Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
B
RETURN TO INDEX B-Lymphocyte Subsets
MS = A classification of B-lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D016175
B-Lymphocytes
MS = Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.
AN = involved in antibody formation; do not confuse X ref B-CELLS with pancreatic B cells or beta cells (index under ISLANDS OF LANGERHANS); A 11 qualif; subpopulations = B-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS
UI = D001402
Babesia
MS = A genus of tick-borne protozoan parasites that infests the red blood cells of mammals, including humans. There are many recognized species, and the distribution is world-wide.
AN = infection = BABESIOSIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D001403
Babesia bovis
MS = A species of protozoa that is a cause of bovine babesiosis. Ticks of the genera Boophilus, Rhipicephalus, and IXODES are the chief vectors.
AN = infection = BABESIOSIS (IM) + CATTLE DISEASES (IM) + check tags ANIMAL & CATTLE
UI = D016793
Babesia microti
MS = A species of protozoa infecting humans via the intermediate tick vector IXODES scapularis. The other hosts are the mouse PEROMYSCUS leucopus and meadow vole MICROTUS pennsylvanicus, which are fed on by the tick. Other primates can be experimentally infected with Babesia microti.
AN = infection: coord IM with BABESIOSIS (IM)
UI = D041001
Babesiosis
MS = A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus BABESIA, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick IXODES scapularis.
UI = D001404
Baccharis
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Other plants called broom include CYTISUS; SPARTIUM; and BROMUS.
AN = X ref BROOM, DESERT: several other Broom terms are also available; check text and MeSH; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031175
Bacillaceae
MS = A family of bacteria which produce endospores. They are mostly saprophytes from soil, but a few are insect or animal parasites or pathogens.
AN = pathogenic & non-pathogenic
UI = D001406
Bacillaceae Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the family BACILLACEAE.
AN = gram-pos bact infect; GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; DF: BACILLACEAE INFECT
UI = D016863
Bacillus
MS = A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.
AN = specific genus: do not confuse with "bacillus" as "bacterium"; Bacillus mesentericus goes here
UI = D001407
Bacillus anthracis
MS = A species of bacteria that causes ANTHRAX in humans and animals.
AN = infection = ANTHRAX
UI = D001408
Bacillus cereus
MS = A species of rod-shaped bacteria that is a common soil saprophyte. Its spores are widespread and multiplication has been observed chiefly in foods. Contamination may lead to food poisoning.
AN = in soil, dust, plants
UI = D001409
Bacillus megaterium
MS = A species of bacteria whose spores vary from round to elongate. It is a common soil saprophyte.
AN = same as B. megatherium; in soil, water, dust, decomposing material
UI = D001410
Bacillus Phages
MS = Viruses whose host is Bacillus. Frequently encountered Bacillus phages include bacteriophage phi 29 and bacteriophage phi 105.
AN = coord IM with specific Bacillus (NIM)
UI = D017103
Bacillus stearothermophilus
MS = A species of gram-positive bacteria found in soil, hot springs, Arctic waters, ocean sediments, and spoiled food products.
AN = in soil & spoiled food
UI = D001411
Bacillus subtilis
MS = A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.
AN = in soil, dust, decomposing matter
UI = D001412
Bacillus thuringiensis
MS = A species of gram-positive bacteria which may be pathogenic for certain insects. It is used for the biological control of the Gypsy moth.
AN = pathogenic for insects
UI = D001413
Bacitracin
MS = A complex of cyclic peptide antibiotics produced by the Tracy-I strain of Bacillus subtilis. The commercial preparation is a mixture of at least nine bacitracins with bacitracin A as the major constituent. It is used topically to treat open infections such as infected eczema and infected dermal ulcers. (From Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1140)
AN = a peptide antibiotic
UI = D001414
Back
AN = a region; in humans, the posterior trunk from the neck to the pelvis; prefer a more specific term if possible
UI = D001415
Back Injuries
MS = General or unspecified injuries to the posterior part of the trunk. It includes injuries to the muscles of the back.
AN = GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific inj (IM) or specific region (NIM); do not confuse with SPINAL INJURIES which refers to vertebrae only: see note there; DF: BACK INJ
UI = D019567
Back Pain
MS = Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions.
AN = GEN or unspecified; "lombo-sciatique" in French texts is indexed under LOW BACK PAIN (IM) + SCIATICA (IM); for lower back pain or pain in the lumbar region, LOW BACK PAIN is available
UI = D001416
Background Radiation
MS = Radiation from sources other than the source of interest. It is due to cosmic rays and natural radioactivity in the environment.
UI = D001417
Baclofen
MS = A GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID derivative that is a specific agonist at GABA-B receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-B). It is used in the treatment of spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord damage. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission.
UI = D001418
Bacopa
MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Members contain bacopaside, bacopasaponins and other dammarane type jujubogenins.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D034681
Bacteremia
MS = The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.
AN = coord with specific bact/infect heading or specific bacterium if specific bact infect is not in MeSH (do not use /blood to indicate -emia)
UI = D016470
Bacteria
MS = Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal.
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; Manual 22.2 for qualif; relation to bact dis: Manual 22.14-22.16; TN 201: use of Bergey; TN 209: presence of bacteria in organs vs infection; note many precoord BACT- terms, direct as BACTERIAL PROTEINS, indirect, as ANTIBODIES, BACTERIAL; use Permuted MeSH for total coverage; enteric bacteria: possibly ENTEROBACTERIACEAE but try E COLI or other specific enteric bact; "coliform bacteria" = COLIFORM BACILLI see ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; presence of bacteria in blood = BACTEREMIA: see note there; DF: BACT
UI = D001419
Bacteria, Aerobic
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for an aerobic bact; infection: coord IM with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: BACT AEROBIC
UI = D001420
Bacteria, Anaerobic
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for an anaerobic bact; facultatively anaerobic bact: index only here & not also under BACTERIA, AEROBIC; infection: coord IM with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: BACT ANAEROBIC
UI = D001421
Bacterial Adhesion
MS = Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.
