal insufficiency may be divided into two general categories: (1) those associated with primary inability of the adrenal to elaborate sufficient quantities of hormone and (2) those associated with a secondary failure due to a primary failure in the elaboration of adrenocorticotropin. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1970)
AN = do not confuse with ADRENAL GLAND HYPERFUNCTION
UI = D000309
Adrenal Gland Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the adrenal gland.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D000310
Adrenal Glands
MS = Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney.
AN = /surg = probably ADRENALECTOMY; hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: coord HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM + PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; hyperplasia = ADRENAL GLANDS /pathol (IM) + HYPERPLASIA (NIM); congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) = ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL
UI = D000311
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
MS = A group of syndromes caused by inherited defects in cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE biosynthesis. There are several types including simple virilizing forms (adrenogenital syndrome), salt-wasting forms, and virilizing hypertension forms depending on the enzyme of defects. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE are most common. Other defects occur in STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE, STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE, or 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).
UI = D000312
Adrenal Medulla
MS = The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines.
AN = dis = ADRENAL MEDULLA (IM) + ADRENAL GLAND DISEASES (IM); medulla enucleation: for physiol studies, ADRENAL MEDULLA /physiol, for surg ther, ADRENAL MEDULLA /surg
UI = D000313
Adrenal Rest Tumor
MS = A rare, usually benign, ovarian tumor thought to be derived from embryonic rest cells of the adrenals. This tumor causes various degrees of masculinization.
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D000314
Adrenalectomy
MS = Excision of one or both adrenal glands. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = excision of entire adrenal; enucleation: see note under ADRENAL MEDULLA
UI = D000315
Adrenergic Agents
MS = Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff; DF: ADREN AGENTS
UI = D018663
Adrenergic Agonists
MS = Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS; DF: ADREN AGON or ADREN AG
UI = D000322
Adrenergic alpha-Agonists
MS = Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; DF: ADREN ALPHA AGON or ADREN ALPHA AG
UI = D000316
Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists
MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic alpha-antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC ALPHA-AGONISTS; DF: ADREN ALPHA ANTAG
UI = D000317
Adrenergic Antagonists
MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC AGONISTS; DF: ADREN ANTAG
UI = D018674
Adrenergic beta-Agonists
MS = Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; DF: ADREN BETA AGON or ADREN BETA AG
UI = D000318
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists
MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with ADRENERGIC BETA-AGONISTS; DF: ADREN BETA ANTAG
UI = D000319
Adrenergic Fibers
MS = Nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse.
UI = D000320
Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors
MS = Drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: ADREN UPTAKE INHIB
UI = D018759
Adrenochrome
MS = Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.
AN = /physiol permitted
UI = D000323
Adrenodoxin
MS = An iron-sulfur protein which serves as an electron carrier in enzymatic steroid hydroxylation reactions in adrenal cortex mitochondria. The electron transport system which catalyzes this reaction consists of adrenodoxin reductase, NADP, adrenodoxin, and cytochrome P-450.
AN = an iron-sulfur protein
UI = D000325
Adrenoleukodystrophy
MS = An X-linked recessive leukodystrophy characterized by an abnormal accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in LYSOSOMES. It primarily affects the white matter of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the ADRENAL CORTEX. This disorder results from defective beta-oxidation and occurs almost exclusively in males and has multiple phenotypes. Relatively common clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; adrenal insufficiency; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. A related condition, adrenomyeloneuropathy, usually has its onset in adult life and is characterized by spastic paraparesis, adrenal insufficiency, neuropathy, and HYPOGONADISM. (From Neuropediatrics 1998 Feb;29(1):3-13; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p188) The defective gene for this disorder has been localized to the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq28).
AN = do not confuse with ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY, NEONATAL see PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS
UI = D000326
Adsorption
MS = The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals.
AN = almost never IM; coord NIM with substance /pharmacokin (IM)
UI = D000327
Adult
MS = A person having attained full growth or maturity. Adults are of 19 through 44 years of age.
AN = age 19-44 yr; almost never IM; IM only as social, sociol, polit, etc. entity; NIM as check tag; no qualif when NIM, /psychol permitted when IM but ADULT as IM is unlikely; Manual 18.5+, 34.10
UI = D000328
Adult Children
MS = Children who have reached maturity or the legal age of majority.
AN = HUMAN only; use only when the subject of discussion, not as a checktag
UI = D032721
Advance Care Planning
MS = Discussions with patients and/or their representatives about the goals and desired direction of the patient's care, particularly end-of-life care, in the event that the patient is or becomes incompetent to make decisions.
UI = D032722
Advance Directive Adherence
MS = Compliance by health personnel or proxies with the stipulations of ADVANCE DIRECTIVES (or similar directives such as RESUSCITATION ORDERS) when patients are unable to direct their own care.
UI = D024362
Advance Directives
MS = Declarations by patients, made in advance of a situation in which they may be incompetent to decide about their own care, stating their treatment preferences or authorizing a third party to make decisions for them. (Bioethics Thesaurus)
UI = D016223
Advanced Cardiac Life Support
MS = The use of sophisticated methods and equipment to treat cardiopulmonary arrest. Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) includes the use of specialized equipment to maintain the airway, early defibrilation and pharmacological therapy.
UI = D022561
Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems
MS = Systems developed for collecting reports from government agencies, manufacturers, hospitals, physicians, and other sources on adverse drug reactions.
AN = DF: ADR REPORT SYSTEMS
UI = D016907
Advertisements [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of publicly distributed notices, usually as paid announcements in mass media such as newspapers, magazines, or on billboards. They include those in motion picture, television advertising, or electronic media.
AN = publication type only; for advertisements in newspapers, magazine, billboards, & in electronic media etc.; Publication Types BROADSIDES & POSTERS & PROSPECTUSES are also available; for advertisements as a subject, index under main heading ADVERTISING
UI = D019480
Advertising
MS = The act or practice of calling public attention to a product, service, need, etc., especially by paid announcements in newspapers, magazines, on radio, or on television. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = IM; med advert: do not coord with MEDICINE; coord with subject of advert & medium if relevant (IM); do not confuse with Publication Type ADVERTISEMENTS for newspaper, magazine, billboard, etc. advertising
UI = D000329
Advisory Committees
MS = Groups set up to advise governmental bodies, societies, or other institutions on policy. (Bioethics Thesaurus)
AN = coord IM with specific activity or agency (IM) + geog if pertinent
UI = D026683
Aedes
MS = A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.
AN = mosquito; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D000330
Aequorin
MS = A photoprotein isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea. It emits visible light by an intramolecular reaction when a trace amount of calcium ion is added. The light-emitting moiety in the bioluminescence reaction is believed to be 2-amino-3-benzyl-5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazine (AF-350).
AN = a luminescent protein from jellyfish Aequorea
UI = D000331
Aerobiosis
MS = Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.
AN = almost never IM
UI = D000332
Aeromonas
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Its organisms are found in fresh water and sewage and are pathogenic to humans, frogs, and fish.
AN = in fish; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D000333
Aeromonas hydrophila
MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that may be pathogenic for frogs, fish, and mammals, including man. In humans, cellulitis and diarrhea can result from infection with this organism.
AN = pathogenic for frog, fish, humans & other mammals; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016980
Aerophagy
MS = Spasmodic swallowing of air.
UI = D000334
Aerosol Propellants
MS = Compressed gases or vapors in a container which, upon release of pressure and expansion through a valve, carry another substance from the container. They are used for cosmetics, household cleaners, and so on. Examples are BUTANES; CARBON DIOXIDE; FLUOROCARBONS; NITROGEN; and PROPANE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = IM; coord with propellant if relevant (IM); D25-26 qualif with discretion
UI = D000335
Aerosols
MS = Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellent agents.
AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif); /adv eff permitted but be careful: it may be the adv eff of the drug in aerosol form, not the aerosol
UI = D000336
Aerospace Medicine
MS = A specialty which is concerned with the health and medical problems of man in aviation (aviation medicine) and space (space medicine).
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; med, physiol or psychol aspects of aviation go here: Manual 28.8; SPACE MEDICINE as a specialty goes here but med, physiol or psychol aspects of space flight go under SPACE FLIGHT; DF: AEROSPACE MED
UI = D000337
Aesculus
MS = A plant genus of the family HIPPOCASTANACEAE (or SAPINDACEAE by some) that contains antimicrobial protein 1 and escin. A. hippocastanum is used in folk medicine for treating chronic venous insufficiency.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031319
Affect
MS = The feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation. It is the most direct psychic derivative of instinct and the psychic representative of the various bodily changes by means of which instincts manifest themselves.
UI = D000339
Affective Disorders, Psychotic
MS = Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.
UI = D000341
Affective Symptoms
MS = Mood or emotional responses dissonant with or inappropriate to the behavior and/or stimulus.
AN = human only; do not confuse with AFFECTIVE DISORDERS: read MeSH definitions & follow text
UI = D000342
Afferent Loop Syndrome
MS = A complication of gastrojejunostomy, caused by acute or chronic obstruction of the afferent loop due to hernia, intussusception, kinking, volvulus, etc. It is characterized by pain and vomiting of bile-stained fluid and includes acute afferent loop obstruction.
UI = D000343
Afferent Pathways
MS = Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.
AN = coord NIM with origin (IM) + termination (IM)
UI = D000344
Affinity Labels
MS = Analogs of those substrates or compounds which bind naturally at the active sites of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, steroids, or physiological receptors. These analogs form a stable covalent bond at the binding site, thereby acting as inhibitors of the proteins or steroids.
AN = D25-26 qualif; use with caution: few apply
UI = D000345
Afghanistan
UI = D000346
Afibrinogenemia
MS = A deficiency or absence of fibrinogen (coagulation factor I) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a blood coag disord
UI = D000347
Afipia
MS = A genus of gram-negative, oxidase-positive, nonfermentative rods which are motile by means of a single flagellum. Afipia felis and BARTONELLA HENSELAE are causative agents of CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) or CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE (IM)
UI = D020622
Aflatoxin B1
MS = A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; DF: AFB1
UI = D016604
Aflatoxin M1
MS = A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; DF: AFM1
UI = D016607
Aflatoxins
MS = A group of closely related toxic metabolites that are designated mycotoxins. They are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Members of the group include AFLATOXIN B1; aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2; AFLATOXIN M1; and aflatoxin M2.
AN = mycotoxins; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS
UI = D000348
Africa
AN = for the continent or unspecified only: prefer smaller geog subdivisions, as AFRICA, NORTHERN; AFRICA, CENTRAL; etc.
UI = D000349
Africa South of the Sahara
MS = All of Africa except Northern Africa (AFRICA, NORTHERN).
AN = all of Africa except Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
UI = D017954
Africa, Central
MS = The geographical area of Africa comprising CAMEROON; CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC; CHAD; CONGO; EQUATORIAL GUINEA; GABON; and DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO.
AN = a geog area; prefer specific countries
UI = D000350
Africa, Eastern
MS = The geographical area of Africa comprising BURUNDI; DJIBOUTI; ETHIOPIA; KENYA; RWANDA; SOMALIA; SUDAN; TANZANIA; and UGANDA.
AN = a geog area; prefer specific countries
UI = D000351
Africa, Northern
MS = The geographical area of Africa comprising ALGERIA; EGYPT; LIBYA; MOROCCO; and TUNISIA. It includes also the vast deserts and oases of the Sahara. It is often referred to as North Africa, French-speaking Africa, or the Magreb. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p856)
AN = = Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia collectively: prefer specifics; titles often refer to the Maghreb or Maghrib, the Arabic name for Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia & sometimes Libya collectively: check text for possible specificity, otherwise index under AFRICA, NORTHERN
UI = D000352
Africa, Southern
MS = The geographical area of Africa comprising ANGOLA; BOTSWANA; LESOTHO; MALAWI; MOZAMBIQUE; NAMIBIA; SOUTH AFRICA; SWAZILAND; ZAMBIA; and ZIMBABWE. It includes what was formerly called South-West Africa or German Southwest Africa but it was terminated in 1966 by a United Nations resolution. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1144)
AN = a geog area: prefer specific countries; do not confuse with SOUTH AFRICA ( = Union of South Africa 1910-60)
UI = D000353
Africa, Western
MS = The geographical area of Africa comprising BENIN; BURKINA FASO; COTE D'IVOIRE; GAMBIA; GHANA; GUINEA; GUINEA-BISSAU; LIBERIA; MALI; MAURITANIA; NIGER; NIGERIA; SENEGAL; SIERRA LEONE; and TOGO.
AN = a geog area: prefer specific countries
UI = D000354
African Horse Sickness
MS = An insect-borne reovirus infection of horses, mules and donkeys in Africa and the Middle East; characterized by pulmonary edema, cardiac involvement, and edema of the head and neck.
AN = caused by an Orbivirus; in horses, mules & donkeys; if in horses don't forget also HORSES (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; if in mules or donkeys, coord IM with EQUIDAE (IM) & check tag ANIMAL
UI = D000355
African horse sickness virus
MS = A species of ORBIVIRUS that causes disease in horses, mules, and donkeys.Via its principal vector CULICOIDES, it can also infect dogs, elephants, camels, cattle, sheep, goats, and, in special circumstances, humans.
AN = infection = AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS
UI = D000356
African Swine Fever
MS = A sometimes fatal ASFIVIRUS infection of pigs, characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph nodes, and edema of the gallbladder. It is transmitted between domestic swine by direct contact, ingestion of infected meat, or fomites, or mechanically by biting flies or soft ticks (genus Ornithodoros).
AN = do not confuse with SWINE FEVER see CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER
UI = D000357
African Swine Fever Virus
MS = The lone species of the genus Asfivirus. It infects domestic and wild pigs, warthogs, and bushpigs. Disease is endemic in domestic swine in many African countries and Sardinia. Soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros are also infected and act as vectors.
AN = infection = AFRICAN SWINE FEVER: see note there
UI = D000358
After-Hours Care
MS = Medical care provided after the regular practice schedule of the physicians. Usually it is designed to deliver 24-hour-a-day and 365-day-a-year patient care coverage for emergencies, triage, pediatric care, or hospice care.
UI = D039602
Aftercare
MS = The care and treatment of a convalescent patient, especially that of a patient after surgery.
AN = med, nurs, psychiat care after discharge from a hosp or other health facil; differentiate from REHABILITATION which is for getting a person back to pre-illness work or other activity
UI = D000359
Afterimage
MS = Continuation of visual impression after cessation of stimuli causing the original image.
AN = differentiate from FIGURAL AFTEREFFECT which is displacement of (usually) geometric pattern in shape & space; while both are in the field of perception, AFTERIMAGE is likely to be in ophthalmol jrnls, FIGURAL AFTEREFFECT, in psychol jrnls
UI = D000360
Agammaglobulinemia
MS = An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.
AN = TN 225: relation to HYPO- & DYSGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
UI = D000361
AGAMOUS Protein, Arabidopsis
MS = A plant homeotic protein involved in the development of stamens and carpels of Arabidopsis thaliana. It is a DNA-binding protein that contains the MADS-box domain. It is one of the four founder proteins that structurally define the superfamily of MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS.
AN = AGAMOUS-LIKE PROTEINS see MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS is also available
UI = D026342
Agar
MS = A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D000362
Agaricales
MS = An extensive order of basidiomycetous fungi whose fruiting bodies are commonly call mushrooms.
AN = note x ref MUSHROOMS; pois = MUSHROOM POISONING
UI = D000363
Agaricus
MS = A basidiomycetous fungal genus of the family Agaricaceae, order Agaricales, which includes the field mushroom (A. campestris) and the commercial mushroom (A. bisporus).
AN = a basidiomycete
UI = D000364
Agastache
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that contains tilianin, agastanol, and agastaquinone (a cytotoxic diterpenoid quinone).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031327
Agavaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Liliales, subclass Liliidae, class Liliopsida. Members of the family have narrow, lance-shaped, sometimes fleshy or toothed leaves that are clustered at the base of each plant. Most species have large flower clusters containing many flowers. The fruit is a capsule or berry.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027881
Agave
MS = A genus known for fibers obtained from their leaves: sisal from A. sisalana, henequen from A. fourcroyoides and A. cantala, or Manila-Maguey fiber from A. cantala. Some species provide a sap that is fermented to an intoxicating drink, called pulque in Mexico. Some contain agavesides.
AN = X ref CENTURY PLANT: CENTAURY = CENTAURIUM is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027882
Age Determination by Skeleton
UI = D000365
Age Determination by Teeth
UI = D000366
Age Distribution
MS = The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
AN = NIM; no qualif; human & animal; a statist concept: do not confuse with AGE FACTORS, more related to cause & effect; age-sex distribution: coord (NIM) with SEX DISTRIBUTION (NIM)
UI = D017677
Age Factors
MS = Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
AN = NIM; no qualif; human & animal; related to cause & effect: do not confuse with AGE DISTRIBUTION which is largely statistical; differentiate from AGING, a physiol concept; policy: Manual 35.7
UI = D000367
Age Groups
MS = Persons classified by age from birth (INFANT, NEWBORN) to octogenarians and older (AGED, 80 AND OVER).
AN = not used for indexing
UI = D009273
Age of Onset
MS = The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.
AN = IM: GEN only; not for routine age of onset of dis in individual case reports; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM), as "age of onset in peptic ulcer" = AGE OF ONSET (NIM) + PEPTIC ULCER /epidemiol (IM); no qualif
UI = D017668
Aged
MS = A person 65 through 79 years of age. For a person older than 79 years, AGED, 80 AND OVER is available.
AN = age 65-79 if IM, age 65 & over as check tag; AGED, 80 AND OVER is also available; IM as physiol, psychol or sociol entity; NIM as check tag; Manual 18.5+, 34.10.1; differentiate from AGING, a physiol process, & AGE FACTORS & AGE DISTRIBUTION, statist concepts
UI = D000368
Aged, 80 and over
MS = A person 80 years of age and older.
AN = age 80 yr & over; IM as psychol or sociol entity; NIM as for AGED check tag; whether IM or NIM check tag AGED; Manual 18.5+, 34.10.1; DF: AGED 80
UI = D000369
Ageratina
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The common name of snakeroot is also used for POLYGALA; SANICULA; ARISTOLOCHIA and others.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036603
Ageratum
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that contains PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS. Yellow vein disease of Ageratum is caused by a viral DNA complex of a begomovirus (GEMINIVIRIDAE).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031163
Ageusia
MS = Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of taste, frequently accompanied by OLFACTION DISORDERS.
AN = do not confuse with DYSGEUSIA, distortion of sense of taste
UI = D000370
Agglutination
AN = NIM, no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D000371
Agglutination Tests
MS = Tests that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = NIM
UI = D000372
Agglutinins
MS = Substances, usually of biological origin, that cause cells or other organic particles to aggregate and stick to each other. They also include those antibodies which cause aggregation or agglutination of a particulate or insoluble antigen.
AN = cold agglutinin disease = COLD AGGLUTININ DISEASE see ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC, AUTOIMMUNE
UI = D000373
Aggression
MS = A form of behavior which leads to self-assertion; it may arise from innate drives and/or a response to frustration; may be manifested by destructive and attacking behavior, by covert attitudes of hostility and obstructionism, or by healthy self-expressive drive to mastery. (Dorland 27th ed)
AN = human & animal; "agression" in French is translated "stress" & indexed under a STRESS heading; "agressologie" = STRESS
UI = D000374
Aging
MS = The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
AN = human & animal; IM; aging process anywhere between birth & old age; differentiation from other age-related terms: Manual 28.16, 34.10; "aging" of lower organisms, cultures, drugs, etc. is probably TIME FACTORS; AGING, PREMATURE is also available
UI = D000375
Aging, Premature
MS = Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.
AN = unspecified with relation to age; in children, consider PROGERIA; in adults, consider PROGERIA, ADULT see WERNER SYNDROME
UI = D019588
Agkistrodon
MS = A genus of venomous snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae. Twelve species of this genus are found in North and Central America and Asia. Agkistrodon contortrix is the copperhead, A. piscivorus, the cottonmouth. The former is named for its russet or orange-brown color, the latter for the white interior of its mouth. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336; Moore, Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p75)
AN = a genus of vipers; note X refs; its venom: coord IM with CROTALID VENOMS (IM)
UI = D017836
Aglaia
MS = A plant genus of the family MELIACEAE. Members contain lariciresinol, pregnanes, insecticidal rocaglamide derivatives and other compounds.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031602
Agmatine
MS = Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.
UI = D000376
Agnosia
MS = Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities.
AN = coord IM with type of stimulus that is not recognized (IM)
UI = D000377
Agonistic Behavior
MS = Any behavior associated with conflict between two individuals.
UI = D000378
Agoraphobia
MS = Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.
UI = D000379
Agranulocytosis
MS = A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES (BASOPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, and NEUTROPHILS).
UI = D000380
Agraphia
MS = Loss or impairment of the ability to write (letters, syllables, words, or phrases) due to an injury to a specific cerebral area or occasionally due to emotional factors. This condition rarely occurs in isolation, and often accompanies APHASIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p485; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
UI = D000381
Agricultural Workers' Diseases
MS = Diseases in persons engaged in cultivating and tilling soil, growing plants, harvesting crops, raising livestock, or otherwise engaged in husbandry and farming. The diseases are not restricted to farmers in the sense of those who perform conventional farm chores: the heading applies also to those engaged in the individual activities named above, as in those only gathering harvest or in those only dusting crops.
AN = coord IM with specific dis (IM); specify geog if pertinent
UI = D000382
Agriculture
MS = The science of soil cultivation, crop production, and livestock raising.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D000383
Agrimonia
MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE that has been used in folk treatment of diabetes. Members contain agrimoniin (TANNINS).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031981
Agrin
MS = A protein component of the synaptic basal lamina. It has been shown to induce clustering of acetylcholine receptors on the surface of muscle fibers and other synaptic molecules in both synapse regeneration and development.
AN = a nerve tissue protein
UI = D018171
Agrobacterium
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, plants, and marine mud. With the exception of Agrobacterium radiobacter, members of this genus invade the crown, roots, and stems of plants, via wounds, causing the transformation of the plant cells into proliferating tumor cells (PLANT TUMORS).
UI = D000384
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and the stems and roots of plants. It causes oncogenic transformations (tumor formation) in a wide variety of higher plants after wounding.
AN = found in soil & on plant rods & stems; DF: AGROBACT TUMEFACIENS
UI = D016960
Agrochemicals
MS = Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: AGROCHEM
UI = D016573
Agropyron
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The common name of wheatgrass is also used for other plants in the family.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031702
Agrostemma
MS = A plant genus of the family CARYOPHYLLACEAE that contains ALLANTOIN and a ribosome-inactivating protein.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031242
Agrostis
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031703
Aid to Families with Dependent Children
MS = Financial assistance provided by the government to indigent families with dependent children who meet certain requirements as defined by the Social Security Act, Title IV, in the U.S.
AN = treed under SOCIAL SECURITY; specify geog; DF: AFDC
UI = D000385
AIDS Arteritis, Central Nervous System
MS = Inflammation of blood vessels of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that occurs in association with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME. In children, this condition may be associated with INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM formation. Cerebral vasculitis in this setting is frequently associated with AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS including varicella, CMV, fungal, tuberculosis, and syphilis. (From Neurol Clin 1997 Nov;15(4):927-44; Neurology 1998 Aug;51(2):560-5)
AN = DF: AIDS ARTERITIS CNS
UI = D020943
AIDS Dementia Complex
MS = A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNONDEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefication, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)
AN = coord IM with HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM or NIM) if pertinent
UI = D015526
AIDS Serodiagnosis
MS = Immunologic tests for identification of HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) antibodies. They include assays for HIV SEROPOSITIVITY and HIV SERONEGATIVITY; (ELISA, immunofluorescence, immunoblot, etc.) that have been developed for screening persons carrying the viral antibody from patients with overt symptoms of AIDS or AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX.
AN = used with AIDS patients & HIV-seropositive or -negative persons; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: AIDS SERODIAG
UI = D015492
AIDS Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.
UI = D016915
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy
MS = Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.
AN = coord IM with specific kidney dis (IM); specify HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM or NIM) if pertinent; DF: HIVAN
UI = D016263
AIDS-Related Complex
MS = A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.
AN = coord IM with HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM) if pertinent; DF: note short X ref
UI = D000386
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
MS = Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
AN = coord IM with HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM or NIM if pertinent); coord IM with specific opportunistic infect (IM); DF: AIDS RELAT OPPORTUNISTIC INFECT
UI = D017088
Ailanthus
MS = A plant genus of the family SIMAROUBACEAE. Members contain ailantinols and other quassinoids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032268
Ainhum
MS = Spontaneous autoamputation of the fourth or fifth toe.
UI = D000387
Air
MS = The mixture of gases present in the earth's atmosphere consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.
AN = do not confuse with ATMOSPHERE or OXYGEN
UI = D000388
Air Abrasion, Dental
MS = A technique using a pneumatic, high-pressure stream of aluminum oxide to remove DENTAL ENAMEL; DENTIN; and restorative materials from teeth. In contrast to using DENTAL HIGH-SPEED EQUIPMENT, this method usually requires no dental anesthesia (ANESTHESIA, DENTAL) and reduces risks of tooth chipping and microfracturing. It is used primarily for routine DENTAL CAVITY PREPARATION.
UI = D020906
Air Ambulances
MS = Fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters equipped for air transport of patients.
AN = airplanes & helicopters
UI = D017732
Air Bags
MS = Automotive safety devices consisting of a bag designed to inflate upon collision and prevent passengers from pitching forward. (American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)
UI = D017278
Air Conditioning
MS = The maintenance of certain aspects of the environment within a defined space to facilitate the function of that space; aspects controlled include air temperature and motion, radiant heat level, moisture, and concentration of pollutants such as dust, microorganisms, and gases. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D000389
Air Ionization
UI = D000390
Air Microbiology
MS = The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the air. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
AN = IM; coord IM with specific bact, virus or fungus (IM); DF: AIR MICROBIOL
UI = D000391
Air Movements
AN = no qualif; WIND is also available but see note there
UI = D000392
Air Pollutants
MS = Substances which pollute the air.
AN = specify pollutant if pertinent (IM or NIM)
UI = D000393
Air Pollutants, Environmental
MS = Air pollutants which affect environmental conditions.
AN = specify pollutant if pertinent (IM or NIM); DF: AIR POLLUTANTS ENVIR
UI = D000394
Air Pollutants, Occupational
MS = Air pollutants found in the work area. They are usually produced by the specific nature of the occupation.
AN = specify pollutant or occup if pertinent (IM or NIM); DF: AIR POLLUTANTS OCCUP
UI = D000395
Air Pollutants, Radioactive
MS = Pollutants, present in air, which exhibit radioactivity.
AN = specify radiopollutant if pertinent (IM or NIM)
UI = D000396
Air Pollution
AN = includes pollen in the air (coord with POLLEN)
UI = D000397
Air Pollution, Indoor
MS = The contamination of indoor air.
AN = IM; specify environ if pertinent (IM)
UI = D016902
Air Pollution, Radioactive
AN = IM; coord with specific source of radiation (IM); specify geog if pertinent
UI = D000398
Air Pressure
MS = The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment.
AN = no qualif
UI = D000399
Air Sacs
MS = Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals.
AN = in birds, fish, insects & mammals; sacculitis in veterinary animals: coord IM with RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES/vet (IM) or RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS/vet (IM)
UI = D000400
Aircraft
MS = A weight-carrying structure for navigation of the air that is supported either by its own buoyancy or by the dynamic action of the air against its surfaces. (Webster, 1973)
UI = D000401
Airway Obstruction
MS = Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.
AN = acute: chronic airway obstruct, chronic airflow obstruct & COAD (chronic obstruct airway dis) go under LUNG DISEASES, OBSTRUCTIVE (see note there); NASAL OBSTRUCTION is also available
UI = D000402
Airway Resistance
MS = Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow.
UI = D000403
Aizoaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035722
Ajmaline
MS = An alkaloid found in the root of Rauwolfia serpentina, among other plant sources. It is a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.
UI = D000404
Ajuga
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that contains cyasterone, ajugasterone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, 8-acetylharpagide (an iridoid glycoside).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031328
Akathisia, Drug-Induced
MS = A condition associated with the use of certain medications and characterized by an internal sense of motor restlessness often described as an inability to resist the urge to move.
AN = shows "anxiety, restlessness & agitation": do not confuse with DYSKINESIA, DRUG-INDUCED which shows repetitive movements
UI = D017109
Akinetic Mutism
MS = A syndrome characterized by a silent and inert state without voluntary motor activity despite preserved sensorimotor pathways and vigilance. Bilateral FRONTAL LOBE dysfunction involving the anterior cingulate gyrus and related brain injuries are associated with this condition. This may result in impaired abilities to communicate and initiate motor activities. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p348; Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1995 Feb;63(2):59-67)
UI = D000405
AKR murine leukemia virus
MS = A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) isolated from spontaneous leukemia in AKR strain mice.
AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) or LEUKEMIA (IM) (for spontaneous leukemia)
UI = D000406
Alabama
UI = D000407
Alagille Syndrome
MS = Hypoplasia of the hepatic ducts, congenital pulmonary artery stenosis, facial abnormalities, and other congenital malformations, particularly skeletal. It is often presented as jaundice during the neonatal period. It is an autosomal recessive disease generally manifesting during childhood. "Arteriohepatic" refers to the pulmonary artery and the intrahepatic bile ducts, not to the hepatic artery.
UI = D016738
Alamethicin
MS = A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
AN = a peptide antibiotic
UI = D000408
Alangiaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Cornales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida, consisting of slow-growing evergreen trees common in tropical forests of south India and Burma. Members contain tetrahydroisoquinoline-monoterpene and iridoid glycosides.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032604
Alanine
MS = A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
AN = BETA-ALANINE is also available
UI = D000409
Alanine Racemase
MS = A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that reversibly catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine to D-alanine. EC 5.1.1.1.
UI = D000411
Alanine Transaminase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.
AN = /blood = SGPT /blood (not just SGPT)
UI = D000410
Alanine-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates alanine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.7.
UI = D000412
Alaska
UI = D000413
Albania
AN = in translations of historical articles use spelling People's Republic, not Peoples' nor Peoples
UI = D000415
Albendazole
MS = A benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintic structurally related to MEBENDAZOLE that is effective against many diseases. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p38)
UI = D015766
Alberta
MS = A province of western Canada, lying between the provinces of British Columbia and Saskatchewan. Its capital is Edmonton. It was named in honor of Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p26 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p12)
AN = a province of Canada
UI = D000416
Albinism
MS = General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.
AN = hypopigmentation of skin, hair, eye; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D000417
Albinism, Ocular
MS = Albinism affecting the eye in which pigment of the hair and skin is normal or only slightly diluted. The classic type is X-linked (Nettleship-Falls), but an autosomal recessive form also exists. Ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity.
AN = hypopigmentation of eye; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D016117
Albinism, Oculocutaneous
MS = Heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders comprising at least four recognized types, all having in common varying degrees of hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. The two most common are the tyrosinase-positive and tyrosinase-negative types.
UI = D016115
Albizzia
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that contains julibroside (triterpenoid saponins).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031289
Albumins
MS = Water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. They coagulate upon heating.
UI = D000418
Albuminuria
MS = The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.
UI = D000419
Albuterol
MS = A racemic mixture with a 1:1 ratio of the r-isomer, levalbuterol, and s-albuterol. It is a short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist with its main clinical use in ASTHMA.
UI = D000420
Alcaligenes
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, motile bacteria that occur in water and soil. Some are common inhabitants of the intestinal tract of vertebrates. These bacteria occasionally cause opportunistic infections in humans.
AN = ALCALIGENES EUTROPHA see RALSTONIA EUTROPHA is available
UI = D000421
Alchemilla
MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE. Members contain esculetin and QUERCETIN.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031982
Alchemy
AN = no qualif
UI = D000422
Alcian Blue
MS = A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D000423
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder
MS = A mental disorder associated with chronic ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) and nutritional deficiencies characterized by short term memory loss, confabulations, and disturbances of attention. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1139)
UI = D000425
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
MS = A zinc-containing enzyme which oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals in the presence of NAD. In alcoholic fermentation, it catalyzes the final step of reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen.
AN = a specific enzyme; do not confuse with ALCOHOL OXIDORECUCTASES
UI = D000426
Alcohol Deterrents
MS = Substances interfering with the metabolism of ethyl alcohol, causing unpleasant side effects thought to discourage the drinking of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol deterrents are used in the treatment of alcoholism.
AN = consider also ALCOHOLISM /drug ther
UI = D000427
Alcohol Drinking
MS = Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.
AN = drunkenness = ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION but binge drinking & acute alcohol intox = ETHANOL /pois; chronic alcohol consumption = ALCOHOLISM; TEMPERANCE is available for "abstinence from alcohol" but do not confuse with alcohol withdrawal (see note under ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL DELIRIUM & SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME)
UI = D000428
Alcohol Oxidoreductases
MS = A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).
UI = D000429
Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium
MS = An acute organic mental disorder induced by cessation or reduction in chronic alcohol consumption. Clinical characteristics include CONFUSION; DELUSIONS; vivid HALLUCINATIONS; TREMOR; agitation; insomnia; and signs of autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., elevated blood pressure and heart rate, dilated pupils, and diaphoresis). This condition may occasionally be fatal. It was formerly called delirium tremens. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1175)
AN = note X ref; do not confuse with "alcohol withdrawal syndrome" ( = SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME (IM) + ETHANOL /adv eff (IM)); ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SEIZURES is available
UI = D000430
Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures
MS = A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)
AN = ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL DELIRIUM is available
UI = D020270
Alcohol-Induced Disorders
MS = Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol.
UI = D020751
Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System
MS = Acute and chronic neurologic disorders associated with the various neurologic effects of ETHANOL. Primary sites of injury include the brain and peripheral nerves.
UI = D020268
Alcohol-Related Disorders
MS = Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or mis-use of alcohol.
UI = D019973
Alcoholic Beverages
MS = Drinkable liquids containing ETHANOL.
AN = GEN; BEER & WINE are available; chronic consumption of alcoholic bev = ALCOHOLISM
UI = D000434
Alcoholic Intoxication
MS = An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
AN = human & animal
UI = D000435
Alcoholic Neuropathy
MS = A condition where damage to the peripheral nervous system (including the peripheral elements of the autonomic nervous system) is associated with chronic ingestion of alcoholic beverages. The disorder may be caused by a direct effect of alcohol, an associated nutritional deficiency, or a combination of factors. Clinical manifestations include variable degrees of weakness; ATROPHY; PARESTHESIAS; pain; loss of reflexes; sensory loss; diaphoresis; and postural hypotension. (From Arch Neurol 1995;52(1):45-51; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1146)
UI = D020269
Alcoholics Anonymous
MS = An organization of self-proclaimed alcoholics who meet frequently to reinforce their practice of abstinence.
AN = IM CATALOG: use NAF Entry
UI = D000436
Alcoholism
MS = A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)
AN = human & animal; do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE: alcoholism is presumed to be chronic; differentiate from ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION, being drunk, not chronic; acute alcoholic intox & binge drinking is ETHANOL /pois; /drug ther: consider also ALCOHOL DETERRENTS; consider also LIVER DISEASES, ALCOHOLIC & its specifics FATTY LIVER, ALCOHOLIC; HEPATITIS, ALCOHOLIC & LIVER CIRRHOSIS, ALCOHOLIC; also PANCREATITIS, ALCOHOLIC; also CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; PSYCHOSES, ALCOHOLIC & FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; index other compl of alcoholism under ALCOHOLISM /compl (IM) + disease /etiol not /chem ind (IM); abstinence from alcohol in alcoholism: coord with TEMPERANCE (NIM); available is SKID ROW ALCOHOLICS see HOMELESS PERSONS but see note there
UI = D000437
Alcohols
MS = Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = do not use for "alcohol" ( = ETHANOL); diols = GLYCOLS; hypophysectomy by alcohol (ethanol) injection = HYPOPHYSECTOMY, CHEMICAL & do not index under ETHANOL unless particularly discussed
UI = D000438
Alcuronium
MS = A non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant similar to TUBOCURARINE. It is used as an anesthesia adjuvant.
UI = D000443
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
MS = An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70.
UI = D000444
Aldehyde Oxidoreductases
UI = D000445
Aldehyde Reductase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of an aldose to an alditol. It possesses broad specificity for many aldoses. EC 1.1.1.21.
UI = D000449
Aldehyde-Ketone Transferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of aldehyde or ketone residues. EC 2.2.
UI = D019880
Aldehyde-Lyases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze a reverse aldol condensation. A molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group is cleaved at a C-C bond to produce two smaller molecules (ALDEHYDES or KETONES). EC 4.1.2.
UI = D000446
Aldehydes
MS = Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.
UI = D000447
Aldicarb
MS = Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D000448
Aldose-Ketose Isomerases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of aldoses and ketoses. EC 5.3.1.
UI = D019747
Aldosterone
MS = A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic: consider also HYPOALDOSTERONISM; PSEUDOHYPOALDOSTERONISM is also available; consider also RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM see RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM & do not index under ALDOSTERONE unless particularly discussed
UI = D000450
Aldosterone Antagonists
MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of aldosterone.
AN = DF: ALDOSTERONE ANTAG
UI = D000451
Aldosterone Synthase
MS = A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 18-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-specific flavoprotein. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B2 gene, is important in the conversion of CORTICOSTERONE to 18-hydroxycorticosterone and the subsequent conversion to ALDOSTERONE.
AN = do not confuse with other cytochrome P-450 CYP's
UI = D019405
Aldrin
MS = A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D000452
Alendronate
MS = A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis.
UI = D019386
Aleurites
MS = A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE that is the source of tung oil and a phorbol diester (PHORBOL ESTERS).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031284
Aleutian Mink Disease
MS = A slow progressive disease of mink caused by the ALEUTIAN MINK DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by poor reproduction, weight loss, autoimmunity, hypergammaglobulinemia, increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, and death from renal failure. The disease occurs in all color types, but mink which are homozygous recessive for the Aleutian gene for light coat color are particularly susceptible.