AN = do not confuse with X ref BACTERIAL ADHESINS see ADHESINS, BACTERIAL, bact antigens; DF: BACT ADHESION
UI = D001422
Bacterial Capsules
MS = An envelope of loose gel surrounding a bacterial cell which is associated with the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Some capsules have a well-defined border, whereas others form a slime layer that trails off into the medium. Most capsules consist of relatively simple polysaccharides but there are some bacteria whose capsules are made of polypeptides.
AN = DF: BACT CAPSULES
UI = D016667
Bacterial Chromatophores
MS = Organelles of phototrophic bacteria which contain photosynthetic pigments and which are formed from an invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane.
UI = D020130
Bacterial Infections
MS = Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; many texts saying "sepsis" mean BACTERIAL INFECTIONS: check text; TN 209: differentiation from presence of bacteria in organs; DF: BACT INFECT
UI = D001424
Bacterial Infections and Mycoses
MS = Infections caused by bacteria and fungi, general, specified, or unspecified.
AN = not used for indexing; DF: BACT INFECT MYCOSES CATALOG: do not use
UI = D001423
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
MS = Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
AN = coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific gram-negative bacterium (IM)
UI = D001425
Bacterial Physiology
MS = Physiological processes and activities of bacteria.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BACT PHYSIOL
UI = D018407
Bacterial Proteins
MS = Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; /physiol permitted for function within the bacterium; coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific bacterium (IM); BACTERIAL OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEINS is also available; DF: BACT PROTEINS
UI = D001426
Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases
MS = Membrane-bound proton-translocating ATPases that serve two important physiological functions in bacteria. One function is to generate ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE by utilizing the energy provided by an electrochemical gradient of protons across the cellular membrane. A second function is to counteract a loss of the transmembrane ion gradient by pumping protons at the expense of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis.
AN = coord with specific bacterium /enzymol
UI = D025243
Bacterial Toxins
MS = Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; coord IM with specific bacterium (IM); /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; DF: BACT TOXINS
UI = D001427
Bacterial Transferrin Receptor Complex
MS = A complex of proteins that forms a receptor for TRANSFERRIN in BACTERIA. Many pathogenic bacteria utilize the transferrin-binding complex to acquire their supply of iron from serum.
UI = D033901
Bacterial Translocation
MS = The passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the intestinal mucosa resulting in increased intestinal permeability. These mechanisms can act in concert to promote synergistically the systemic spread of indigenous translocating bacteria to cause lethal sepsis.
AN = "passage of viable bact from the gastrointest tract to extra-intest sites"; coord IM with specific bact /physiol (IM)
UI = D018988
Bacterial Typing Techniques
MS = Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.
AN = coord with bacterium /class; DF: BACT TYPING TECHNIQUES
UI = D015373
Bacterial Vaccines
MS = Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.
AN = for specifics not indented here coord IM with specific bacterium /immunol (IM); DF: BACT VACCINES
UI = D001428
Bacteriochlorophyll A
MS = A specific bacteriochlorophyll that is similar in structure to CHLOROPHYLL A.
UI = D025541
Bacteriochlorophylls
MS = Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.
UI = D001429
Bacteriocins
MS = Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria.
UI = D001430
Bacteriological Techniques
AN = NIM; DF: BACTERIOL TECHNIQUES
UI = D001431
Bacteriology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: BACTERIOL
UI = D001432
Bacteriolysis
MS = Rupture of bacterial cells due to mechanical force, chemical action, or the lytic growth of BACTERIOPHAGES.
AN = coord with specific bacterium
UI = D001433
Bacteriophage HK022
MS = A tentative species in the genus lambda-like Viruses, family SIPHOVIRIDAE.
UI = D025523
Bacteriophage IKe
MS = A species of filamentous phage in the genus INOVIRUS, family INOVIRIDAE. They are specific for enterobacteria that contain an IncN plasmid.
AN = coord with specific bacterium /virol
UI = D025543
Bacteriophage lambda
MS = A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambda-like Viruses, in the family SIPHOVIRIDAE. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA with single-stranded 12-base 5' sticky ends. The DNA circularizes on infection.
AN = LAMBDA-LIKE PHAGES see SIPHOVIRIDAE is also available
UI = D010582
Bacteriophage M13
MS = Temperate bacteriophage of the genus INOVIRUS which infects enterobacteria, especially E. coli. It is a filamentous phage consisting of single-stranded DNA and is circularly permuted.
UI = D017104
Bacteriophage mu
MS = A temperate coliphage, in the genus Mu-like Viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, composed of a linear, double-stranded molecule of DNA, which is able to insert itself randomly at any point on the host chromosome. It frequently causes a mutation by interrupting the continuity of the bacterial operon at the site of insertion.
UI = D010583
Bacteriophage N4
MS = A species with unassigned genus in the family PODOVIRIDAE.
UI = D025522
Bacteriophage P1
MS = A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P1-like Viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE which infects E. coli. It is the largest of the coliphages and consists of double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.
UI = D017101
Bacteriophage P2
MS = A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P2-like Viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, which infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA with 19-base sticky ends.
UI = D017901
Bacteriophage P22
MS = A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P22-like Viruses, family PODOVIRIDAE, that infects Salmonella species. The genome consists of double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.
AN = coord IM with specific Salmonella /virol
UI = D017100
Bacteriophage Pf1
MS = A species of filamentous Pseudomonas phage in the genus INOVIRUS, family INOVIRIDAE.
AN = coord with specific Pseudomonas /virol
UI = D025561
Bacteriophage phi 6
MS = Virulent bacteriophage and sole member of the genus Cystovirus that infects Pseudomonas species. The virion has a segmented genome consisting of three pieces of doubled-stranded DNA and also a unique lipid-containing envelope.