AN = caused by a parvovirus; don't forget also MINK (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL
UI = D000453
Aleutian Mink Disease Virus
MS = A species of PARVOVIRUS that causes a disease in mink, mainly those homozygous for the recessive Aleutian gene which determines a desirable coat color.
AN = a species of Parvovirus; infection = ALEUTIAN MINK DISEASE: see note there; DF: ALEUTIAN MINK DIS PARVOVIRUS
UI = D000454
Alexander Disease
MS = A rare inherited disorder of myelin formation. Alexander disease is a progressive leukencephalopathy whose hallmark is the widespread accumulation of cytoplasmic inclusions called Rosenthal fibers. The fibers contain GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN in association with ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN. Rosenthal fibers are found predominantly in ASTROCYTES located in the subependymal, subpial, and periventricular areas of the BRAIN.
UI = D038261
Alexia, Pure
MS = Loss of the power to comprehend written materials despite preservation of the ability to write (i.e., alexia without agraphia). This condition is generally attributed to lesions that "disconnect" the visual cortex of the non-dominant hemisphere from language centers in the dominant hemisphere. This may occur when a dominant visual cortex injury is combined with underlying white matter lesions that involve crossing fibers from the occipital lobe of the opposite hemisphere. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p483)
AN = ALEXIA see DYSLEXIA is also available
UI = D020237
Alfalfa mosaic virus
MS = The type species of the genus ALFAMOVIRUS that is non-persistently transmitted by aphids.
AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol
UI = D017794
Alfamovirus
MS = A genus of the family BROMOVIRIDAE with a wide host range. Transmission is by aphids and the type species is ALFALFA MOSAIC VIRUS.
AN = a genus of mosaic viruses; from ALFAlfa MOsaic virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
UI = D019178
Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture
MS = A 3:1 mixture of alfaxalone with alfadolone acetate that previously had been used as a general anesthetic. It is no longer actively marketed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1445)
UI = D000530
Alfentanil
MS = A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.
UI = D015760
Algae
MS = A major group of lower plants that comprises, usually, photosynthetic plants of extremely varied morphology and physiology, and that is commonly considered to be a heterogeneous assemblage. They are freshwater and marine, terrestrial and subterranean; some are neustonic (living at the interface of water and the atmosphere). They live in various protozoa and within other plants. Among the vectors of aquatic algae are water movements (tides and currents), wind, ships, beetles, aquatic birds, etc. They live also in soil and on soil surfaces, on long-persistent snows, and in Antarctic rocks. Thermophilic algae inhabit hot springs. (From Webster, 3d ed; from Bold & Wynne, Introduction to the Algae, 2d ed, pp1-6)
AN = lower plants; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse X ref CYANOPHORA with the group CYANOBACTERIA
UI = D000456
Algae and Fungi
MS = ALGAE represent a group of spore-propagating plants, unicellular or undifferentiated into root, stem, and leaf. They include seaweed and many unicellular fresh-water plants, most of which contain chlorophyll. They account for about 90% of the earth's photosynthetic activity. FUNGI are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites and include mushrooms, YEASTS, smuts, molds, etc. They lack chlorophyll. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D000457
Algae, Brown
MS = Predominantly marine algae of the division Phaeophyta, having chromatophores containing carotenoid pigments. Genera include Ascophyllum, Fucus, Eisenia, Petalonia, Ectocarpus.
AN = common genera: Ascophyllum, Fucus, Eisenia, Petalonia, Ectocarpus
UI = D000459
Algae, Green
MS = Algae of the division Chlorophyta, in which the green pigment of CHLOROPHYLL is not masked by other pigments. Classes include Charophyceae, Bryopsidophyceae, Conjugatophyceae, Oedogoniophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Prasinophyceae. Common genera are ACETABULARIA; CHLAMYDOMONAS; CHLORELLA; Nitella; PROTOTHECA; Scenedesmus, Spirogyra, and Volvox.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D000460
Algae, Red
MS = Algae of the division Rhodophyta, in which the pigment is predominantly red; common genera are Gelidium, Gracilaria, and Polysiphonia.
AN = common genera: Gelidium, Gracilaria, Polysiphonia
UI = D000461
Algal Proteins
MS = Proteins found in any species of algae.
AN = coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific alga (IM)
UI = D020418
Algeria
MS = A country in northern Africa between MOROCCO and LIBYA. Its capital is Algiers. It was known to the Romans as Numidia. From 430 A.D. until 1942 it was successively in the hands of the Vandals, the Eastern Roman Empire, the Arabs, the Ottoman Empire, and the French, and gained independence in 1962. The country took its name from its capital, from the Arabic al (the) + jaza'ir (islands), with reference to four islands lying off the coast at Algiers but joined to the mainland by 1525. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p31 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p14)
AN = a country in northern Africa
UI = D000462
Algestone
MS = 16 alpha,17-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Progestational dihydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE. Its acetonide possesses anti-inflammatory properties.
AN = a synthetic progestational hormone
UI = D000523
Algestone Acetophenide
MS = (16 alpha(R))-16,17-((1-Phenylethylidene)bis(oxy))pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A progesterone that has been used in estrus synchronization and has been evaluated as an injectable contraceptive in combination with estradiol enanthate. It is also used therapeutically as a topical anti-inflammatory and is applied topically in the treatment of acne.
AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent & female contraceptive
UI = D000463
Alginates
MS = Salts of alginic acid that are extracted from marine kelp and used to make dental impressions and as absorbent material for surgical dressings.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D000464
Algorithms
MS = A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.
UI = D000465
Alisma
MS = A plant genus of the family ALISMATACEAE. The flowers have 3 green sepals, 3 yellow and white petals, 6 stamens, and several pistils. Members contain TRITERPENES and SESQUITERPENES. Alisma is a component of tokishakuyakusan. Some species in this genus are called water plantain which is also a common name for other ALISMATACEAE plants.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D034902
Alismataceae
MS = A plant family of the subclass ALISMATIDAE, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons) of aquatic plants. The flower parts are in threes with 3 green sepals and 3 white or yellow petals.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D034901
Alismatidae
MS = A plant subclass of the class Liliopsida (monocotyledons) in the Chronquist classification system. This is equivalent to the Alismatales order in the APG classification system. It is a primitive group of more or less aquatic plants.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035961
Alkadienes
MS = Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having two carbon-carbon double bonds.
UI = D000466
Alkalies
MS = Usually a hydroxide of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium, but also the carbonates of these metals, ammonia, and the amines. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = singular form is "alkali"; /adv eff: consider also MILK-ALKALI SYNDROME see HYPERCALCEMIA
UI = D000468
Alkaline Phosphatase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.
AN = /defic: consider also HYPOPHOSPHATASIA
UI = D000469
Alkaloids
MS = Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific alkaloid; alkaloids from specific plants go here (IM) + name of plant or PLANTS, MEDICINAL, etc.
UI = D000470
Alkalosis
MS = A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.
UI = D000471
Alkalosis, Respiratory
MS = A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = excess loss of CO2 from body
UI = D000472
Alkanes
MS = The generic name for the group of aliphatic hydrocarbons Cn-H2n+2. They are denoted by the suffix -ane. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = cycloalkanes = CYCLOPARAFFINS
UI = D000473
Alkanesulfonates
MS = Organic esters or salts of sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical.
UI = D000476
Alkanesulfonic Acids
MS = Sulfonic acid derivatives that are substituted with an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
UI = D017738
Alkaptonuria
MS = An inborn error of amino acid metabolism resulting from a defect in the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase and causing an accumulation of homogentisic acid in the urine. The condition is characterized by ochronosis in various tissues and arthritis.
AN = an inborn error of amino acid metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D000474
Alkenes
MS = Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408)
UI = D000475
Alkyl and Aryl Transferases
MS = A somewhat heterogeneous class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or related groups (excluding methyl groups). EC 2.5.
UI = D019883
Alkylating Agents
MS = Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases.
UI = D000477
Alkylation
MS = The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group.
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic alkylation: coord NIM with TRANSFERASES (IM) + substrate (NIM); METHYLATION & METHYLTRANSFERASES are also available
UI = D000478
Alkylmercury Compounds
MS = Organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to an alkyl group.
AN = DF: ALKYLMERCURY CPDS
UI = D000479
Alkynes
MS = Acyclic hydrocarbons with one triple bond of the general formula Cn-H2n-2. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D000480
Allantoin
AN = /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted
UI = D000481
Allantois
MS = An embryonic diverticulum of the hindgut of reptiles, birds, and mammals; in man its blood vessels give rise to those of the umbilical cord.
AN = mammalian, avian or reptilian
UI = D000482
Alleles
MS = Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process.
AN = no qualif; = allelomorphs
UI = D000483
Allelic Imbalance
MS = A situation where one member (allele) of a gene pair is lost (LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY) or amplified.
AN = do not confuse with ALLELIC LOSS see LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY
UI = D022981
Allergens
MS = Antigen-type substances that produce immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).
AN = coord IM with specific allergen (IM), e.g., pollen as an allergen = ALLERGENS + POLLEN
UI = D000485
Allergy and Immunology
MS = A medical specialty concerned with the hypersensitivity of the individual to foreign substances and protection from the resultant infection or disorder.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with ALLERGY see HYPERSENSITIVITY (Cat C); consider also /immunol: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.37; immunohematology is indexed under BLOOD GROUPS; immunologic processes = IMMUNITY or specific; DF: ALLERGY IMMUNOL
UI = D000486
Allethrin
MS = Synthetic analogs of the naturally occuring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D000487
Allied Health Occupations
MS = Occupations of medical personnel who are not physicians, and are qualified by special training and, frequently, by licensure to work in supporting roles in the health care field. These occupations include, but are not limited to, medical technology, physical therapy, physician assistant, etc.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: ALLIED HEALTH OCCUP
UI = D016390
Allied Health Personnel
MS = Health care workers specially trained and licensed to assist and support the work of health professionals. Often used synonymously with paramedical personnel, the term generally refers to all health care workers who perform tasks which must otherwise be performed by a physician or other health professional.
UI = D000488
Alligators and Crocodiles
MS = Large, long-tailed reptiles, including caimans, of the order Loricata.
AN = IM; qualif permitted; DF: ALLIGATORS
UI = D000489
Allium
MS = A genus of the plant family Liliaceae (sometimes classified as Alliaceae) in the order Liliales. Many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as food, condiment, and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D000490
Allolevivirus
MS = A bacteriophage genus of the family LEVIVIRIDAE, whose viruses contain the longer version of the genome and have no separate cell lysis gene.
AN = coord with specific bacterium /virol
UI = D017908
Allophanate Hydrolase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of allophanic acid to two molecules of ammonia plus two molecules of "active carbon dioxide". EC 3.5.1.54.
UI = D000492
Allopurinol
MS = A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.
UI = D000493
Allosteric Regulation
AN = almost never IM; DF: ALLOSTERIC REG
UI = D000494
Allosteric Site
MS = A site on an enzyme which upon binding of a modulator, causes the protein to undergo a conformational change that may alter the catalytic or binding properties of the enzyme.
UI = D000495
Alloxan
AN = ALLOXAN DIABETES indexed as DIABETES MELLITUS, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) + ALLOXAN (NIM) only if chem is particularly discussed
UI = D000496
Alloys
MS = A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D000497
Allyl Compounds
AN = DF: ALLYL CPDS
UI = D000498
Allylamine
MS = Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.
UI = D000499
Allylestrenol
MS = A synthetic steroid with progestational activity.
UI = D000500
Allylglycine
MS = An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals.
UI = D000501
Allylisopropylacetamide
MS = An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.
UI = D000502
Almanacs
MS = Publications, usually annual, containing a calendar for the coming year, the times of such events and phenomena as anniversaries, sunrises, sunsets, phases of the moon, tides, meteorological, and other statistical information and related topics. Almanacs are also annual reference books of useful and interesting facts relating to countries of the world, sports, entertainment, population groups, etc. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = for med almanacs, do not coord with MEDICINE; do not confuse with Publication Type ALMANACS
UI = D000503
Almanacs [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of a calendar of days, weeks, and months, together with information such as astronomical data, various statistics, etc. (From Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing, 2d ed)
AN = publication type only; for almanacs as a subject, index under main heading ALMANACS
UI = D019482
Almitrine
MS = A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.
UI = D015765
Almshouses
MS = Privately endowed or public charities or institutions receiving and supporting the aged or infirm poor. They sometimes functioned as centers of health care before the establishment of formal hospitals. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed & Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)
AN = in hist contexts only; check hist tags
UI = D019022
Alnus
MS = A plant genus of the family BETULACEAE that is distinguished from birch (BETULA) by its usually stalked winter buds and by cones that remain on the branches after the small, winged nutlets are released.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029661
Alocasia
MS = A plant genus of the family ARACEAE. Members contain beta-glucosidases and trypsin inhibitors.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031055
Aloe
MS = A plant genus of the family Aloeaceae, order Liliales (or Asphodelaceae, Asparagales in APG system) which is used medicinally. It contains anthraquinone glycosides such as aloin-emodin or aloe-emodin (EMODIN).
AN = for HESPERALOE see AGAVACEAE is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D000504
Alopecia
MS = Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.
UI = D000505
Alopecia Areata
MS = A microscopically inflammatory, usually reversible, patchy hair loss occurring in sharply defined areas and usually involving the beard or scalp. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = baldness in defined areas
UI = D000506
Alouatta
MS = A genus of the subfamily ALOUATTINAE, family CEBIDAE, composed of six species. They are A. belzebul (black and red howler), A. caraya (black howler), A. fusca (brown howler), A. palliata (mantled howler), A. seniculus (red howler), and A. villosa (also known as A. pigra; Guatemalan howler). They inhabit the forests of Central and South America. Howlers travel in groups and define their territories by howling accompanied by vigorously shaking and breaking branches.
AN = New World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
UI = D000508
Alouattinae
MS = A subfamily of CEBIDAE inhabiting the forests of Central and South America. The genus ALOUATTA, or howler monkeys, belongs to this subfamily of New World monkeys.
AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
UI = D016661
alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin
MS = Glycoprotein found in alpha(1)-globulin region in human serum. It inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteinases in vivo and has cytotoxic killer-cell activity in vitro. The protein also has a role as an acute-phase protein and is active in the control of immunologic and inflammatory processes, and as a tumor marker. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.
AN = a serpin & acute phase protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000514
alpha 1-Antitrypsin
MS = Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits trypsin, neutrophil elastase, and other proteolytic enzymes. Commonly referred to as alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI), it exists in over 30 different biochemical variant forms known collectively as the Pi (protease inhibitor) system. Hereditary A1PI deficiency is associated with pulmonary emphysema.
UI = D000515
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
MS = Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN, leading primarily to degradation of elastin of the alveolar walls, as well as other structural proteins of a variety of tissues. (From Scriver, Beaudet, Sly, & Valle, The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 7th ed, p4125)
AN = Pi or PiZZ goes here + PHENOTYPE; DF: ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFIC
UI = D019896
alpha Karyopherins
MS = Nucleocytoplasmic transport molecules that bind to the NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SIGNAL of cytoplasmic molecules destined to be imported into the CELL NUCLEUS. Once attached to their cargo they bind to BETA KARYOPHERINS and are transported through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Inside the CELL NUCLEUS alpha karyopherins dissociate from beta karypherins and their cargo. They then form a complex with CELLULAR APOPTOSIS SUCCEPTIBILITY PROTEIN and RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN which is exported to the CYTOPLASM.
UI = D028901
Alpha Particles
MS = Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability.
AN = ionizing; radiation policy: see Manual index under RADIATION & entries following
UI = D000512
alpha Proteobacteria
MS = A group generally comprised of those members of the proteobacteria class which are considered as oligotrophic.
AN = DF: ALPHA PROTEOBACT
UI = D020561
Alpha Rhythm
MS = One of four types of brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of 8-13 Hz. They constitute the majority of waves recorded by EEG registering the activity of the parietal and occipital lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed with the eyes closed.
AN = in EEG
UI = D000513
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid
MS = An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D018350
alpha-Amylase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages in starch, glycogen, and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides containing 3 or more 1,4-alpha-linked D-glucose units. EC 3.2.1.1.
UI = D000516
alpha-Chlorohydrin
MS = A chlorinated propanediol compound that has shown anti-fertility activity in males and has been used as a chemosterilant in rodents.
UI = D000517
alpha-Crystallin A Chain
MS = One of the subunits of alpha-crystallins. Unlike ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN the expression of ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN is limited primarily to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE).
UI = D038202
alpha-Crystallin B Chain
MS = One of the alpha crystallin subunits. In addition to being expressed in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE), alpha-crystallin B chain has been found in a variety of tissues such as HEART, BRAIN, MUSCLE and KIDNEY. Accumulation of the protein in the brain is associated with NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES such as CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME and ALEXANDER DISEASE.
UI = D038203
alpha-Crystallins
MS = A subclass of crystallins that provides the majority of refractive power and translucency to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) in VERTEBRATES. Alpha-crystallins also act as molecular chaperones that bind to denatured proteins, keep them in solution and thereby maintain the translucency of the lens. The proteins exist as large oligomers that are formed from ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN and ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN subunits.
UI = D038201
alpha-Defensins
MS = DEFENSINS found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal PANETH CELLS.
UI = D023084
alpha-Endorphin
MS = An endogenous opioid peptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. It differs from GAMMA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid.
AN = BETA-ENDORPHIN & GAMMA-ENDORPHIN are also available; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D018822
alpha-Fetoproteins
MS = The first alpha-globulins to appear in mammalian sera during development of the embryo and the dominant serum proteins in early embryonic life. They reappear in the adult serum during certain pathologic states, primarily hepatocellular carcinoma. They may also be elevated in the amniotic fluid and maternal serum during pregnancy in ANENCEPHALY.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000509
alpha-Galactosidase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-galactosides including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans, and galactolipids. EC 3.2.1.22.
UI = D000519
Alpha-Globulins
MS = Serum proteins that have the most rapid migration during ELECTROPHORESIS. This subgroup of globulins is divided into faster and slower alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-globulins.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D000510
alpha-Glucosidases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the exohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glucosidic linkages with release of alpha-glucose. Deficiency of alpha-1,4-glucosidase may cause GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE II. EC 3.2.1.20.
AN = defic/: consider also GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE II
UI = D000520
alpha-L-Fucosidase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of an alpha L-fucoside to yield an alcohol and L-fucose. Deficiency of this enzyme can cause FUCOSIDOSIS. EC 3.2.1.51.
AN = /defic: consider also FUCOSIDOSIS
UI = D005644
alpha-Linolenic Acid
MS = A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins.
AN = GAMMA-LINOLENIC ACID is an omega-6 fatty acid; DF: note short X ref
UI = D017962
alpha-Macroglobulins
MS = Glycoproteins with a molecular weight of approximately 620,000 to 680,000. Precipitation by electrophoresis is in the alpha region. They include alpha 1-macroglobulins and alpha 2-macroglobulins. These proteins exhibit trypsin-, chymotrypsin-, thrombin-, and plasmin-binding activity and function as hormonal transporters.
UI = D000511
alpha-Methyltyrosine
MS = An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)
UI = D019805
alpha-MSH
MS = A 13-amino acid peptide derived from the anterior pituitary gland in man and from the pars intermedia in lower vertebrates. Its amino acid sequence is identical to the first 13 amino acids of ACTH. It influences the formation of deposition of melanin in the body and produces color changes in the skin of amphibians, fishes and reptiles. It is secreted in humans only during fetal life and occasionally during pregnancy.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000521
alpha-Thalassemia
MS = A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D017085
alpha-Tocopherol
MS = A natural tocopherol and one of the most potent antioxidant tocopherols. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. It has four methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus. The natural d form of alpha-tocopherol is more active than its synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol racemic mixture.
AN = /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY (IM)
UI = D024502
Alphaherpesvirinae
MS = A subfamily of HERPESVIRIDAE characterized by a short replication cycle. The genera include: SIMPLEXVIRUS, VARICELLOVIRUS, MAREK'S DISEASE-LIKE VIRUSES, and INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS-LIKE VIRUSES.
AN = infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018138
Alphaprodine
MS = An opioid analgesic chemically related to and with an action resembling that of MEPERIDINE, but more rapid in onset and of shorter duration. It has been used in obstetrics, as pre-operative medication, for minor surgical procedures, and for dental procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1067)
UI = D000522
Alpharetrovirus
MS = A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE with type C morphology, that causes malignant and other diseases in wild birds and domestic fowl.
AN = infection: coord IM with AVIAN LEUKOSIS (IM) or SARCOMA, AVIAN (IM), but if not so specified coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) if pertinent
UI = D001355
Alphavirus
MS = A genus of TOGAVIRIDAE, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the SINDBIS VIRUS.
AN = infection = ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS
UI = D000524
Alphavirus Infections
MS = Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE.
AN = caused by a togavirus; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018354
Alpinia
MS = A plant genus of the family ZINGIBERACEAE. Members contain galangin, yakuchinone-A, and diarylheptanoids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032429
Alprazolam
MS = A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, and in generalized anxiety disorder. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238)
UI = D000525
Alprenolol
MS = One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.
UI = D000526
Alprostadil
MS = A potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow. It inhibits platelet aggregation and has many other biological effects such as bronchodilation, mediation of inflammation, etc.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D000527
Alstonia
MS = A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE. Members contain echitovenidine, echitamine, venenatine (an indole alkaloid), and anti-inflammatory triterpenoids
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031051
Alstroemeria
MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. Members contain allergens, tuliposide A and tulipalin A.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031402
Alternaria
MS = A mitosporic Loculoascomycetes fungal genus including several plant pathogens and at least one species which produces a highly phytotoxic antibiotic. Its teleomorph is Lewia.
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOSES (IM) or specific mycosis (IM)
UI = D000528
Alternative Splicing
MS = A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.
AN = for NESTED TRANSCRIPTS also index the RNA; do not confuse with NESTED GENES; for nested primers use NESTED PCR (POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION)
UI = D017398
Alteromonadaceae
MS = A family of marine, gram-negative PROTEOBACTERIA including the genera ALTEROMONAS, Colwellia, Idiomarina, Marinobacter, MORITELLA, PSEUDOALTEROMONAS, and SHEWANELLA.
UI = D034241
Alteromonas
MS = A genus of gram-negative, straight or curved rods which are motile by means of a single, polar flagellum. Members of this genus are found in coastal waters and the open ocean. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D020591
Althaea
MS = A plant genus of the family MALVACEAE known for mucilaginous roots. The common names of hollyhock and mallow are also used for other genera of MALVACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031583
Altitude
AN = no qualif; consider also ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; /adv eff = probably ALTITUDE SICKNESS
UI = D000531
Altitude Sickness
MS = A morbid condition of ANOXIA caused by the reduced available oxygen at high altitudes.
UI = D000532
Altretamine
MS = An alkylating agent proposed as an antineoplastic. It also acts as a chemosterilant for male houseflies and other insects.
UI = D006585
Altruism
MS = Consideration and concern for others, as opposed to self-love or egoism, which can be a motivating influence.
AN = no qualif
UI = D000533
Alu Elements
MS = The Alu sequence family (named for the restriction endonuclease cleavage enzyme Alu I) is the most highly repeated interspersed repeat element in humans (over a million copies). It is derived from the 7SL RNA component of the SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE and contains an RNA polymerase III promoter. Transposition of this element into coding and regulatory regions of genes is responsible for many heritable diseases.
UI = D020087
Alum Compounds
MS = Aluminum metal sulfate compounds used medically as astringents and for many industrial purposes. They are used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of ulcerative stomatitis, leukorrhea, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, metritis, and minor wounds.
AN = astringents; also many indust uses; used also in vet med; D25-26 qualif; DF: ALUM CPDS
UI = D000534
Aluminum
MS = A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.
AN = Al-27; Al-23-26, 28-30 = ALUMINUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D000535
Aluminum Compounds
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain aluminum as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: ALUMINUM CPDS
UI = D017607
Aluminum Hydroxide
MS = A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc.
UI = D000536
Aluminum Oxide
MS = An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.
UI = D000537
Aluminum Silicates
MS = Any of the numerous types of clay which contain varying proportions of Al2O3 and SiO2. They are made synthetically by heating aluminum fluoride at 1000-2000 degrees C with silica and water vapor. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
AN = "numerous types of clay"
UI = D000538
Alveolar Bone Loss
MS = The resorption of bone in the supporting structures of the maxilla or mandible as a result of periodontal disease.
AN = caused by periodontal dis; use Cat C qualif; coord IM with MANDIBULAR DISEASES or MAXILLARY DISEASES (IM or NIM)
UI = D016301
Alveolar Process
MS = The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth.
AN = dis: coord with JAW DISEASES or specific precoord jaw dis (IM); for /surg, prefer ALVEOLECTOMY or ALVEOLOPLASTY
UI = D000539
Alveolar Ridge Augmentation
MS = Preprosthetic surgery involving rib, cartilage, or iliac crest bone grafts, usually autologous, or synthetic implants for rebuilding the alveolar ridge.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D000540
Alveolectomy
MS = Subtotal or complete excision of the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = excision of part of the ALVEOLAR PROCESS (see note there); do not confuse with ALVEOLOPLASTY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D000541
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic
MS = Conditions in which inhalation of organic dusts results in hypersensitivity reactions at the alveolar level, associated with the production of precipitins.
AN = a type of resp hypersensitivity
UI = D000542
Alveoloplasty
MS = Conservative contouring of the alveolar process, in preparation for immediate or future denture construction. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = refers to ALVEOLAR PROCESS (see note there); do not confuse with ALVEOLECTOMY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D000543
Alzheimer Disease
MS = A degenerative disease of the brain characterized by the insidious onset of dementia. Impairment of memory, judgement, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)
UI = D000544
Alzheimer Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat ALZHEIMER DISEASE.
UI = D023582
Amacrine Cells
MS = INTERNEURONS of the vertebrate RETINA. They integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer.
UI = D025042
Amanita
MS = A genus of fungi of the family Agaricaceae, order Agaricales; most species are poisonous.
AN = a poisonous basidiomycete; coord NIM for MUSHROOM POISONING (IM) by Amanita
UI = D000545
Amanitins
MS = Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS
UI = D000546
Amantadine
MS = An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake.
UI = D000547
Amaranth Dye
MS = A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = the plant AMARANTH see AMARANTHUS is also available; D25-26 qualif
UI = D000548
Amaranthaceae
MS = A family of flowering plants in the order Caryophyllales, with about 60 genera and more than 800 species of plants, with a few shrubs, trees, and vines. The leaves usually have nonindented edges.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027703
Amaranthus
MS = A plant genus, in the family AMARANTHACEAE, best known as a source of high-protein grain crops and of Red Dye No. 2 (AMARANTH DYE). Tumbleweed sometimes refers to Amaranthus but more often refers to SALSOLA.
AN = X ref REDROOT PIGWEED: REDROOT see SANGUINARIA is also available; AMARANTH DYE is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027721
Amaurosis Fugax
MS = Transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by EMBOLI from the CAROTID ARTERY (usually in association with CAROTID STENOSIS) and other locations that enter the central RETINAL ARTERY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p245)
UI = D020757
Ambenonium Chloride
MS = A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112)
UI = D000549
Amber
MS = A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber.
AN = a resin; do not confuse with AMBER (Advanced Multiple Beam Equalization Radiography) or amber codon or amber suppressor; D25-26 qualif
UI = D018647
Ambergris
MS = A gray substance found in the intestinal tracts of the sperm whale.
UI = D018648
Amblyopia
MS = A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.
UI = D000550
Ambrosia
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The POLLEN is one cause of HAYFEVER.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031164
Ambroxol
MS = A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.
UI = D000551
Ambulances
MS = A vehicle equipped for transporting patients in need of emergency care.
UI = D000552
Ambulatory Care
MS = Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility.
UI = D000553
Ambulatory Care Facilities
MS = Those facilities which administer health services to individuals who do not require hospitalization or institutionalization.
AN = IM
UI = D000554
Ambulatory Care Information Systems
MS = Information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of ambulatory care services and facilities.
AN = IM
UI = D000555
Ambulatory Surgical Procedures
MS = Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.
AN = outpatient surg performed in MD's office, surgicenter or hosp
UI = D000556
Ambystoma
MS = A genus of the Ambystomatidae family. The best known species of this genus are the axolotl forms AMBYSTOMA MEXICANUM and Ambystoma tigrinum. They may retain gills and remain aquatic without developing all of the adult characteristics. However, under proper changes in the environment they metamorphose.
AN = salamander; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D000557
Ambystoma mexicanum
MS = An axolotl found in Mexican mountain lakes and accounting for about 30 percent of the urodeles used in research.
AN = salamander; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D000558
Ambystomatidae
MS = A family of the class Urodela which includes 4 living genera, about 33 species, and occurs only in North America. Adults are usually terrestrial, but the larval forms are aquatic.
AN = a family of salamanders; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D000559
Amdinocillin
MS = Amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action. It is poorly absorbed if given orally and is used in urinary infections and typhus.
UI = D000560
Amdinocillin Pivoxil
MS = Pivaloyloxymethyl ester of amdinocillin that is well absorbed orally, but broken down to amdinocillin in the intestinal mucosa. It is active against gram-negative organisms and used as for amdinocillin.
UI = D000561
Amebiasis
MS = Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.
AN = caused by "any of various amebae"; /drug ther: consider also AMEBICIDES; note X ref ABSCESS, AMEBIC: LIVER ABSCESS, AMEBIC is also available
UI = D000562
Amebicides
MS = Agents which are destructive to amebae, especially the parasitic species causing AMEBIASIS in man and animal.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific amebicide; consider also AMOEBA /drug eff & AMEBIASIS /drug ther
UI = D000563
Ameloblastoma
MS = An epithelial tumor of the jaw originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the developing period of the enamel.
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably JAW NEOPLASMS (IM) or precoord jaw/neopl term (IM)
UI = D000564
Ameloblasts
MS = Cylindrical epithelial cells in the innermost layer of the ENAMEL ORGAN. Their functions include contribution to the development of the dentinoenamel junction by the deposition of a layer of the matrix, thus producing the foundation for the prisms (the structural units of the DENTAL ENAMEL), and production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
AN = an epithelial cell in the enamel organ; A 11 qualif
UI = D000565
Amelogenesis
MS = The elaboration of dental enamel by ameloblasts, beginning with its participation in the formation of the dentino-enamel junction to the production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
AN = formation of dent enamel; DENTINOGENESIS, formation of dentin, is also available
UI = D000566
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
MS = An autosomal dominant or X-linked disorder in which there is faulty development of the dental enamel owing to agenesis, hypoplasia, or hypocalcification of the enamel. It is marked by enamel that is very thin and friable and frequently stained in various shades of brown. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a tooth abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D000567
Amenorrhea
MS = Absence of menstruation.
AN = "postpartum amenorrhea" is indexed under AMENORRHEA (IM) + PUERPERIUM (IM) & not LACTATION unless lactation is particularly discussed
UI = D000568
American Cancer Society
MS = A voluntary organization concerned with the prevention and treatment of cancer through education and research.
AN = add UNITED STATES or specific state (NIM) CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D000570
American Dental Association
MS = Professional society representing the field of dentistry.
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: ADA CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D000571
American Heart Association
MS = A voluntary organization concerned with the prevention and treatment of heart and vascular diseases.
AN = add UNITED STATES or specific state (NIM): DF: AMERICAN HEART ASSOC CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D000572
American Hospital Association
MS = A professional society in the United States whose membership is composed of hospitals.
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: AHA CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D000573
American Medical Association
MS = Professional society representing the field of medicine.
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: AMA CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D000574
American Nurses' Association
MS = Professional society representing the field of nursing.
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: ANA CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D000575
American Public Health Association
MS = Professional organization concerned with issues affecting personal and environmental health, including federal and state funding for health programs, programs related to chronic and infectious diseases, and professional education in public health.
AN = DF: AM PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC
UI = D040363
American Samoa
MS = A group of islands of SAMOA, in the southwest central Pacific. Its capital is Pago Pago. The islands were ruled by native chiefs until about 1869. An object of American interest beginning in 1839, Pago Pago and trading and extraterritorial rights were granted to the United States in 1878. The United States, Germany, and England administered the islands jointly 1889-99, but in 1899 they were granted to the United States by treaty. The Department of the Interior has administered American Samoa since 1951. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p44)
AN = an island group in Samoa; admin by US Dept of Interior
UI = D018948
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
MS = A professional society concerned with the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and remediation of speech, language, and hearing disorders.
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: ASHA CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D016235
Americas
MS = The general name for NORTH AMERICA; CENTRAL AMERICA; and SOUTH AMERICA unspecified or combined.
AN = too general; avoid; prefer specific continents or countries; titles saying "American" are likely to be indexed to UNITED STATES, not here
UI = D000569
Americium
MS = Americium. A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, atomic number 95, and atomic weight 243. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.
AN = naturally radioactive; IM
UI = D000576
Amide Synthases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of either ammonia or an amide with another molecule, in which the linkage is in the form of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.1.
UI = D019732
Amides
MS = Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D000577
Amidine-Lyases
MS = These enzymes catalyze the elimination of ammonia from amidines with the formation of a double bond. EC 4.3.2.
UI = D019760
Amidines
UI = D000578
Amidinotransferases
MS = Enzymes of a subclass of TRANSFERASES that catalyze the transfer of an amidino group from donor to acceptor. EC 2.1.4.
UI = D000579
Amido Black
MS = A dye used to stain proteins in electrophoretic techniques. It is used interchangeably with its acid form.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D000580
Amidohydrolases
UI = D000581
Amidophosphoribosyltransferase
MS = An enzyme, involved in the early steps of purine nucleotide biosynthesis, that catalyzes the formation of 5-phosphoribosylamine from glutamine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. EC 2.4.2.14.
UI = D000582
Amifostine
MS = A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D004999
Amikacin
MS = A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and ototoxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.
UI = D000583
Amiloride
MS = A pyrazine compound inhibiting sodium reabsorbtion through sodium channels in renal epithelial cells. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with diuretics to spare potassium loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)
UI = D000584
Aminacrine
MS = A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D000585
Amination
MS = The creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compound or reduction of a nitro group.
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic amination: coord NIM with TRANSAMINASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific transaminase (IM)
UI = D000586
Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)
MS = A group of enzymes including those oxidizing primary monoamines, diamines, and histamine. They are copper proteins, and, as their action depends on a carbonyl group, they are sensitive to inhibition by semicarbazide. EC 1.4.3.6.
UI = D006631
Amine Oxidoreductases
MS = Enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation of secondary amines, introducing a C=N double bond as the primary reaction. In some cases this is later hydrolyzed.
UI = D000587
Amines
MS = A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D000588
Amino Acid Activation
MS = The first step of protein synthesis, whereby an amino acid reacts with adenosine triphosphate in the presence of aminoacyl RNA synthetase to produce an amino acid adenylate, which provides the energy necessary for the attachment of the amino acid to a specific transfer RNA molecule.
AN = IM; coord with specific amino acid (IM)
UI = D000589
Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones
MS = Inhibitors of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES and sulfhydryl group-containing enzymes. They act as alkylating agents and are known to interfere in the translation process.
AN = serine proteinase inhib; DF: AACK
UI = D000590
Amino Acid Isomerases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze either the racemization or epimerization of chiral centers within amino acids or derivatives. EC 5.1.1.
UI = D000591
Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors
MS = Disorders affecting amino acid metabolism. The majority of these disorders are inherited and present in the neonatal period with metabolic disturbances (e.g., ACIDOSIS) and neurologic manifestations. They are present at birth, although they may not become symptomatic until later in life.
AN = coord IM with specific amino acid /metab (IM); DF: AA METAB INBORN ERR
UI = D000592
Amino Acid Motifs
MS = Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.
AN = IM general; coord NIM with specific protein (IM); PROTEIN DOMAINS see PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY is available; if the amino acid motif is a representative of conserved sequence then also index CONSENSUS SEQUENCE; DF: AA MOTIFS
UI = D020816
Amino Acid Naphthylamidases
UI = D000593
Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
MS = Amino acids released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Among the amino acid neurotransmitters are glutamate (GLUTAMIC ACID) and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID which are, respectively, the most common excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018378
Amino Acid Oxidoreductases
MS = A class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions of amino acids. EC 1.4.-.
UI = D000594
Amino Acid Sequence
MS = The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
AN = IM general; coord NIM with specific protein or peptide; when to index with MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA: see note there; DF: AMINO ACID SEQ or AA SEQ; use this heading when protein structure refers to the sequence of a protein; for covalent bonds to other molecules we have MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; when protein structure refers to protein architecture use PROTEIN CONFORMATION or its specifics
UI = D000595
Amino Acid Substitution
MS = The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.
UI = D019943
Amino Acid Transport Disorders, Inborn
MS = Disorders characterized by defective transport of amino acids across cell membranes. These include deficits in transport across brush-border epithelial cell membranes of the small intestine (MICROVILLI) and KIDNEY TUBULES; transport across the basolateral membrane; and transport across the membranes of intracellular organelles. (From Nippon Rinsho 1992 Jul;50(7):1587-92)
AN = DF: AA TRANSPORT DIS INBORN
UI = D020157
Amino Acid Transport System A
MS = A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE, SERINE, and GLUTAMINE.
UI = D026924
Amino Acid Transport System ASC
MS = A ubiquitous sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE, SERINE, and CYSTEINE.
UI = D026962
Amino Acid Transport System L
MS = A sodium-independent neutral amino acid transporter system with specificity for large amino acids. One of the functions of the transporter system is to supply large neutral amino acids to the brain.
UI = D027062
Amino Acid Transport System X-AG
MS = A family of potassium-dependent acidic amino acid transporters that demonstrate a high affinity for GLUTAMIC ACID and ASPARTATIC ACID. Several variants of this system are found in neuronal tissue.