AN = coord IM with specific Pseudomonas /virol
UI = D017126
Bacteriophage phi X 174
MS = The type species of the genus MICROVIRUS. A prototype of the small virulent DNA coliphages, it is composed of a single strand of supercoiled circular DNA, which on infection, is converted to a double-stranded replicative form by a host enzyme.
UI = D010584
Bacteriophage PRD1
MS = Bacteriophage and type species in the genus Tectivirus, family TECTIVIRIDAE. They are specific for Gram-negative bacteria.
UI = D025622
Bacteriophage T3
MS = Bacteriophage in the genus T7-like Phages, of the family PODOVIRIDAE, which is very closely related to BACTERIOPHAGE T7.
UI = D017903
Bacteriophage T4
MS = Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T4-Like Phages, in the family MYOVIRIDAE. It infects E. coli and is the best known of the T-even phages. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant and circularly permuted.
UI = D017122
Bacteriophage T7
MS = Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T7-like Phages, in the family PODOVIRIDAE, that infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and non-permuted.
AN = T7-LIKE PHAGES see PODOVIRIDAE is also available
UI = D017123
Bacteriophage Typing
MS = A technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages.
AN = policy: Manual 22.24.4
UI = D001434
Bacteriophages
MS = Viruses whose host is a bacterial cell.
AN = = "bacterial virus"; GEN or unspecified: prefer specific available phages; for other phages, coord IM with specific bacterium /virol (NIM; IM only when identity of bacterium is particularly significant); policy: Manual 22.24.3
UI = D001435
Bacteriorhodopsins
MS = Rhodopsins found in the PURPLE MEMBRANE of halophilic archaea such as HALOBACTERIUM HALOBIUM. Bacteriorhodopsins function as an energy transducers, coverting light energy into electrochemical energy via PROTON PUMPS.
AN = do not confuse with BACTERIAL RHODOPSINS see RHODOPSINS, MICROBIAL
UI = D001436
Bacteriuria
MS = The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since BACTERIURIA is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of URINE/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine.
AN = TN 190: differentiate from URINE /microbiol; coord IM with specific bacterium with probably /isol (IM)
UI = D001437
Bacteroidaceae
MS = A family of gram-negative bacteria found primarily in the intestinal tracts and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Its organisms are sometimes pathogenic.
UI = D001438
Bacteroidaceae Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.
AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; DF: BACTEROIDACEAE INFECT
UI = D016866
Bacteroides
MS = A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic.
AN = infection = BACTEROIDES INFECTIONS; BACTEROIDES CORRODENS see EIKENELLA CORRODENS and BACTEROIDES NODOSUS see DICHELOBACTER NODOSUS are also available
UI = D001439
Bacteroides fragilis
MS = Gram-negative bacteria occurring in the lower intestinal tracts of man and other animals. It is the most common species of anaerobic bacteria isolated from human soft tissue infections.
AN = infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDES INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D001441
Bacteroides Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.
AN = gram-neg bact infect
UI = D001442
Baculoviridae
MS = Family of INSECT VIRUSES containing two subfamilies: Eubaculovirinae (occluded baculoviruses) and Nudibaculovirinae (nonoccluded baculoviruses). The Eubaculovirinae, which contain polyhedron-shaped inclusion bodies, have two genera: NUCLEOPOLYHEDROVIRUS and GRANULOVIRUS. Baculovirus vectors are used for expression of foreign genes in insects.
AN = coord IM with specific insect /virol
UI = D016367
Badnavirus
MS = A genus of DNA plant viruses with bacilliform morphology. Transmission in clonally-propagated plants is by vegetative propagation of infected plant materials. Transmission in nature is by mealybugs, seeds, pollen, and leafhoppers (rice tungro bacilliform). The type species is Commelina yellow mottle virus.
AN = a genus of plant viruses; from BAcilliform DNA virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
UI = D019195
Bahamas
MS = A chain of islands, cays, and reefs in the West Indies, lying southeast of Florida and north of Cuba. It is an independent state, called also the Commonwealth of the Bahamas or the Bahama Islands. The name likely represents the local name Guanahani, itself of uncertain origin. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p106 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p45)
AN = a chain of islands in the West Indies
UI = D001444
Bahrain
MS = An independent state, an archipelago in the western Persian Gulf, northwest of Qatar. It comprises low-lying islands of Bahrain (the largest), Muharraq, Sitra, and several islets. It has extensive oil fields. The name comes from the Arabic al-bahrayn, "the two seas", with reference to its lying in the middle of a bay with its "two seas" east and west of it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p107 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p45)
AN = a state in the Persian Gulf
UI = D001445
Balanites
MS = A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Feruloyltyramine, balanitoside (a furostanol glycoside), and cytostatic steroidal saponins have been found in this genus. B. aegyptiaca fruit water extract is traditionally used as an anthelmintic in the Sudan.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032430
Balanitis
MS = Inflammation of the glans penis.
UI = D001446
Balanophoraceae
MS = A plant family of the order Santalales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031111
Balantidiasis
MS = Infection by protozoan parasites of the genus BALANTIDIUM. The presence of Balantidium in the large intestine leads to diarrhea, dysentery, and occasionally ulceration.
AN = protozoan infect of intestines
UI = D001447
Balantidium
MS = A genus of protozoa parasitic in the digestive tract of vertebrate or invertebrate hosts. Asexual multiplication is accomplished by transverse binary fission. Its organisms are ovoidal in shape and have a ciliated covering over the entire body.
AN = infection = BALANTIDIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D001448
Balkan Nephropathy
MS = A tubulointerstitial disease of unknown etiology occurring in a limited geographic area including adjacent regions of Romania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia.
AN = an interstitial nephritis; do not specify geog unless particularly discussed
UI = D001449
Ballistocardiography
MS = Technique of graphic representation of the movements of the body imparted by the ballistic forces (recoil and impact) associated with cardiac contraction and ejection of blood and with the deceleration of blood flow through the large blood vessels. These movements, quantitatively very minute, are translated by a pickup device (transducer) into an electrical potential which is suitably amplified and recorded on a conventional electrocardiograph or other recording machine.
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: BALLISTOCARDIOGR
UI = D001450
Balloon Dilatation
MS = Nonoperative repair of occluded vessels, ducts, or valves by insertion of a balloon catheter. It is used, amoung other things, to treat varices, torn retinas, renal and biliary calculi, gastric, bronchial and rectal stenoses, and heart valves, and includes catheterization with Fogarty and Foley catheters.
AN = coord IM with dis/ther (IM), not /surg; DF: BALLOON CATH
UI = D001451
Balloon Occlusion
MS = Use of a balloon catheter to block the flow of blood through an artery or vein.
AN = coord IM with dis /ther not /surg
UI = D021721
Ballota
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that contains phenylpropanoids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031329
Balneology
MS = Therapy by various hot or warm baths in natural mineral waters, spas, or "cures". It includes not only bathing in, but also drinking the waters, but it does not include whirlpool baths (HYDROTHERAPY).
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; -ology on BATHS & mineral springs, spas & "cures"; includes bathing or drinking MINERAL WATERS; balneotherapy goes here unless specifically an indention under BALNEOLOGY; differentiate from HYDROTHERAPY where emphasis is on plain water (not natural mineral water; see note there); DF: BALNEOL
UI = D001452
Balsaminaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Geraniales (or Ericales in APG system), subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029068
Balsams
MS = Resinous substances which most commonly originate from trees. In addition to resins, they contain oils, cinnamic acid and BENZOIC ACID.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D001453
Baltic States
MS = The collective name for the republics of ESTONIA; LATVIA; and LITHUANIA on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p111)
AN = = ESTONIA; LATVIA & LITHUANIA collectively
UI = D001454
Baltimore
AN = DF: BALT
UI = D015142
Bambermycins
MS = Antibiotic complex obtained from Streptomyces bambergiensis containing mainly Moenomycins A and C. They are used as feed additives and growth promoters for poultry, swine, and cattle.
UI = D001455
Bambusa
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. Young shoots are eaten in Asian foods while the stiff mature stems are used for construction of many things. The common name of bamboo is also used for other genera of Poaceae including Phyllostachys, SASA, and Dendrocalamus.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031723
Bandages
MS = Material used for wrapping or binding any part of the body.
AN = spray-on bandages = OCCLUSIVE DRESSINGS
UI = D001458
Bangladesh
UI = D001459
Banisteriopsis
MS = A plant genus of the family MALPIGHIACEAE which includes an Amazonian psychoactive plant that contains the beta-carboline harmine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031581
Bankruptcy
MS = The state of legal insolvency with assets taken over by judicial process so that they may be distributed among creditors.
UI = D016361
Barbados
MS = An island in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. It is chiefly of coral formation with no good harbors and only small streams. It was probably discovered by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century. The name was given by 16th-century Spanish explorers from barbados, the plural for "bearded", with reference to the beard-like leaves or trails of moss on the trees that grew there in abundance. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p116 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p49)
AN = an island in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies
UI = D001460
Barbarea
MS = A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE. Members contain glucobrassicin.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031216
Barber Surgeons
MS = In the late Middle Ages barbers who also let blood, sold unguents, pulled teeth, applied cups, and gave enemas. They generally had the right to practice surgery. They began to acquire importance about 1100, when the monks, who required the barber's services for the tonsure, also had recourse to them for blood-letting, a practice required by ecclesiastic law. By the 18th century barbers continued to practice minor surgery and dentistry and many famous surgeons acquired their skill in the shops of barbers. (From Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2d ed, pp402, 568, 658)
AN = usually in hist texts; check hist tags; DF: BARBER SURG
UI = D019024
Barbering
MS = The occupation concerned with the cutting and dressing of the hair of customers and, of men, the shaving and trimming of the beard and mustache. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D001461
Barbital
MS = A long-acting barbiturate that depresses most metabolic processes at high doses. It is used as a hypnotic and sedative and may induce dependence. Barbital is also used in veterinary practice for central nervous system depression.
UI = D001462
Barbiturates
MS = A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are medically important as sedatives and hypnotics (SEDATIVES, BARBITURATE), as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D001463
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome
MS = An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; POLYDACTYLY; OBESITY; MENTAL RETARDATION; hypogenitalism; renal dysplasia; and short stature. This syndrome has been distinguished as a separate entity from LAURENCE-MOON SYNDROME. (From J Med Genet 1997 Feb;34(2):92-8)
AN = note X ref: do not confuse with LAURENCE-MOON-BARDET-BIEDL SYNDROME see BARDET-BIEDL SYNDROME
UI = D020788
Barium
MS = An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.
AN = an alkaline earth metal; Ba-138; Ba-130, 132, 134-137 = BARIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Ba-126-129, 131, 133, 139-143 = BARIUM RADIOISOTOPES (IM); barium enema = BARIUM SULFATE /diag use + ENEMA
UI = D001464
Barium Compounds
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain barium as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BARIUM CPDS
UI = D017609
Barium Radioisotopes
MS = Unstable isotopes of barium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ba atoms with atomic weights 126-129, 131, 133, and 139-143 are radioactive barium isotopes.
AN = Ba-126-129, 131, 133, 139-143; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
UI = D001465
Barium Sulfate
MS = A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.
AN = D25-26 qualif; for enema use BARIUM SULFATE /diag use, not BARIUM
UI = D001466
Baroreflex
MS = A negative feedback system which buffers short-term changes in blood pressure. Increased pressure stretches blood vessels which activates PRESSORECEPTORS (baroreceptors) in the vessel walls. The net response of the central nervous system is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and by lowering cardiac output. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure.