UI = D027322
Amino Acid Transport System y+
MS = A sodium-independent, basic amino acid transport system with a high-affinity for LYSINE, ARGININE and ORNITHINE.
UI = D027182
Amino Acid Transport System y+L
MS = A leucine-sensitive amino acid transport system with high affinity for basic amino acids( AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).
UI = D027241
Amino Acid Transport Systems
MS = Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D026905
Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic
MS = Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting acidic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, ACIDIC).
UI = D026922
Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic
MS = Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).
UI = D026923
Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral
MS = Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting neutral amino acids (AMINO ACIDS NEUTRAL).
UI = D026921
Amino Acids
MS = Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.
AN = /urine permitted but consider also AMINOACIDURIA, RENAL
UI = D000596
Amino Acids, Acidic
MS = Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH.
UI = D024342
Amino Acids, Aromatic
MS = Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.
UI = D024322
Amino Acids, Basic
MS = Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.
UI = D024361
Amino Acids, Branched-Chain
MS = Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.
UI = D000597
Amino Acids, Cyclic
MS = A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
UI = D000598
Amino Acids, Diamino
UI = D000599
Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic
UI = D000600
Amino Acids, Essential
MS = Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.
UI = D000601
Amino Acids, Neutral
MS = Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.
UI = D021542
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
MS = Amino acids and chains of amino acids connected by peptide linkages.
AN = not used for indexing
UI = D000602
Amino Acids, Sulfur
UI = D000603
Amino Acyl-tRNA Ligases
MS = A subclass of enzymes that acylate a specific RNA, TRANSFER with the corresponding amino acid. EC 6.1.1.
UI = D000604
Amino Alcohols
MS = Compounds possessing both a hydroxyl (-OH) and an amino group (-NH2).
UI = D000605
Amino Sugars
UI = D000606
Aminoacetonitrile
MS = Cyanomethylamine.
UI = D000607
Aminoaciduria, Renal
MS = Impairment of renal tubular transport of amino acids.
AN = impairment of renal tubule transport of amino acids; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific amino acid /urine (IM)
UI = D000608
Aminoacridines
MS = Acridines which are substituted in any position by one or more amino groups or substituted amino groups.
UI = D000609
Aminoacyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an aminoacyl group from donor to acceptor resulting in the formation of an ester or amide linkage. EC 2.3.2.
UI = D019881
Aminobenzoic Acids
MS = BENZOIC ACID substituted with an amino group. They can either be mono-, di-, or tri- substituted. Para-aminobenzoic acid (see 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID) is considered a member of the vitamin b complex.
UI = D000610
Aminobiphenyl Compounds
MS = Biphenyl compounds substituted in any position by one or more amino groups. Permitted are any substituents except fused rings.
AN = DF: AMINOBIPHENYL CPDS
UI = D000611
Aminobutyric Acids
MS = Aliphatic four carbon acids substituted in any position(s) with amino group(s). They are found in most living things. The best known is GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D000613
Aminocaproic Acids
MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of aminohexanoic acids.
UI = D000614
Aminoethylphosphonic Acid
MS = An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues.
UI = D000615
Aminoglutethimide
MS = An aromatase inhibitor that produces a state of "medical" adrenalectomy by blocking the production of adrenal steroids. It also blocks the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Aminoglutethimide has been used in the treatment of advanced breast and prostate cancer. It was formerly used for its weak anticonvulsant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p454)
AN = an aromatase inhib
UI = D000616
Aminoglycosides
MS = Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substitutent on the glycoside.
AN = "aminoglycosides" in a clinical context almost always means ANTIBIOTICS, AMINOGLYCOSIDE but check text
UI = D000617
Aminohippuric Acids
MS = A group of glycine amides of aminobenzoic acids.
UI = D000618
Aminohydrolases
UI = D000619
Aminoimidazole Carboxamide
MS = An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.
UI = D000620
Aminoisobutyric Acids
MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.
UI = D000621
Aminolevulinic Acid
MS = A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis.
UI = D000622
Aminooxyacetic Acid
MS = A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.
UI = D000625
Aminopeptidases
MS = A subclass of EXOPEPTIDASES that act on the free N terminus end of a polypeptide liberating a single amino acid residue. EC 3.4.11.
UI = D000626
Aminophenols
MS = Phenols substituted in any position by an amino group.
UI = D000627
Aminophylline
MS = A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.
UI = D000628
Aminopropionitrile
MS = 3-Aminopropanenitrile. Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.
UI = D000629
Aminopterin
MS = A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.
UI = D000630
Aminopyridines
MS = Pyridines substituted in any position with an amino group. May be hydrogenated, but must retain at least one double bond.
AN = = pyridinamines & pyridylamines
UI = D000631
Aminopyrine
MS = A drug with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but, owing to the risk of agranulocytosis, whose use is discouraged. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p3)
AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent; do not confuse DIPYRINE (X ref) with DIPYRONE
UI = D000632
Aminopyrine N-Demethylase
UI = D000633
Aminoquinolines
MS = Quinolines substituted in any position by one or more amino groups.
UI = D000634
Aminorex
MS = An amphetamine-like anorectic agent. It may cause pulmonary hypertension.
UI = D000635
Aminosalicylic Acids
MS = A group of 2-hydroxybenzoic acids that can be substituted by amino groups at any of the 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-positions.
AN = P-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID is also available
UI = D000636
Amiodarone
MS = An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.
UI = D000638
Amitriptyline
MS = Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.
UI = D000639
Amitrole
MS = A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.
UI = D000640
Amlodipine
MS = A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.
UI = D017311
Ammi
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that is the primary plant source of KHELLIN.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031165
Ammonia
MS = Ammonia. A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions.
AN = a colorless alkaline gas; formed in body during decomposition of organic matter
UI = D000641
Ammonia-Lyases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond by the elimination of AMMONIA. EC 4.3.1.
UI = D000642
Ammonium Chloride
MS = An acidifying agent that is used as an expectorant and a diuretic.
AN = /analogs = AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS
UI = D000643
Ammonium Compounds
MS = Inorganic and organic compounds that contain the hypothetical radical NH4.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: AMMONIUM CPDS
UI = D000644
Ammonium Sulfate
MS = Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.
UI = D000645
Ammotherapy
MS = Treatment by application of hot sand.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D000646
Amnesia
MS = Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)
UI = D000647
Amnesia, Anterograde
MS = Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)
UI = D020324
Amnesia, Retrograde
MS = Loss of the ability to recall information that had been previously encoded in memory prior to a specified or approximate point in time. This process may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organic forms may be associated with CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS; SEIZURES; DEMENTIA; and a wide variety of other conditions that impair cerebral function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-9)
UI = D000648
Amnesia, Transient Global
MS = A syndrome characterized by a transient loss of the ability to form new memories. It primarily occurs in middle aged or elderly individuals, and episodes may last from minutes to hours. During the period of amnesia, immediate and recent memory abilities are impaired, but the level of consciousness and ability to perform other intellectual tasks are preserved. The condition is related to bilateral dysfunction of the medial portions of each TEMPORAL LOBE. Complete recovery normally occurs, and recurrences are unusual. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp429-30)
AN = AMNESIA, GLOBAL see AMNESIA is also available
UI = D020236
Amniocentesis
MS = Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D000649
Amnion
MS = The extraembryonic membrane which contains the EMBRYO and AMNIOTIC FLUID.
AN = not restricted to mammals; intra-amniotic injections = AMNION + INJECTIONS; amniotomy = AMNION /surg + probably LABOR, INDUCED
UI = D000650
Amniotic Band Syndrome
MS = A disorder present in the newborn infant in which constriction rings or bands, causing soft tissue depressions, encircle digits, extremities, or limbs and sometimes the neck, thorax, or abdomen. They may be associated with intrauterine amputations.
AN = constriction bands in newborn inf; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D000652
Amniotic Fluid
MS = Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the AMNION and fetal lungs and kidneys.
AN = intra-amniotic injections do not go here: use AMNION + INJECTIONS; excess fluid and hydramnios = POLYHYDRAMNIOS; fluid deficiency = OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS
UI = D000653
Amobarbital
MS = A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)
AN = a sedative
UI = D000654
Amodiaquine
MS = A 4-aminoquinoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.
UI = D000655
Amoeba
MS = A genus of ameboid protozoa. Characteristics include a vesicular nucleus and the formation of several lodopodia, one of which is dominant at a given time. Reproduction occurs asexually by binary fission.
AN = the genus name: X ref AMEBA sometimes used loosely for the common nouns ameba & amoeba; /drug eff: consider also AMEBICIDES; infection = AMEBIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D000656
Amoebida
MS = An order of ameboid protozoa that is commonly uninucleate and possess mitochondria. Most organisms are nonpathogenic.
AN = an order of ameboid protozoa; usually nonpathogenic
UI = D016841
Amomum
MS = A plant genus of the family ZINGIBERACEAE. Members contain aculeatin D, beta-sitosterol, and STIGMASTEROL. Some members have been reclassified to ELETTARIA and other ZINGIBERACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035801
Amorphophallus
MS = A plant genus of the family ARACEAE. Members contain konjac glucomannan (MANNANS) and SEROTONIN.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031056
Amoxapine
MS = The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both. It also blocks dopamine receptors.
UI = D000657
Amoxicillin
MS = A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.
UI = D000658
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination
MS = A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate (see AMOXICILLIN), an aminopenicillin, and potassium clavulanate (see CLAVULANIC ACID), a beta-lactamase inhibitor, used to treat a broad-spectrum of bacterial infections, especially resistant strains.
AN = DF: Amox-clav
UI = D019980
AMP Deaminase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of AMP to IMP. EC 3.5.4.6.
UI = D000659
Ampelopsis
MS = A plant genus of the family VITACEAE. Members contain momordin and SITOSTEROLS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032421
Amphetamine
MS = A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.
AN = a specific chem: do not confuse with AMPHETAMINES; d-amphetamine = DEXTROAMPHETAMINE; N-methylamphetamine = METHAMPHETAMINE
UI = D000661
Amphetamine-Related Disorders
MS = Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.
UI = D019969
Amphetamines
MS = Analogs or derivatives of AMPHETAMINE. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with AMPHETAMINE, a specific chem; N-methylamphetamine = METHAMPHETAMINE
UI = D000662
Amphibia
MS = VERTEBRATES such as frogs, toads, newts and salamanders that live in a semiaquatic environment.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific available orders, families & genera; NIM when exper animal
UI = D000663
Amphibian Proteins
MS = Proteins obtained from species in the class of AMPHIBIA.
AN = coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific amphibian (IM)
UI = D029845
Amphibian Venoms
MS = Venoms produced by frogs, toads, salamanders, etc. The venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and contain cardiotoxic glycosides, cholinolytics, and a number of other bioactive materials, many of which have been characterized. The venoms have been used as arrow poisons and include bufogenin, bufotoxin, bufagin, bufotalin, histrionicotoxins, and pumiliotoxin.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted; coord IM with specific amphibian (IM or NIM)
UI = D000664
Amphipoda
MS = An order of mostly marine CRUSTACEA containing more than 5500 species in over 100 families. Like ISOPODA, the other large order in the superorder Peracarida, members are shrimp-like in appearance, have sessile compound eyes, and no carapace. But unlike Isopoda, they possess thoracic gills and their bodies are laterally compressed.
UI = D033304
Ampholyte Mixtures
MS = Such mixtures of amphoteric electrolytes or buffers that provide a continuous range of pH in an electric field; used for separating proteins by their isoelectric points, i.e., by isoelectric focusing.
AN = buffers; D25-26 qualif
UI = D000665
Amphotericin B
MS = Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.
UI = D000666
Ampicillin
MS = Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.
UI = D000667
Ampicillin Resistance
MS = Nonsusceptibility of a microbe to the action of ampicillin, a penicillin derivative that interferes with cell wall synthesis.
UI = D000668
Amplifiers
MS = Electronic devices that increase the strength of an input signal, or apparatus for increasing the magnification of a microscope. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = NIM
UI = D000669
Amprolium
MS = Veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with thiamine metabolism. It may cause thiamine deficiency.
UI = D000670
Amputation
MS = The removal of a limb or other appendage or outgrowth of the body. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = a surg procedure: do not confuse with AMPUTATION, TRAUMATIC; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D000671
Amputation Stumps
MS = The part of a limb or tail following amputation that is proximal to the amputated section.
AN = restrict to extremities: do not use for gastric stump ( = GASTRIC STUMP), appendiceal stump, ureteral stump, cervical stump & the like (indexed probably under relevant -ECTOMY or other surg term)
UI = D000672
Amputation, Traumatic
MS = Loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury.
AN = by accident or inj: do not confuse with AMPUTATION, a surg procedure; /surg: consider also REPLANTATION
UI = D000673
Amputees
AN = do not coord ARM (NIM) or LEG (NIM) unless specifically relevant
UI = D000674
Ampyrone
MS = 4-Amino-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazolone. A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates liver microsomes and is also used to measure extracellular water.
AN = an analgesic & non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent
UI = D000675
Amrinone
MS = A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.
UI = D000676
Amsacrine
MS = Aminoacridine derivative that is a potent intercalating antineoplastic agent. It is effective in the treatment of acute leukemias and malignant lymphomas, but has poor activity in the treatment of solid tumors. It is frequently used in combination with other antineoplastic agents in chemotherapy protocols. It produces consistent but acceptable myelosuppression and cardiotoxic effects.
UI = D000677
Amsinckia
MS = A plant genus of the family BORAGINACEAE. Members contain PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS. The common name of burweed is also used for Triumfetta (TILIACEAE).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029682
Amsonia
MS = A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE. Species of this genus contain YOHIMBINE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D030006
Amygdala
MS = Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.
UI = D000679
Amygdalin
MS = A cyanogenic glycoside found in the seeds of Rosaceae.
AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant
UI = D000678
Amyl Nitrite
MS = A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.
UI = D000680
Amylases
MS = A group of amylolytic enzymes that cleave starch, glycogen, and related alpha-1,4-glucans. (Stedman, 25th ed) EC 3.2.1.-.
AN = amylase isoenzymes: index under AMYLASES (IM) + ISOENZYMES (IM), not ISOAMYLASE; amylases/blood: consider HYPERAMYLASEMIA
UI = D000681
Amyloid
MS = A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed).
AN = a glycoprotein; = amyloid substance; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000682
Amyloid beta-Protein
MS = A 4 kD protein, 39-43 amino acids long, expressed by a gene located on chromosome 21. It is the major protein subunit of the vascular and plaque amyloid filaments in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The protein is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D016229
Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor
MS = A precursor to the AMYLOID-BETA PROTEIN (beta/A4). Alterations in the expression of the amyloid beta-protein precursor (ABPP) gene, located on chromosome 21, plays a role in the development of the neuropathology common to both ALZHEIMER DISEASE and DOWN SYNDROME. ABPP is associated with the extensive extracellular matrix secreted by neuronal cells. Upon cleavage, this precursor produces three proteins of varying amino acid lengths: 695, 751, and 770. The beta/A4 (695 amino acids) or beta-amyloid protein is the principal component of the extracellular amyloid in senile plaques found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DOWN SYNDROME and, to a limited extent, in normal aging.
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: ABPP
UI = D016564
Amyloid Neuropathies
MS = Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)
AN = coord IM with specific neurol dis (IM) or specific nerve (IM); /genet: consider also AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES, HEREDITARY
UI = D017772
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial
MS = Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.
UI = D028227
Amyloid P Component
MS = Amyloid P component is a small, non-fibrillar glycoprotein found in normal serum and in all amyloid deposits. It has a pentagonal (pentaxin) structure. It acts as an acute phase protein in the mouse, modulates immunologic responses in man, inhibits elastase, and has been suggested as an indicator of liver disease.
AN = an acute phase protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000683
Amyloid Protein AA
MS = A nonimmunoglobulin amyloid isolated from amyloid fibrils deposited in amyloidosis secondary to chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Antisera to amyloid protein AA have been used to detect a related serum protein SAA.
AN = an acute phase protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted; AMYLOID PROTEIN SAA is also available
UI = D000684
Amyloid Protein SAA
MS = A serum protein believed to be a circulating precursor to amyloid protein AA. It is present in low concentrations in normal sera, but found in much higher concentrations in sera of older persons and in patients with amyloidosis or with diseases known to predispose to amyloidosis. Very high levels of this protein have been reported during acute inflammatory episodes. Antisera to amyloid protein AA cross-react with protein SAA.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000685
Amyloidosis
MS = A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition. As the AMYLOID deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.
AN = coord IM with organ/dis precoord (IM); /genet: consider also AMYLOIDOSIS, HEREDITARY
UI = D000686
Amyloidosis, Familial
MS = Diseases in which there is a familial pattern of AMYLOIDOSIS.
UI = D028226
Amylopectin
MS = A highly branched glucan in starch.
UI = D000687
Amylose
MS = An unbranched glucan in starch.
UI = D000688
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
MS = A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)
UI = D000690
Anabaena
MS = A genus of CYANOBACTERIA consisting of trichomes that are untapered with conspicuous constrictions at cross-walls. A firm individual sheath is absent, but a soft covering is often present. Many species are known worldwide as major components of freshwater plankton and also of many saline lakes. The species Anabaena flos-aquae is responsible for acute poisonings of various animals.
AN = a genus of Cyanobacteria
UI = D017033
Anabasine
MS = A botanical insecticide.
UI = D000691
Anabolic Steroids
MS = Chemical derivatives of TESTOSTERONE that are used for anabolic promotion of growth and repair of body tissues and the development of male sexual characteristics.
UI = D000692
Anacardiaceae
MS = The sumac plant family in the order Sapindales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are tropical and subtropical trees, shrubs, and woody vines that have resin ducts in the bark. The sap of many of the species is irritating to the skin.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027926
Anacardium
MS = A plant genus of the family ANACARDIACEAE. This is the source of the familiar cashew nuts, which are heat treated to remove the irritant toxin.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031021
Anaerobic Threshold
MS = The oxygen consumption level above which aerobic energy production is supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms during exercise, resulting in a sustained increase in lactate concentration and metabolic acidosis. The anaerobic threshold is affected by factors that modify oxygen delivery to the tissues; it is low in patients with heart disease. Methods of measurement include direct measure of lactate concentration, direct measurement of bicarbonate concentration, and gas exchange measurements.
UI = D015308
Anaerobiosis
MS = The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
AN = almost never IM
UI = D000693
Anagallis
MS = A plant genus of the family PRIMULACEAE that contains anagallosides, which are molluscicidal triterpenoid saponins.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031823
Anal Gland Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the anal gland.
AN = animal only; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); do not confuse with ANUS NEOPLASMS; coord with ANAL SACS for anal sac neoplasms; don't forget check tag ANIMAL
UI = D000694
Anal Sacs
MS = Two sacs opening on either side of the anus near the junction of the mucous membrane and skin in carnivores. The glandular lining produces a gray or brown sebaceous secretion having an unpleasant odor. The sac ducts sometimes become occluded and the secretion accumulates. This leads to irritation that the animal attempts to relieve by rubbing its anus along the ground. The sacs may subsequently become infected and abscessed. (The Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed, p189)
AN = in carnivores only; for neopl, coord with ANAL GLAND NEOPLASMS
UI = D000695
Analgesia
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D000698
Analgesia, Epidural
MS = The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; for relief of pain: do not confuse with ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL
UI = D015360
Analgesia, Obstetrical
MS = The elimination of sensibility to pain, without the loss of consciousness, during labor, delivery, and possibly the postpartum period, usually through the administration of narcotic analgesics.
AN = do not confuse with ANESTHESIA, OBSTETRICAL; IM; coord with specific type of analgesia (IM) or analgesic (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D016362
Analgesia, Patient-Controlled
MS = Relief of pain, without loss of consciousness, through an analgesic agent administered by the patient. It has been used successfully to control postoperative pain, during labor, after burns, and in terminal care. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D016058
Analgesics
MS = Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anesthesia.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific analgesics; no qualif for analgesics when used with ANALGESIA; /ther use permitted for relief of pain in dis
UI = D000700
Analgesics, Non-Narcotic
MS = Drugs that have principally analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory actions. They do not bind to opioid receptors and are not classified under the Controlled Substances Act. (From Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p109)
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
UI = D018712
Analgesics, Opioid
MS = Narcotic or opioid substances, synthetic or semisynthetic agents producing profound analgesia, drowsiness, and changes in mood. Mood changes may be pleasurable, therefore creating a potential for the abuse of these agents; the prototype of these is morphine to which all other analgesics are compared.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D000701
Analog-Digital Conversion
MS = The process of converting analog data such as continually measured voltage to discrete, digital form.
AN = no qualif
UI = D000703
Analysis of Variance
MS = A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif
UI = D000704
Ananas
MS = A plant genus of the family BROMELIACEAE known for the edible fruit that is the source of BROMELAINS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031230
Anaphase
MS = The third phase of cell division, in which the chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles of the spindle.
AN = 3d phase of cell div; NIM specific cell when merely test cell; coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms
UI = D000705
Anaphylatoxins
MS = The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability.
AN = "produced in the serum during complement activation"
UI = D000706
Anaphylaxis
MS = An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death.
AN = /chem ind permitted but not for anaphylactic reactions to toxins & similar biol prod ( = /etiol)
UI = D000707
Anaplasia
MS = Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with organ /pathol (IM); note CARCINOMA, ANAPLASTIC see CARCINOMA: do not coord with ANAPLASIA unless anaplasia is particularly discussed
UI = D000708
Anaplasma
MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria whose organisms are obligate parasites of vertebrates. Species are transmitted by arthropod vectors with the host range limited to ruminants. Anaplasma marginale is the most pathogenic species and is the causative agent of severe bovine anaplasmosis.
AN = infection = ANAPLASMOSIS
UI = D000709
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus ANAPLASMA, family ANAPLASMATACEAE, formerly called Ehrlichia phagocytophila or Ehrlichia equi. This organism is tick-borne (IXODES) and causes disease in horses and sheep. In humans, it causes human granulocytic EHRLICHIOSIS.
AN = infection: coord IM with EHRLICHIOSIS (IM)
UI = D041081
Anaplasmataceae
MS = A family of bacteria which inhabit red blood cells and cause several animal diseases.
AN = infection = ANAPLASMATACEAE INFECTIONS
UI = D000710
Anaplasmataceae Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the family ANAPLASMATACEAE.
AN = rickettsial infect
UI = D000711
Anaplasmosis
MS = A disease of cattle caused by parasitization of the red blood cells by bacteria of the genus ANAPLASMA.
AN = tick-borne dis; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL
UI = D000712
Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y
MS = A Y-shaped surgical anastomosis of any part of the digestive system which includes the small intestine as the eventual drainage site.
AN = usually the digestive tract; NIM with specific organ /surg (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ROUX EN Y
UI = D000713
Anastomosis, Surgical
MS = Surgical union or shunt between ducts, tubes or vessels. It may be end-to-end, end-to-side, side-to-end, or side-to-side.
AN = NIM with specific organ /surg (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF:ANASTOMOSIS SURG
UI = D000714
Anatomy
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; with organ or organism use /anat: Manual 19.8.7, 19.7+; DF: ANAT
UI = D000715
Anatomy, Artistic
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; anatomical atlases go here (IM) + MEDICAL ILLUSTRATION (IM)
UI = D000716
Anatomy, Comparative
MS = The comparative study of animal structure with regard to homologous organs or parts. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; do not check COMPARATIVE STUDY for, as a field, it is not a substitute for a comparison of two or more anatomical concepts ( = COMPARATIVE STUDY tag); Manual 18.13.4: relation to COMPARATIVE STUDY
UI = D000717
Anatomy, Cross-Sectional
MS = Descriptive anatomy based on three-dimensional imaging of the body, organs, and structures using a series of computer multiplane sections, displayed by transverse, coronal, and sagittal analyses. It is essential to accurate interpretation by the radiologist of such techniques as ultrasonic diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography. (From Lane & Sharfaei, Modern Sectional Anatomy, 1992, Preface)
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; SPEC qualif; NIM with organ /anat (IM); DF: ANAT CROSS SECTION
UI = D019412
Anatomy, Regional
AN = SPEC; no qualif
UI = D000718
Anatomy, Veterinary
AN = SPEC
UI = D000719
Ancient Lands
MS = Geographical sites known to be extant in a remote period in the history of civilization, familiar as the names of ancient countries and empires.
AN = "ancient" refers to a far-past date or period; GEN or unspecified ancient countries or empires; prefer specifics; use historical tags
UI = D018436
Ancillary Services, Hospital
MS = Those support services other than room, board, and medical and nursing services that are provided to hospital patients in the course of care. They include such services as laboratory, radiology, pharmacy, and physical therapy services.
AN = DF: ANCILLARY SERV HOSP
UI = D000720
Ancitabine
MS = Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.
UI = D003504
Ancrod
MS = An enzyme fraction from the venom of the Malayan pit viper, Agkistrodon rhodostoma. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of a number of amino acid esters and a limited proteolysis of fibrinogen. It is used clinically to produce controlled defibrination in patients requiring anticoagulant therapy. EC 3.4.21.-.
UI = D000721
Ancylostoma
MS = A genus of nematode intestinal parasites that consists of several species. A. duodenale is the common hookworm in humans. A. braziliense, A. ceylonicum, and A. caninum occur primarily in cats and dogs, but all have been known to occur in humans.
AN = a genus of nematodes; infection = ANCYLOSTOMIASIS; coord with specific pre-coordinated helminth terms (e.g., ANTIGENS, HELMINTH) if pertinent
UI = D000722
Ancylostomatoidea
MS = A superfamily of nematode parasitic hookworms consisting of four genera: ANCYLOSTOMA, NECATOR, Bunostomum, and Uncinaria. ANCYLOSTOMA and NECATOR occur in humans and other mammals. Bunostomum is common in ruminants and Uncinaria in wolves, foxes, and dogs.
AN = a superfamily of nematodes (hookworms): HOOKWORM, NEW WORLD see NECATOR & HOOKWORM, OLD WORLD see ANCYLOSTOMA are available; infection = HOOKWORM INFECTIONS but see note under ANCYLOSTOMA; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D000723
Ancylostomiasis
MS = Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.
AN = hookworm infect; Ancylostoma americanum infection = NECATORIASIS, not ANCYLOSTOMIASIS
UI = D000724
Andorra
MS = A principality in the Pyrenees between France and Spain. Its capital is also called Andorra. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p50)
AN = a country lying between France & Spain
UI = D000725
Androblastoma
MS = A neoplasm arising from the ovarian stroma. It commonly causes defeminization.
AN = coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D001144
Androgen Antagonists
MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of androgens.
AN = DF: ANDROGEN ANTAG
UI = D000726
Androgen-Binding Protein
MS = Carrier proteins produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis, secreted into the seminiferous tubules, and transported via the efferent ducts to the epididymis. They participate in the transport of androgens. Androgen-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as SEX HORMONE BINDING-GLOBULIN. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosacaccharide modifications.
UI = D000727
Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome
MS = A familial form of PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait. These patients have a karyotype of 46,XY with end-organ resistance to androgen due to mutations in the androgen receptor (RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN; AR) gene. Severity of the defect in AR quantity or quality correlates with their phenotypes. The phenotype spectrum varies from those with normal female external genitalia in ANDROGEN-INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME, through those with genital ambiguity in Reifenstein Syndrome, to that of a normal male with INFERTILITY.
AN = check the tag MALE
UI = D013734
Androgens
MS = A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic: consider also HYPOGONADISM & other gonadal disord in Cat C19; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to ANDROGENS, SYNTHETIC
UI = D000728
Androgens, Synthetic
MS = Compounds obtained by chemical synthesis which possess masculinizing activities, but differ in structure from naturally occurring androgens.
AN = /antag permitted: do not confuse with ANDROGENS /chem syn; DF: ANDROGENS SYN
UI = D000729
Andrographis
MS = A plant genus of the family ACANTHACEAE. Members contain andrographolide and other DITERPENES and androechin, a CHALCONE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035685
Andrology
MS = A scientific or medical discipline concerning the study of male reproductive biology, diseases of the male genital organs, and male infertility. Major areas of interest include ENDOCRINOLOGY; SPERMATOGENESIS; semen analysis; FERTILIZATION; CONTRACEPTION; and CRYOPRESERVATION.
AN = SPEC
UI = D033441
Andropogon
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The common name of bluestem is also used for other plants in this family. Andropogon nardus has been reclassified as CYMBOPOGON nardus.
AN = ANDROPOGON NARDUS see CYMBOPOGON is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031722
Androst-5-ene-3 beta,17 beta-diol
MS = An adrenal-derived estrogenic metabolite of DHEA. Evidence exist for its use as an endocrine regulator of immune response.
AN = an anabolic steroid
UI = D015114
Androstadienes
MS = Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.
UI = D000730
Androstane-3,17-diol
MS = The unspecified form of the steroid. It has been implicated as a regulation of gonadotropin secretion. Many of its metabolites possess androgenic activity as well.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D015113
Androstanes
MS = The family of steroids from which the androgens are derived.
AN = do not confuse with ANDROSTENES
UI = D000731
Androstanols
MS = Androstanes and androstane derivatives which are substituted in any position with one or more hydroxyl groups.
AN = do not confuse with ANDROSTENOLS
UI = D000732
Androstatrienes
MS = Derivatives of the steroid androstane having three double bonds at any site in any of the rings.
UI = D000733
Androstenediols
MS = Unsaturated androstane derivatives which are substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position in the ring system.
AN = do not confuse with ANDROSTANEDIOL
UI = D000734
Androstenedione
MS = A steroid with androgenic properties that is produced in the TESTIS, OVARY, and ADRENAL CORTEX. It is a precursor to TESTOSTERONE and other androgenic hormones.
AN = do not confuse with androstanedione
UI = D000735
Androstenes
MS = Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.
AN = do not confuse with ANDROSTANES
UI = D000736
Androstenols
MS = Unsaturated androstanes which are substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position in the ring system.
AN = do not confuse with ANDROSTANOLS
UI = D000737
Androsterone
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000738
Anecdotes
MS = Brief accounts or narratives of an incident or event.
AN = no qualif
UI = D000739
Anecdotes [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of brief accounts or narratives of incidents or events.
UI = D020465
Anemarrhena
MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. Members contain anemarans (POLYSACCHARIDES), hinokiresinol, mangiferin (a xanthone), and timosaponin (a steroidal saponin).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031403
Anemia
MS = A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D000740
Anemia, Aplastic
MS = A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.
AN = a bone marrow dis
UI = D000741
Anemia, Diamond-Blackfan
MS = A rare congenital hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. The disease is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, occasional neutropenia or thrombocytosis, a normocellular bone marrow with erythroid hypoplasia, and an increased risk of developing leukemia. (Curr Opin Hematol 2000 Mar;7(2):85-94)
UI = D029503
Anemia, Dyserythropoietic, Congenital
MS = A familial disorder characterized by anemia with multinuclear erythroblasts, karyorrhexis, asynchrony of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, and various nuclear abnormalities of bone marrow erythrocyte precursors. Type II is the most common of the 3 types of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia; it is often referred to as HEMPAS, based on the Hereditary Erythroblast Multinuclearity with Positive Acidified Serum test.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: note short X ref (MeSH definition gives meaning)
UI = D000742
Anemia, Hemolytic
MS = Anemia due to decreased life span of erythrocytes.
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
UI = D000743
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
MS = Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of autoantibodies which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own red cells.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D000744
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital
MS = Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.
UI = D000745
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Nonspherocytic
MS = Any one of a group of congenital hemolytic anemias in which there is no abnormal hemoglobin or spherocytosis and in which there is a defect of glycolysis in the erythrocyte. In some cases, pyruvate kinase deficiency has been demonstrated; in other cases, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency has been demonstrated.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: ANEMIA HEMOL CONGEN NONSPHER
UI = D000746
Anemia, Hypochromic
MS = Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)
AN = note X ref; ANEMIA, IRON-DEFICIENCY is also available
UI = D000747
Anemia, Hypoplastic, Congenital
MS = An inborn condition characterized by deficiencies of red cell precursors that sometimes also includes LEUKOPENIA and THROMBOCYTOPENIA.
UI = D029502
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
MS = Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.
AN = DF: ANEMIA IRON DEFIC
UI = D018798
Anemia, Macrocytic
MS = Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).
UI = D000748
Anemia, Megaloblastic
MS = Anemia characterized by the presence of megaloblasts in the bone marrow. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a type of macrocytic anemia
UI = D000749
Anemia, Myelophthisic
MS = Anemia characterized by appearance of immature myeloid and nucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood, resulting from infiltration of the bone marrow by foreign or abnormal tissue.
UI = D000750
Anemia, Neonatal
MS = The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; check the tag INFANT, NEWBORN
UI = D000751
Anemia, Pernicious
MS = A megaloblastic anemia occurring in children but more commonly in later life, characterized by histamine-fast achlorhydria, in which the laboratory and clinical manifestations are based on malabsorption of vitamin B 12 due to a failure of the gastric mucosa to secrete adequate and potent intrinsic factor. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a type of megaloblastic anemia
UI = D000752
Anemia, Refractory
MS = A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.
UI = D000753
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts
MS = Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.
UI = D000754
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MS = A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.
AN = PL 92-294: Natl Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act; sickle cell dis goes here unless specifically HEMOGLOBIN SC DISEASE or HEMOGLOBIN C DISEASE or SICKLE CELL TRAIT or THALASSEMIA; /drug ther: consider also ANTISICKLING AGENTS
UI = D000755
Anemia, Sideroblastic
MS = Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.
UI = D000756
Anemone
MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE that contains triterpene saponins. The root of Anemone raddeana is the source of a Chinese folk medicine, zhu jie xian fu. The common name of liverwort is also used with other plants. This genus is unrelated to SEA ANEMONES.
AN = X ref ANEMONE: venom of Conus anemone use MOLLUSK VENOMS is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031883
Anencephaly
MS = A malformation of the nervous system caused by failure of the anterior neuropore to close. Infants are born with intact spinal cords, cerebellums, and brainstems, but lack formation of neural structures above this level. The skull is only partially formed but the eyes are usually normal. This condition may be associated with folate deficiency. Affected infants are only capable of primitive (brain stem) reflexes and usually do not survive for more than two weeks. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p247)
UI = D000757
Anesthesia
MS = A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.
AN = Manual 26.21+
UI = D000758
Anesthesia and Analgesia
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D000760
Anesthesia Department, Hospital
MS = Hospital department responsible for the administration of functions and activities pertaining to the delivery of anesthetics.
AN = DF: ANESTH DEP
UI = D000761
Anesthesia Recovery Period
MS = The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.
AN = no qualif
UI = D000762
Anesthesia, Caudal
MS = Epidural anesthesia administered via the sacral canal.
AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)
UI = D000763
Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit
MS = Inhalation anesthesia where the gases exhaled by the patient are rebreathed as some carbon dioxide is simultaneously removed and anesthetic gas and oxygen are added so that no anesthetic escapes into the room. Closed-circuit anesthesia is used especially with explosive anesthetics to prevent fires where electrical sparking from instruments is possible.
AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)
UI = D000764
Anesthesia, Conduction
AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)
UI = D000765
Anesthesia, Dental
AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)
UI = D000766
Anesthesia, Epidural
AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)
UI = D000767
Anesthesia, General
AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)
UI = D000768
Anesthesia, Inhalation
MS = Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.
AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)
UI = D000769
Anesthesia, Intratracheal
AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)
UI = D000770
Anesthesia, Intravenous
AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)
UI = D000771
Anesthesia, Local
MS = A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.
AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (IM)
UI = D000772
Anesthesia, Obstetrical
AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)
UI = D000773
Anesthesia, Rectal
AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif) with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)
UI = D000774
Anesthesia, Spinal
AN = /educ: coord IM (no qualif with ANESTHESIOLOGY /educ (NIM)
UI = D000775
Anesthesiology
MS = A specialty concerned with the study of anesthetics and anesthesia.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: ANESTHESIOL
UI = D000776
Anesthetics
MS = Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific anesthetics; no qualif for anesthetics when used to produce anesthesia; with type of anesthesia: Manual 26.21+; policy: Manual 25.21+
UI = D000777
Anesthetics, Combined
MS = The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
AN = admin simultaneously or sequentially; IM; coord with specific anesthetics (IM) using same qualifs
UI = D019162
Anesthetics, Dissociative
MS = Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)
AN = intravenous anesthetics inducing selective loss of some sensations, leaving others intact
UI = D000778
Anesthetics, General
MS = Agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p.173)
AN = see note at ANESTHETICS
UI = D018681
Anesthetics, Inhalation
MS = Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)
AN = see note at ANESTHETICS
UI = D018685
Anesthetics, Intravenous
MS = Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)
AN = see note at ANESTHETICS
UI = D018686
Anesthetics, Local
MS = Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.
AN = see note at ANESTHETICS
UI = D000779
Anestrus
MS = A state of sexual inactivity in female animals exhibiting no ESTROUS CYCLE. Causes of anestrus include pregnancy, presence of offspring, season, stress, and pathology.
AN = non-primate mammals only
UI = D000780
Anethole Trithione
MS = Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.
UI = D000781
Anethum graveolens
MS = Anethum graveolens L. is a plant species of the family APIACEAE. It is one of the plant SPICES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028524
Aneugens
MS = Agents which affect CELL DIVISION and the MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS resulting in the loss or gain of whole CHROMOSOMES, thereby inducing an ANEUPLOIDY.
UI = D024422
Aneuploidy
MS = The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes or chromosome pairs. In a normally diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy (symbol: 2N+1).
AN = a chromosome aberration; no qualif
UI = D000782
Aneurysm
MS = A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart.
AN = IM; coord with specific vessel (IM) or precoord vasc dis if available (IM); also available are AORTIC ANEURYSM; INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM; CORONARY ANEURYSM; HEART ANEURYSM; ILIAC ANEURYSM; rupture = ANEURYSM, RUPTURED (see note there)
UI = D000783
Aneurysm, Dissecting
MS = Splitting or dissection of an arterial wall by blood entering through an intimal tear or by interstitial hemorrhage. It is most common in the aorta.