AN = negative feedback system buffering short-term changes in blood pressure
UI = D017704
Barotrauma
MS = Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach.
AN = inj caused by pressure changes: not restricted to ear; IM; coord with organ injured by pressure with /inj; also available is BLAST INJURIES
UI = D001469
Barrett Esophagus
MS = Ectopic gastric mucosa in the lower esophagus that often becomes ulcerated (Barrett ulcer), leading to stricture formation (ESOPHAGEAL STENOSIS).
AN = note category; do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D001471
Barringtonia
MS = A plant genus of the family Lecythidaceae. Members contain nasimalun A and B (neo-clerodane diterpenoids).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031382
Bartholin's Glands
MS = Mucus-secreting glands situated on the posterior and lateral aspect of the vestibule of the vagina.
UI = D001472
Bartonella
MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria characteristically appearing in chains of several segmenting organisms. It occurs in man and arthropod vectors and is found only in the Andes region of South America. This genus is the etiologic agent of human bartonellosis. The genus Rochalimaea, once considered a separate genus, has recently been combined with the genus Bartonella as a result of high levels of relatedness in 16S rRNA sequence data and DNA hybridization data.
AN = infection = BARTONELLA INFECTIONS
UI = D001473
Bartonella henselae
MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria that is the etiologic agent of bacillary angiomatosis (ANGIOMATOSIS, BACILLARY). This organism can also be a cause of CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE in immunocompetent patients.
AN = infection = ANGIOMATOSIS, BACILLARY or CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE (see note there): check text
UI = D018416
Bartonella Infections
MS = Infections by the genus BARTONELLA. Bartonella bacilliformis can cause acute febrile anemia, designated Oroya fever, and a benign skin eruption, called verruga peruana. BARTONELLA QUINTANA causes TRENCH FEVER, while BARTONELLA HENSELAE is the etiologic agent of bacillary angiomatosis (ANGIOMATOSIS, BACILLARY) and is also one of the causes of CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE in immunocompetent patients.
AN = gram-neg bact infect
UI = D001474
Bartonella quintana
MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria in which man is the primary host and the human body louse, Pediculus humanus, the principal vector. It is the etiological agent of TRENCH FEVER.
AN = infection = TRENCH FEVER
UI = D018413
Bartonellaceae
MS = A family of small gram-negative bacteria whose organisms are parasites of erythrocytes in man and other vertebrates and the etiologic agents of several diseases.
UI = D001475
Bartonellaceae Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the family BARTONELLACEAE.
AN = gram-neg bact infect
UI = D001476
Bartter's Disease
MS = Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular cells, producing hypokalemic alkalosis and hyperaldosteronism, characterized by absence of hypertension in the presence of markedly increased plasma renin concentrations, and by insensitivity to the pressor effects of angiotensin. It usually affects children, is perhaps hereditary, and may be associated with other anomalies, such as mental retardation and short stature. It is also called juxtaglomerular cell aplasia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = hyperaldosteronism caused by juxtaglomerular cell hypertrophy & hyperplasia
UI = D001477
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
MS = Hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. Genetic transmission is autosomal dominant.
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl (IM or NIM) only if pertinent; do not confuse X ref GORLIN SYNDROME (also called Gorlin-Goltz syndrome) with GOLTZ SYNDROME see FOCAL DERMAL HYPOPLASIA
UI = D001478
Basal Ganglia
MS = Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.
AN = dis = BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; do not confuse X ref VENTRAL STRIATUM with CORPUS STRIATUM
UI = D001479
Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease
MS = Infarction, hemorrhage, ischemia, or hypoxia of any component of the BASAL GANGLIA of the brain. Clinical manifestations may include involuntary or dyskinetic movements and hemiparesis (secondary to involvement of the INTERNAL CAPSULE). Etiologies include atherosclerosis, hypertension, inflammatory conditions (e.g., vasculitis), and emboli of arterial or cardiac origin. Lacunar infarctions frequently occur in the basal ganglia. Hemorrhages in this region are associated with hypertension, but may also result from the rupture of vascular malformations.
AN = coord IM with specific disease and site (IM) if applicable
UI = D020144
Basal Ganglia Diseases
MS = Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with specific site (IM)
UI = D001480
Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage
MS = Extravasation of blood into a basal ganglia nucleus (e.g., caudate, globus pallidus, amygdala, putamen, and claustrum). Clinical manifestations may include acute hemiparesis, movement disorders, headache and/or alterations of consciousness. Hypertension and vascular malformations are relatively common causes of this condition. Pathologically, these hemorrhages are associated with lipohyalinosis of small blood vessels and Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm formation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p836)
AN = coord IM with site (IM) if given; PUTAMINAL HEMORRHAGE is also available
UI = D020145
Basal Metabolism
MS = Heat production, or its measurement, of an organism at the lowest level of cell chemistry in an inactive, awake, fasting state. It may be determined directly by means of a calorimeter or indirectly by calculating the heat production from an analysis of the end products of oxidation within the organism or from the amount of oxygen utilized.
AN = resting state only; energy expenditure, energy cost = ENERGY METABOLISM
UI = D001481
Basal Nucleus of Meynert
MS = A group of nerve cells in the substantia innominata that has wide projections to the neocortex and is rich in acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase. In Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases the nucleus undergoes degeneration.
UI = D020532
Base Composition
MS = The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.
AN = IM general only; NIM with specific nucleic acid (IM); do not confuse with BASE SEQUENCE: sequ = order in which arranged, comp = what components & how many
UI = D001482
Base Pair Mismatch
MS = The presence of an uncomplementary base in double-stranded DNA caused by spontaneous deamination of cytosine or adenine, mismatching during homologous recombination, or errors in DNA replication. Multiple, sequential base pair mismatches lead to formation of heteroduplex DNA; (NUCLEIC ACID HETERODUPLEXES).
UI = D020137
Base Pairing
MS = Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by hydrogen bonding in double-stranded DNA or RNA.
AN = coord with DNA or RNA or specific
UI = D020029
Base Sequence
MS = The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
AN = IM general only; coord with specific nucleic acid; do not confuse with BASE COMPOSITION: comp = what components & how many, sequ = order in which arranged; for base sequencing, use SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA or SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, RNA; when to index with MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA: see note there; DF: BASE SEQ
UI = D001483
Baseball
MS = A competitive nine-member team sport including softball.
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1
UI = D001484
Basement Membrane
MS = Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina.
AN = NIM; do not confuse X ref BASAL LAMINA with "lamina basalis", the basal plate of the embryonic neural tube
UI = D001485
Bashkiria
MS = A political subdivision of eastern RUSSIA located within Europe. It consists of a plateau and mountainous area of the Southern Urals. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1997)
UI = D001486
Basidiomycota
MS = A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D001487
Basilar Artery
MS = The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries.
UI = D001488
Basilar Membrane
MS = A membrane that stretches from the spiral lamina to the basilar crest consisting of an inner and an outer part. The inner part supports the spiral organ of Corti.
UI = D001489
Basketball
MS = A competitive team sport played on a rectangular court having a raised basket at each end.
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1
UI = D001490
Basophil Degranulation Test
MS = An in vitro test used in the diagnosis of allergies including drug hypersensitivity. The allergen is added to the patient's white blood cells and the subsequent histamine release is measured.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D015549
Basophils
MS = Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes.
AN = restrict to leukocytes: not for "basophilic" when referring only to staining ( = STAINING)
UI = D001491
Bass
MS = Common name for fish belonging to the order Perciformes and occurring in three different families.
AN = IM; qualif permitted
UI = D001492
Bassia scoparia
MS = A plant species of the family CHENOPODIACEAE. It is a source of furonaphthoquinones. The common name of burning bush is also used with the unrelated EUONYMUS sieboldianus.
AN = do not confuse X ref BURNINGBUSH (BASSIA) with BURNINGBUSH (EUONYMUS) see EUONYMUS; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027467
Bathing Beaches
MS = Beaches, both natural and man-made, used for bathing and other activities.
UI = D001493
Baths
MS = The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc.
AN = for personal hygiene or med treatment; at home or in hosp, often not plain water (see note on HYDROTHERAPY), usually with additives; do not confuse with BALNEOLOGY (see note there); general only or unspecified; prefer specifics; note MUD BATHS see MUD THERAPY & SAND BATHS see AMMOTHERAPY; bathing in seawater is probably THALASSOTHERAPY
UI = D001494
Batrachoidiformes
MS = An order of bottom fishes with short, small, spinous dorsal fins. It is comprised of one family (Batrachoididae) and about 70 species.
UI = D024541
Batrachotoxins
MS = Batrachotoxin is the 20-alpha-bromobenzoate of batrachotoxin A; they are toxins from the venom of a small Colombian frog, Phyllobates aurotaenia, cause release of acetylcholine, destruction of synaptic vesicles and depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers.
AN = from frogs; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS
UI = D001496
Batroxobin
MS = A proteolytic enzyme obtained from the venom of fer-de-lance (Bothrops atrox). It is used as a plasma clotting agent for fibrinogen and for the detection of fibrinogen degradation products. The presence of heparin does not interfere with the clotting test. Hemocoagulase is a mixture containing batroxobin and factor X activator. EC 3.4.21.-.
UI = D012103
Battered Child Syndrome
MS = Repeated physical injuries inflicted on the child by the parent, parents, or surrogate parent; often triggered by the child's minor and normal irritating behavior.
AN = use Cat C qualif
UI = D001497
Battered Women
MS = Women who are physically and mentally abused over an extended period, usually by a husband or other dominant male figure. Characteristics of the battered woman syndrome are helplessness, constant fear, and a perceived inability to escape. (From American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3d ed)
AN = prefer SPOUSE ABUSE for battering of wives; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE
UI = D018585
Bauhinia
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members contain isoacteoside, luteolin, indole-3-carboxylic acid.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036481
Bay Region (Chemistry)
MS = An indentation of three fused benzene rings. A common bay region is the site on BENZO(A)PYRENE, an indirect carcinogen that is metabolically activated by the P-450 system at the 7,8-double bond, leading to a 7,8-oxide, which is rapidly converted to a 7,8-dihydrodiol and later epoxidated near the bay region at the 9,10-double bond. The resulting product, a diol-epoxide is a poor substrate for epoxide hydratase and is released from the mitochondria into the cell as a highly reactive electrophil, becoming an 'ultimate' carcinogen, as it reacts with negative charges in DNA. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = note category: a binding site; bay refers to an open graphic representation of a chem structure resembling a bay
UI = D018383
Bay-K-8644
MS = A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.
AN = a calcium channel agonist
UI = D001498
Bayes Theorem
MS = A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihoods of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D001499
BCG Vaccine
MS = An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.
AN = BCG vaccination in prev of tuberc = BCG VACCINE (IM) + TUBERCULOSIS /prev (IM); BCG ther of various diseases = BCG VACCINE /ther use (IM) + dis /drug ther (IM)
UI = D001500
Bdellovibrio
MS = A genus of bacteria capable of developing within other bacteria.
UI = D001501
Beak
MS = In some animals, the jaws together with their horny covering. The beak usually refers to the bill of birds in which the whole varies greatly in form according of the food and habits of the bird. While the beak refers most commonly to birds, the anatomical counterpart is found also in the turtle, squid, and octopus. (From Webster, 3d ed & Storer, et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p491, 755)
AN = not restricted to birds
UI = D001502
Bears
MS = Plantigrade carnivorous or omnivorous mammals of the family Ursidae, having massive bodies, coarse heavy fur, relatively short limbs, and almost rudimentary tails. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = IM; qualif permitted
UI = D001503
Beauty
MS = Characteristics or attributes of persons or things which elicit pleasurable feelings.