AN = most commonly of aortic aneurysms but when aortic coord IM with AORTIC ANEURYSM (IM); for other arteries, coord IM with specific artery or precoord artery/diseases term (IM)
UI = D000784
Aneurysm, False
MS = An aneurysm in which the entire wall is injured and the blood is contained by the surrounding tissues, with eventual formation of a sac communicating with the artery or heart. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = IM; coord with specific vessel (IM) or precoord vasc dis if available (IM)
UI = D017541
Aneurysm, Infected
MS = Aneurysm due to growth of microorganisms in the arterial wall, or infection arising within preexisting arteriosclerotic aneurysms.
AN = coord IM with specific bact or fungal infect (IM); note X refs ANEURYSM, BACTERIAL & ANEURYSM, MYCOTIC: do not coord with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS or MYCOSES if the specific bacterium or fungus is not specified
UI = D000785
Aneurysm, Ruptured
MS = The tearing or herniation of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac.
AN = IM; coord with specific vessel (IM) or precoord vasc dis if available (IM); if spontaneous, coord with RUPTURE, SPONTANEOUS (NIM)
UI = D017542
Angelica
MS = A plant genus of the family Apiaceae.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029969
Angelica archangelica
MS = A plant species of the family Apiaceae that contains COUMARINS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029970
Angelica sinensis
MS = A plant species of the family APIACEAE that is the source of dong quai.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029971
Angelman Syndrome
MS = A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence "happy"); jerky puppetlike movements (hence "puppet"); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)
UI = D017204
Anger
MS = A strong emotional feeling of displeasure aroused by being interfered with, injured or threatened.
AN = human & animal
UI = D000786
Angina Pectoris
MS = The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.
UI = D000787
Angina Pectoris, Variant
MS = A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the electrocardiogram, but with preserved exercise capacity.
UI = D000788
Angina, Unstable
MS = Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
UI = D000789
Angiocardiography
MS = Radiography of the heart and great vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
AN = NIM; a specific x-ray (not radionuclide) technique: do not confuse with HEART /radiogr or CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY; coord with disease /radiogr; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ANGIOCARDIOGR
UI = D000790
Angiodysplasia
MS = Degenerative, acquired lesions consisting of distorted, dilated, thin-walled vessels lined by vascular endothelium. This pathological state is seen especially in the gastrointestinal tract and is frequently a cause of upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the elderly.
AN = acquired only: congen = ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; seen often in gastrointestinal tract
UI = D016888
Angiofibroma
MS = A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are numerous small and large, frequently dilated, vascular channels. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018322
Angiogenesis Factor
MS = Substance causing proliferation of new blood vessels. It is found in tissues with high metabolic requirements, such as the retina, and in certain cancers. The factor is also released by hypoxic macrophages at the edges or outer surfaces of wounds and initiates revascularization in wound healing.
AN = a growth factor
UI = D000791
Angiogenesis Inhibitors
MS = Agents and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels.
UI = D020533
Angiography
MS = Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
AN = NIM; GEN or unspecified; prefer /radiogr with specific blood vessels but CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY is available; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; DF: ANGIOGR
UI = D000792
Angiography, Digital Subtraction
MS = A method of delineating blood vessels by subtracting a tissue background image from an image of tissue plus intravascular contrast material that attenuates the X-ray photons. The background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. The resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the vessel. This subtraction technique allows extraction of a high-intensity signal from the superimposed background information. The image is thus the result of the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues.
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DS ANGIOGR
UI = D015901
Angioid Streaks
MS = Small breaks in the elastin-filled tissue of the retina.
UI = D000793
Angiokeratoma
MS = A vascular, horny neoplasm of the skin characterized by TELANGIECTASIS and secondary epithelial changes including acanthosis and hyperkeratosis.
AN = coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant
UI = D000794
Angiolipoma
MS = A benign neoplasm composed of a mixture of adipose tissue and blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018206
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia
MS = Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells.
AN = DF: ALHE
UI = D000796
Angiomatosis
AN = non-neoplastic; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM)
UI = D000798
Angiomatosis, Bacillary
MS = An infectious bacterial disease characterized by cutaneous vascular lesions. It is caused by BARTONELLA HENSELAE and is seen in AIDS patients and other immunocompromised hosts.
AN = gram-neg bact infect caused by Bartonella henselae; seen in AIDS & other immunocompromised states
UI = D016917
Angiomyolipoma
MS = A benign tumor containing vascular, adipose, and muscle elements. It occurs most often in the kidney with smooth muscle elements (angiolipoleiomyoma) in association with tuberous sclerosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018207
Angiomyoma
MS = A benign tumor consisting of vascular and smooth muscle elements.
AN = coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018229
Angioneurotic Edema
MS = Recurring attacks of transient edema suddenly appearing in areas of the skin or mucous membranes and occasionally of the viscera, often associated with dermatographism, urticaria, erythema, and purpura.
AN = a vasc dis, a form of urticaria
UI = D000799
Angioplasty
MS = Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called ENDARTERECTOMY.
AN = coord IM with disease /surg (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D017130
Angioplasty, Balloon
MS = Use of a balloon catheter for dilatation of an occluded artery. It is used in treatment of arterial occlusive diseases, including renal artery stenosis and arterial occlusions in the leg. For the specific technique of balloon dilatation in coronary arteries, ANGIOPLASTY, TRANSLUMINAL, PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY is available.
AN = coord IM with disease /ther (IM), not /surg
UI = D000800
Angioplasty, Balloon, Laser-Assisted
MS = Techniques using laser energy in combination with a balloon catheter to perform angioplasty. These procedures can take several forms including: a) laser fiber delivering the energy while the inflated balloon centers the fiber and occludes the blood flow; b) balloon angioplasty immediately following laser angioplasty; or c) laser energy transmitted through angioplasty balloons that contain an internal fiber.
AN = coord IM with disease /surg (IM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; if coronary, coord IM with ANGIOPLASTY, TRANSLUMINAL, PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY (IM); DF: PTLA
UI = D017222
Angioplasty, Laser
MS = A technique utilizing a laser coupled to a catheter which is used in the dilatation of occluded blood vessels. This includes laser thermal angioplasty where the laser energy heats up a metal tip, and direct laser angioplasty where the laser energy directly ablates the occlusion. One form of the latter approach uses an excimer laser which creates microscopically precise cuts without thermal injury. When laser angioplasty is performed in combination with balloon angioplasty it is called laser-assisted balloon angioplasty (ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, LASER-ASSISTED).
AN = coord IM with disease /surg (IM); using balloon = ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, LASER-ASSISTED; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D016342
Angioplasty, Transluminal, Percutaneous Coronary
MS = Dilatation of an occluded coronary artery (or arteries) by means of a balloon catheter to restore myocardial blood supply.
AN = coord IM with disease /ther (IM), not /surg; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; if laser, coord IM with ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, LASER-ASSISTED (IM); DF: note short X ref
UI = D015906
Angioscopes
MS = Endoscopes used for viewing the interior of blood vessels.
UI = D020677
Angioscopy
MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on the interior of blood vessels.
AN = coord with specific vessel (IM); do not confuse with MICROSCOPIC ANGIOSCOPY
UI = D017546
Angiosperms
MS = Any member of the more than 250,000 species of flowering plants. Angiosperms are often differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific families or specific plants
UI = D019684
Angiostrongylus
MS = A genus of parasitic nematodes of the superfamily METASTRONGYLOIDEA. Two species, ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS and A. vasorum, infest the lungs of rats and dogs, respectively. A. cantonensis is transmissible to man where it causes frequently fatal infection of the central nervous system.
AN = a genus of nematodes; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D000801
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
MS = A species of parasitic nematodes distributed throughout the Pacific islands that infests the lungs of domestic rats. Human infection, caused by consumption of raw slugs and land snails, results in eosinophilic meningitis.
AN = a species of nematode in rat & man; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D017185
Angiotensin Amide
MS = The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.
UI = D000802
Angiotensin I
MS = The decapeptide precursor of ANGIOTENSIN II, generated by the action of renin on angiotensinogen. It has limited pharmacologic activity.
AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000803
Angiotensin II
MS = The active form of angiotensin. An octapeptide found in blood, it is synthesized from ANGIOTENSIN I and quickly destroyed. Angiotensin II causes profound vasoconstriction with a resulting increase in blood pressure. It differs among species by the amino acid in position 5. The human form has ISOLEUCINE in this position. The clinically and experimentally used bovine form has VALINE in position 5.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000804
Angiotensin III
MS = A heptapeptide formed by the enzymatic hydrolysis of ANGIOTENSIN II. It has greater activity than angiotensin II for stimulating aldosterone synthesis and in the release of prostaglandins but only 20% of the pressor activity.
AN = a neurotransmitter; comparison with angiotensin II: see MeSH definition; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D000805
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
MS = A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.
AN = protease inhib & antihypertensives; DF: ACE INHIB
UI = D000806
Angiotensinogen
MS = An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.
AN = a serpin & angiotensin II precursor; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D000808
Angiotensins
MS = Oligopeptides ranging in size from angiotensin precursors with 14 amino acids to the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin II with 8 amino acids, or their analogs or derivatives. The amino acid content varies with the species and changes in that content produce antagonistic or inactive compounds.
UI = D000809
Angola
MS = A republic in southern Africa, southwest of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and west of ZAMBIA. Its capital is Luanda. It was formerly a Portuguese overseas province called Portuguese West Africa, having been reached by Portuguese sailors in 1483, with Portuguese rule established in 1575. Its status was changed from colony to overseas province in 1951 and it received its independence in 1975. Angola is named for N'gola, a native ruler there in the 16th century. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p51 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p23)
AN = a republic in southern Africa
UI = D000810
Anguilla
AN = eel; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D000811
Anhydrides
MS = Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water.
UI = D000812
Anilides
UI = D000813
Aniline Compounds
AN = DF: ANILINE CPDS
UI = D000814
Aniline Hydroxylase
MS = A drug-metabolizing, cytochrome P-450 enzyme which catalyzes the hydroxylation of aniline to hydroxyaniline in the presence of reduced flavoprotein and molecular oxygen. EC 1.14.14.-.
AN = a cytochrome P-450 enzyme
UI = D000815
Aniline Mustard
MS = Alkylating anti-neoplastic agent.
UI = D000816
Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates
MS = A class of organic compounds which contain an anilino (phenylamino) group linked to a salt or ester of naphthalenesulfonic acid. They are frequently used as fluorescent dyes and sulfhydryl reagents.
UI = D000817
Animal
AN = check tag only; Manual 18.7+, 22.33; relation to /vet: Manual 19.8.81; do not confuse with ANIMALS (B2) CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only
UI = D000818
Animal Care Committees
MS = Institutional committees established to protect the welfare of animals used in research and education. The 1971 NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals introduced the policy that institutions using warm-blooded animals in projects supported by NIH grants either be accredited by a recognized professional laboratory animal accrediting body or establish its own committee to evaluate animal care; the Public Health Service adopted a policy in 1979 requiring such committees; and the 1985 amendments to the Animal Welfare Act mandate review and approval of federally funded research with animals by a formally designated Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).
UI = D035661
Animal Communication
MS = Communication between animals involving the giving off by one individual of some chemical or physical signal, that, on being received by another, influences its behavior.
AN = no qualif; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL
UI = D000819
Animal Diseases
AN = avoid: too general; IM general only for unspecified animal & unspecified disease; NIM with specific animal (IM) for which no precoord animal/diseases term exists; do not use at all when a specific dis /vet is used; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL; policy: Manual 23.33+; animal neopl: Manual 24.6+; TN 136; TN 193
UI = D000820
Animal Experimentation
MS = The use of animals as investigational subjects.
AN = IM for moral, legal, ethical, social, and religious aspects of experiments on animals; do not routinely add for specific research studies involving animals
UI = D032761
Animal Feed
AN = TN 50: differentiate from ANIMAL NUTRITION & DIET
UI = D000821
Animal Husbandry
MS = The science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition.
AN = includes animal "breeding, feeding & care ... housing & nutrition"; do not confuse with VETERINARY MEDICINE; SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D000822
Animal Identification Systems
MS = Procedures for recognizing individual animals and certain identifiable characteristics pertaining to them; includes computerized methods, ear tags, etc.
AN = does not include classif or taxonomy: for individual animals only
UI = D000823
Animal Migration
MS = Periodic movements of animals in response to seasonal changes or reproductive instinct. Hormonal changes are the trigger in at least some animals. Most migrations are made for reasons of climatic change, feeding, or breeding.
UI = D025041
Animal Nutrition
AN = no qualif; TN 50: differentiate from ANIMAL FEED & DIET
UI = D000824
Animal Rights
MS = The moral and ethical bases of the protection of animals from cruelty and abuse. The rights are extended to domestic animals, laboratory animals, and wild animals.
AN = refers to domestic, laboratory or wild animals; ANIMAL WELFARE is also available
UI = D017087
Animal Structures
MS = Organs and other anatomical structures of non-human vertebrate and invertebrate animals.
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics
UI = D000825
Animal Technicians
MS = Assistants to a veterinarian, biological or biomedical researcher, or other scientist who are engaged in the care and management of animals, and who are trained in basic principles of animal life processes and routine laboratory and animal health care procedures. (Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988)
AN = X ref VETERINARY NURSES is British
UI = D017750
Animal Testing Alternatives
MS = Procedures, such as TISSUE CULTURE, mathematical models, etc., when used or advocated for use in place of the use of animals in research or diagnostic laboratories.
AN = SPEC qualif
UI = D000826
Animal Use Alternatives
MS = Alternatives to the use of animals in research, testing, and education. The alternatives may include reduction in the number of animals used, replacement of animals with a non-animal model or with animals of a species lower phylogenetically, or refinement of methods to minimize pain and distress of animals used.
UI = D023401
Animal Welfare
MS = The protection of animals in laboratories or other specific environments by promoting their health through better nutrition, housing, and care.
UI = D000827
Animals
MS = Animals grouped according to ecological, morphological or genetic populations.
AN = do not confuse with check tag ANIMAL; avoid: too general; IM; /surg: consider also SURGERY, VETERINARY; for indexing policy, see Manual index under Animal and related entries
UI = D000828
Animals, Congenic
MS = Inbred strains of animals that are genetically identical except at a single locus, or a few specified loci, so that their known genetic differences are expressed in the same genetic background. A congenic strain is produced by outbreeding a strain and then eliminating the background by many generations of backcrosses while maintaining the desired genetic differences by selection of progeny. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = coord with specific congenic animal; NIM when exper animal
UI = D020296
Animals, Domestic
MS = Animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with man. They include animals domesticated by man to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches (e.g., horses, cattle, sheep) and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship (e.g., dogs, cats, horses).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific domestic animals like CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; DOGS; CATS; etc.; IM; qualif permitted; PETS: TN 146; domestication goes here; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL
UI = D000829
Animals, Genetically Modified
MS = ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.
AN = coord with specific animal /genet
UI = D030801
Animals, Inbred Strains
MS = Animals produced by the mating of littermates or siblings over multiple generations. The resultant strain of animals is virtually identical genotypically. Highly inbred animal lines allow the study of certain traits in a relatively pure form. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord NIM with specific exper animal (NIM); when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL
UI = D017849
Animals, Laboratory
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL
UI = D000830
Animals, Newborn
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL
UI = D000831
Animals, Outbred Strains
MS = Animals that are generated from breeding two genetically dissimilar strains of the same species.
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord NIM with specific animal probably NIM
UI = D021461
Animals, Poisonous
AN = IM; qualif permitted; coord IM with specific poisonous animal (IM); do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL
UI = D000832
Animals, Suckling
MS = Young, unweaned mammals. Refers to nursing animals whether nourished by their biological mother, foster mother, or bottle fed.
AN = suckled by mother or by bottle; coord with specific suckling; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; suckling of animals (the act, as in the eff of suckling on animal physiol) goes under LACTATION; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL
UI = D000833
Animals, Wild
MS = Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.
AN = GEN or unspecified; do not index as coord with animals ordinarily considered wild, as LIONS; BEARS; etc.; coord IM with animal not usually wild (IM) as wild dogs; IM; qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL
UI = D000835
Animals, Zoo
AN = IM; qualif permitted; coord IM with specific zoo animal (IM); do not forget also to check tag ANIMAL
UI = D000836
Animation [Publication Type]
MS = A film or video wholly or partially created by photographing drawings, sculptures, or other inanimate things in sequence to create the illusion of motion. Animations are also generated by computers. (From Moving Image Materials: Genre Terms, 1988)
AN = publication type only; for animation as a subject, index under main heading MOTION PICTURES; used for historical materials only
UI = D019486
Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte
MS = A ubiquitous membrane transport protein found in the plasma membrane of diverse cell types and tissues, and in nuclear, mitochondrial, and Golgi membranes. It is the major integral transmembrane protein of the erythrocyte plasma membrane, comprising 25% of the total membrane protein. It exists as a dimer and performs the important function of allowing the efficient transport of bicarbonate across erythrocyte cell membranes in exchange for chloride ion.
UI = D001457
Anion Exchange Resins
MS = High-molecular-weight insoluble polymers that contain functional cationic groups capable of undergoing exchange reactions with anions.
UI = D000837
Anion Transport Proteins
MS = Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane.
AN = ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS is also available
UI = D027321
Anions
MS = Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D000838
Aniridia
MS = A congenital abnormality in which there is only a rudimentary iris. This is due to the failure of the optic cup to grow. Aniridia also occurs in a hereditary form, usually autosomal dominant.
AN = rudimentary iris; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D015783
Anisakiasis
MS = Infection with roundworms of the genus ANISAKIS. Human infection results from the consumption of fish harboring roundworm larvae. The worms may cause acute nausea and vomiting or may penetrate into the wall of the digestive tract, where they give rise to eosinophilic granulomas in the stomach, intestine, or the omentum.
AN = roundworm infect of intestines
UI = D017129
Anisakis
MS = A genus of nematodes of the superfamily ASCARIDOIDEA. Its organisms are found in the stomachs of marine animals and birds. Human infection occurs by ingestion of raw fish that contain larvae.
AN = a genus of nematodes found in marine animals & birds; infection = ANISAKIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D017163
Aniseikonia
MS = A condition in which the ocular image of an object as seen by one eye differs in size and shape from that seen by the other.
AN = refractive error in which each eye sees a different size & shape of an object
UI = D000839
Anisocoria
MS = Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestion of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (IRIS DISEASES) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.
AN = consider also PUPIL DISORDERS or MIOSIS
UI = D015875
Anisoles
MS = A group of compounds that are structurally related to methoxybenzene and contain the general formula R-C7H70.
UI = D000840
Anisometropia
MS = A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes.
UI = D015858
Anisomycin
MS = An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.
UI = D000841
Anisotropy
MS = A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions.
AN = NIM; no qualif; coord with specific determinative technique (IM or NIM) like NMR; MRI; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; etc.
UI = D016880
Anistreplase
MS = An acylated inactive complex of streptokinase and human lysine-plasminogen. After injection, the acyl group is slowly hydrolyzed, producing an activator that converts plasminogen to plasmin, thereby initiating fibrinolysis. Its half-life is about 90 minutes compared to 5 minutes for TPA; (TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR); 16 minutes for URINARY PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR and 23 minutes for STREPTOKINASE. If treatment is initiated within 3 hours of onset of symptoms for acute myocardial infarction, the drug preserves myocardial tissue and left ventricular function and increases coronary artery patency. Bleeding complications are similar to other thrombolytic agents.
AN = first X ref shows derivation of heading
UI = D016255
Ankle
MS = The region of the lower limb between the FOOT and the LEG.
AN = primates only; use TARSUS, ANIMAL for non-primate vertebrates; differentiate from ANKLE JOINT; ANKLE BONES see TARSAL BONES is also available; do not confuse X ref TARSUS with tarsus or tarsal referring to the eyelid
UI = D000842
Ankle Injuries
MS = Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.
AN = consider also TARSAL BONES /inj
UI = D016512
Ankle Joint
MS = The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the TIBIA; the malleolar articular surface of the FIBULA; and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the TALUS.
AN = primates only; differentiation from ANKLE
UI = D000843
Ankylosis
MS = Fixation and immobility of a joint.
UI = D000844
Ankyrin Repeat
MS = Protein motif that contains a 33-amino acid long sequence that often occurs in tandem arrays. This repeating sequence of 33-amino acids was discovered in ANKYRIN where it is involved in interaction with the anion exchanger (ANION EXCHANGE PROTEIN 1, ERYTHROCYTE). Ankyrin repeats cooperatively fold into structures that mediate molecular recognition via protein-protein interactions.
UI = D017089
Ankyrins
MS = A family of membrane-associated proteins responsible for the attachment of the cytoskeleton. Erythrocyte-related isoforms of ankyrin attach the SPECTRIN cytoskeleton to a transmembrane protein (ANION EXCHANGE PROTEIN 1, ERYTHROCYTE) in the erythrocyte plasma membrane. Brain-related isoforms of ankyrin also exist.
AN = membrane proteins; from the Greek word for anchor with ref to their role in attachment of the cytoskeleton; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D017487
Annelida
MS = A phylum of metazoan invertebrates comprising the segmented worms, and including marine annelids (POLYCHAETA), freshwater annelids, earthworms (OLIGOCHAETA), and LEECHES. Only the leeches are of medical interest. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a phylum of segmented worms; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D000845
Annexin I
MS = Protein of the annexin family exhibiting lipid interaction and steroid-inducibility.
AN = a calcium-binding protein
UI = D017305
Annexin II
MS = Protein (p36) of the annexin family that is a substrate for a tyrosine kinase (ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC)) and for the cellular protein p11.
AN = a calcium-binding protein
UI = D017306
Annexin III
MS = A protein of the annexin family that catalyzes the conversion of 1-D-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate and water to 1-D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate. EC 3.1.4.36.
AN = a calcium-binding protein
UI = D017318
Annexin IV
MS = Protein of the annexin family originally isolated from the electric organ of the electric ray Torpedo marmorata. It has also been found in a wide range of mammalian tissues.
AN = a calcium-binding protein
UI = D017314
Annexin V
MS = A protein of the annexin family isolated from human placenta and other tissues. It inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2, and displays anticoagulant activity.
UI = D017304
Annexin VI
MS = Protein of the annexin family with a probable role in exocytotic and endocytotic membrane events.
AN = a calcium-binding protein
UI = D017317
Annexin VII
MS = Protein of the annexin family that promotes the aggregation and fusion of chromaffin granules and can also act as a voltage-dependent calcium channel.
AN = a calcium-binding protein
UI = D017310
Annexins
MS = Family of calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins which are structurally related and exhibit immunological cross-reactivity. Each member contains four homologous 70 kD repeats. The annexins are differentially distributed in vertebrate tissues (and lower eukaryotes) and appear to be involved in membrane fusion and signal transduction.
AN = calcium- & phospholipid-binding proteins
UI = D017302
Anniversaries and Special Events
MS = Occasions to commemorate an event or occasions designated for a specific purpose.
AN = NIM; no qualif; note X ref below: do not index here for anniversaries, centennials, etc. in historical articles; do not coord here for ANNIVERSARY REACTION; DF: ANNIVERSARIES
UI = D000846
Annona
MS = A plant genus of the family ANNONACEAE. It has edible fruit and seeds which contain acetogenins and benzoquinazoline and other alkaloids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031041
Annonaceae
MS = The custard-apple plant family of the order Magnoliales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. Some members provide large pulpy fruits and commercial timber. Leaves and wood are often fragrant. Leaves are simple, with smooth margins, and alternately arranged in two rows along the stems.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029061
Annual Reports
MS = Annual statements reviewing the status of the administrative and operational functions and accomplishments of an institution or organization.
AN = NIM; no qualif; coord with specific organiz or society (IM) + geog; do not confuse with Publication Type ANNUAL REPORTS
UI = D000847
Annual Reports [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of annual statements concerning the administrative and operational functions of an institution or organization.
AN = publication type only; for annual reports as a subject, index under main heading ANNUAL REPORTS; Manual 17.10
UI = D019487
Anodontia
MS = Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = congen absence of teeth; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; congen absence of one or more teeth: do not confuse with JAW, EDENTULOUS (total lack of teeth in either jaw through disease or extraction), JAW, EDENTULOUS, PARTIALLY (partial lack in either jaw) or MOUTH, EDENTULOUS (total lack of teeth in both jaws through disease or extraction)
UI = D000848
Anoikis
MS = APOPTOSIS triggered by loss of contact with the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.
UI = D023102
Anomia
MS = A language dysfunction characterized by the inability to name people and objects that are correctly perceived. The individual is able to describe the object in question, but cannot provide the name. This condition is associated with lesions of the dominant hemisphere involving the language areas, in particular the TEMPORAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p484)
AN = inability to name objects: do not confuse with ANOMIE ("state of social disorganization & demoralization in society...", often called "anomia")
UI = D000849
Anomie
MS = A state of social disorganization and demoralization in society which is largely the result of disharmony between cultural goals and the means for attaining them. This may be reflected in the behavior of the individual in many ways - non-conformity, social withdrawal, deviant behavior, etc.
AN = no qualif; "state of social disorganization & demoralization in society..."; sometimes called "anomia" but do not confuse with ANOMIA ("inability to name objects")
UI = D000850
Anomura
MS = An infraorder of CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA comprising the hermit crabs and characterized by a small fifth pair of legs.
UI = D033381
Anonymous Testing
MS = Testing in which the source of the specimen or the person being tested is not individually identified.
UI = D035041
Anonyms and Pseudonyms
MS = Designations for persons whose names are not known or who wish to remain anonymous (anonyms) and for persons who wish to conceal or obscure their identity by assuming a fictitious name (pseudonyms).
AN = no qualif; DF: ANONYMS
UI = D000851
Anopheles
MS = A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) that are known vectors of MALARIA.
AN = mosquito; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D000852
Anophthalmos
MS = Congenital absence of the eye or eyes.
AN = absence of one or both eyes; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D000853
Anoplura
MS = An order of insects comprising the sucking lice, which are blood-sucking ectoparasites of mammals. Recognized families include: Echionphthiriidae, Haematopinidae, and Pediculidae. The latter contains the medically important genera affecting humans: PEDICULUS and PHTHIRUS.
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D000854
Anorexia
MS = Clinical manifestation consisting of a physiopathological lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat.
AN = ANOREXIA NERVOSA is also available
UI = D000855
Anorexia Nervosa
MS = Syndrome in which the primary features include excessive fear of becoming overweight, body image disturbance, significant weight loss, refusal to maintain minimal normal weight, and amenorrhea. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
AN = a severe eating disord
UI = D000856
Anostraca
MS = An order of CRUSTACEA comprised of shrimp-like organisms containing body trunks with at least 20 segments. The are commonly used as aquarium food.
AN = note X ref FAIRY SHRIMP: several other shrimp terms are available; check text and MeSH; as animal & food; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); unspecified shrimp as food is probably PENAEIDAE
UI = D033202
Anovulation
MS = Suspension or cessation of ovulation in animals and humans.
AN = absence of ovulation; human & animal; only Cat C qualif
UI = D000858
Anoxemia
MS = Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of relatively complete absence of oxygen in arterial blood.
AN = differentiate from ANOXIA
UI = D000859
Anoxia
MS = Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of a relatively complete absence of oxygen.
AN = differentiate from ANOXEMIA; do not confuse X ref HYPOXIA with HYPEROXIA; fetal anoxia = FETAL ANOXIA; CEREBRAL ANOXIA see HYPOXIA, BRAIN; restrict to dis or clin state in human & higher animals: do not confuse with anoxic or hypoxic state in lower animals or micro-organisms ( = OXYGEN or ANAEROBIOSIS); TN 145: ANOXIA & HYPOXIA see ANOXIA as clin entities in C23 & not for decrease of oxygen in tissues & cells ( = CELL HYPOXIA)
UI = D000860
Anserine
AN = a dipeptide
UI = D000861
Answering Services
MS = Communication services provided by a person or a machine to record and relay the message from the caller.
UI = D039604
Ant Venoms
MS = Venoms from the superfamily Formicoidea, Ants. They may contain protein factors and toxins, histamine, enzymes, and alkaloids and are often allergenic or immunogenic.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted
UI = D000862
Antacids
MS = Substances that counteract or neutralize acidity. They are used mainly for the treatment of gastrointestinal irritation or ulcers.
UI = D000863
Antarctic Regions
MS = The continent lying around the South Pole and the southern waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It includes the Falkland Islands Dependencies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p55)
AN = note spelling: -ARCTIC: neither spelled nor pronounced "antartic"
UI = D000864
Antazoline
MS = An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.
UI = D000865
Antelopes
MS = Any of various ruminant mammals of the order Bovidae. They include numerous species in Africa and the American pronghorn.
AN = includes dik-dik, eland, gazelle, gnu, hartebeest, impala, springbok, wildebeest; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D000866
Anterior Cerebral Artery
MS = Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL). Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the CAUDATE NUCLEUS; INTERNAL CAPSULE; PUTAMEN; SEPTAL NUCLEI; GYRUS CINGULI; and surfaces of the FRONTAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE.
UI = D020771
Anterior Chamber
MS = The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)
AN = the space between the cornea & lens which contains the aqueous humor; do not confuse with ANTERIOR EYE SEGMENT; hemorrhage within anterior chamber = HYPHEMA; anterior chamber endothelium = ENDOTHELIUM, ANTERIOR CHAMBER see ENDOTHELIUM, CORNEAL
UI = D000867
Anterior Compartment Syndrome
MS = Rapid swelling, increased tension, pain, and ischemic necrosis of the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment of the leg, often following excessive exertion.
AN = in tibia; note X ref: restricted to anterior muscle
UI = D000868
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
MS = A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.
AN = a ligament of the knee
UI = D016118
Anterior Eye Segment
MS = That part of the eyeball anterior to the lens.
AN = do not confuse with ANTERIOR CHAMBER
UI = D000869
Anterior Horn Cells
MS = Motor neurons in the anterior (ventral) horn of the spinal cord which project to skeletal muscles.
UI = D000870
Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus
MS = Loose heterogeneous collection of cells in the anterior hypothalamus, continuous rostrally with the medial and lateral preoptic areas and caudally with the tuber cinereum.
AN = do not confuse with HYPOTHALAMUS, ANTERIOR; diseases: coord IM with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES (IM)
UI = D007025
Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome
MS = Ischemia or infarction of the spinal cord in the distribution of the anterior spinal artery, which supplies the ventral two-thirds of the spinal cord. This condition is usually associated with ATHEROSCLEROSIS of the aorta and may result from dissection of an AORTIC ANEURYSM or rarely dissection of the anterior spinal artery. Clinical features include weakness and loss of pain and temperature sensation below the level of injury, with relative sparing of position and vibratory sensation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1249-50)
UI = D020759
Anterior Temporal Lobectomy
MS = A neurosurgical procedure that removes the anterior TEMPORAL LOBE including the medial temporal structures of CEREBRAL CORTEX, AMYGDALA, HIPPOCAMPUS and the adjacent PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS. This procedure is generally used for the treatment of intractable temporal epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TEMPORAL LOBE).
UI = D038481
Anterior Thalamic Nuclei
MS = Three nuclei located beneath the dorsal surface of the most rostral part of the thalamus. The group includes the anterodorsal nucleus, anteromedial nucleus, and anteroventral nucleus. All receive connections from the mamillary body and fornix, and project fibers to the cingulate body.
UI = D020643
Anthelmintics
MS = Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific anthelmintic; consider also HELMINTHS /drug eff & HELMINTHIASIS /drug ther or pertinent specifics
UI = D000871
Anthemis
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that is similar to MATRICARIA but this has tiny chaffy bract scales between each pair of florets. Members contain sesquiterpene lactones. Other plants with similar common names include FERULA; FOENICULUM; MATRICARIA; CHAMAEMELUM and TRIPLEUROSPERMUM.
AN = X refs: distinguish from related plants with similar common names; check text and MeSH; ANTHEMIS NOBILIS see CHAMAEMELUM is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031166
Anthocyanins
MS = A group of glycosylated compounds based on cyanidin which derive biosynthetically from flavonols via proanthocyanidins. The conjugated bonds result in blue, red, and purple colors in flowers of plants.
UI = D000872
Anthozoa
MS = A class in the phylum CNIDARIA, comprised mostly of corals and anemones. All members occur only as polyps; the medusa stage is completely absent.
UI = D037421
Anthracenes
MS = A family of aromatic hydrocarbons derived from coal tar distillation.
AN = carcinogens; D25-26 qualif
UI = D000873
Anthracosilicosis
MS = A mixed condition of anthracosis and silicosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = anthracosis with silicosis; do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
UI = D000874
Anthracyclines
MS = Organic compounds that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.
AN = in ther of dis is likely to be ANTIBIOTICS, ANTHRACYCLINE
UI = D018943
Anthralin
MS = An anti-inflammatory anthracene derivative used for the treatment of dermatoses, especially psoriasis. It may cause folliculitis.
UI = D000875
Anthramycin
MS = A broad-spectrum spectrum antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces refuineus var. thermotolerans. It has low toxicity, some activity against Trichomonas and Endamoeba, and inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis. It binds irreversibly to DNA.
UI = D000876
Anthranilate Phosphoribosyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of N-5'-phosphoribosylanthranilic acid from anthranilate and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, the first step in tryptophan synthesis in E. coli. It exists in a complex with ANTHRANILATE SYNTHASE in bacteria. EC 2.4.2.18.
UI = D000877
Anthranilate Synthase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of anthranilate (o-aminobenzoate) and pyruvic acid from chorismate and glutamine. Anthranilate is the biosynthetic precurser of tryptophan and numerous secondary metabolites, including inducible plant defense compounds. EC 4.1.3.27.
UI = D000878
Anthranilic Acids
MS = Benzoic acids which are substituted with an amino group in the C-2 position.
UI = D000879
Anthraquinones
MS = An anthracene ring which contains two ketone moieties in any position. Can be substituted in any position except on the ketone groups.
UI = D000880
Anthrax
MS = An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.
AN = Bacillus infect; human & animal; /vet permitted
UI = D000881
Anthrax Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent ANTHRAX.
UI = D022122
Anthropology
MS = The science devoted to the comparative study of man.
AN = IM as SPEC: SPEC qualif; HOMINIDAE is available as taxonomic Man; NIM as coord with no qualif; med anthropology: do not coord with MEDICINE; DF: ANTHROPOL
UI = D000883
Anthropology, Cultural
MS = The study of social phenomena which characterize the learned, shared, and transmitted social activities of a particular ethnic group.
AN = IM as SPEC: SPEC qualif; NIM as coord with no qualif; DF: ANTHROPOL CULTURAL
UI = D000884
Anthropology, Physical
MS = The comparative science dealing with the physical characteristics of humans as related to their origin, evolution, and development in the total environment.
AN = IM as SPEC: SPEC qualif; NIM as coord, no qualif; DF: ANTHROPOL PHYSICAL
UI = D000885
Anthropometry
MS = The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body.
AN = primate only; consider also specific terms under BODY WEIGHTS AND MEASURES; SKINFOLD THICKNESS is also available
UI = D000886
Anthroposophy
MS = Knowledge of the nature of man. A spiritual and mystical doctrine that grew out of theosophy and derives mainly from the philosophy of Rudolph Steiner, Austrian social philosopher (1861-1925). (Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D000887
Anti-Allergic Agents
MS = Agents that are used to treat allergic reactions. Most of these drugs act by preventing the release of inflammatory mediators or inhibiting the actions of released mediators on their target cells. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p475)
AN = consider also HYPERSENSITIVITY /drug ther
UI = D018926
Anti-Allergic and Respiratory System Agents
MS = A collective term for drugs used to treat allergic reactions as well as those drugs that produce an effect on the respiratory system.
AN = not used for indexing; consider also HYPERSENSITIVITY /drug ther; consider also RESPIRATORY SYSTEM /drug eff & RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES /drug ther or their specifics CATALOG: do not use
UI = D018944
Anti-Anxiety Agents
MS = Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also ANXIETY /drug ther
UI = D014151
Anti-Anxiety Agents, Benzodiazepine
MS = Substances with a benzodiazepine ring structure widely used to treat anxiety and neuroses. Drugs in this class also generally have sedative or weak hypnotic properties and may be effective as muscle relaxants, anticonvulsants, and anesthesia adjuvants.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D001568
Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
MS = Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade.
AN = consider also ARRHYTHMIA /drug ther
UI = D000889
Anti-Asthmatic Agents
MS = Drugs that are used to treat asthma.
AN = consider also ASTHMA /drug ther
UI = D018927
Anti-Dyskinesia Agents
MS = Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders. Most of these act centrally on dopaminergic or cholinergic systems. Among the most important clinically are those used for the treatment of Parkinson disease (ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS) and those for the tardive dyskinesias.
UI = D018726
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease
MS = Glomerulonephritis, usually of a generalized proliferative crescent-forming histologic type with a rapidly progressive course, marked by circulating anti-GBM antibodies and linear deposits of immunoglobulin and complement along the glomerular basement membrane. When associated with pulmonary hemorrhage the condition is called GOODPASTURE SYNDROME. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = a type of glomerulonephritis; DF: note short X ref
UI = D019867
Anti-HIV Agents
MS = Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.
AN = consider also AIDS /drug ther; may be used for articles on simian acquired immunodefic syndrome & simian immunodefic virus
UI = D019380
Anti-Infective Agents
MS = Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific anti-infective agent
UI = D000890
Anti-Infective Agents, Fluoroquinolone
MS = Synthetic antimicrobial agents with the characteristic 4-quinolone ring structure and containing a fluorine moiety at the 6-position. Some members also have a 1-piperazinyl group at the 7-position. Fluoroquinolone agents have greater intrinsic antibacterial activity and a broader antibacterial spectrum than the quinolone agents.
UI = D017372
Anti-Infective Agents, Local
MS = Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects.