AN = no qualif
UI = D001504
Beauty Culture
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D001505
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
MS = A syndrome of multiple defects characterized primarily by umbilical hernia (HERNA, UMBILICAL), MACROGLOSSIA, and GIGANTISM and secondarily by visceromegaly, HYPOGLYCEMIA, and ear abnormalities.
AN = a syndrome of multiple abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: EMG SYNDROME
UI = D001506
Beclomethasone
MS = An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of asthma.
UI = D001507
Bed Conversion
MS = The reallocation of beds from one type of care service to another, as in converting acute care beds to long term care beds.
AN = from one type of care service to another
UI = D001508
Bed Occupancy
MS = A measure of inpatient health facility use based upon the average number or proportion of beds occupied for a given period of time.
AN = coord IM with specific hosp or department (IM) + geog if pertinent
UI = D001509
Bed Rest
MS = Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons.
AN = do not confuse with IMMOBILIZATION: TN 166
UI = D001510
Bedbugs
MS = Bugs of the family CIMICIDAE, genus Cimex. They are flattened, oval, reddish insects which inhabit houses, wallpaper, furniture, and beds. C. lectularius, of temperate regions, is the common bedbug that attacks humans and is frequently a serious pest in houses, hotels, barracks, and other living quarters. Experiments have shown that bedbugs can transmit a variety of diseases, but they are not normal vectors under natural conditions. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p272)
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D001511
Bedding and Linens
MS = Articles of cloth, usually cotton or rayon and other synthetic or cotton-blend fabrics, used in households, hospitals, physicians' examining rooms, nursing homes, etc., for sheets, pillow cases, toweling, gowns, drapes, and the like.
AN = includes all bedclothes & towels, washcloths, gowns, pajamas; DF: BEDDING
UI = D001512
Beds
MS = Equipment on which one may lie and sleep, especially as used to care for the hospital patient.
UI = D001513
Bee Venoms
MS = Venoms obtained from Apis mellifera (honey bee) and related species. They contain various enzymes, polypeptide toxins, and other substances, some of which are allergenic or immunogenic or both. These venoms were formerly used in rheumatism to stimulate the pituitary-adrenal system.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted
UI = D001514
Beer
MS = An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation.
UI = D001515
Bees
MS = Insect members of the superfamily Apoidea, found almost everywhere, particularly on flowers. About 3500 species occur in North America. They differ from most WASPS in that their young are fed honey and pollen rather than animal food. Honey is collected in the form of nectar from flowers and concentrated into honey by evaporation. For most people bee stings are of little significance and are treated locally; other persons, however, react with hypersensitivity putting them in serious danger. (Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, p409)
AN = does not include WASPS; for stings, coord IM with INSECT BITES AND STINGS (IM)
UI = D001516
Beetles
AN = includes TENEBRIO (mealworm) & TENEBRIO (flour beetle); /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D001517
Beggiatoaceae
MS = A family of gram-negative, gliding bacteria usually found in marine or freshwater environments.
UI = D001518
Beggiatoales
MS = An order of gliding bacteria consisting of cells of widely varying sizes that occur mostly as filaments.
UI = D016938
Beginning of Human Life
MS = The point at which religious ensoulment or PERSONHOOD is considered to begin.
AN = check tag HUMAN; use only for the beginning of life as a philosophical or religious concept; do not confuse with ORIGIN OF LIFE see BIOGENESIS
UI = D033421
Begoniaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Violales (by some in Begoniales), subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. Members are found throughout tropical and warm temperate habitats. Most are perennial herbs with monoecious flowers (both sexes on the same plant). Fruits are usually capsules containing many tiny seeds.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031112
Behavior
MS = The observable response a person makes to any situation.
AN = human only; GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D001519
Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms
MS = The observable response made to a situation and the unconscious processes underlying it.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D001520
Behavior Control
MS = Manipulation of the behavior of persons or animals by biomedical, physical, psychological, or social means, including for nontherapeutic reasons.
UI = D032763
Behavior Therapy
MS = The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders.
AN = a psychother technique; assertiveness training: coord IM with ASSERTIVENESS (IM); DF: BEHAVIOR THER
UI = D001521
Behavior, Addictive
MS = The observable, measurable, and often pathological activity of an organism that portrays its inability to overcome a habit resulting in an insatiable craving for a substance or for performing certain acts. The addictive behavior includes the emotional and physical overdependence on the object of habit in increasing amount or frequency.
AN = use Cat F3 qualif
UI = D016739
Behavior, Animal
MS = The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
AN = IM
UI = D001522
Behavioral Disciplines and Activities
MS = The specialties in psychiatry and psychology, their diagnostic techniques and tests, their therapeutic methods, and psychiatric and psychological services.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D004191
Behavioral Medicine
MS = The interdisciplinary field concerned with the development and integration of behavioral and biomedical science, knowledge, and techniques relevant to health and illness and the application of this knowledge and these techniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: BEHAVIORAL MED
UI = D001524
Behavioral Research
MS = Research that involves the application of the behavioral and social sciences to the study of the actions or reactions of persons or animals in response to external or internal stimuli. (from American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed)
AN = behavioral research as a field or the progress or status of behavioral research; do not add routinely for specific studies in behavior: Manual 29.16
UI = D035841
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
MS = Telephone surveys are conducted to monitor prevalence of the major behavioral risks among adults associated with premature MORBIDITY and MORTALITY. The data collected is in regard to actual behaviors, rather than on attitudes or knowledge. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) established the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) in 1984.
AN = CATALOG: Use NAF entry
UI = D040343
Behavioral Sciences
MS = Disciplines concerned with the study of human and animal behavior.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D001525
Behavioral Symptoms
MS = Observable manifestions of impaired psychological functioning.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with BEHAVIOR: read MeSH definitions
UI = D001526
Behaviorism
MS = A psychologic theory developed by James B. Watson concerned with studying and measuring behaviors that are observable.