UI = D000891
Anti-Infective Agents, Quinolone
MS = A group of synthetic antimicrobial agents which usually contain a 4-quinolinone ring structure. A few compounds belonging to this group have related nitrogen heterocyclic ring structures such as naphthyridine or phthalazine groups. All compounds in this group are substituted with an oxo group at the 4-position. The second-generation quinolones are also substituted with a 1-piperazinyl group at the 7-position and a fluorine moiety at the 6-position. The quinolones inhibit the A subunit of DNA gyrase and thus interfere with the ability of the enzyme to repair bacterial DNA breaks during replication. The compounds have a broad spectrum of activity against a variety of aerobic bacteria.
UI = D015364
Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary
MS = Substances capable of killing agents causing urinary tract infections or of preventing them from spreading.
AN = consider also URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS /drug ther
UI = D000892
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
MS = Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; DF: ANTI INFLAMM AGENTS or ANTIINFLAMM AGENTS
UI = D000893
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antirheumatic Agents, and Inflammation Mediators
MS = Both endogenous and exogenous substances used to counteract the inflammatory process or alleviate or prevent rheumatic diseases, and the compounds that mediate the inflammation process.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D018372
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
MS = Anti-inflammatory agents that are not steroids. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They are used primarily in the treatment of chronic arthritic conditions and certain soft tissue disorders associated with pain and inflammation. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects. Certain NSAIDs also may inhibit lipoxygenase enzymes or phospholipase C or may modulate T-cell function. (AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p 1814-5)
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; DF: NSAID
UI = D000894
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Steroidal
MS = Steroid compounds that act to reduce or suppress inflammation through a steroidal mechanism.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: AIAS
UI = D000895
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Topical
MS = Anti-inflammatory agents that are applied to the skin and whose pharmacological effect only occurs at the area of application.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: AIAT
UI = D000896
Anti-Obesity Agents
MS = Agents that increase energy expenditure and weight loss by neural and chemical regulation. Beta-adrenergic agents and serotoninergic drugs have been experimentally used in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) to treat obesity.
AN = consider also OBESITY /drug ther
UI = D019440
Anti-Ulcer Agents
MS = Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate ulcers or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.
AN = restrict to gastrointestinal ulcers; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also PEPTIC ULCER /drug ther & /drug ther with pertinent specifics
UI = D000897
Antiaris
MS = A plant genus of the family MORACEAE. Members have been used as an arrow poison.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031621
Antibiosis
MS = A property of microorganisms which enables one microorganism to kill, injure, or inhibit the growth of a different microorganism.
AN = micro-organisms only
UI = D000898
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
MS = Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications.
AN = IM; coord with specific antibiotic /ther use (IM)
UI = D019072
Antibiotics
MS = Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms.
AN = not a synonym for "antibacterials"; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific antibiotic groups or specific antibiotic; /pharmacol: resistance to antibiotics in general goes under ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE see DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL; preop use of antibiotics for prev of infect: index under ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS (IM) + specific antibiotic /ther use (IM)
UI = D000900
Antibiotics, Aminoglycoside
MS = Antibiotics whose structure contains amino sugars attached to an aminocyclitol ring (hexose nucleus) by glycosidic bonds. Aminoglycoside antibiotics are derived from various species of Streptomyces and Micromonospora or are produced synthetically. They act by inhibiting protein synthesis.
UI = D000901
Antibiotics, Anthracycline
MS = Antibiotics which have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to a sugar molecule. These antibiotics have potent antineoplastic activity. The two best known members of this group are daunorubicin and doxorubicin. Since these agents intercalate with DNA, many DNA functions are adversely affected. Futhermore they interact with cell membranes thereby altering their functions and also generate hydrogen peroxide and hydroxy radicals which are highly destructive to cells.
UI = D015249
Antibiotics, Antifungal
MS = Antibiotics inhibiting the growth of or killing fungi and used in the treatment of various fungal diseases.
UI = D000902
Antibiotics, Antineoplastic
MS = Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; do not use /biosyn unless by living matter; TN 4: relation to ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS
UI = D000903
Antibiotics, Antitubercular
MS = Substances obtained from various species of microorganisms that are, alone or in combination with other agents, of use in treating various forms of tuberculosis; most of these agents are merely bacteriostatic, induce resistance in the organisms, and may be toxic.
UI = D000904
Antibiotics, Combined
MS = Combinations of antibiotics used against difficult-to-treat infections. Antibiotic combinations have been used mainly to broaden the antibacterial spectrum and prevent development of resistance. In some instances these combinations have shown lower toxicity, but drug antagonism may be one of the problems encountered by their use. They may be given simultaneously or sequentially. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
AN = admin simultaneously or sequentially; IM; coord with specific antibiotics (IM), using same qualifs
UI = D015261
Antibiotics, Glycopeptide
MS = Antibiotics whose structure contains one or more cyclic peptides to which are attached to one or more deoxy sugars in glycosidic linkage. They are generally effective against gram-positive bacteria and act by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls.
UI = D017333
Antibiotics, Lactam
MS = Compounds containing a four-membered ring with an amide nitrogen and a keto group. This configuration includes bacteriostatic, cell-wall inhibiting antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins, their analogs and derivatives, such as the penem (or penam) compounds, clavulanic acids, and monobactams. They are substrates for and may act as inhibitors of bacterial beta-lactamases.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics;
UI = D000905
Antibiotics, Macrolide
MS = A group of antibiotics containing a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. These antibiotics are produced by certain species of Streptomyces. They often inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunits of 70S ribosomes.
UI = D015548
Antibiotics, Peptide
MS = Antibiotics whose structure contains one or more peptides, usually cyclic. They are generally effective against GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA and act by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls.
AN = ANTIBIOTICS, GLYCOPEPTIDE is also available
UI = D017561
Antibiotics, Tetracycline
MS = Broad-spectrum natural and semisynthetic antibiotics with a naphthacene structure obtained from various Streptomyces species.
UI = D019088
Antibodies
MS = Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS), or with an antigen closely related to it.
AN = antibodies to IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; etc. = ANTIBODIES, ANTI-IDIOTYPIC (IM) + IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; etc. (IM); ANTIBODY-TOXIN CONJUGATES is available as toxin carrier: see note there
UI = D000906
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic
MS = Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.
AN = only anti-immunoglobulin antibodies: anti-IGA antibodies, anti-IGG antibodies, etc.: coord IM with IMMUNOGLOBULIN A (IM), IMMUNOGLOBULIN G (IM), etc.; caution: anti-liver antibodies (& others of this type) = ANTIBODIES, not ANTI-ANTIBODIES; DF: note short X ref
UI = D000888
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin
MS = Antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME, and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. The antibodies are detected by solid-phase immunoassay employing the purified phospholipid antigen cardiolipin.
AN = autoantibodies; do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D017153
Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic
MS = Autoantibodies directed against cytoplasmic constituents of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and/or monocytes. They are used as specific markers for Wegener's granulomatosis and other diseases, though their pathophysiological role is not clear. ANCA are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence with three different patterns: c-ANCA (cytoplasmic), p-ANCA (perinuclear), and atypical ANCA.
AN = autoantibodies; do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn; DF: note short X ref
UI = D019268
Antibodies, Antinuclear
MS = Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.
AN = autoantibodies; coord with specific nuclear antigen /immunol (IM) (see MeSH definition); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D000974
Antibodies, Antiphospholipid
MS = Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; SYSTEMIC), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals.
AN = autoantibodies; do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D017152
Antibodies, Archaeal
MS = Immunoglobulins induced by substances elaborated by archaea that have an antigenic activity.
AN = coord IM with specific archaeon /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D019844
Antibodies, Bacterial
MS = Immunoglobulins induced by substances elaborated by bacteria that have an antigenic activity.
AN = coord IM with specific bacterium /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn; DF: ANTIBODIES BACT
UI = D000907
Antibodies, Bispecific
MS = Antibodies, often monoclonal, in which the two antigen-binding sites are specific for separate antigenic determinants. They are artificial antibodies produced by chemical crosslinking, fusion of hybridoma cells, or by molecular genetic techniques. They function as the main mediators of targeted cellular cytotoxicity and have been shown to be efficient in the targeting of drugs, toxins, radiolabeled haptens, and effector cells to diseased tissue, primarily tumors.
AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D018033
Antibodies, Blocking
MS = Antibodies that inhibit the reaction between antigen and other antibodies or sensitized T-lymphocytes (e.g., antibodies of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN G class that compete with IgE antibodies for antigen, thereby blocking an allergic response). Blocking antibodies that bind tumors and prevent destruction of tumor cells by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes have also been called enhancing antibodies. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)
AN = antibodies inhibiting reaction between antigen and other antibodies or sensitized T-lymphocytes: not for any antibody reaction to an antigen ( = ANTIBODIES or specific antibody); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D019138
Antibodies, Catalytic
MS = Antibodies that can catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions. They are characterized by high substrate specificity and share many mechanistic features with enzymes.
AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D017151
Antibodies, Fungal
MS = Immunoglobulins induced by substances elaborated by fungi that have an antigenic activity.
AN = coord IM with specific fungus /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D000908
Antibodies, Helminth
MS = Antibodies produced by human or animal cells following clinical or experimental exposure to parasitic helminth antigens. The IMMUNOGLOBULIN E class of immunoglobulins is usually formed and released, but IMMUNOGLOBULIN G, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M, and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A may also occur.
AN = coord IM with specific helminth /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D000909
Antibodies, Heterophile
MS = Antibodies elicited in a different species from which the antigen originated. These antibodies are directed against a wide variety of interspecies-specific antigens, the best known of which are Forssman, Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D), and Paul-Bunnell (P-B). Incidence of antibodies to these antigens--i.e., the phenomenon of heterophile antibody response--is useful in the serodiagnosis, pathogenesis, and prognosis of infection and latent infectious states as well as in cancer classification.
AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D000910
Antibodies, Monoclonal
MS = Antibodies produced by clones of cells such as those isolated after hybridization of activated B lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. These hybrids are often referred to as hybridomas.
AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for biosyn; ANTIBODY-TOXIN CONJUGATES is available as a toxin carrier: see note there
UI = D000911
Antibodies, Neoplasm
MS = Immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumors other than the normally occurring histocompatibility antigens.
AN = coord IM with required neopl coords with /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn; DF: ANTIBODIES NEOPL
UI = D000912
Antibodies, Protozoan
MS = Antibodies produced by human or animal cells following clinical or experimental exposure to parasitic protozoan antigens.
AN = coord IM with specific protozoan /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D000913
Antibodies, Viral
MS = Immunoglobulins produced as a response to viral antigens; includes all classes of immunoglobulins elicited by all viral components.
AN = coord IM with specific virus /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D000914
Antibody Affinity
MS = A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.
AN = do not confuse with BINDING SITES, ANTIBODY or ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS
UI = D000915
Antibody Diversity
MS = The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of ANTIBODIES, which enables the IMMUNE SYSTEM to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of ANTIGENS it encounters. Antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: (1) the Germ Line Theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possible antibody specificities, but expresses only the one stimulated by antigen; (2) the Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that antibody-producing cells contain only a few genes, which produce antibody diversity by mutation; and (3) the Gene Rearrangement Theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of VARIABLE REGION gene segments during the differentiation of the ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS.
UI = D000916
Antibody Formation
MS = The proliferation and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES into PLASMA CELLS or memory cells. On stimulation by ANTIGENS, those cells then produce ANTIBODIES.
AN = GEN only: do not use as coord for formation of specific antibodies
UI = D000917
Antibody Specificity
MS = The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.
AN = coord IM with specific antibody (IM)
UI = D000918
Antibody-Coated Bacteria Test, Urinary
MS = Fluorescent antibody technique for visualizing antibody-bacteria complexes in urine. The presence or absence of antibody-coated bacteria in urine correlates with localization of urinary tract infection in the kidney or bladder, respectively.
AN = DF: ACBU
UI = D000919
Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
MS = The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IMMUNOGLOBULIN G whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D000920
Antibody-Dependent Enhancement
MS = Enhancement of viral infectivity caused by non-neutralizing antibodies. There are at least two mechanisms known to account for this: mediation by Fc receptors (RECEPTORS, FC) or by complement receptors (RECEPTORS, COMPLEMENT). Either the virus is complexed with antiviral IMMUNOGLOBULIN G and binds to Fc receptors, or virus is coated with antiviral IMMUNOGLOBULIN M and binds to complement receptors.
AN = enhancement of viral infectivity: read MeSH definition
UI = D019067
Antibody-Producing Cells
MS = Cells of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often B-lymphocytes, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize.
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D000921
Anticarcinogenic Agents
MS = Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced tumors independently of the mechanism involved. They differ from antineoplastic agents in that they prevent neoplasms from forming. The anticarcinogenic substances can be divided into three categories. The first consists of compounds that prevent the formation of carcinogens from precursor substances. The second group consists of "blocking agents" which inhibit carcinogenesis by preventing carcinogenic agents from reaching or reacting with critical target sites in the tissues. The third group is the "suppressor agents" which act by suppression of expression of neoplasia in cells previously exposed to carcinogens that would otherwise cause neoplasms.
AN = do not confuse with ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS which treat or affect cancer already developed while ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS prevent or reduce the development of cancer
UI = D016588
Anticestodal Agents
MS = Agents used to treat tapeworm infestations in man or animals.
AN = consider also CESTODA /drug eff & CESTODE INFECTIONS /drug ther or pertinent specifics
UI = D000923
Anticholesteremic Agents
MS = Substances used to lower plasma cholesterol levels.
UI = D000924
Anticipation, Genetic
MS = The apparent tendency of certain diseases to appear at earlier AGE OF ONSET and with increasing severity in successive generations. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
UI = D020132
Anticoagulants
MS = Agents that prevent blood clotting. Naturally occurring agents in the blood are included only when they are used as drugs.
AN = not for circulating natural anticoagulants; consider also BLOOD COAGULATION /drug eff & THROMBOSIS /drug ther or related dis with /drug ther; DF: ANTICOAG
UI = D000925
Anticodon
MS = The sequential set of three nucleotides in transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) that interacts with its complement in messenger RNA (RNA, MESSENGER), the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.
UI = D000926
Anticonvulsants
MS = Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also CONVULSIONS /drug ther
UI = D000927
Antidepressive Agents
MS = Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific antidepressive agents; consider also DEPRESSION /drug ther
UI = D000928
Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation
MS = A structurally and mechanistically diverse group of drugs that are not tricyclics or monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The most clinically important appear to act selectively on serotonergic systems, especially by inhibiting serotonin reuptake.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018687
Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic
MS = Substances that contain a fused three-ring moiety and are used in the treatment of depression. These drugs block the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into axon terminals and may block some subtypes of serotonin, adrenergic, and histamine receptors. However the mechanism of their antidepressant effects is not clear because the therapeutic effects usually take weeks to develop and may reflect compensatory changes in the central nervous system.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D000929
Antidiarrheals
MS = Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition.
AN = consider also DIARRHEA /drug ther
UI = D000930
Antidotes
MS = Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of poisons. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = D25-26 qualif; consider also POISONING /drug ther
UI = D000931
Antiemetics
MS = Drugs used to prevent nausea or vomiting. Antiemetics act by a wide range of mechanisms. Some act on the medullary contol centers (the vomiting center and the chemoreceptive trigger zone) while others affect the peripheral receptors.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also NAUSEA /drug ther & VOMITING /drug ther
UI = D000932
Antifibrinolytic Agents
MS = Agents that prevent fibrinolysis or lysis of a blood clot or thrombus. Several endogenous antiplasmins are known. The drugs are used to control massive hemorrhage and in other coagulation disorders.
UI = D000933
Antifoaming Agents
MS = Agents used to prevent the formation of foam or to treat flatulence or bloat.
AN = D25-26 qualif; consider also FLATULENCE /drug ther
UI = D000934
Antifreeze Proteins
MS = Proteins that bind to ice and modify the growth of ice crystals. They perform a cryoprotective role in a variety of organisms.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific types
UI = D021301
Antifreeze Proteins, Type I
MS = A subclass of ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS that are 3-5 kD in size and contain a single alanine-rich amphipathic alpha-helix.
UI = D021322
Antifreeze Proteins, Type II
MS = A subclass of ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS that have a cystine-rich globular structure of approximately 14 kD.
UI = D021341
Antifreeze Proteins, Type III
MS = A subclass of ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS that are globular, 6.5 kD in size and contain compact beta-sheet structures.
UI = D021343
Antifreeze Proteins, Type IV
MS = A subclass of ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS that contain four amphipathic alpha-helices folded into an antiparallel helix bundle.
UI = D021302
Antifungal Agents
MS = Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.
AN = used in ther: differentiate from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL
UI = D000935
Antigen Presentation
MS = The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)
AN = process whereby an antigen is made recognizable to a lymphocyte
UI = D017951
Antigen-Antibody Complex
MS = The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.
UI = D000936
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
UI = D000937
Antigen-Presenting Cells
MS = Heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediates the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cell receptor. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. Follicular dendritic cells (DENDRITIC CELLS, FOLLICULAR) are also considered to be antigen-presenting cells by some authors.
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D000938
Antigenic Modulation
MS = Loss of detectable antigen from the surface of a cell after incubation with antibodies. This is one method in which some tumors escape detection by the immune system. Antigenic modulation of target antigens also reduces the therapeutic effectiveness of treatment by monoclonal antibodies.
UI = D016525
Antigenic Variation
MS = Change in the surface ANTIGEN of a microorganism. There are two different types. One is a phenomenon, especially associated with INFLUENZA VIRUSES, where they undergo spontaneous variation both as slow antigenic drift and sudden emergence of new strains (antigenic shift). The second type is when certain PARASITES, especially trypanosomes, PLASMODIUM, and BORRELIA, survive the immune response of the host by changing the surface coat (antigen switching). (From Herbert et al., The Dictionary of Immunology, 4th ed)
AN = microbes only; ANTIBODY DIVERSITY is also available
UI = D000940
Antigens
MS = Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
UI = D000941
Antigens, Archaeal
MS = Substances of archaeal origin that have antigenic activity.
AN = coord IM with specific archaeon /immunol (IM)
UI = D019845
Antigens, Bacterial
MS = Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
AN = coord IM with specific bacterium /immunol (IM); DF: ANTIGENS BACT
UI = D000942
Antigens, CD
MS = Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similiar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.
UI = D015703
Antigens, CD1
MS = Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.
AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens; but read MeSH definition
UI = D018949
Antigens, CD11
MS = A group of three different alpha chains (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c) that are associated with an invariant CD18 beta chain (ANTIGENS, CD18). The three resulting leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION) are LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN; and ANTIGEN, P150,95.
AN = a group of differentiation antigens
UI = D018845
Antigens, CD11a
MS = An alpha-integrin subunit found on lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages and monocytes. It combines with the integrin beta2 subunit (CD18 ANTIGEN) to form LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1.
UI = D040881
Antigens, CD11b
MS = A CD antigen that contains a conserved I domain which is involved in ligand binding. When combined with CD18 (INTEGRIN BETA2 SUBUNIT) the two subunits form MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN.
UI = D039481
Antigens, CD11c
MS = An integrin alpha subunit of approximately 150 kD molecular weight. It is expressed at high levels on monocytes and combines with CD18 ANTIGEN to form the cell surface receptor INTEGRIN ALPHAXBETA2. The subunit contains a conserved I domain which is characteristic of several of alpha integrins.
UI = D039521
Antigens, CD13
MS = Glycoproteins expressed on human granulocyte-monocyte progenitor colony forming units (CFU-GM) and their more differentiated progeny. The enzymes are also found in a large number of tissues, often associated with membranes. EC 3.4.11.2
AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens
UI = D018826
Antigens, CD14
MS = Glycolipid-anchored membrane glycoproteins expressed on cells of the myelomonocyte lineage including monocytes, macrophages, and some granulocytes. They function as receptors for the complex of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein.
AN = myelomonocytic differentiation antigen
UI = D018950
Antigens, CD15
MS = Carbohydrate antigen which is accumulated in various human cancer tissues and secreted into the blood stream. The carbohydrate moiety can be further modified with fucose or sialic acid. Monoclonal antibodies have been determined which can discriminate each subgroup of this antigen in the sera of cancer patients. Sialyl SSEA-1 antigen is particularly elevated in the sera of patients with a variety of tumors.
AN = do not coord FUCOSYL SSEA-1 or SIALYL SSEA-1 with FUCOSE or SIALIC ACID unless particularly discussed; DF: SSEA1
UI = D016256
Antigens, CD18
MS = Cell-surface glycoprotein beta-chains that are non-covalently linked to specific alpha-chains of the CD11 family of leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION). A defect in the gene encoding CD18 causes LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME.
UI = D018821
Antigens, CD19
MS = Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation.
AN = B-lymphocyte differentiation antigens
UI = D018941
Antigens, CD2
MS = Glycoprotein members of the immunoglobulin superfamily which participate in T-cell adhesion and activation. They are expressed on most peripheral T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes, and function as co-receptors or accessory molecules in the T-cell receptor complex.
AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens
UI = D018801
Antigens, CD20
MS = Unglycosylated phosphoproteins expressed only on B-cells. They are regulators of transmembrane Ca2+ conductance and thought to play a role in B-cell activation and proliferation.
AN = B-lymphocyte differentiation antigens
UI = D018951
Antigens, CD26
MS = Cell-surface glycoproteins and serine protease, also known as dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, that play a role in T-lymphocyte activation. CD26 binds to adenosine deaminase on the T-cell surface. EC 3.4.14.5
AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens
UI = D018819
Antigens, CD27
MS = Dimeric membrane glycoproteins found on most T-lymphocytes. Activation of T-cells by the antigen receptor increases CD27 surface expression.
AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens
UI = D018127
Antigens, CD28
MS = T-cell differentiation antigens that serve as the receptors for the B7 antigen (ANTIGENS, CD80) which modulates T-cell lymphokine production.
AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens
UI = D018106
Antigens, CD29
MS = Integrin beta-1 chains which are expressed as heterodimers that are noncovalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the CD49 family (CD49a-f). CD29 is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for all of the very late activation antigens on cells. (from: Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p164)
UI = D019012
Antigens, CD3
MS = Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).
AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens
UI = D017252
Antigens, CD30
MS = Differentiation antigens normally present in a small number of cells in the lymph nodes and tonsils in vivo, but also capable of being induced in a wide range of cells in vitro. They are clinically useful as tumor markers for Ki-1 lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, KI-1) and some cases of LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; and HODGKIN'S DISEASE.
AN = human differentiation antigens only
UI = D017730
Antigens, CD31
MS = Cell adhesion molecules present on virtually all monocytes, platelets, and granulocytes. CD31 is highly expressed on endothelial cells and concentrated at the junctions between them.
UI = D019408
Antigens, CD34
MS = Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.
AN = differentiation antigens
UI = D018952
Antigens, CD36
MS = Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on monocytes, endothelial cells, platelets, mammary epithelial cells, and a variety of cultured cell lines. They play major roles in adhesion phenomena, signal transduction, and hematopathology. CD36 is also the receptor for thrombospondin and malaria-infected erythrocytes.
AN = differentiation antigens
UI = D018955
Antigens, CD4
MS = 55-kD Glycoproteins originally defined as differentiation antigens on T-lymphocytes, but also found on other cells including monocytes/macrophages. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as HIV receptors, binding directly to the envelope protein gp120 on HIV.
AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens; human differentiation antigens only: for mouse use ANTIGENS, DIFFERENTIATION, T-LYMPHOCYTE
UI = D015704
Antigens, CD40
MS = Differentiation antigens found on all mature B-lymphocytes and some epithelial cells, carcinomas, and lymphoid dendritic cells. This is a member of the TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR superfamily. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers.
UI = D019013
Antigens, CD44
MS = Acidic sulfated integral membrane glycoproteins expressed in several alternatively spliced and variable glycosylated forms on a wide variety of cell types including mature T-cells, B-cells, medullary thymocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, erythrocytes, and fibroblasts. CD44 antigens are the principle cell surface receptors for hyaluronate and this interaction mediates binding of lymphocytes to high endothelial venules. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)
AN = lymphocyte homing receptors
UI = D018960
Antigens, CD45
MS = High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of all leukocytes and their hemopoietic progenitors. The CD45 family consists of multiple members that are all products of a single gene. CD45 expression is necessary for signalling through the T-cell receptor.
AN = human & mouse differentiation antigens
UI = D017493
Antigens, CD5
MS = Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)
AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens; but read MeSH definition
UI = D018956
Antigens, CD55
MS = Glycoproteins broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 prevents the assembly of C3 convertase or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex.
AN = differentiation antigens
UI = D018958
Antigens, CD56
MS = The 140-kD isoform of NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) containing a transmembrane domain and short cytoplasmic tail. It is expressed by all lymphocytes mediating non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity and is present on some neural tissues and tumors.
AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens
UI = D019002
Antigens, CD57
MS = Oligosaccharide antigenic determinants found principally on NK cells and T-cells. Their role in the immune response is poorly understood.
AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens
UI = D018959
Antigens, CD58
MS = Glycoproteins with a wide distribution on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and strongly expressed on macrophages. CD58 mediates cell adhesion by binding to CD2; (ANTIGENS, CD2); and this enhances antigen-specific T-cell activation.
AN = differentiation antigens
UI = D018968
Antigens, CD59
MS = Small glycoproteins found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to C8 and C9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. (From Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p234)
UI = D018957
Antigens, CD7
MS = Differentiation antigens expressed on pluripotential hematopoietic cells, most human thymocytes, and a major subset of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes. They have been implicated in integrin-mediated cellular adhesion and as signalling receptors on T-cells.
AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens
UI = D019011
Antigens, CD8
MS = Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.
AN = T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens
UI = D016827
Antigens, CD80
MS = The natural ligand for the T-cell antigen CD28; (ANTIGENS, CD28); mediating T- and B-cell adhesion. CD80 is expressed on activated B-cells and gamma-interferon-stimulated monocytes. The binding of CD80 to CD28 and CTLA-4 provides a co-stimulatory signal to T-cells and leads to greatly upregulated lymphokine production.
AN = differentiation antigens
UI = D018122
Antigens, CD95
MS = Differentiation antigens expressed on a variety of cell lines including myeloid and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Their primary role is to regulate peripheral immune responses, which is achieved by triggering APOPTOSIS.
AN = in X ref FAS ANTIGENS, fas stands for Folic Acid Synthesis
UI = D019014
Antigens, CD98
MS = A heterodimeric protein that is a cell surface antigen associated with lymphocyte activation. The initial characterization of this protein revealed one identifiable heavy chain (CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) and an indeterminate smaller light chain. It is now known that a variety of light chain subunits (CD98 LIGHT CHAINS) can dimerize with the heavy chain. Depending upon its light chain composition a diverse array of functions can be found for this protein. Functions include: type L amino acid transport, type y+L amino acid transport and regulation of cellular fusion.
UI = D027261
Antigens, CD98 Heavy Chain
MS = A transmembrane glycoprotein subunit that can dimerize with a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS CD98, LIGHT CHAINS). This protein subunit serves a diverse array of functions including amino acid transport and cell fusion. Its function is altered depending which of the light chain subunits it interacts with.
UI = D027282
Antigens, CD98 Light Chains
MS = A family of light chains that bind to the CD98 heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) to form a heterodimer. They convey functional specificity to the protein.
UI = D027301
Antigens, Dermatophagoides
MS = Antigens from the house dust mites (DERMATOPHAGOIDES), mainly D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus. They are proteins, found in mite feces or mite extracts, that can cause ASTHMA and other allergic diseases such as perennial rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL) and atopic dermatitis (DERMATITIS, ATOPIC). More than 11 groups of Dermatophagoides ALLERGENS have been defined. Group I allergens, such as Der f I and Der p I from the above two species, are among the strongest mite immunogens in humans.
AN = coordinate with ALLERGENS if pertinent
UI = D039741
Antigens, Differentiation
MS = Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.
AN = GEN: prefer specific groups & specific differentiation antigens; note X ref LEU ANTIGENS but several specific Leu antigens are also available; DF: ANTIGENS DIFFER
UI = D000943
Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte
MS = Membrane antigens associated with maturation stages of B-lymphocytes, often expressed in tumors of B-cell origin.
AN = DF: B CELL DIFFER ANTIGENS
UI = D000944
Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic
MS = Surface antigens expressed on myeloid cells of the granulocyte-monocyte-histiocyte series during differentiation. Analysis of their reactivity in normal and malignant myelomonocytic cells is useful in identifying and classifying human leukemias and lymphomas.
AN = DF: MM DIFFER ANTIGENS or ANTIGENS DIFFER MM
UI = D015214
Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
MS = Antigens expressed on the cell membrane of T-lymphocytes during differentiation, activation, and normal and neoplastic transformation. Their phenotypic characterization is important in differential diagnosis and studies of thymic ontogeny and T-cell function.
AN = DF: T CELL DIFFER ANTIGENS
UI = D000945
Antigens, Fungal
MS = Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.
AN = coord IM with specific fungus /immunol (IM)
UI = D000946
Antigens, Helminth
MS = Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.
AN = coord IM with specific helminth /immunol (IM)
UI = D000947
Antigens, Heterophile
MS = Antigens stimulating the formation of, or combining with heterophile antibodies. They are cross-reacting antigens found in phylogenetically unrelated species.
AN = coord IM with specific antigen/organism heading (IM)
UI = D015478
Antigens, Human Platelet
MS = Human alloantigens expressed only on platelets, specifically on platelet membrane glycoproteins. These platelet-specific antigens are immunogenic and can result in pathological reactions to transfusion therapy.
AN = restrict to antigens expressed on only platelets: do not confuse with HLA & other antigens expressed on platelets or other blood cells
UI = D016824
Antigens, Ly
MS = A group of lymphocyte surface antigens differentially located on subpopulations of mouse lymphocytes. This localization has been useful in distinguishing different functional subpopulations of lymphocytes. For example, cytotoxic T-cells bear primarily Lyt-23 on their surface and not Lyt-1, whereas helper cells bear Lyt-1 and not Lyt-23.
UI = D000950
Antigens, Neoplasm
MS = Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.
AN = coord IM with required neopl coords with /immunol (IM); Manual 24.4.4.1+
UI = D000951
Antigens, Nuclear
MS = Immunologically detectable substances found in the CELL NUCLEUS.
AN = coord NIM with specific antigen/organism heading (IM)
UI = D034961
Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming
MS = Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.
AN = coord IM with specific polyoma virus /immunol (IM); DF: PVTA
UI = D000952
Antigens, Protozoan
MS = Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.
AN = coord IM with specific protozoan /immunol (IM)
UI = D000953
Antigens, Surface
MS = Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.
AN = coord NIM with specific antigen/organism heading (IM)
UI = D000954
Antigens, T-Independent
MS = Antigens which may directly stimulate B lymphocytes without the cooperation of T lymphocytes.
UI = D000955
Antigens, Thy-1
MS = A group of differentiation surface antigens, among the first to be discovered on thymocytes and T-lymphocytes. Originally identified in the mouse, they are also found in other species including humans, and are expressed on brain neurons and other cells.
AN = differentiation antigens; Thy stands for "THYmocyte"
UI = D018800
Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate
MS = Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: note short X ref
UI = D015295
Antigens, Viral
MS = Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
AN = coord IM with specific virus /immunol (IM)
UI = D000956
Antigens, Viral, Tumor
MS = Those proteins recognized by antibodies from serum of animals bearing tumors induced by viruses; these proteins are presumably coded for by the nucleic acids of the same viruses that caused the neoplastic transformation.
AN = coord IM with specific virus /immunol (IM)
UI = D000957
Antigua
MS = An island in the Lesser Antilles, one of the Leeward Islands. With Barbuda and Redonda, an uninhabited island, it constitutes the independent state of Antigua and Barbuda. Its capital is St. Johns. It was discovered by Columbus in 1493, settled by the English in 1632, occupied by the French in 1666, returned to the British in 1667, became self-governing in 1967 and independent in 1981. It was named by Columbus after the church of Santa Maria la Antigua (St. Mary the Ancient) in Seville. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p56; Antigua and Barbuda Embassy (telephone 202-362-5122); Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p24)
AN = an island in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies
UI = D000958
Antihypertensive Agents
MS = Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE), ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.
AN = consider also HYPERTENSION /drug ther
UI = D000959
Antilipemic Agents
MS = Substances used to treat HYPERLIPIDEMIA.
UI = D000960
Antilymphocyte Serum
MS = Serum containing gamma-globulins which are antibodies for lymphocyte antigens. It is used both as a test for histocompatibility and therapeutically in transplantation.
AN = antithymocyte & anti-theta serum: ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM (IM) + T LYMPHOCYTES /immunol (IM); for "lymphocytotoxins" check text: if antibody to lymphocytes index under ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM, if toxin released by lymphocyte index under LYMPHOTOXIN
UI = D000961
Antimalarials
MS = Agents used in the treatment of malaria. They are usually classified on the basis of their action against plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1585)
AN = consider also PLASMODIUM /drug eff & MALARIA /drug ther or pertinent specifics
UI = D000962
Antimanic Agents
MS = Agents that are used to treat bipolar disorders or mania associated with other affective disorders.
AN = tranquilizing agents; consider also BIPOLAR DISORDER /drug ther
UI = D018692
Antimetabolites
MS = Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)
UI = D000963
Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic
MS = Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy.
AN = TN 4: relation to ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS
UI = D000964
Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides
MS = Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins.
UI = D023181
Antimony
MS = A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.
AN = Sb-121; Sb-123 = ANTIMONY (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Sb-112-120, 122, 124-133 = ANTIMONY (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D000965
Antimony Potassium Tartrate
MS = A schistosomicide possibly useful against other parasites. It has irritant emetic properties and may cause lethal cardiac toxicity among other adverse effects.
UI = D000966
Antimony Sodium Gluconate
MS = Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.
UI = D000967
Antimutagenic Agents
MS = Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced mutations independently of the mechanism involved.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D016587
Antimycin A
MS = An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and mitocide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)
UI = D000968
Antinematodal Agents
MS = Substances used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations. They are used also in veterinary practice.
AN = consider also NEMATODA /drug eff & NEMATODE INFECTIONS /drug ther or pertinent specifics
UI = D000969
Antineoplastic Agents
MS = Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.
AN = /admin: various admin procedures are available, as PERFUSION, REGIONAL; CHEMOEMBOLIZATION, THERAPEUTIC and INFUSIONS, INTRA-ARTERIAL; do not confuse with ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS which prevent or reduce the development of cancer while ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS treat or affect cancer already developed; for combined anticancer agents, ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS is available; Manual 24.4.2.1+
UI = D000970
Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating
MS = A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of N-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular DNA. The precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2026)
UI = D018906
Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal
MS = Antineoplastic agents that are used to treat hormone-sensitive tumors. Hormone-sensitive tumors may be hormone-dependent, hormone-responsive, or both. A hormone-dependent tumor regresses on removal of the hormonal stimulus, by surgery or pharmacological block. Hormone-responsive tumors may regress when pharmacologic amounts of hormones are administered regardless of whether previous signs of hormone sensitivity were observed. The major hormone-responsive cancers include carcinomas of the breast, prostate, and endometrium; lymphomas; and certain leukemias. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994, p2079)
AN = consider also NEOPLASMS, HORMONE-DEPENDENT /drug ther
UI = D018931
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic
MS = Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.
AN = from plants of Cat B6 only, not from lower plants (Cat B5: algae & fungi); /biosyn permitted if by plant; TN 4: coverage
UI = D000972
Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Agents
MS = Collective grouping for substances used to arrest the proliferation of malignant cells and those that suppress the immune response.
AN = not used for indexing; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS & IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS are available CATALOG: do not use
UI = D000973
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
MS = The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
AN = admin simultaneously or sequentially; IM; coord with specific antineoplastics /admin (NIM)
UI = D000971
Antineoplastic Protocols
MS = Clinical protocols used to inhibit the growth or spread of NEOPLASMS.
AN = coord with COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY if pertinent
UI = D024221
Antioxidants
MS = Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.
UI = D000975
Antipain
MS = An oligopeptide produced by various bacteria which acts as a protease inhibitor.
AN = nothing to do with pain: a bacterial protease inhibitor
UI = D000976
Antiparasitic Agents
MS = Drugs used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.
UI = D000977
Antiparkinson Agents
MS = Agents used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The most commonly used drugs act on the dopaminergic system in the striatum and basal ganglia or are centrally acting muscarinic antagonists.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also PARKINSON DISEASE /drug ther
UI = D000978
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
MS = The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).
AN = an autoimmune dis, not a metab dis
UI = D016736
Antiplasmin
MS = A member of the serpin superfamily found in human plasma that inhibits the lysis of fibrin clots which are induced by plasminogen activator. It is a glycoprotein, molecular weight approximately 70,000 that migrates in the alpha 2 region in immunoelectrophoresis. It is the principal plasmin inactivator in blood, rapidly forming a very stable complex with plasmin.
AN = do not confuse with ANTIPLASMINS see ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS
UI = D000979
Antiplatyhelmintic Agents
MS = Agents used to treat cestode, trematode, or other flatworm infestations in man or animals.
AN = consider also PLATYHELMINTHS /drug eff or pertinent specifics
UI = D000980
Antiporters
MS = Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the opposite direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.
UI = D017920
Antiprotozoal Agents
MS = Substances that are destructive to protozoans.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific antiprotozoal agent
UI = D000981
Antipruritics
MS = Agents, usually topical, that relieve itching (pruritus).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; D25-26 qualif; consider also PRURITUS /drug ther
UI = D000982
Antipsychotic Agents
MS = Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in schizophrenia, senile dementia, transient psychosis following surgery or myocardial infarction, etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also PSYCHOSES /drug ther
UI = D014150
Antipsychotic Agents, Butyrophenone
MS = Those butyrophenone derivatives used in the treatment of psychoses.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D002089
Antipsychotic Agents, Phenothiazine
MS = Phenothiazine derivatives used in the treatment of psychoses.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D010639
Antipyrine
MS = An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29)
UI = D000983
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
MS = Drug regimens, for patients with HIV INFECTIONS, that aggressively suppress HIV replication. The regimens usually involve administration of three or more different drugs including a protease inhibitor.
AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific drugs
UI = D023241
Antirheumatic Agents
MS = Drugs that are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; consider also RHEUMATIC DISEASES /drug ther; DF: note short X ref
UI = D018501
Antirheumatic Agents, Gold
MS = Gold salts that are effective in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. These compounds usually do not have analgesic activity. Since these compounds are poorly absorbed from the intestinal tract, they are usually given intramuscularly.
AN = DF: ARAG
UI = D016043
Antirrhinum
MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Members contain DEFICIENS PROTEIN.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032161
Antisense Elements (Genetics)
MS = Nucleic acids which hybridize to complementary sequences in other target nucleic acids causing the function of the latter to be affected.
AN = DF: ANTISENSE ELEMENTS
UI = D016375
Antisepsis
MS = The destruction of germs causing disease.
AN = differentiate from ASEPSIS: ANTISEPSIS is the destruction of pathogens, ASEPSIS is the prev of their invasion
UI = D000985
Antisickling Agents
MS = Agents used to prevent or reverse the pathological events leading to sickling of erythrocytes in sickle cell conditions.
AN = consider also ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL /drug ther
UI = D000986
Antisocial Personality Disorder
MS = A personality disorder whose essential feature is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. The individual must be at least age 18 and must have a history of some symptoms of CONDUCT DISORDER before age 15. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
UI = D000987
Antispermatogenic Agents
MS = Agents, either mechanical or chemical, which destroy spermatozoa in the male genitalia and block spermatogenesis.
AN = MeSH definition says "mechanical or chemical"; consider also SPERMATOZOA /drug eff & SPERMATOGENESIS /drug eff, etc.
UI = D000988
Antistreptolysin
UI = D000989
Antithrombin III
MS = A plasma alpha 2 glycoprotein that accounts for the major antithrombin activity of normal plasma and also inhibits several other enzymes; it was formerly called Antithrombin II (AT II) which has now been shown to be identical to AT III; deficiency of AT III (ANTITHROMBIN III DEFICIENCY), hereditary or acquired, results in thromboembolism. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. Some authors use the term antithrombin to refer to antithrombin III.
UI = D000990
Antithrombin III Deficiency
MS = An absence or reduced level of Antithrombin III leading to an increased risk for thrombosis.
UI = D020152
Antithrombins
MS = An endogenous family of proteins belonging to the serpin superfamily that neutralizes the action of thrombin. Six naturally occuring antithrombins have been identified and are designated by Roman numerals I to VI. Of these, Antithrombin I (see FIBRIN) and ANTITHROMBIN III appear to be of major importance.
AN = serpins & anticoagulants
UI = D000991
Antithyroid Agents
MS = Agents that are used to treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the excessive production of thyroid hormones.
AN = consider also HYPERTHYROIDISM /drug ther
UI = D013956
Antitoxins
MS = Antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific bacterial toxins.
AN = coord IM with specific toxin (IM or NIM)
UI = D000992
Antitreponemal Agents
MS = Agents used to treat infections with bacteria of the genus TREPONEMA. This includes SYPHILIS & YAWS.
UI = D000993
Antitrichomonal Agents
MS = Agents used to treat trichomonas infections.
AN = consider also TRICHOMONAS /drug eff & TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS /drug ther or pertinent specifics
UI = D000994
Antitrust Laws
MS = Those federal and state laws, and their enforcement, that protect trade and commerce from unlawful restraints and monopolies or unfair business practices.
AN = specify geog
UI = D016363
Antitubercular Agents
MS = Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: "first-line" agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and "second-line" drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy.
AN = consider also MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS /drug eff & TUBERCULOSIS /drug ther
UI = D000995
Antitussive Agents
MS = Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.
AN = GEN or unspecified; consider also COUGH /drug ther
UI = D000996
Antivenins
MS = Antisera used to counteract poisoning by animal venom.
AN = coord IM with specific venom (IM or NIM)
UI = D000997
Antiviral Agents
MS = Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.
AN = do not confuse with VIRUS INHIBITORS (substances found in normal serum, body fluids, etc.); antiretroviral agents is likely to be ANTI-HIV AGENTS, otherwise index here
UI = D000998
Antlers
MS = The horn of an animal of the deer family, typically present only in the male. It differs from the HORNS of other animals in being a solid, generally branched bony outgrowth that is shed and renewed annually. The word antler comes from the Latin anteocularis, ante (before) + oculus (eye). (From Webster, 3d ed)
AN = a type of horn, on males of the deer family
UI = D000999
Ants
MS = Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D001000
Anura
MS = An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific available families & genera; frogs & toads; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D001001
Anuria
MS = Inability to form or excrete urine.
AN = do not confuse with OLIGURIA, diminished amount
UI = D001002
Anus
AN = inflammation = PROCTITIS; do not confuse X ref ANAL GLAND with anal gland in animals
UI = D001003
Anus Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = PROCTITIS
UI = D001004
Anus Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the ANUS.
AN = do not confuse with ANAL GLAND NEOPLASMS (in animals only); coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D001005
Anus, Imperforate
MS = Persistence of the anal membrane, so that the anus is closed. The defect is not always complete; sometimes a narrow opening permits the passage of the bowel contents. When completely imperforate, the anus is seen as a dimple (the proctodeal pit) in the skin of the perineum. The latter condition is often associated with atresia of the lower rectum. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D001006
Anxiety
MS = Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster.
AN = human & animal; note Cat F1: differentiate from ANXIETY DISORDERS, Cat F3, a psychiatric diag, but use Cat F3 qualif
UI = D001007
Anxiety Disorders
MS = Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance.
UI = D001008
Anxiety, Castration
MS = Anxiety due to fantasied injuries to or loss of the genitals.
UI = D001009
Anxiety, Separation
MS = Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to him.
UI = D001010
Aorta
MS = The main trunk of the systemic arteries.
AN = /surg: consider also CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS; inflammation = AORTITIS but note also AORTITIS, SYPHILITIC see SYPHILIS, CARDIOVASCULAR
UI = D001011
Aorta, Abdominal
MS = The aorta from the diaphragm to the bifurcation into the right and left common iliac arteries.
AN = coord NIM with aortic dis terms (IM)
UI = D001012
Aorta, Thoracic
MS = The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the diaphragm.
AN = coord NIM with aortic dis terms (IM)
UI = D001013
Aortic Aneurysm
MS = Aneurysm of the aorta.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific sites; ruptured aortic aneurysm = AORTIC RUPTURE; for dissecting aneurysm of aorta, coord IM with ANEURYSM, DISSECTING (IM)
UI = D001014
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
MS = An aneurysm in that part of the aorta continuing from the thoracic region and giving rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, mesenteric, renal, and ovarian or testicular arteries.
AN = dissecting aneurysm: coord IM with ANEURYSM, DISSECTING (IM); rupture: coord IM with AORTIC RUPTURE (IM)
UI = D017544
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
MS = An aneurysm in the proximal portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and giving rise to the bronchial, esophageal, pericardiac, and mediastinal branches.
AN = dissecting aneurysm, coord IM with ANEURYSM, DISSECTING (IM); rupture: coord IM with AORTIC RUPTURE (IM)
UI = D017545
Aortic Arch Syndromes
MS = Any of a group of disorders leading to occlusion of the arteries arising from the aortic arch. Such occlusion may be caused by atherosclerosis, arterial embolism, syphilitic or tuberculous arteritis, etc. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = occlusion of aortic arch from various causes
UI = D001015
Aortic Bodies
MS = Small clusters of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the aortic arch, the pulmonary arteries, and the coronary arteries. The aortic bodies sense pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and participate in the control of respiration.
AN = nonchromaffin paraganglia; do not confuse with PARA-AORTIC BODIES
UI = D001016
Aortic Coarctation
MS = Narrowing of the lumen of the aorta, caused by deformity of the aortic media.
AN = narrowing of the aorta lumen; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D001017
Aortic Diseases
AN = locate as AORTA, ABDOMINAL or AORTA, THORACIC (NIM); inflamm dis = AORTITIS but note AORTITIS, SYPHILITIC see SYPHILIS, CARDIOVASCULAR
UI = D001018
Aortic Rupture
MS = Tearing of aortic tissue. It may be rupture of an aneurysm or it may be due to trauma.
AN = do not coord with RUPTURE, SPONTANEOUS unless particularly discussed & then only NIM
UI = D001019
Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular
MS = A narrowing of the aorta in the region below the aortic valve.
UI = D001020
Aortic Stenosis, Supravalvular
MS = A narrowing of the aorta in the region above the aortic valve.
UI = D021921
Aortic Valve
MS = The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle.
AN = dis: coord IM with HEART VALVE DISEASES (IM) but note specific aortic valve dis; atresia: index AORTIC VALVE /abnorm
UI = D001021
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
MS = Backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle, owing to imperfect functioning of the aortic semilunar valve.
AN = imperfect closing of valve
UI = D001022
Aortic Valve Prolapse
MS = The downward displacement of the cuspal material (misalignment of the cusps) below a line joining points of attachment of the aortic valve leaflets. The prolapsed cusp may occlude the ventricular septal defect during ventricular diastole.
UI = D001023
Aortic Valve Stenosis
MS = Constriction in the opening of the aortic valve or of the supravalvular or subvalvular regions.
AN = aortic valve atresia = AORTIC VALVE /abnorm
UI = D001024
Aortitis
MS = Inflammation of the wall of the aorta.
AN = inflamm of aorta
UI = D001025
Aortography
MS = Radiographic visualization of the aorta and its branches by injection of contrast media, using percutaneous puncture or catheterization procedures.
AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: AORTOGR
UI = D001027
Aortopulmonary Septal Defect
MS = A congenital anomaly in which there is abnormal communication between the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery just above the semilunar valves.
AN = abnorm commun between aorta & pulm artery; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: AORTOPULM SEPTAL DEFECT
UI = D001028
Aotinae
MS = A subfamily of the New World monkeys, CEBIDAE, inhabiting the forests of South and Central America. The Aotinae are also referred to as night monkeys or owl monkeys. There are two species occurring in this subfamily: Aotus azarae (Southern night monkeys) and AOTUS TRIVIRGATUS (Northern night monkeys).
AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
UI = D016645
Aotus trivirgatus
MS = A species of the subfamily AOTINAE, family CEBIDAE, inhabiting the forested regions of Central and South America (from Panama to the Amazon). Vocalizations occur primarily at night when they are active, thus they are also known as Northern night monkeys.
AN = New World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM); DF: AOTUS
UI = D001029
APACHE
MS = An acronym for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, a scoring system using routinely collected data and providing an accurate, objective description for a broad range of intensive care unit admissions, measuring severity of illness in critically ill patients.
AN = an acronym explained by X ref; no qualif
UI = D018806
Apamin
MS = A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis.
AN = a bee venom; /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; do not confuse with drug Apamide ( = METHAMPHETAMINE)
UI = D001030
Apansporoblastina
MS = A suborder of parasitic protozoa commonly lacking a pansporoblastic membrane. The sporoblast is usually dinucleate.
AN = a suborder of protozoa
UI = D016817
Apatites
MS = A group of phosphate minerals that includes ten mineral species and has the general formula X5(YO4)3Z, where X is usually calcium or lead, Y is phosphorus or arsenic, and Z is chlorine, fluorine, or OH-. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = a group of phosphate minerals
UI = D001031
Apazone
MS = An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.
UI = D001032
Ape Diseases
MS = Diseases of apes (PONGIDAE). This term includes diseases of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.
AN = dis of apes, gorillas, chimpanzees & orangutans; coord IM with specific animal (IM) + specific dis /vet (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under specific ape heading /abnorm or /inj; don't forget also PONGIDAE (NIM) if no specific ape is indexed; also check tag ANIMAL; DF: APE DIS
UI = D018420
Apgar Score
MS = A method, developed by Dr. Virginia Apgar, to evaluate a newborn's adjustment to extrauterine life. Five items - heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color - are evaluated 60 seconds after birth and again five minutes later on a scale from 0-2, 0 being the lowest, 2 being normal. The five numbers are added for the Apgar score. A score of 0-3 represents severe distress, 4-7 indicates moderate distress, and a score of 7-10 predicts an absence of difficulty in adjus ting to extrauterine life.
AN = check the tags HUMAN & INFANT, NEWBORN
UI = D001034
Aphakia
MS = Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.
AN = absence of lens from any cause (congen, inj, dis); /congen permitted; after cataract extract = APHAKIA, POSTCATARACT; "aphakic eye" is probably APHAKIA, POSTCATARACT but PSEUDOPHAKIA is available for the postcataract eye fitted with an intraocular lens
UI = D001035
Aphakia, Postcataract
MS = Absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction.
AN = "aphakic eye" probably goes here unless truly congen ( = APHAKIA /congen); do not coord with CATARACT EXTRACTION unless particularly discussed; PSEUDOPHAKIA is available for the postcataract eye with an intraocular lens
UI = D001036
Aphasia
MS = A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D001037
Aphasia, Broca
MS = An aphasia characterized by impairment of expressive language (speech, writing, signs) and relative preservation of receptive language abilities (i.e., comprehension). This condition is caused by lesions of the motor association cortex in the frontal lobe (Broca's area and adjacent cortical and white matter regions). The deficits range from almost complete muteness to a reduction in the fluency and rate of speech. CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS (in particular INFARCTION, MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY) are a relatively common cause of this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp478-9)
AN = subject understands language but cannot express it; do not confuse with APHASIA, WERNICKE where subject does not understand language
UI = D001039
Aphasia, Conduction
MS = A type of fluent aphasia characterized by an impaired ability to repeat one and two word phrases, despite retained comprehension. This condition is associated with dominant hemisphere lesions involving the arcuate fasciculus (a white matter projection between Broca's and Wernicke's areas) and adjacent structures. Like patients with Wernicke aphasia (APHASIA, WERNICKE), patients with conduction aphasia are fluent but commit paraphasic errors during attempts at written and oral forms of communication. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p482; Brain & Bannister, Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p142; Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p848)
UI = D018886
Aphasia, Primary Progressive
MS = A progressive form of dementia characterized by the global loss of language abilities and initial preservation of other cognitive functions. Fluent and nonfluent subtypes have been described. Eventually a pattern of global cognitive dysfunction, similar to ALZHEIMER DISEASE, emerges. Pathologically, there are no Alzheimer or PICK DISEASE like changes, however, spongiform changes of cortical layers II and III are present in the TEMPORAL LOBE and FRONTAL LOBE. (From Brain 1998 Jan;121(Pt 1):115-26)
AN = a clin entity: do not confuse with descriptions of the progression of aphasia in case reports
UI = D018888
Aphasia, Wernicke
MS = Impairment in the comprehension of speech and meaning of words, both spoken and written, and of the meanings conveyed by their grammatical relationships in sentences. It is caused by lesions that primarily affect Wernicke's area, which lies in the posterior perisylvian region of the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere. (From Brain & Bannister, Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p141; Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p846)
AN = do not confuse with APHASIA, BROCA where subject understands language but cannot express it
UI = D001041
Aphidicolin
MS = An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.
UI = D016590
Aphids
MS = A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants.
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D001042
Aphonia
MS = Complete loss of phonation due to organic disease of the larynx or to nonorganic (i.e., psychogenic) causes.
UI = D001044
Aphorisms and Proverbs
MS = Short popular sayings effectively expressing or astutely professing general truths or useful thoughts. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, p97, p1556)
AN = no qualif; includes fables & maxims; DF: APHORISMS
UI = D001045
Aphrodisiacs
MS = Chemical agents or odors that stimulate sexual desires. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D001046
Aphthovirus
MS = A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE infecting mainly cloven-hoofed animals. They cause vesicular lesions and upper respiratory tract infections. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS is the type species.
AN = infection: coord IM with PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D005537
Aphyllophorales
MS = An order of fungi in the phylum BASIDIOMYCOTA having macroscopic basidiocarps. The members are characterized by their saprophytic activities as decomposers, particularly in the degradation of CELLULOSE and LIGNIN. A large number of species in the order have been used medicinally. (From Alexopoulos, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, pp504-68)
UI = D020072
Apiaceae
MS = A large plant family in the order Apiales, also known as Umbelliferae. Most are aromatic herbs with alternate, feather-divided leaves that are sheathed at the base. The flowers often form a conspicuous flat-topped umbel. Each small individual flower is usually bisexual, with five sepals, five petals, and an enlarged disk at the base of the style. The fruits are ridged and are composed of two parts that split open at maturity.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D019661
Apicoectomy
MS = Excision of the apical portion of a tooth through an opening made in the overlying labial, buccal, or palatal alveolar bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D001047
Apicomplexa
MS = A phylum of protozoa characterized by the presence of complex apical organelles generally consisting of a conoid that aids in penetrating host cells, rhoptries that possibly secrete a proteolytic enzyme, and subpellicular microtubules that may be related to motility.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS (IM); coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent
UI = D016782
Apium graveolens
MS = A plant species of the family APIACEAE. The stalks are a food source.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028525
Aplysia
MS = An opisthobranch mollusk of the order Anaspidea. It is used frequently in studies of nervous system development because of its large identifiable neurons. Aplysiatoxin and its derivatives are not biosynthesized by Aplysia, but acquired by ingestion of Lyngbya (seaweed) species.
AN = mollusk; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D001048
Apnea
MS = A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.
AN = do not confuse APNEA with other resp disord: use only when text uses APNEA; apnea neonatorum = APNEA + check tags INFANT, NEWBORN + HUMAN
UI = D001049
Apocrine Glands
MS = Large, branched, specialized sweat glands that empty into the upper portion of a HAIR FOLLICLE instead of directly onto the SKIN.
AN = /secret: consider also SWEAT or SWEATING
UI = D001050
Apocynaceae
MS = The dogbane plant family of the order Gentianales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. Members of the family have milky, often poisonous juice, smooth-margined leaves, and flowers in clusters.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029062
Apocynum
MS = A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE. It is rarely called Milkweed, but should not be confused with true Milkweed (ASCLEPIAS).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D030010
Apoenzymes
MS = The protein components of the enzyme minus any cofactors or prosthetic groups that might be required for the enzyme to be functional (HOLOENZYMES).
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific enzyme (IM)
UI = D001051
Apoferritin
UI = D001052
Apolipoprotein A-I
MS = The major protein component of high density lipoproteins. It is instrumental in promoting efflux of cholesterol from extrahepatic tissue to the liver where it is metabolized and excreted from the body. The compound is the activator of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase which forms cholesteryl esters in HDL. The gene for this apolipoprotein is found on the long arm of chromosome 11.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D016632
Apolipoprotein A-II
MS = A component of high density lipoproteins. It is instrumental in promoting efflux of cholesterol from extrahepatic tissue to the liver where it is metabolized and excreted from the body. This protein modulates the activation of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase in the presence of apolipoprotein A-I.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D016633
Apolipoproteins
MS = The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D001053
Apolipoproteins A
MS = Lipoproteins found in human blood serum in the high-density and very-high-density lipoprotein fraction (HDL; VHDL). They consist of several different polypeptides, the most important of which are apolipoprotein A-I and A-II. They maintain the structural integrity of the HDL particles and are activators of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Atherosclerotic patients show low apolipoprotein A levels and these apolipoproteins are either absent or present in extremely low plasma concentration in TANGIER DISEASE.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D001054
Apolipoproteins B
MS = Structural proteins of chylomicrons, VLDL; and LDL. They are important in the secretion and transport of these LIPOPROTEINS and function as recognition signals for binding and internalization of LDL particles by the LDL receptor (RECEPTORS, LDL). Atherosclerotic patients show high levels of Apo-B in the blood while in the case of ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA they are not detectable in serum.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; /defic: consider also ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA
UI = D001055
Apolipoproteins C
MS = Lipoproteins located on the surface of VLDL. They are transferred to HDL throughout the catabolism of VLDL and affect lipoprotein lipase activity. A genetic lack of Apo C-II results in hyperglyceridemia and low levels of HDL. Another form of hyperglyceridemia with normal Apo C-II levels is caused by a high concentration of Apo C-III in VLDL.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D001056
Apolipoproteins E
MS = Prominent protein constituents of plasma VLDL, chylomicrons, and a subfraction of HDL as well as of remnant lipoproteins which are derived from the lipoprotein lipase-mediated intravascular catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Apolipoproteins E are recognized by the LDL receptor and Apo E receptor. Any defect in the Apo E metabolism leads to increased plasma Apo E levels. A strong association has been found between high levels of Apo E and type III hyperlipoproteinemia.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D001057
Apomorphine
MS = A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.
AN = apopmorphine derivatives = APOMORPHINE/analogs
UI = D001058
Apoproteins
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D001059
Apoptosis
MS = One of the two mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (the other being the pathological process of NECROSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
AN = the physiol mechanism of cell death: do not confuse with NECROSIS, pathol cell death; see MeSH definition
UI = D017209
Aporphines
UI = D001060
Appalachian Region
MS = A geographical area of the United States with no definite boundaries but comprising northeastern Alabama, northwestern Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, western North Carolina, eastern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, western Virginia, West Virginia, western Maryland, southwestern Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, and southern New York.
AN = includes northeast Ala, northwest Ga, northwest S Carolina, western N Carolina, eastern Ky, eastern Tenn, western Va, West Virginia, western Md, southwest Pa, south Ohio, south NY; specify as needed but use APPALACHIAN REGION when text uses the term & when the region is the intent of the author CATALOG: use for 4 or more states
UI = D001061
Appendectomy
MS = Surgical removal of the vermiform appendix. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D001062
Appendiceal Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the appendix.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D001063
Appendicitis
MS = Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix.
AN = ruptured or perforated appendix goes here (IM) + INTESTINAL PERFORATION (IM) + RUPTURE, SPONTANEOUS (NIM)
UI = D001064
Appendix
AN = /surg: probably APPENDECTOMY; diseases: coord IM with CECAL DISEASES (IM); inflammation = APPENDICITIS; "ruptured" or "perforated" appendix: see note under APPENDICITIS
UI = D001065
Appetite
MS = Natural recurring desire for food.
AN = /drug eff: consider also APPETITE DEPRESSANTS
UI = D001066
Appetite Depressants
MS = Agents that are used to decrease appetite.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also APPETITE /drug eff & OBESITY /drug ther
UI = D001067
Appetite Regulation
MS = Physiologic mechanisms which regulate or control the appetite and food intake.
AN = DF: APPETITE REG
UI = D001069
Appetite Stimulants
MS = Agents that are used to stimulate appetite. These drugs are frequently used to treat anorexia associated with cancer and AIDS.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also APPETITE /drug eff
UI = D019167
Appetitive Behavior
MS = Animal searching behavior. The variable introductory phase of an instinctive behavior pattern or sequence, e.g., looking for food, or sequential courtship patterns prior to mating.
AN = usually animal; introduct phase of instinctive behav; nothing to do with APPETITE, the desire for food
UI = D001070
Appointments and Schedules
MS = The different methods of scheduling patient visits, appointment systems, individual or group appointments, waiting times, waiting lists for hospitals, walk-in clinics, etc.
AN = no qualif; DF: APPOINTMENTS
UI = D001071
Apraxia, Ideomotor
MS = A form of APRAXIA characterized by an acquired inability to carry out a complex motor activity despite the ability to mentally formulate the action. This condition has been attributed to a disruption of connections between the dominant parietal cortex and supplementary and premotor cortical regions in both hemispheres. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p57)
UI = D020240
Apraxias
MS = A group of cognitive disorders characterized by the inability to perform previously learned skills that cannot be attributed to deficits of motor or sensory function. The two major subtypes of this condition are ideomotor (see APRAXIA, IDEOMOTOR) and ideational apraxia, which refers to loss of the ability to mentally formulate the processes involved with performing an action. For example, dressing apraxia may result from an inability to mentally formulate the act of placing clothes on the body. Apraxias are generally associated with lesions of the dominant PARIETAL LOBE and supramarginal gyrus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp56-7)
UI = D001072
Aprindine
MS = A cardiac depressant used in arrhythmias.
AN = an anti-arrhythmic
UI = D001073
Aprotinin
MS = A single-chain polypeptide derived from bovine tissues consisting of 58 amino-acid residues. It is an inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes including chymotrypsin, kallikrein, plasmin, and trypsin. It is used in the treatment of hemorrhage associated with raised plasma concentrations of plasmin. It is also used to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients at high risk of major blood loss during and following open heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D007611
Aptitude
MS = The ability to acquire general or special types of knowledge or skill.
UI = D001076
Aptitude Tests
MS = Primarily non-verbal tests designed to predict an individual's future learning ability or performance.
UI = D001077
APUD Cells
MS = Cells derived from primitive cell types in the neural crest. During ontogeny they migrate to the foregut and specific locations of the neuroendocrine system. Properly located these cells form part of the normal hormone producing tissues of the neuroendocrine system. If misdirected these cells may become hyperplastic, adenomatous, or malignant (cf. APUDOMA).
AN = named APUD from Amine Precursor Uptake & Decarboxylation; use term only when used by author; A 11 qualif
UI = D001078
Apudoma
MS = A general term collectively applied to tumors associated with the APUD cell series irrespective of their specific identification.
AN = for derivation of word see note on APUD; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with organ /neopl term (IM)
UI = D001079
Apurinic Acid
MS = Hydrolysate of DNA in which purine bases have been removed.
UI = D001080
Apyrase
MS = A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.
UI = D001081
Aquabirnavirus
MS = A genus of RNA viruses in the family BIRNAVIRIDAE infecting fish, mollusks, and crustaceans. It is transmitted both vertically and horizontally with no known vectors. The natural hosts are salmonids and the type species is INFECTIOUS PANCREATIC NECROSIS VIRUS.
AN = a genus of the family Birnaviridae; infection: coord IM with BIRNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D019201
Aquaculture
MS = Cultivation of natural faunal resources of water. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = restrict to fauna in waters
UI = D017756
Aquaporins
MS = Membrane proteins which facilitate the passage of water. They are members of the family of membrane channel proteins which includes the lens major intrinsic protein and bacterial glycerol transporters.
UI = D020346
Aqueous Humor
MS = The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)
AN = in the eye
UI = D001082
Aquifoliaceae
MS = The holly plant family of the order Celastrales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029063
Aquilegia
MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE that contains aquiledine, isoaquiledine and cycloartane-type glycosides.
AN = AQUILEGIA ADOXOIDES see SEMIAQUILEGIA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031884
Arab World
MS = A historical and cultural entity dispersed across a wide geographical area under the administrative, intellectual, social, and cultural domination of the Arab empire. The Arab world, under the impetus of Islam, by the eighth century A.D., extended from Arabia in the Middle East to all of northern Africa, southern Spain, Sardinia, and Sicily. Close contact was maintained with Greek and Jewish culture. While the principal service of the Arabs to medicine was the preservation of Greek culture, the Arabs themselves were the originators of algebra, chemistry, geology, and many of the refinements of civilization. (From A. Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2d ed, p260; from F. H. Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed, p126)
AN = note category; lands & peoples under influence of Arab civilization & culture; IM; not restricted to hist articles; do not confuse with ARABIA, a Category Z hist geog term
UI = D018643
Arabia
MS = The great peninsula of southwest Asia comprising most of the present countries of the Middle East. It has been known since the first millenium B.C. In early times it was divided into Arabia Petraea, the northwest part, the only part ever conquered, becoming a Roman province; Arabia Deserta, the northern part between Syria and Mesopotamia; and Arabia Felix, the main part of the peninsula but by some geographers restricted to modern Yemen. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p63)
AN = a hist name; do not confuse with SAUDI ARABIA nor with ARAB WORLD, the culture & civilization; Manual 36.13
UI = D001083
Arabidopsis
MS = A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D017360
Arabidopsis Proteins
MS = Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.
UI = D029681
Arabinofuranosylcytosine Triphosphate
MS = A triphosphate nucleotide analog which is the biologically active form of CYTARABINE. It inhibits nuclear DNA synthesis.
AN = a cytarabine analog; DF: note short X ref
UI = D001085
Arabinofuranosyluracil
MS = A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D001086
Arabinonucleosides
MS = Nucleosides containing arabinose as their sugar moiety.
UI = D001087
Arabinonucleotides
MS = Nucleotides containing arabinose as their sugar moiety.
UI = D001088
Arabinose
UI = D001089
Arabis
MS = A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE. Member species are ornamentals grown for their numerous small white, yellow, pink, or purplish flowers.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031214
Arabs
MS = Members of a Semitic people inhabiting the Arabian peninsula or other countries of the Middle East and North Africa. The term may be used with reference to ancient, medieval, or modern ethnic or cultural groups. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = IM; specify geog if relevant; as ethnic group: Manual 30.6.2, 34.7
UI = D018912
Araceae
MS = A plant family of the order Arales, subclass Arecidae, class Liliopsida (monocot). Many members contain OXALIC ACID and calcium oxalate (OXALATES).
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029064
Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31.
UI = D001092
Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33.
UI = D001093
Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 5-hydroperoxyarachidonate (5-HPETE) which is rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate (5-HETE). The 5-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in leukocytes. EC 1.13.11.34.
AN = /antag permitted
UI = D001094
Arachidonate Lipoxygenases
MS = Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- .
UI = D001091
Arachidonic Acid
MS = An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
AN = do not confuse with ARACHIDONIC ACIDS
UI = D016718
Arachidonic Acids
AN = do not confuse with the specific drug ARACHIDONIC ACID
UI = D001095
Arachis hypogaea
MS = A plant species of the family FABACEAE that yields edible seeds, the familiar peanuts, which contain protein, oil and lectins.
AN = as plant & food; /adv eff: consider also PEANUT HYPERSENSITIVITY; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D010367
Arachnid Vectors
MS = Members of the class Arachnida, especially SPIDERS; SCORPIONS; MITES; and TICKS; which transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
AN = coord IM with specific arachnid (IM); specify both infecting organism & vector if pertinent; in the rickettsial-tick-dog relationship, the tick is the arachnid vector, not the dog
UI = D001096
Arachnida
MS = A class of Arthropoda that includes SPIDERS; TICKS; MITES; and SCORPIONS.
UI = D001097
Arachnidism
MS = The effects, both local and systemic, caused by a venomous spider, scorpion, mite, or tick bite.
AN = from bite of poisonous spider; includes scorpion stings; coord with biting organism
UI = D001098
Arachnoid
AN = inflammation = ARACHNOIDITIS
UI = D001099
Arachnoid Cysts
MS = Intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. They are most often developmental or related to trauma. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with HYDROCEPHALUS; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and focal neurologic signs. Spinal arachnoid cysts may be extradural, intradural, or perineural and tend to present with signs and symptoms indicative of a RADICULOPATHY. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch44, pp105-115)
AN = non-neoplastic
UI = D016080
Arachnoiditis
MS = Acute or chronic inflammation of the arachnoid membrane of the meninges most often involving the spinal cord or base of the brain. This term generally refers to a persistent inflammatory process characterized by thickening of the ARACHNOID membrane and dural adhesions. Associated conditions include prior surgery, infections, trauma, SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, and chemical irritation. Clinical features vary with the site of inflammation, but include cranial neuropathies, radiculopathies, and myelopathies. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch48, p25)
UI = D001100
Aralia
MS = A plant genus in the family ARALIACEAE, order Apiales, subclass Rosidae. It includes Aralia californica S. Watson, Aralia nudicaulis L., and Aralia racemosa L.
AN = do not confuse with Sarsaparilla = Smilax (use SMILACACEAE) or with East Indian Sarsaparilla = Hemidesmus (use ASCLEPIADACEAE); coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027983
Araliaceae
MS = The ginseng plant family of the order Apiales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Leaves are generally alternate, large, and compound. Flowers are five-parted and arranged in compound flat-topped umbels. The fruit is a berry or (rarely) a drupe (a one-seeded fruit). It is well known for plant preparations used as adaptogens (immune support and anti-fatigue).
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027481
Arbaprostil
MS = A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and can inhibit the growth of experimental tumors.
UI = D001101
Arbovirus Infections
MS = Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.
AN = GEN; consider also 2 major groups, BUNYAVIRUS INFECTIONS & TOGAVIRUS INFECTIONS or specifics
UI = D001102
Arboviruses
MS = Arthropod-borne viruses. A non-taxonomic designation for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Included are some members of the following families: ARENAVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; TOGAVIRIDAE; and FLAVIVIRIDAE. (From Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)
AN = GEN; from ARthropod-BOrne; infection = ARBOVIRUS INFECTIONS
UI = D001103
Arbutin
UI = D001104
Archaea
MS = One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.
AN = in taxonomy, one of the 3 domains of life along with BACTERIA & Eucarya
UI = D001105
Archaeal Proteins
MS = Proteins found in any species of archaeon.
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; /physiol permitted for function within the archaeon; coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific archaeon (IM)
UI = D019843
Archaeal Viruses
MS = Viruses whose hosts are in the domain ARCHAEA.
AN = coord with specific Archaea /virol
UI = D023641
Archaeoglobales
MS = An order of extremely thermophilic, sulfate-reducing archaea, in the kingdom EURYARCHAEOTA. The single family Archaeoglobaceae contains one genus ARCHAEOGLOBUS.
AN = an order of the kingdom of Euryarchaeota, of the domain of Archaea
UI = D019608
Archaeoglobus
MS = A genus of extremely thermophilic, sulfate-reducing archaea, in the family Archaeoglobaceae.
AN = a genus of archaea, extremely thermophilic
UI = D019609
Archaeoglobus fulgidus
MS = A species of extremely thermophilic, sulfur-reducing archaea. It grows at a maximum temperature of 95 degrees C. in marine or deep-sea geothermal areas.
AN = a species of archaea
UI = D019611
Archaeology
MS = The scientific study of past societies through artifacts, fossils, etc.
AN = IM; SPEC; SPEC qualif; pre-Columbian: nothing later; DF: ARCHAEOL
UI = D001106
Architectural Accessibility
MS = Designs for approaching areas inside or outside facilities.
AN = for approaching inside or outside areas; DF: note short X ref
UI = D001107
Architectural Drawings [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of drawings of architecture and architectural projects, whether the project was executed or not. (Art & Architecture Thesaurus, 1990, v.2)
AN = publication type only; for architectural drawings as a subject, index under main heading ARCHITECTURE
UI = D019488
Architecture
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D001108
Archives
AN = for "medical archives" do not coord with MEDICINE; note PICTURE ARCHIVING, RADIOLOGIC see RADIOLOGY INFORMATION SYSTEMS
UI = D001109
Arcobacter
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerotolerant, spiral-shaped bacteria isolated from water and associated with diarrhea in humans and animals.
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D020640
Arctic Regions
MS = The Arctic Ocean and the lands in it and adjacent to it. It includes Point Barrow, Alaska, most of the Franklin District in Canada, two thirds of Greenland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Lapland, Novaya Zemlya, and Northern Siberia. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p66)
AN = note spelling: ARCTIC: neither spelled nor pronounced "artic"
UI = D001110
Arctium
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Arctiin (LIGNANS) is in the seed.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031170
Arctostaphylos
MS = A plant genus of the family ERICACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029792
Arcuate Nucleus
MS = A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.
AN = in the HYPOTHALAMUS, MIDDLE
UI = D001111
Arcus Senilis
MS = A corneal disease in which there is a deposition of phospholipid and cholesterol in the corneal stroma and anterior sclera.
AN = cholesterol or hyalin deposits in cornea causing opacity; frequent in those over 50
UI = D001112
Ardisia
MS = A plant genus of the family MYRSINACEAE. Members contain ardisiacrispins (oleanane triterpenoid saponins), ardicrenin, and cyclamiretin.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031644
Area Health Education Centers
MS = Education centers authorized by the Comprehensive Health Manpower Training Act, 1971, for the training of health personnel in areas where health needs are the greatest. May be used for centers other than those established by the United States act.
AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: AHEC
UI = D001113
Area Postrema
MS = A small, rounded eminence on each side of the FOURTH VENTRICLE, which receives nerve fibers from the SOLITARY NUCLEUS , SPINAL CORD, and adjacent areas of the MEDULLA. The area postrema lies outside the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and its functions include acting as an emetic chemoreceptor.
UI = D031608
Area Under Curve
MS = A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the AUC from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (From Winslade, Dictionary of Clinical Research, 1992)
AN = a measure of drug bioavailability after a single dose; DF: note short X ref
UI = D019540
Areca
MS = A plant genus of the family ARECACEAE. Members contain ARECOLINE and CATECHIN. The leaves and nuts have been used as masticatories, stimulants, and astringents in traditional medicine. The common name of betel is also used for PIPER BETLE. The common name of catechu is sometimes used for ACACIA CATECHU.
AN = Betel may go here or under PIPER BETEL; 'catechu' may go here or under ACACIA CATECHU see ACACIA; check text; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D001114
Arecaceae
MS = The palm family of order Arecales, subclass Arecidae, class Liliopsida.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028023
Arecoline
MS = An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetycholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.
UI = D001115
Arenaria Plant
MS = A plant genus of the family CARYOPHYLLACEAE. The common name of sandwort is used with other plants. Do not confuse with Arenaria bird or with other genera which use arenaria as the species name such as Mya arenaria (softshell clam) or Meloidogyne arenaria, or Ammophila arenaria (marram grass).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031243
Arenaviridae
MS = A family of RNA viruses naturally infecting rodents and consisting of one genus (ARENAVIRUS) with two groups: Old World Arenaviruses (ARENAVIRUSES, OLD WORLD) and New World Arenaviruses (ARENAVIRUSES, NEW WORLD). Infection in rodents is persistent and silent. Vertical transmission is through milk-, saliva-, or urine-borne routes. Horizontal transmission to humans, monkeys, and other animals is important.
AN = infection = ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
UI = D001116
Arenaviridae Infections
MS = Virus diseases caused by the ARENAVIRIDAE.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D001117
Arenavirus
MS = The only genus in the family ARENAVIRIDAE. It contains two groups ARENAVIRUSES, OLD WORLD and ARENAVIRUSES, NEW WORLD, which are distinguished by antigenic relationships and geographic distribution.
AN = a genus of the family Arenaviridae; infection = ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
UI = D018050
Arenaviruses, New World
MS = One of two groups of viruses in the ARENAVIRUS genus and considered part of the New World complex. It includes JUNIN VIRUS; PICHINDE VIRUS; Amapari virus, and Machupo virus among others. They are the cause of human hemorrhagic fevers mostly in Central and South America.
AN = infection: coord IM with ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D006477
Arenaviruses, Old World
MS = One of two groups of viruses in the ARENAVIRUS genus and considered part of the Old World complex. It includes LASSA VIRUS and LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS, although the latter has worldwide distribution now.
AN = infection: coord IM with ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018049
Argas
MS = A genus of softbacked TICKS in the family ARGASIDAE. Most infect birds or bats but a few parasitize terrestrial mammals.
AN = infestation: coord IM with TICK INFESTATIONS (IM)
UI = D026864
Argasidae
MS = A family of softbacked TICKS, in the subclass ACARI. Genera include ARGAS and ORNITHODOROS among others.
AN = infestation: coord IM with TICK INFESTATIONS (IM)
UI = D026862
Argemone
MS = A plant genus of the family PAPAVERACEAE that contains isoquinoline alkaloids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031674
Argentina
UI = D001118
Arginase
MS = A ureahydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine or canavanine to yield L-ORNITHINE and urea. Deficiency of this enzyme causes HYPERARGININEMIA. EC 3.5.3.1.
AN = /defic: consider also HYPERARGININEMIA
UI = D001119
Arginine
MS = An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.
AN = /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted
UI = D001120
Arginine Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the guanidine nitrogen of arginine in the presence of ATP and a divalent cation with formation of phosphorylarginine and ADP. EC 2.7.3.3.
UI = D001122
Arginine-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates arginine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.19.
UI = D001126
Argininosuccinate Lyase
MS = An enzyme of the urea cycle which splits argininosuccinate to fumarate plus arginine. Its absence leads to the metabolic disease argininosuccinic acidemia in man. EC 4.3.2.1.
AN = /defic: consider also ARGININOSUCCINIC ACID /urine (IM) + AMINO ACID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)
UI = D001123
Argininosuccinate Synthase
MS = An enzyme of the urea cycle that catalyzes the formation of argininosuccinic acid from citrulline and aspartic acid in the presence of ATP. Absence or deficiency of this enzyme causes the metabolic disease CITRULLINEMIA in humans. EC 6.3.4.5.
AN = /defic: consider also CITRULLINEMIA
UI = D001124
Argininosuccinic Acid
MS = This amino acid is formed during the urea cycle from citrulline, aspartate and ATP. This reaction is catalyzed by argininosuccinic acid synthetase.
UI = D001125
Argipressin
MS = Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2, cyclic 1-6 disulfide. The usual mammalian antidiuretic hormone, it is a cyclic nonapeptide with arginine in position 8 of the chain. Argipressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus and as hemostatic because of its vasoconstrictor action.
AN = a neurotransmitter vasopressin; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D001127
Argon
MS = Argon. A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.
AN = a rare gas; Ar-40; Ar-36, 38 = ARGON (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Ar-35, 37, 39, 41, 42 = ARGON (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D001128
Arguloida
MS = An order of CRUSTACEA that are parasitic on freshwater fish.
AN = do not confuse Branchiura the subclass of CRUSTACEA, with Branchiura a genus of ANNELIDA.
UI = D033341
Argyria
MS = A permanent ashen-gray discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs resulting from long-continued use of silver salts. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = caused by prolonged use of silver salts
UI = D001129
Arisaema
MS = A plant genus of the family ARACEAE. It has a stemless, tuberous root.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031057
Aristolochia
MS = A plant genus of the family ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Species of this genus have been used in traditional medicine but they contain aristolochic acid which is associated with nephropathy. These are sometimes called 'snakeroot' but that name is also used with a number of other plants such as POLYGALA; SANICULA; ASARUM; ARISTOLOCHIA; AGERATINA; and others.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D030022
Aristolochiaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Aristolochiales subclass Magnoliidae class Magnoliopsida. They are mostly tropical woody vines and a few temperate-zone species. The flowers are 3-parted; some species lack petals while others are large and foul smelling.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029065
Aristolochic Acids
MS = Nitro-phenanthrenes occurring in ARISTOLOCHIACEAE and other plants. They derive from stephanine (APORPHINE) by oxidative ring cleavage. The nitro group is a reactive alkylator (ALKYLATING AGENTS) that binds to biological macromolecules. Ingestion by humans is associated with nephropathy (NEPHRITIS). There is no relationship to the similar named aristolochene (SESQUITERPENES).
UI = D034341
Arizona
UI = D001130
Arkansas
UI = D001131
Arm
MS = The superior part of the upper extremity between the SHOULDER and the ELBOW.
AN = primates only; for whole arm or upper arm; FOREARM is also available; Manual 21.58: extremities of humans & animals; NIM when merely locational as in skin dis (IM)
UI = D001132
Arm Injuries
MS = General or unspecified injuries involving the arm.
AN = GEN or unspecified; consider also /inj with specific bones of arm; also available are FOREARM INJURIES; HAND INJURIES; FINGER INJURIES; WRIST INJURIES & many specific organ/fract precoords
UI = D001134
Armadillos
MS = Burrowing, chiefly nocturnal mammals of the family Dasypodidae having bodies and heads encased in small bony plates. They are widely distributed in the warmer parts of the Americas.
AN = IM; qualif permitted
UI = D001135
Armenia
MS = An ancient country in western Asia, by the twentieth century divided among the former USSR, Turkey, and Iran. It was attacked at various times from before the 7th century B.C. to 69 B.C. by Assyrians, Medes, Persians, the Greeks under Alexander, and the Romans. It changed hands frequently in wars between Neo-Persian and Roman Empires from the 3d to 7th centuries and later under Arabs, Seljuks, Byzantines, and Mongols. In the 19th century Armenian nationalism arose but suffered during Russo-Turkish hostilities. It became part of the Soviet Republic in 1921, with part remaining under Turkey. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)
AN = includes present and historical contexts
UI = D001136
Armin
MS = A reversible organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It also affects the presynaptic membrane and inhibits membrane postsynaptic cholinergic receptors. The compound had former use as a miotic.
UI = D001138
Armoracia
MS = A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE known for the root used in hot SPICES and is the source of HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE which is widely used in laboratories.
AN = Japanese Horseradish = WASABIA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031215
Arnica
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The dried flower heads of Arnica montana are used externally as a counterirritant and tincture for sprains and bruises, either as crude extract or in homeopathic dilution (HOMEOPATHY). Arnica contains volatile oils (OILS, VOLATILE), arnicin, arnisterol, FLAVONOIDS, TANNINS, and resin.
AN = for Traumeel or homeopathic or 30x dilution coord with HOMEOPATHY (IM); coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D018650
Arnold-Chiari Malformation
MS = A group of congenital malformations involving the brainstem, cerebellum, upper spinal cord, and surrounding bony structures. Type II is the most common, and features compression of the medulla and cerebellar tonsils into the upper cervical spinal canal and an associated MENINGOMYELOCELE. Type I features similar, but less severe malformations and is without an associated meningomyelocele. Type III has the features of type II with an additional herniation of the entire cerebellum through the bony defect involving the foramen magnum, forming an ENCEPHALOCELE. Type IV is a form a cerebellar hypoplasia. Clinical manifestations of types I-III include TORTICOLLIS; opisthotonus; HEADACHE; VERTIGO; VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS; APNEA; NYSTAGMUS; swallowing difficulties; and ATAXIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p261; Davis, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp236-46)
AN = do not confuse with CHIARI'S SYNDROME see HEPATIC VEIN THROMBOSIS
UI = D001139
Aroclor 1254
MS = A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.
AN = AROCLORS is also available
UI = D020111
Aroclors
MS = Industrial chemicals which have become widespread environmental pollutants. Each aroclor is a mixture of chlorinated biphenyls (1200 series) or chlorinated terphenyls (5400 series) or a combination of both (4400 series).
AN = indust chem, a widespread environ pollutant; TN 111: eff on insects; AROCLOR 1254 also available
UI = D001140
Aromatase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the desaturation (aromatization) of the ring A of C19 androgens and converts them to C18 estrogens. In this process, the 19-methyl is removed. This enzyme is membrane-bound, located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogen-producing cells of ovaries, placenta, testes, adipose, and brain tissues. Aromatase is encoded by the CYP19 gene, and functions in complex with NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE in the cytochrome P-450 system.
UI = D001141
Aromatherapy
MS = The use of fragrances and essences from plants to affect or alter a person's mood or behavior and to facilitate physical, mental, and emotional well-being. The chemicals comprising essential oils in plants has a host of therapeutic properties and has been used historically in Africa, Asia, and India. Its greatest application is in the field of alternative medicine. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; from Dr. Atiba Vheir, Dove Center, Washington, D.C.)
AN = use of essential oils to treat dis in alternative med; coord IM with disease /ther (IM) & specific plant or essential oil /ther use (IM) if available & if pertinent; DF: AROMATHER
UI = D019341
Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases
MS = An enzyme group with broad specificity. The enzymes decarboxylate a range of aromatic amino acids including dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA DECARBOXYLASE), tryptophan, and hydroxytryptophan. EC 4.1.1.28.
AN = DF: AAAD
UI = D001142
Arousal
MS = Cortical vigilance or readiness of tone, presumed to be in response to sensory stimulation via the reticular activating system.
AN = human & animal
UI = D001143
Arrestin
MS = A 48-Kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. Arrestin quenches G-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. Arrestin causes experimental autoimmune uveitis when injected into laboratory animals.
AN = an eye protein; do not confuse with ARRESTINS
UI = D019393
Arrestins
MS = Regulatory proteins that down-regulate phosphorylated G-protein membrane receptors, including rod and cone photoreceptors and adrenergic receptors.
AN = regulatory proteins; do not confuse with ARRESTIN
UI = D019390
Arrhythmia
MS = Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; /drug ther: consider also ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS
UI = D001145
Arrhythmia, Sinus
MS = Irregularity of the heart rate related to functioning of the sinoatrial node.
AN = sinus refers to sinoatrial node; sinus parasystole: coord IM with PARASYSTOLE (IM)
UI = D001146
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
MS = A congenital cardiomyopathy in which transmural infiltration of adipose tissue results in weakness and aneurysmal bulging of the infundibulum, apex, and posterior basilar region of the right ventricle and leads to ventricular tachycardia arising in the right ventricle. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = a congen myocardial dis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: ARVD
UI = D019571
Arsanilic Acid
MS = An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.
UI = D001147
Arsenamide
MS = Proposed chemotherapeutic agent against filaria and trichomonas.
UI = D001148
Arsenates
MS = Inorganic or organic salts and esters of arsenic acid.
AN = do not confuse with ARSENITES
UI = D001149
Arsenazo III
MS = Metallochrome indicator that changes color when complexed to the calcium ion under physiological conditions. It is used to measure local calcium ion concentrations in vivo.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D001150
Arsenic
MS = A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = As-75; As-69-81, except As-75 = ARSENIC (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D001151
Arsenic Poisoning
MS = Disorders associated with acute or chronic exposure to compounds containing ARSENIC (ARSENICALS) which may be fatal. Acute oral ingestion is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and an encephalopathy which may manifest as SEIZURES, mental status changes, and COMA. Chronic exposure is associated with mucosal irritation, desquamating rash, myalgias, peripheral neuropathy, and white transverse (Mees) lines in the fingernails. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1212)
AN = coord IM with specific arsenic cpd (IM) if given
UI = D020261
Arsenicals
MS = Inorganic or organic compounds that contain arsenic.
AN = inorganic or organic arsenic cpds
UI = D001152
Arsenites
MS = Inorganic salts or oganic esters of arsenious acid.
AN = do not confuse with ARSENATES
UI = D018053
Arsphenamine
UI = D001153
Art
AN = works of art, the field of fine arts, artistic production; art as therapy = ART THERAPY
UI = D001154
Art Therapy
MS = The use of art as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurological, mental, or behavioral disorders.
AN = a psychother technique; DF: ART THER
UI = D001155
Artemia
MS = A genus of CRUSTACEA of the order ANOSTRACA, found in briny pools and lakes and often cultured for fish food. It has 168 chromosomes and differs from most crustaceans in that its blood contains hemoglobin.
AN = note X ref BRINE SHRIMP: several other shrimp terms are available; check text and MeSH; unspecified shrimp as food is probably PENAEIDAE
UI = D001156
Artemisia
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE with strong-smelling foliage. It is a source of SANTONIN and other cytotoxic TERPENES.
AN = Wormseed see CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D019306
Artemisia absinthium
MS = A plant species of the genus ARTEMISIA, family ASTERACEAE that has been used in ABSINTHE. The oil contains neurotoxic 1-thujone and d-isothujone.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031171
Artemisia annua
MS = A plant species of the genus ARTEMISIA, family ASTERACEAE. It is the source of the antimalarial artemisinin (ANTIMALARIALS).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031172
Artemisinins
MS = A group of SESQUITERPENES and their analogs that contain a peroxide group (PEROXIDES) within an oxepin ring (OXEPINS).
UI = D037621
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
MS = Diseases in which arterial vessels are partially or completely obstructed or in which the blood flow through the vessels is impeded.
AN = IM for general or specific artery occlusion (as POPLITEAL ARTERY (IM) + ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES (IM))
UI = D001157
Arteries
MS = The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
AN = IM GEN only; NIM as coord to indicate specific artery, as "pancreatic artery" = PANCREAS /blood supply (IM) + ARTERIES (NIM); /surg: consider also ENDARTERECTOMY; inflammation = ARTERITIS; arterial blood: index only if significant & coord BLOOD (NIM) + ARTERIES or specific artery (NIM); arterial pressure = BLOOD PRESSURE (IM) only: specify specific artery only if pertinent
UI = D001158
Arterio-Arterial Fistula
MS = Abnormal communication between two arteries that may result from injury or occur as a congenital abnormality.
AN = coord IM with specific arteries (IM) or precoord artery/dis term (IM); if congenital use /abnorm on the arteries and /congen on the artery/dis term and fistula
UI = D001159
Arterioles
MS = The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.
AN = IM GEN only; NIM as coord with specific organ /blood supply (IM)
UI = D001160
Arteriosclerosis
MS = Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis).
AN = CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS & INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOSCLEROSIS are also available;
UI = D001161
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
MS = Arteriosclerosis in which proliferation of the intima leads to occlusion of the lumen of the arteries.
AN = TN 11: relation to other obliterative arterial dis
UI = D001162
Arteriovenous Anastomosis
MS = A vessel that directly interconnects an artery and a vein, and that acts as a shunt to bypass the capillary bed. Not to be confused with surgical anastomosis, nor with arteriovenous fistula.
AN = note category: do not confuse with ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; Manual 23.19.6.2
UI = D001163
Arteriovenous Fistula
MS = An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein.
AN = do not confuse with ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSIS (Cat A); coord IM with specific artery /abnorm + specific vein /abnorm (IM) or precoord vessel/dis headings (IM); Manual 23.19.6+; congen cerebral arteriovenous fistula = INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS (IM) + ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA /congen (IM); surgically created arteriovenous fistula = ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNT, SURGICAL
UI = D001164
Arteriovenous Malformations
MS = Abnormal, tangled collections of dilated blood vessels that result from congenitally malformed vascular structures in which arterial afferents flow directly into venous efferents without the usual resistance of an intervening capillary bed. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula (ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA /congenital). For arteriovenous malformations in the brain, INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS is available. (From Merck Manual, 15th ed)
AN = GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific artery /abnorm (IM) + specific vein /abnorm (IM) or specific available precoord arterial or venous abnorm (IM); do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D001165
Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical
MS = Surgical shunt allowing direct passage of blood from an artery to a vein. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; Manual 23.19.6.2
UI = D001166
Arteritis
MS = Inflammation of an artery.
AN = GEN on unspecified inflamm of an artery; coord IM with specific artery (IM)
UI = D001167
Arteritis Virus, Equine
MS = The type species of the genus ARTERIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of an important equine respiratory disease causing abortion, pneumonia, or other infections.
AN = infection = ARTERIVIRUS INFECTIONS /vet (IM) + HORSE DISEASES (IM) + HORSES (NIM) + check tag ANIMAL
UI = D007240
Arteriviridae
MS = A family of viruses, of the order NIDOVIRALES, containing spherical virions. In contrast to CORONAVIRIDAE, no protruding spikes are obvious on the surface.
AN = infection: coord IM with RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D028382
Arterivirus
MS = A genus of the family ARTERIVIRIDAE, in the order NIDOVIRALES. The type species is ARTERITIS VIRUS, EQUINE.
AN = infection = ARTERIVIRUS INFECTIONS
UI = D018018
Arterivirus Infections
MS = Infections caused by viruses of the genus ARTERIVIRUS.
AN = caused by an RNA virus
UI = D018174
Arthralgia
MS = Pain in the joint.
AN = non-inflamm joint pain: do not confuse with ARTHRITIS which is inflamm; term used more in foreign lit than in Amer; coord IM with specific joint (IM)
UI = D018771
Arthritis
AN = inflamm: do not confuse with ARTHRALGIA which is non-inflamm; note X ref POLYARTHRITIS but polyarthrite chronique évolutive (PCE) = ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; septic arthritis = ARTHRITIS, INFECTIOUS; tends to be chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE; degenerative arthritis = OSTEOARTHRITIS; ARTHRITIS, PSORIATIC is also available
UI = D001168
Arthritis, Experimental
MS = ARTHRITIS that is induced in experimental animals. Immunological methods and infectious agents can be used to develop experimental arthritis models. These methods include injections of stimulators of the immune response, such as an adjuvant (ADJUVANTS, IMMUNOLOGIC) or COLLAGEN.
AN = coord with specific type of arthritis if pertinent
UI = D001169
Arthritis, Gouty
MS = Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular.
AN = arthritis caused by gout
UI = D015210
Arthritis, Infectious
MS = Arthritis caused by bacteria, rickettsiae, mycoplasmas, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Bacterial arthritis is frequently caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Viral arthritis is less common than bacterial arthritis and may be a manifestation of such viral diseases as mumps, rubella, hepatitis, etc.
AN = not restricted to bact infect; coord IM with specific infection (IM) & site (IM)
UI = D001170
Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid
MS = Rheumatoid arthritis of children occurring in three major subtypes defined by the symptoms present during the first six months following onset: systemic-onset (Still's Disease, Juvenile-Onset) polyarticular-onset, and pauciarticular-onset. Adult-onset cases of Still's disease (STILL'S DISEASE, ADULT-ONSET) are also known. Only one subtype of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.
AN = for subtypes read MeSH definition; do not confuse X ref STILL'S DISEASE, JUVENILE-ONSET with STILL'S DISEASE, ADULT-ONSET
UI = D001171
Arthritis, Psoriatic
MS = Syndrome in which psoriasis is associated with arthritis, often involving inflammation in terminal interphalangeal joints. A rheumatoid factor is not usually present in the sera of affected individuals.
UI = D015535
Arthritis, Reactive
MS = An abacterial form of arthritis developing after infection at a site distant from the affected joint or joints. The causative bacteria cannot be cultured from synovial specimens but bacterial antigens have been demonstrated in cells from the synovial fluid and membrane. It often follows Yersinia infection.
AN = coord IM with specific infect or organism/infect precoord (IM)
UI = D016918
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
MS = A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.
AN = in children = ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE RHEUMATOID; includes PCE: polyarthrite chronique évolutive; tends to be chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE
UI = D001172
Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine
MS = A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, OVINE-CAPRINE), closely related to VISNA-MAEDI VIRUS and causing acute encephalomyelitis, chronic arthritis, PNEUMONIA, MASTITIS, and GLOMERULONEPHRITIS in goats. It is transmitted mainly in the colostrum and milk.
AN = infection: coord IM with LENTIVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: CAEV
UI = D016088
Arthrobacter
MS = A genus of asporogenous bacteria isolated from soil that displays a distinctive rod-coccus growth cycle.
AN = in soil
UI = D001173
Arthrodermataceae
MS = A family of ascomycetous fungi, order Onygenales, characterized by smooth ascospores. The two genera in the fmaily are Arthroderma and Ctenomyces. Several well-known anamorphic forms are parasitic upon the skin.
AN = infection = DERMATOMYCOSES
UI = D003883
Arthrodesis
MS = The surgical fixation of a joint by a procedure designed to accomplish fusion of the joint surfaces by promoting the proliferation of bone cells. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = a method of joint surg; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; vertebral or spinal arthrodesis = SPINAL FUSION
UI = D001174
Arthrography
MS = Roentgenography of a joint, usually after injection of either positive or negative contrast medium.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ARTHROGR
UI = D001175
Arthrogryposis
MS = Persistent flexure or contracture of a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = "persistent flexure or contracture of a joint"; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D001176
Arthropathy, Neurogenic
MS = Chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing portion of a joint, with bizarre hypertrophic changes at the periphery. It is probably a complication of a variety of neurologic disorders, particularly TABES DORSALIS, involving loss of sensation, which leads to relaxation of supporting structures and chronic instability of the joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D001177
Arthroplasty
MS = Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion.
AN = surg reconstruct of a joint; total or partial joint replacement = ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT or its specifics; joint revision (see REOPERATION) = ARTHROPLASTY (IM) + REOPERATION (NIM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D001178
Arthroplasty, Replacement
MS = Partial or total replacement of a joint.
AN = ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT, HIP & ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT, KNEE are also available; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ARTHROPLASTY REPLACE
UI = D019643
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip
MS = Replacement of the hip joint.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ARTHROPLASTY REPLACE HIP
UI = D019644
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee
MS = Replacement of the knee joint.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ARTHROPLASTY REPLACE KNEE
UI = D019645
Arthropod Vectors
MS = Arthropods, other than insects and arachnids, which transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
AN = coord IM with specific arthropod (IM); specify both infecting organism & vector if pertinent; ARACHNID VECTORS and INSECT VECTORS are also avail
UI = D001179
Arthropod Venoms
MS = Venoms from animals of the phylum Arthropoda. Those most investigated are from scorpions and spiders of the class Arachnidae and from ant, bee, and wasp families of the Insecta order Hymenoptera. The venoms contain protein toxins, enzymes, and other bioactive substances and may be lethal to man.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted; coord IM with specific arachnid or insect (IM or NIM) but note available specifics: ANT VENOMS; BEE VENOMS; SCORPION VENOMS; SPIDER VENOMS & WASP VENOMS & their indentions
UI = D001180
Arthropods
MS = Members of the phylum Arthropoda of the animal kingdom, composed of organisms having a hard, jointed exoskeleton and paired jointed legs, and including among other classes, the ARACHNIDA and INSECTS, many species of which are important medically as parasites or as vectors of organisms capable of causing disease in man. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D001181
Arthroscopes
MS = Endoscopes for visualizing the interior of a joint.
UI = D020679
Arthroscopy
MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint.
UI = D001182
Arthus Reaction
MS = A dermal inflammatory reaction produced under conditions of antibody excess, when a second injection of antigen produces intravascular antigen-antibody complexes which bind complement, causing cell clumping, endothelial damage, and vascular necrosis.
AN = note category; an inflamm skin reaction to antibody excess
UI = D001183
Articulation Disorders
MS = Disorders of the quality of speech characterized by the substitution, omission, distortion, and addition of phonemes.
AN = note categories: "articulation" refers to speech, not to joints
UI = D001184
Artifacts
MS = Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis.
AN = restrict to histol, microsc, radiogr, ECG, EEG & other procedures: not for products of human workmanship in arts & crafts; no qualif; coord IM with specific procedure (IM)
UI = D016477
Artificial Intelligence
MS = The study and implementation of techniques and methods for designing computer systems to perform functions normally associated with human intelligence, such as understanding language, learning, reasoning, problem solving, etc.
AN = no qualif
UI = D001185
Artificial Limbs
MS = Prosthetic replacements for arms, legs, and parts therof.
AN = coord ARM or LEG (NIM) if pertinent
UI = D001186
Artificial Organs
MS = Devices intended to replace non-functioning organs. They may be temporary or permanent. Since they are intended always to function as the natural organs they are replacing, they should be differentiated from PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS and specific types of prostheses which, though also replacements for body parts, are frequently cosmetic (EYE, ARTIFICIAL) as well as functional (ARTIFICIAL LIMBS).
AN = usually to replace function, as HEART, ARTIFICIAL or KIDNEY, ARTIFICIAL: do not confuse with PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS which is usually cosmetic; not for injections, like silicones, to replace substance; coord IM with specific organ (IM) with no qualif but note available precoords
UI = D001187
Artiodactyla
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; includes giraffe, hippopotamus, peccary; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D001188
Artocarpus
MS = A plant genus of the family MORACEAE. Puag-haad extract, from A. lakoocha, contains STILBENES and related 4-substituted RESORCINOLS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031622
Arum
MS = A plant genus of the family ARACEAE. The name derived from ar (fire in Arabic) due to the irritating sap. Flower is a spathe.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031058
Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases
MS = A large group of cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) monooxygenases that complex with NAD(P)H-FLAVIN OXIDOREDUCTASE in numerous mixed-function oxidations of aromatic compounds. They catalyze hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of substrates and are important in the metabolism of steroids, drugs, and toxins such as PHENOBARBITAL, carcinogens, and insecticides.
UI = D001189
Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA to arylamines. They have wide specificity for aromatic amines, particularly serotonin, and can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without CoA. EC 2.3.1.5.
UI = D001191
Arylformamidase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of N-formyl-L-kynurenine and water to formate and L-kynurenine. It also acts on other aromatic formylamines. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.5.1.9.
UI = D005558
Arylsulfatases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phenol sulfate to yield a phenol and sulfate. Arylsulfatase A, B, and C have been separated. A deficiency of arylsulfatases is one of the causes of metachromatic leukodystrophy (LEUKODYSTROPHY, METACHROMATIC). EC 3.1.6.1.
UI = D001192
Arylsulfonates
MS = Organic sulfonic acid esters or salts which contain an aromatic hydrocarbon radical.
UI = D001190
Arylsulfonic Acids
MS = Organic sulfonic acid derivatives which contain an aromatic hydrocarbon radical.
UI = D017739
Arylsulfotransferase
MS = A sulfotransferase that catalyzes the sulfation of a phenol in the presence of 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate as sulfate donor to yield an aryl sulfate and adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate. A number of aromatic compounds can act as acceptors; however, organic hydroxylamines are not substrates. Sulfate conjugation by this enzyme is a major pathway for the biotransformation of phenolic and catechol drugs as well as neurotransmitters. EC 2.8.2.1.
UI = D015239
Arytenoid Cartilage
MS = One of a pair of small pyramidal cartilages that articulate with the lamina of the cricoid cartilage. The corresponding vocal ligament and several muscles are attached to it.
UI = D001193
Asarum
MS = A plant genus of the family ARISTOLOCHIACEAE which was used medicinally by North American Indians. The common name of 'snakeroot' is also used for many other plants, including SANICULA; or ARISTOLOCHIA; or Polygala.
AN = snakeroot may or may not go here, check text; note X ref WILD GINGER: GINGER is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D030023
Asbestos
MS = Asbestos. Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms.
AN = a silicate used in insulation & fireproofing; carcinogenic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /adv eff: consider also ASBESTOSIS; disease coord with ASBESTOS /adv eff is dis /etiol, not dis /chem ind; for emphasis on asbestos fibers, MINERAL FIBERS is available: see note there
UI = D001194
Asbestos, Amosite
MS = Asbestos, grunerite. A monoclinic amphibole form of asbestos having long fibers and a high iron content. It is used in insulation. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = an amphibole asbestos; D25-26 qualif
UI = D017639
Asbestos, Amphibole
MS = A class of asbestos that includes silicates of magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium. The fibers are generally brittle and cannot be spun, but are more resistant to chemicals and heat than ASBESTOS, SERPENTINE. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D017636
Asbestos, Crocidolite
MS = A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D017638
Asbestos, Serpentine
MS = A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)
AN = serpentine refers to the mottled or spotted surface resembling a serpent's skin
UI = D017632
Asbestosis
MS = A form of lung disease (pneumoconiosis) caused by inhaling fibers of asbestos and marked by interstitial fibrosis of the lung varying in extent from minor involvement of the basal areas to extensive scarring. It is associated with pleural mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = pneumoconiosis from asbestos fibers; do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; for emphasis on presence of asbestos fibers, MINERAL FIBERS is available: see note there
UI = D001195
Ascariasis
MS = Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.
AN = nematode infect caused by ASCARIS; do not confuse with ACARIASIS, mite infestation or ASCARIDIASIS, infection with ASCARIDIA; coord IM with species (IM)
UI = D001196
Ascaridia
MS = A genus of nematode worms. A. galli and A. lineata are important intestinal parasites of domestic fowl.
AN = a genus of nematodes; do not confuse with the order ASCARIDIDA; infection = ASCARIDIASIS (do not confuse with ASCARIASIS or ACARIASIS); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D001197
Ascaridiasis
MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus ASCARIDIA. This condition usually occurs in fowl, often manifesting diarrhea.
AN = nematode infect caused by ASCARIDIA; do not confuse with ASCARIASIS (caused by ASCARIS) or ACARIASIS (caused by ACARI or ACARUS) or with ASCARIDIDA INFECTIONS
UI = D001198
Ascaridida
MS = An order of nematodes of the subclass SECERNENTEA. Its organisms possess two or three pairs of dorsolateral caudal papillae.
AN = an order of nematodes; do not confuse with the genus ASCARIDIA; infection = ASCARIDIDA INFECTIONS
UI = D017162
Ascaridida Infections
MS = Infections with nematodes of the order ASCARIDIDA.
AN = nematoda infect caused by ASCARIDIDA; do not confuse with ASCARIDIASIS (caused by ASCARIDIA)
UI = D017191
Ascaridoidea
MS = A superfamily of polymyarian nematode worms. An important characteristic of this group is the presence of three prominant lips around the mouth of the organism.
AN = a superfamily of nematodes; do not confuse with ASCARIDIA nor ASCARIS, both nematode genera; infection: coord IM with ASCARIDIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D001199
Ascaris
MS = A genus of nematodes of the superfamily ASCARIDOIDEA whose species usually inhabit the intestine.
AN = a genus of nematodes; do not confuse with ASCARIDIA, another genus, both belonging to the superfamily of ASCARIDOIDEA; do not confuse with ACARI (mites & ticks) or ACARUS (mites); infection = ASCARIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D001200
Ascaris lumbricoides
MS = A species of parasitic nematode that is the largest found in the human intestine. Its distribution is worldwide, but it is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation. Human infection with A. lumbricoides is acquired by swallowing fully embryonated eggs from contaminated soil.
AN = a species of nematode, the largest found in the human intestine; infection: coord IM with ASCARIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D017164
Ascaris suum
MS = A species of parasitic nematode usually found in domestic pigs and a few other animals. Human infection can also occur, presumably as result of handling pig manure, and can lead to intestinal obstruction.
AN = a species of nematode usually found in pigs, transmissible to humans; infection: coord IM with ASCARIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D017165
Ascites
MS = Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.
AN = do not index here for routine liver cirrhosis or Ehrlich ascites tumor; text must discuss ascites especially; chylous ascites: index CHYLOPERITONEUM
UI = D001201
Ascitic Fluid
MS = The serous fluid which accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in ascites.
AN = /chem /cytol /pathol permitted
UI = D001202
Asclepiadaceae
MS = The milkweed plant family of the order Gentianales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. It includes many tropical herbs and shrubby climbers; most with milky juice. Flowers have five united petals. Fruits are podlike, usually with tufted seeds.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029067
Asclepias
MS = A plant genus of the family ASCLEPIADACEAE. This is the true milkweed; APOCYNUM & EUPHORBIA hirta are rarely called milkweed. Asclepias asthmatica has been changed to TYLOPHORA.
AN = for ASCLEPIAS ASTHMATICA see TYLOPHORA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031108
Ascomycota
MS = A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection coord IM with MYCOSES (IM) or specific mycosis (IM)
UI = D001203
Ascorbate Oxidase
MS = An enzyme that converts ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid. EC 1.10.3.3.
UI = D001204
Ascorbic Acid
MS = A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.
AN = /defic = ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY or SCURVY
UI = D001205
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency
MS = A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)
AN = note X ref; DF: ASCORBIC ACID DEFIC
UI = D001206
Ascoviridae
MS = A family of insect viruses causing disease in lepidopterous larvae, most commonly from species of the owlet moth family Noctuidae. There is one genus: Ascovirus.
UI = D029223
Asepsis
MS = The prevention of access by infecting organisms to the locus of potential infection.
AN = differentiate from ANTISEPSIS: ANTISEPSIS is the destruction of pathogens, ASEPSIS is the prev of their invasion
UI = D001207
Asfarviridae
MS = A family of double-stranded DNA viruses containing one genus Asfivirus. It is the source of AFRICAN SWINE FEVER.
AN = infection: coord IM with DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D025701
Asia
MS = The largest of the continents. It was known to the Romans more specifically as what we know today as Asia Minor. The name comes from at least two possible sources: from the Assyrian asu (to rise) or from the Sanskrit usa (dawn), both with reference to its being the land of the rising sun, i.e., eastern as opposed to Europe, to the west. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p82 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p34)
AN = several geog subdivisions & all Asiatic countries are available as headings
UI = D001208
Asia, Central
MS = The geographical area of Asia comprising KAZAKHSTAN; KYRGYZSTAN; TAJIKISTAN; TURKMENISTAN; and UZBEKISTAN. The desert region of Kara Kum (Qara Qum) is largely in Turkmenistan and the desert region of Kyzyl Kum (Kizil Kum or Qizil Qum), is in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p233, 590, 636)
AN = a geog area; prefer specific countries
UI = D001209
Asia, Southeastern
MS = The geographical area of Asia comprising BORNEO; BRUNEI; CAMBODIA; INDONESIA; LAOS; MALAYSIA; the MEKONG VALLEY; MYANMAR (formerly Burma), the PHILIPPINES; SINGAPORE; THAILAND; and VIETNAM.
AN = a geog area; prefer specific countries
UI = D001210
Asia, Western
MS = The geographical designation for the countries of the MIDDLE EAST and the countries BANGLADESH; BHUTAN; INDIA; NEPAL; PAKISTAN; and SRI LANKA. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993 & Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)
AN = a geog area; prefer specific countries; MIDDLE EAST is also available
UI = D001211
Asialoglycoprotein Receptor
MS = A C-type lectin that is a cell surface receptor for ASIALOGLYCOPROTEINS. It is found primarily in the LIVER where it mediates the endocytosis of serum glycoproteins.
UI = D037263
Asialoglycoproteins
MS = Endogenous glycoproteins from which SIALIC ACID has been removed by the action of sialidases. They bind tightly to the ASIALOGLYCOPROTEIN RECEPTOR which is located on hepatocyte plasma membranes. After internalization by adsorptive ENDOCYCTOSIS they are delivered to LYSOSOMES for degradation. Therefore receptor-mediated clearance of asialoglycoproteins is an important aspect of the turnover of plasma glycoproteins. They are elevated in serum of patients with HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS or HEPATITIS.
UI = D001212
Asian Americans
MS = Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, or the Indian subcontinent.
AN = US residents of Asiatic culture or origin; Asian includes Far East, Southeast Asia, Pacific Islands & the Indian subcontinent; despite X refs specify NIM CHINA /ethnol, JAPAN /ethnol or other Asiatic country with /ethnol when pertinent
UI = D001213
Asimina
MS = A plant genus of the family ANNONACEAE. It has edible fruit and seeds which contain asitrocin, asitrilobins, and other tetrahydrofuran acetogenins.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031042
Aspalathus
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. It is the source of an herbal tea that is commonly consumed in South Africa. Members contain aspalathin and other polyphenols (PHENOLS).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036903
Asparaginase
MS = A hydrolase enzyme that converts L-asparagine and water to L-aspartate and NH3. EC 3.5.1.1.
UI = D001215
Asparagine
MS = A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D001216
Asparagus Plant
MS = A plant genus in the family LILIACEAE (sometimes placed in Asparagaceae) that contains ECDYSTEROIDS and is an ingredient of Siotone. The shoots are used as a vegetable and the roots are used in FOLK MEDICINE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS and FOOD term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027761
Aspartame
MS = Flavoring agent sweeter than sugar, metabolized as phenylalanine and aspartic acid.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D001218
Aspartate Aminotransferase, Cytoplasmic
MS = An aspartate aminotransferase found in the CYTOPLASM.
AN = ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE MITOCHONDRIAL is also available
UI = D024443
Aspartate Aminotransferase, Mitochondrial
MS = An aspartate aminotransferase found in MITOCHONDRIA.
AN = ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE CYTOPLASMIC is also available
UI = D024442
Aspartate Aminotransferases
MS = Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.
AN = note specifics
UI = D001219
Aspartate Ammonia-Lyase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of aspartic acid to ammonia and fumaric acid in plants and some microorganisms. EC 4.3.1.1.
UI = D001220
Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbamoyl phosphate and L-aspartate to yield orthophosphate and N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.1.3.2.
UI = D001221
Aspartate Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of beta-aspartyl phosphate from aspartic acid and ATP. Threonine serves as an allosteric regulator of this enzyme to control the biosynthetic pathway from aspartic acid to threonine. EC 2.7.2.4.
UI = D001222
Aspartate-Ammonia Ligase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of asparagine from ammonia and aspartic acid, in the presence of ATP. EC 6.3.1.1.
UI = D001217
Aspartate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde, orthophosphate, and NADP+ to yield L-4-aspartyl phosphate and NADPH. EC 1.2.1.11.
UI = D001223
Aspartate-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates aspartic acid with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.12.
UI = D001226
Aspartic Acid
MS = One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.
AN = D-ASPARTIC ACID is also available
UI = D001224
Aspartic Endopeptidases
MS = A sub-subclass of ENDOPEPTIDASES that depend on an ASPARTIC ACID residue for their activity. EC 3.4.23.
UI = D016282
Aspartokinase Homoserine Dehydrogenase
MS = An enzyme complex consisting of aspartokinase, EC 2.7.2.4, and homoserine dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.1.3. The complex has been isolated from E. coli and consists of four identical subunits with a molecular weight of 85,000. The enzyme complex is involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids of the aspartate family.
UI = D001225
Aspartylglucosylaminase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine and water to N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and L-aspartate. It acts only on asparagine oligosaccharides containing one amino acid, i.e. the asparagine has free alpha-amino and alpha-carboxyl groups. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.5.1.26.
UI = D001227
Asperger Syndrome
MS = A childhood disorder predominately affecting boys and similar to autism (AUTISTIC DISORDER). It is characterized by severe, sustained, clinically significant impairment of social interaction, and restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior. In contrast to autism, there are no clinically significant delays in language or cognitive development. (From DSM-IV)
UI = D020817
Aspergillosis
MS = Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.
AN = fungus dis; specify species (IM) if pertinent; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM); of lung = ASPERGILLOSIS (IM) + LUNG DISEASES, FUNGAL (IM) for non-allergic pulm aspergillosis but ASPERGILLOSIS, ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY for allergic pulm aspergillosis
UI = D001228
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary
MS = Aspergillosis of the lung occurring in an individual with long-standing bronchial asthma. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilia, elevated serum IgE and immediate type skin reactivity to aspergillus antigen.
AN = fungus dis; do not coord with BRONCHIAL DISEASES nor with LUNG DISEASES, FUNGAL; note "allergic": non-allergic pulm aspergillosis = ASPERGILLOSIS (IM) + LUNG DISEASES, FUNGAL (IM); DF: ABPA or BRONCHOPULM ASPERG
UI = D001229
Aspergillus
MS = A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific genera; infection = ASPERGILLOSIS
UI = D001230
Aspergillus flavus
MS = A species of imperfect fungi which grows on peanuts and other plants and produces the carcinogenic substance aflatoxin. It is also used in the production of the antibiotic flavicin.
AN = infection: coord IM with ASPERGILLOSIS (IM)
UI = D001231
Aspergillus fumigatus
MS = A species of imperfect fungi from which the antibiotic fumigatin is obtained. Its spores may cause respiratory infection in birds and mammals.
AN = infection: coord IM with ASPERGILLOSIS (IM)
UI = D001232
Aspergillus nidulans
MS = A species of imperfect fungi from which the antibiotic nidulin is obtained. Its teleomorph is Emericella nidulans.
AN = infection: coord IM with ASPERGILLOSIS (IM)
UI = D001233
Aspergillus niger
MS = An imperfect fungus causing smut or black mold of several fruits, vegetables, etc.
AN = infection: coord IM with ASPERGILLOSIS (IM)
UI = D001234
Aspergillus Nuclease S1
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage to 5-phosphomononucleotides and 5-phosphooligonucleotide end-products. It has a preference for single-stranded substrates but is active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.1.30.1.
UI = D015719
Aspergillus ochraceus
MS = An imperfect fungus that produces ochratoxins and contaminates cereals and coffee beans.
UI = D001235
Aspergillus oryzae
MS = An imperfect fungus present on most agricultural seeds and often responsible for the spoilage of seeds in bulk storage. It is also used in the production of fermented food or drink, especially in Japan.
UI = D001236
Asphyxia
MS = A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.
AN = in newborn inf = ASPHYXIA NEONATORUM + tag INFANT, NEWBORN; choking: use AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
UI = D001237
Asphyxia Neonatorum
MS = Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; tag INFANT, NEWBORN
UI = D001238
Aspidosperma
MS = A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE. It contains ellipticine.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D030009
Aspiration
MS = The act of inhaling.
AN = "the act of inhaling"; note category & read definition; differentiate from ASPIRATION, MECHANICAL & DRAINAGE
UI = D001239
Aspirations (Psychology)
MS = Strong desires to accomplish something. This usually pertains to greater values or high ideals.
AN = no qualif; DF: ASPIRATIONS
UI = D001240
Aspirin
MS = The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)
UI = D001241
Assertiveness
MS = Strongly insistent, self-assured, and demanding behavior.
AN = no qualif; assertiveness training: coord IM with BEHAVIOR THERAPY (IM)
UI = D001242
Assisted Circulation
MS = Pumping that aids the natural activity of the heart. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse with EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION or its specifics; DF: ASSISTED CIRC
UI = D001243
Assisted Living Facilities
MS = A housing and health care alternative combining independence with personal care. It provides a combination of housing, personalized supportive services and health care designed to meet the needs, both scheduled and unscheduled, of those who need help with activities of daily living. (www.alfa.org)
UI = D040561
Association
MS = A functional relationship between psychological phenomena of such nature that the presence of one tends to evoke the other; also, the process by which such a relationship is established.
AN = a psychol or learning context; no qualif; DF: ASSOC
UI = D001244
Association Learning
MS = The principle that items experienced together enter into a connection, so that one tends to reinstate the other.
AN = a form of learning; DF: ASSOC LEARNING
UI = D001245
Astacoidea
MS = A superfamily of various freshwater CRUSTACEA, in the infraorder Astacidea, comprising the crayfish. Common genera include Astacus and Procambarus. Crayfish resemble lobsters, but are usually much smaller.
AN = as animal & food; IM; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM)
UI = D003400
Astatine
MS = Astatine. A radioactive halogen with the atomic symbol At, atomic number 85, and atomic weight 210. Its isotopes range in mass number from 200 to 219 and all have an extremely short half-life. Astatine may be of use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
AN = naturally radioactive; IM
UI = D001246
Astemizole
MS = A long-acting, non-sedative antihistaminic used in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria. The drug is well tolerated and has no anticholinergic side effects.
UI = D016589
Aster Plant
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. This plant should not be confused with microtubule asters (MICROTUBULES) nor with aster yellows phytoplasma (mycoplasma-like organisms).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031173
Asteraceae
MS = A large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of "daisy" refers to several genera of this family including ASTER; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D019659
Asthenia
MS = Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.
AN = NEUROCIRCULATORY ASTHENIA is also available
UI = D001247
Asthenopia
MS = Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.
AN = ocular fatigue
UI = D001248
Asthma
MS = A form of bronchial disorder associated with airway obstruction, marked by recurrent attacks of paroxysmal dyspnea, with wheezing due to spasmodic contraction of the bronchi.
AN = do not coord with BRONCHIAL DIS for X ref ASTHMA, BRONCHIAL; /drug ther: consider also ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENTS; ASTHMA, CARDIAC see DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL is available
UI = D001249
Asthma, Exercise-Induced
MS = Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).
UI = D001250
Astigmatism
MS = Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = refractive error
UI = D001251
Astragalus gummifer
MS = Astragalus gummifer Labill. is the source of gum TRAGACANTH.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027884
Astragalus membranaceus
MS = A plant species of the Astragalus genus which is source of Huang qi preparation used in TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027885
Astragalus Plant
MS = A plant genus in the family FABACEAE, subfamily Papilionaceae, order Fabales, subclass Rosidae. Many of the species are associated with poisoning of grazing animals. Some of the species are used medicinally.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027883
Astringents
MS = Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions.
UI = D001252
Astrocytes
MS = A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
UI = D001253
Astrocytoma
MS = Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)
AN = coord IM with precoord CNS/neopl term (IM) + site (IM); Grades I-III go here, with pathol; for ASTROCYTOMA, GRADE IV see GLIOBLASTOMA; for SUBEPENDYMAL ASTROCYTOMA see GLIOMA, SUBEPENDYMAL; for MIXED OLIGODENDROGLIOMA-ASTROCYTOMA see OLIGODENDROGLIOMA
UI = D001254
Astrology
AN = a form of occultism; DF: ASTROL
UI = D001255
Astronauts
MS = Members of spacecraft crew including those who travel in space, and those in training for space flight. (From Webster, 10th ed; Jane's Aerospace Dictionary, 3d ed)
AN = for crew or travelers
UI = D018480
Astronomy
MS = The science concerned with celestial bodies and the observation and interpretation of the radiation received in the vicinity of the earth from the component parts of the universe (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D001256
Astroviridae
MS = A family of RNA viruses with one genus: ASTROVIRUS. They cause gastroenteritis in humans and also infect other vertebrates.
AN = a family of RNA viruses; infection = ASTROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
UI = D019200
Astroviridae Infections
MS = Infections with ASTROVIRUS, causing gastroenteritis in human infants, calves, lambs, and piglets.
AN = caused by Astrovirus
UI = D019350
Astrovirus
MS = A genus of small, circular RNA viruses in the family ASTROVIRIDAE. They cause gastroenteritis and are found in the stools of several vertebrates including humans. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route. There are at least eight human serotypes and the type species is Human astrovirus 1.
AN = infection = ASTROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
UI = D001257
AT Rich Sequence
MS = A nucleic acid sequence that contains an above average number of ADENINE and THYMINE bases.
UI = D020856
AT-Hook Motifs
MS = DNA-binding motifs, first described in one of the HMGA PROTEINS, HMG-I(Y). They consist of positively charged sequences of nine amino acids centered on the invariant tripeptide glycine-arginine-proline. They act to fasten the protein to an AT RICH SEQUENCE in the DNA.
UI = D024761
Ataxia
MS = Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.
AN = note specifics; coord other ataxias with organ/diseases term; enzootic = SWAYBACK; familial: consider also SPINOCEREBELLAR DEGENERATIONS
UI = D001259
Ataxia Telangiectasia
MS = An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive cerebellar ataxia, telangiectasis of conjunctiva and skin, dysarthria, B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder has been mapped to the long arm of chromosome 11 (11q22.3).
UI = D001260
Atelectasis
AN = = lung collapse, any part of the lung
UI = D001261
Atenolol
MS = A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.
UI = D001262
Atherectomy
MS = Endovascular procedure in which atheromatous plaque is excised by a cutting or rotating catheter. It differs from balloon and laser angioplasty procedures which enlarge vessels by dilation but frequently do not remove much plaque. If the plaque is removed by surgical excision under general anesthesia rather than by an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called ENDARTERECTOMY.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D017073
Atherectomy, Coronary
MS = Percutaneous transluminal procedure for removing atheromatous plaque from the coronary arteries. Both directional (for removing focal atheromas) and rotational (for removing concentric atheromatous plaque) atherectomy devices have been used.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D017225
Athetosis
MS = A dyskinesia characterized by an inability to maintain the fingers, toes, tongue, or other body parts in a stable position, resulting in continuous slow, sinusoidal, and flowing involuntary movements. This condition is frequently accompanied by CHOREA, where it is referred to as choreoathetosis. Athetosis may occur as a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES or DRUG TOXICITY, NERVOUS SYSTEM. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p76)
AN = choreoathetosis = CHOREA (IM) + ATHETOSIS (IM)
UI = D001264
Athletic Injuries
MS = Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.
AN = GEN only: prefer specific sport /inj; when GEN, coord IM with specific inj (IM); Manual 30.15.1: relation to SPORTS MEDICINE; consider also TENNIS ELBOW but see note there
UI = D001265
Atlantic Islands
MS = Widely scattered islands in the Atlantic Ocean as far north as the AZORES and as far south as the South Sandwich Islands, with the greatest concentration found in the CARIBBEAN REGION. They include Annobon Island, Ascension, Canary Islands, Falkland Islands, Fernando Po (also called Isla de Bioko and Bioko), Gough Island, Madeira, Sao Tome and Principe, Saint Helena, and Tristan da Cunha.
AN = in addition to indentions here & under CARIBBEAN REGION, see MeSH definition for other specific islands; in titles & translations use accents on island names as in author's text
UI = D001266
Atlantic Ocean
AN = no qualif
UI = D001267
Atlanto-Axial Joint
MS = The joint involving the atlas and axis bones.
UI = D001268
Atlanto-Occipital Joint
UI = D001269
Atlas
AN = a bone; do not confuse with ATLASES, a bound volume of maps
UI = D001270
Atlases
AN = a cataloging term; do not confuse with ATLAS, a bone; use for geographic atlases only: anatomical atlases go under MEDICAL ILLUSTRATION (IM) + ANATOMY, ARTISTIC (IM)
UI = D001271
Atlases [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of collections of illustrative plates, charts, etc., usually with explanatory captions.
UI = D020466
Atmosphere
MS = The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = /anal /chem permitted
UI = D001272
Atmosphere Exposure Chambers
UI = D001273
Atmospheric Pressure
MS = The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned.
AN = no qualif
UI = D001274
ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase
MS = An enzyme that, in the presence of ATP and CoA, catalyzes the cleavage of citrate to yield acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate, ADP, and orthophosphate. This reaction represents an important step in fatty acid biosynthesis. EC 4.1.3.8.
UI = D001275
ATP Phosphoribosyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the pathway for histidine biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. ATP reacts reversibly with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate to yield N-1-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-ATP and pyrophosphate. EC 2.4.2.17.
UI = D001276
ATP Synthetase Complexes
MS = Multisubunit enzyme complexes that synthesize ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATE from energy sources such as ions traveling through channels.
UI = D025181
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
MS = A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.
UI = D018528
Atractylis
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain ATRACTYLOSIDE which inhibits ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036083
Atractylodes
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain hinesol and atractylon. Atractylodes rhizome is Byaku-jutsu. A. lancea rhizome is So-jutsu.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031174
Atractyloside
MS = A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.
UI = D001278
Atracurium
MS = A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.
UI = D001279
Atrazine
MS = A selective triazine herbicide. Inhalation hazard is low and there are no apparent skin manifestations or other toxicity in humans. Acutely poisoned sheep and cattle may show muscular spasms, faciculations, stiff gait, increased respiratory rates, adrenal degeneration, and congestion of the lungs, liver, and kidneys. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D001280
Atrial Appendage
MS = Ear-shaped appendage of either atrium of the heart. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D020517
Atrial Fibrillation
MS = Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions.
AN = do not confuse with ATRIAL FLUTTER
UI = D001281
Atrial Flutter
MS = Rapid, irregular atrial contractions due to an abnormality of atrial excitation.
AN = do not confuse with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
UI = D001282
Atrial Function
MS = The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the atria.
UI = D016275
Atrial Function, Left
MS = The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left atrium.
UI = D016279
Atrial Function, Right
MS = The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the right atrium.
UI = D016280
Atrial Myosins
MS = Myosin type II isoforms specifically found in the atrial muscle of the heart.
UI = D024743
Atrial Natriuretic Factor
MS = A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight peptides derived from a common precursor and secreted by the heart atria. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 amino acids.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D009320
Atrial Premature Complexes
MS = Premature contractions of the heart arising from an ectopic atrial focus. With ventricular premature complexes, they represent one of the most common causes of irregular pulse. They are more apt to occur if there is atrial or conduction system disease such as left atrial enlargement in mitral stenosis. In community prospective studies, atrial premature complexes are not related to sudden death, as are ventricular premature beats in coronary disease. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Braunwald, Heart Disease, 4th ed, p679; Sokolow, et al., Clinical Cardiology, 5th ed, p472)
AN = a type of arrhythmia
UI = D018880
Atrioventricular Node
MS = A small nodular mass of specialized muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus. It gives rise to the atrioventricular bundle of the conduction system of the heart.
UI = D001283
Atriplex
MS = A plant genus in the CHENOPODIACEAE family.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027466
Atropa
MS = A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE which contain SOLANACEOUS ALKALOIDS including ATROPINE which is named after this genus.
AN = prefer specific plant; ATROPA MANDRAGORA see MANDRAGORA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032282
Atropa belladonna
MS = A plant species of the genus ATROPA, family SOLANACEAE that contains ATROPINE; SCOPOLAMINE; BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS and other SOLANACEOUS ALKALOIDS. Some species in this genus are called deadly nightshade which is also a common name for SOLANUM.
AN = BLACK NIGHTSHADE see SOLANUM NIGRUM is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D001532
Atrophy
MS = Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.
AN = NIM; coord with organ/pathol (IM)
UI = D001284
Atropine
MS = An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE.
UI = D001285
Atropine Derivatives
MS = Analogs and derivatives of atropine.
UI = D001286
Attachment Sites (Microbiology)
MS = Particular loci in both bacterial and phage DNA molecules at which phage DNA is integrated into the bacterial DNA by recombination between these sites.
AN = insertion site of phage DNA to bacterial DNA; for attachment of a virus to a cell membrane, index under RECEPTORS, VIRUS; DF: note short X ref
UI = D001287
Attention
MS = Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.
UI = D001288
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
AN = DF:DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DIS
UI = D019958
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
MS = A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-IV)
AN = not confined to children; do not confuse with HYPERKINESIS: note X refs under both; DF: ADDH or ADHD
UI = D001289
Attitude
MS = An enduring, learned predisposition to behave in a consistent way toward a given class of objects, or a persistent mental and/or neural state of readiness to react to a certain class of objects, not as they are but as they are conceived to be.
UI = D001290
Attitude of Health Personnel
MS = Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.
UI = D001291
Attitude to Computers
MS = The attitude and behavior associated with an individual using the computer.
AN = /ethnol permitted
UI = D001292
Attitude to Death
MS = Conceptual response of the person to the various aspects of death, which are based on individual psychosocial and cultural experience.
UI = D001293
Attitude to Health
MS = Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.
AN = includes attitude to disease
UI = D001294
Atypical Bacterial Forms
MS = Microorganisms that have undergone greater changes than normal in morphology, physiology, or cultural characteristics.
AN = DF: ATYPICAL BACT FORMS
UI = D001295
Audioanalgesia
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D001297
Audiology
MS = The study of hearing and hearing impairment.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with HEARING (physiol process) or HEARING TESTS or AUDIOMETRY (a specific type of hearing test); AMERICAN SPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOCIATION is also available; DF: AUDIOL
UI = D001298
Audiometry
MS = The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing to determine the thresholds of the lowest intensity levels at which an individual can hear a set of tones. The frequencies between 125 and 8000 Hz are used to test air conduction thresholds and the frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz are used to test bone conduction thresholds.
AN = a specific type of hearing test: do not use as a general term for "the measurement of hearing" ( = HEARING TESTS)
UI = D001299
Audiometry, Evoked Response
MS = A form of electrophysiologic audiometry in which an analog computer is included in the circuit to average out ongoing or spontaneous brain wave activity. A characteristic pattern of response to a sound stimulus may then become evident. Evoked response audiometry is known also as electric response audiometry.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; also called "electric response audiometry"
UI = D001300
Audiometry, Pure-Tone
MS = Measurement of hearing based on the use of pure tones of various frequencies and intensities as auditory stimuli.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; note X ref: spell in titles & translations with accents: Békésy
UI = D001301
Audiometry, Speech
MS = Measurement of the ability to hear speech under various conditions of intensity and noise interference using sound-field as well as earphones and bone oscillators.
UI = D001302
Audiovisual Aids
MS = Auditory and visual instructional materials.
AN = TEACHING MATERIALS is also available
UI = D001296
Auditory Brain Stem Implantation
MS = Surgical insertion of an electronic hearing device (AUDITORY BRAIN STEM IMPLANTS) with electrodes to the cochlea nucleus in the BRAIN STEM rather than to the inner ear as in COCHLEAR IMPLANTATION.
UI = D038263
Auditory Brain Stem Implants
MS = Multi-channel hearing devices typically used for patients who have tumors on the COCHLEAR NERVE and are unable to benefit from COCHLEAR IMPLANTS after tumor surgery that severs the cochlear nerve. The device electrically stimulates the nerves of cochlea nucleus in the BRAIN STEM rather than the inner ear as in cochlear implants.
UI = D038262
Auditory Cortex
MS = Area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing.
AN = dis: coord NIM with AUDITORY DISEASES, CENTRAL (IM)
UI = D001303
Auditory Diseases, Central
MS = Disorders of hearing or auditory perception resulting from disease of the central auditory pathways or auditory association cortical areas. These include HEARING LOSS, CENTRAL; cortical deafness; and AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS. Above the level of the pons, bilateral lesions are usually required to produce auditory dysfunction.
AN = Coord IM with site (IM)
UI = D001304
Auditory Fatigue
MS = Loss of sensitivity to sounds as a result of auditory stimulation, manifesting as a temporary shift in auditory threshold. The temporary threshold shift, TTS, is expressed in decibels.
UI = D001305
Auditory Pathways
AN = dis: coord NIM with AUDITORY DISEASES, CENTRAL (IM)
UI = D001306
Auditory Perception
MS = The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized and interpreted by the organism; includes speech discrimination.
AN = differentiate from HEARING: aud percept takes place in the brain, hearing takes place in the ear: TN 98
UI = D001307
Auditory Perceptual Disorders
MS = Acquired or developmental cognitive disorders of AUDITORY PERCEPTION characterized by a reduced ability to perceive information contained in auditory stimuli despite intact auditory pathways. Affected individuals have difficulty with speech perception, sound localization, and comprehending the meaning of inflections of speech.
UI = D001308
Auditory Threshold
MS = The audibility limit of discriminating sound intensity and pitch.
UI = D001309
Auranofin
MS = An oral chrysotherapeutic agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Its exact mechanism of action is unknown, but it is believed to act via immunological mechanisms and alteration of lysosomal enzyme activity. Its efficacy is slightly less than that of injected gold salts, but it is better tolerated, and side effects which occur are potentially less serious.
UI = D001310
Aurintricarboxylic Acid
MS = A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.
UI = D001312
Aurodox
MS = Antibiotic obtained from a Streptomyces variant considered as possibly effective against Streptococcus pyogenes infections. It may promote growth in poultry.
UI = D000899
Aurothioglucose
MS = A thioglucose derivative used as an antirheumatic and experimentally to produce obesity in animals.
UI = D006051
Aurovertins
MS = Very toxic and complex pyrone derivatives from the fungus Calcarisporium arbuscula. They bind to and inhibit mitochondrial ATPase, thereby uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. They are used as biochemical tools.
AN = uncoupling agents; D25-26 qualif
UI = D001313
Auscultation
MS = Act of listening for sounds within the body.
AN = /instrum: STETHOSCOPES is also available
UI = D001314
Australia
MS = The smallest continent and the only one existing as an independent country, comprising six states and two territories. Its capital is Canberra.
AN = each of the states is available; Australasia = Oceania + Australia + New Zealand: do not confuse with Australia, check text & index probably under AUSTRALIA or NEW ZEALAND or both; aborigines are of the AUSTRALOID RACE
UI = D001315
Australian Capital Territory
MS = A territory of Australia consisting of Canberra, the national capital and surrounding land. It lies geographically within NEW SOUTH WALES and was established by law in 1988.
UI = D020958
Australoid Race
MS = A racial group that includes the Australian aborigines, the Veddahs of Ceylon, the pre-Dravidian people of India, and possibly some other remnant populations of Malaysia. (From Molnar, Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups, 1975, p17)
AN = IM; includes Australian aborigines, Pre-Dravidians, Veddahs; specify geog if pertinent; policy on race: Manual 30.6.2.1, 30.6.4; for Australian aborigines as a racial group index under ABORIGINES (IM) + AUSTRALOID RACE (IM) + AUSTRALIA or specific Australian territory
UI = D001316
Austria
UI = D001317
Autacoids
MS = A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities.
AN = slow-reacting substances: note X ref; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D012898
Authoritarianism
MS = The personality pattern or syndrome consisting of behavioral and attitudinal characteristics reflecting a preoccupation with the factors of power and authority in interpersonal relationships.
AN = no qualif
UI = D001318
Authorship
MS = The profession of writing. Also the identity of the writer as the creator of a literary production.
AN = identity or establishment of being the author; do not confuse with WRITING or PUBLISHING: see notes there; no qualif
UI = D001319
Autistic Disorder
MS = A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-IV)
UI = D001321
Autoanalysis
AN = NIM
UI = D001322
Autoantibodies
MS = Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.
AN = do not confuse with ANTIBODIES, ANTI-IDIOTYPIC
UI = D001323
Autoantigens
MS = Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.
UI = D001324
Autobiography
MS = The life of a person written by himself or herself. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)
AN = IM as literary form only; NIM for specific biographee; no qualif; Manual 32.11, 32.18.7; includes memoirs; DF: AUTOBIOG or AUTOBIOGR
UI = D001325
Autocrine Communication
MS = Mode of communication wherein a bound hormone affects the function of the cell type that produced the hormone.
UI = D019898
Autocrine Motility Factor
MS = A member of the class of cytokines secreted by tumor cells. It elicits increases in cell motility and phosphoinositide metabolism in the secreting or producing cell via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein signal transduction pathway. The factor has also been used as a marker for bladder cancer.
AN = "secreted by tumor cells"; /biosyn/ drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D016554
Autoexperimentation
MS = Intentionally using oneself as a research subject.
UI = D032762
Autogenic Training
MS = Technique based on muscle relaxation during self-hypnotic exercises. It is used in conjunction with psychotherapy.
AN = a psychother technique
UI = D001326
Autoimmune Diseases
MS = Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
AN = AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM is available
UI = D001327
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System
MS = Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).
AN = DF: AUTOIMMUNE DIS NERVOUS SYSTEM
UI = D020274
Autoimmunity
MS = Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
UI = D015551
Autolysis
MS = The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.
AN = restrict to humans and higher animals; BACTERIOLYSIS is also available
UI = D001329
Automatic Data Processing
MS = Data processing largely performed by automatic means.
AN = GEN & unspecified only: prefer specific informatics & computer terms available
UI = D001330
Automation
MS = Controlled operation of an apparatus, process, or system by mechanical or electronic devices that take the place of human organs of observation, effort, and decision. (From Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 1993)
AN = for automation as a concept in technol: not for "automated" equipment or "automated" processes & techniques ( = specific technique without AUTOMATION unless especially discussed)
UI = D001331
Automatism
MS = Automatic, mechanical, and apparently undirected behavior which is outside of conscious control.
UI = D001332
Automobile Driver Examination
MS = Government required written and driving test given to individuals prior to obtaining an operator's license.
AN = DF: AUTO DRIVER EXAM
UI = D001333
Automobile Driving
MS = The effect of environmental or physiological factors on the driver and driving ability. Included are driving fatigue, and the effect of drugs, disease, and physical disabilities on driving.
UI = D001334
Automobiles
MS = A usually four-wheeled automotive vehicle designed for passenger transportation and commonly propelled by an internal-combustion engine using a volatile fuel. (Webster, 1973)
UI = D001336
Autonomic Agents
MS = Agents affecting the function of, or mimicking the actions of, the autonomic nervous system and thereby having an effect on such processes as respiration, circulation, digestion, body temperature regulation, certain endocrine gland secretions, etc.
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; consider also AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYTEM /drug eff
UI = D001337
Autonomic Denervation
MS = The removal or interruption of some part of the autonomic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with specific nerve /surg or plexus /surg (IM or NIM)
UI = D017763
Autonomic Dysreflexia
MS = A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)
UI = D020211
Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic
MS = Nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of autonomic ganglia to synapses on target organs.
AN = do not confuse with AUTONOMIC FIBERS, PREGANGLIONIC
UI = D001338
Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic
MS = Nerve fibers which project from the central nervous system to autonomic ganglia. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in synapses or continue through the splanchnic nerves to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the brain stem and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is acetylcholine but peptide cotransmitters may also be released.
AN = do not confuse with AUTONOMIC FIBERS, POSTGANGLIONIC
UI = D001339
Autonomic Nerve Block
MS = Interruption of sympathetic pathways, by local injection of an anesthetic agent, at any of four levels: peripheral nerve block, sympathetic ganglion block, extradural block, and subarachnoid block.
AN = NERVE BLOCK is also available; coord with substance (with no qualif) used to induce the block if particularly discussed
UI = D001340
Autonomic Nervous System
MS = The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself.
AN = dysfunction = AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES but consider also DYSAUTONOMIA, FAMILIAL
UI = D001341
Autonomic Nervous System Diseases
MS = Diseases of the parasympathetic or sympathetic divisions of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; which has components located in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Autonomic dysfunction may be associated with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES; BRAIN STEM disorders; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. Manifestations include impairments of vegetative functions including the maintenance of BLOOD PRESSURE; HEART RATE; pupil function; SWEATING; REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY PHYSIOLOGY; and DIGESTION.
AN = do not confuse X ref DYSAUTONOMIA with DYSAUTONOMIA, FAMILIAL
UI = D001342
Autonomic Pathways
MS = Nerves and plexuses of the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system structures which regulate the autonomic nervous system are not included.
UI = D017776
Autophagocytosis
MS = The segregation and degradation of damaged or unwanted cytoplasmic constituents by autophagic vacuoles (cytolysosomes) composed of lysosomes containing cellular components in the process of digestion; it plays an important role in metamorphosis of amphibians, in the removal of bone by osteoclasts, and in the degradation of normal cell components in nutritional deficiency states.
UI = D001343
Autopsy
MS = Postmortem examination of the body.
AN = NIM; no qualif when NIM; when IM, qualif permitted; not an automatic routine coord for postmortem pathol ( = /pathol): discussion must be on autopsy as a procedure
UI = D001344
Autoradiography
MS = The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = NIM, usually no qualif; DF: AUTORADIOGR
UI = D001345
Autoreceptors
MS = Transmitter receptors on or near presynaptic terminals (or varicosities) which are sensitive to the transmitter(s) released by the terminal itself. Receptors for the hormones released by hormone-releasing cells are also included.
AN = presynaptic receptors; DF: AUTORECEPT
UI = D017660
Autosuggestion
MS = Suggestion coming from the subject himself.
AN = no qualif
UI = D001346
Auxilins
MS = A family of proteins that play a role as cofactors in the process of CLATHRIN recycling in cells.
UI = D034021
Auxins
MS = Organic compounds found in plant sprouts. They promote tissue growth through cell elongation rather than multiplication.
AN = plant growth regulators
UI = D001347
Avena sativa
MS = A plant species of the family POACEAE that is widely cultivated for its edible seeds.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D018554
Aversive Therapy
MS = A treatment that suppresses undesirable behavior by simultaneously exposing the subject to unpleasant consequences.
AN = a psychother technique; DF: AVERSIVE THER
UI = D001348
Aviadenovirus
MS = A genus of ADENOVIRIDAE that infects birds. The type species is FOWL ADENOVIRUS A.
AN = infection: coord IM with ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D000259
Avian Leukosis
MS = A group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. Liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere.
AN = don't forget also BIRDS (NIM) or specific bird (IM) & check tag ANIMAL
UI = D001353
Avian Proteins
MS = Proteins obtained from species of BIRDS.
AN = coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific bird (IM)
UI = D030161
Aviation
MS = Design, development, manufacture, and operation of heavier-than-air aircraft.
AN = for med, physiol, psychol aspects of flying index AEROSPACE MEDICINE; SPEC: SPEC qualif; Manual 28.8
UI = D001359
Avibirnavirus
MS = A genus of RNA viruses in the family BIRNAVIRIDAE infecting birds. It is transmitted horizontally with no known vectors. The type species is INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS.
AN = a genus of the family Birnaviridae; infection: coord IM with BIRNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D019202
Avicennia
MS = A plant genus of the family VERBENACEAE. Members contain NAPHTHOQUINONES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032407
Avidin
MS = A specific protein in egg albumin that interacts with BIOTIN to render it unavailable to mammals, thereby producing biotin deficiency.
UI = D001360
Avihepadnavirus
MS = A genus of HEPADNAVIRIDAE infecting birds but rarely causing clinical problems. Transmission is predominantly vertical. HEPATITIS B VIRUS, DUCK is the type species.
AN = from AVIan HEPAtotropic DNA virus; a genus of the family Hepadnaviridae infecting birds; infection: coord IM with HEPADNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D017917
Avipoxvirus
MS = A genus of the family POXVIRIDAE, subfamily CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, comprising bird poxviruses. The type species is FOWLPOX VIRUS. Transmission is mechanical by arthropods.
AN = infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018150
Avitaminosis
MS = A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = includes hypovitaminosis; GEN: prefer specifics: avitaminosis A = VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY, etc.
UI = D001361
Avoidance Learning
MS = A response to a cue that is instrumental in avoiding a noxious experience.
UI = D001362
Awards and Prizes
AN = IM; no qualif; awards & prizes in field of medicine: do not coord with MEDICINE but coord with specific med specialty or other field (IM); DF: AWARDS
UI = D001363
Awareness
MS = The act of "taking account" of an object or state of affairs. It does not imply assessment of nor attention to the qualities or nature of the object.
UI = D001364
Axilla
AN = "axillary lymph nodes" = LYMPH NODES (IM) + AXILLA (NIM, no qualif)
UI = D001365
Axillary Artery
MS = The continuation of the subclavian artery; it distributes over the upper limb, axilla, chest and shoulder.
UI = D001366
Axillary Vein
MS = The venous trunk of the upper limb; a continuation of the basilar and brachial veins running from the lower border of the teres major muscle to the outer border of the first rib where it becomes the subclavian vein.
UI = D001367
Axis
UI = D001368
Axonal Transport
MS = Directed transport of organelles and molecules along a nerve cell axon. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)
AN = also called axoplasmic streaming, axoplasmic transport
UI = D001370
Axons
MS = Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
AN = NERVE FIBERS is available; giant squid axon: coord IM with SQUID (NIM)
UI = D001369
Axotomy
MS = Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease.
AN = transection of an axon, a type of denervation; NIM when an exper technique; coord with specific neuron or specific nerve or specific organ /innerv (IM) with probably /physiol (IM) in experiments or /surg (IM) in ther; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D019771
AY-9944
MS = An anticholesteremic agent that inhibits sterol biosynthesis in animals.
UI = D001371
Aza Compounds
AN = do not confuse with AZO COMPOUNDS; DF: AZA CPDS
UI = D001372
Azacitidine
MS = A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.
UI = D001374
Azacosterol
MS = Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.
UI = D001373
Azadirachta
MS = A plant genus of the family MELIACEAE. Members contain azadirachtin A (a limonoid commonly referred to as azadirachtin) and other TRITERPENES. They have been used in PESTICIDES (also see INSECTICIDES, BOTANICAL). The old name of Melia azadirachta is very similar to a related plant, MELIA AZEDARACH.
AN = X ref MELIA AZADIRACHTA: MELIA AZEDARACH is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031601
Azaguanine
MS = One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.
UI = D001375
Azaperone
MS = A butyrophenone used in the treatment of psychoses.
UI = D001376
Azaserine
MS = Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.
AN = /biosyn permitted
UI = D001377
Azasteroids
MS = Steroidal compounds in which one or more carbon atoms in the steroid ring system have been substituted with nitrogen atoms.
UI = D001378
Azathioprine
MS = An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D001379
Azauridine
MS = A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.
UI = D001380
Azepines
UI = D001381
Azerbaijan
AN = use this spelling in translations
UI = D001382
Azetidinecarboxylic Acid
MS = A proline analog that acts as a stoichiometric replacement of proline. It causes the production of abnormal proteins with impaired biological activity.
UI = D001383
Azetidines
AN = do not confuse with AZETINES
UI = D001384
Azetines
AN = do not confuse with AZETIDINES
UI = D001385
Azides
MS = Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.
UI = D001386
Azinphosmethyl
MS = An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D001387
Aziridines
MS = Saturated azacyclopropane compounds. Any substitutions on carbon or nitrogen atoms are permitted.
AN = do not confuse with AZIRINES
UI = D001388
Azirines
AN = do not confuse with AZIRIDINES
UI = D001389
Azithromycin
MS = A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.
UI = D017963
Azlocillin
MS = A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.
UI = D001390
Azo Compounds
AN = do not confuse with AZA COMPOUNDS; DF: AZO CPDS
UI = D001391
Azoarcus
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria including species which are often associated with grasses (POACEAE) and which fix nitrogen as well as species which anaerobically degrade toluene and other mono-aromatic hydrocarbons.
UI = D020627
Azocines
UI = D001392
Azoles
UI = D001393
Azores
MS = A group of nine islands and several islets belonging to Portugal in the north Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Portugal. The islands are named after the acores, the Portuguese for goshawks, living there in abundance. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p102 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p42)
AN = a group of 9 Atlantic islands off the coast of Portugal
UI = D001394
Azorhizobium
MS = A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped, obligate aerobes which are motile by peritrichous flagella on solid medium and one lateral flagellum in liquid medium. Under microaerobic conditions Azorhizobium fixes nitrogen. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D020583
Azorhizobium caulinodans
MS = A species of AZORHIZOBIUM which forms nodules on the roots of the tropical legume Sesbania rostrata. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D020599
Azospirillum
MS = A genus of gram-negative aerobic bacteria that occurs free-living in the soil or associated with the roots of cereal crops or grasses (POACEAE).
UI = D016949
Azospirillum brasilense
MS = A species of motile, free-living, gram-negative bacteria that occur in the soil. They are aerobic or microaerophilic and are sometimes capable of nitrogen fixation.
UI = D015806
Azotobacter
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria found in soil and water. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs or irregular clumps, and sometimes in chains of varying lengths.
AN = in soil & water
UI = D001395
Azotobacter vinelandii
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria first isolated from soil in Vineland, New Jersey. Ammonium and nitrate are used as nitrogen sources by this bacterium. It is distinguished from other members of its genus by the ability to use rhamnose as a carbon source. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D016948
Azotobacteraceae
MS = A family of motile, gram-negative bacteria found in soil and water and capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.
AN = in soil & water
UI = D001396
Azoxymethane
MS = A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.
AN = a carcinogen
UI = D001397
Aztreonam
MS = A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.
AN = do not use /biosyn unless by living matter
UI = D001398
Azure Stains
MS = Green crystals or powder used as biological stains.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D001399
Azurin
MS = A bacterial protein from Pseudomonas, Bordetella, or Alcaligenes which operates as an electron transfer unit associated with the cytochrome chain. The protein has a molecular weight of approximately 16,000, contains a single copper atom, is intensively blue, and has a fluorescence emission band centered at 308nm.
AN = a bact protein; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D001400
Azygos Vein
MS = A vein which arises from the right ascending lumbar vein or the vena cava, enters the thorax through the aortic orifice in the diaphragm, and terminates in the superior vena cava.
UI = D001401