AN = a school of psychology: do not confuse with BEHAVIOR; only /hist
UI = D001527
Behcet Syndrome
MS = Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS, THROMBOPHLEBITIS, gastrointestinal ulcerations, RETINAL VASCULITIS, and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.
AN = in translations spell Behçet's, not Behcet's
UI = D001528
Belgium
UI = D001530
Belize
UI = D001531
Bell Palsy
MS = A syndrome characterized by the acute onset of unilateral FACIAL PARALYSIS which progresses over a 2-5 day period. Weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle and resulting incomplete eye closure may be associated with corneal injury. Pain behind the ear often precedes the onset of paralysis. This condition may be associated with HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN infection of the facial nerve. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1376)
UI = D020330
Belladonna Alkaloids
MS = Alkaloids obtained from various plants, especially the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), variety acuminata; atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine are classical, specific antimuscarinic agents with many pharmacologic actions; used mainly as antispasmodics.
UI = D001533
Beloniformes
MS = An order of fish in the group SMEGMAMORPHA, comprising adrianichthyids, medakas (ORYZIAS), needlefishes, halfbeaks, and flying fishes.
UI = D023761
Bemegride
MS = A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.
UI = D001534
Benactyzine
MS = A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.
UI = D001535
Bence Jones Protein
MS = An abnormal protein with unusual thermosolubility characteristics that is found in the urine of patients with MULTIPLE MYELOMA.
UI = D001536
Benchmarking
MS = Method of measuring performance against established standards of best practice.
UI = D019985
Bencyclane
MS = A vasodilator agent found to be effective in a variety of peripheral circulation disorders. It has various other potentially useful pharmacological effects. Its mechanism may involve block of calcium channels.
UI = D001537
Bender-Gestalt Test
MS = A psychological test consisting of nine geometric designs on cards. The subject is asked to redraw them from memory after each one is presented individually.
UI = D001538
Bendroflumethiazide
MS = A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLORTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810)
UI = D001539
Beneficence
MS = The state or quality of being kind, charitable, or beneficial. (from American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed). The ethical principle of BENEFICENCE requires producing net benefit over harm. (Bioethics Thesaurus)
UI = D026686
Benin
MS = A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER and between TOGO and NIGERIA. Its capital is Porto-Novo. It was formerly called Dahomey. In the 17th century it was a kingdom in the southern area of Africa. Coastal footholds were established by the French who deposed the ruler by 1892. It was made a French colony in 1894 and gained independence in 1960. Benin comes from the name of the indigenous inhabitants, the Bini, now more closely linked with southern Nigeria (Benin City, a town there). Bini may be related to the Arabic bani, sons. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p136, 310 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p60)
AN = a republic in western Africa; X ref DAHOMEY was its former name
UI = D001541
Benomyl
MS = A systemic agricultural fungicide used for control of certain fungal diseases of stone fruit.
UI = D001542
Benperidol
MS = A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)
UI = D001544
Benserazide
MS = An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.
UI = D001545
Bentonite
MS = A colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate that swells 12 times its dry size when added to water.
UI = D001546
Benzaldehydes
UI = D001547
Benzalkonium Compounds
MS = A mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium compounds. It is a bactericidal quaternary ammonium detergent used topically in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, as a surgical antiseptic, and as a as preservative and emulsifier in drugs and cosmetics.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D001548
Benzamides
MS = BENZOIC ACID amides.
UI = D001549
Benzamidines
MS = Amidines substituted with a benzene group. Benzamidine and its derivatives are known as peptidase inhibitors.
AN = peptidase inhib
UI = D001550
Benzanthracenes
MS = Generally, hydrocarbons in which a benzene and anthracene ring have a double bond in common. (Grant & Grant, Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D001551
Benzazepines
AN = a uricosuric
UI = D001552
Benzbromarone
MS = Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.
UI = D001553
Benzene
MS = Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide.
AN = do not confuse with BENZIL or BENZAL
UI = D001554
Benzene Derivatives
UI = D001555
Benzenesulfonates
MS = Organic salts and esters of benzenesulfonic acid.
UI = D001557
Benzethonium
MS = Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D001558
Benzhydryl Compounds
MS = Compounds which contain the methyl radical substituted with two benzene rings. Permitted are any substituents, but ring fusion to any of the benzene rings is not allowed.
AN = DF: BENZHYDRYL CPDS
UI = D001559
Benzidines
MS = Very toxic industrial chemicals. They are absorbed through the skin, causing lethal blood, bladder, liver, and kidney damage and are potent, broad-spectrum carcinogens in most species.
UI = D001560
Benzilates
UI = D001561
Benzimidazoles
UI = D001562
Benzo(a)pyrene
MS = A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.
AN = a mutagen & carcinogen; D25-26 qualif
UI = D001564
Benzoates
MS = Salts and esters of BENZOIC ACID that possess antibacterial and antifungal properties. They are used as preservatives in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and foods.
UI = D001565
Benzocaine
MS = A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along nerve fibers and at nerve endings.
UI = D001566
Benzocycloheptenes
UI = D001567
Benzodiazepines
MS = A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any H-isomer.
AN = do not confuse with BENZODIAZEPINONES; in ther of dis is likely to be ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS, BENZODIAZEPINE
UI = D001569
Benzodiazepinones
AN = do not confuse with BENZODIAZEPINES
UI = D001570
Benzoflavones
MS = Organic compounds containing a benzene ring attached to a flavone group. Some of these are potent arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitors. They may also inhibit the binding of nucleic acids to benzopyrenes and related compounds. The designatin includes all isomers; the 7,8-isomer is most frequently encountered.
AN = enzyme inhib
UI = D001571
Benzofurans
UI = D001572
Benzoic Acid
MS = A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.
AN = BENZOIC ACIDS is also available
UI = D019817
Benzoic Acids
MS = Acids, salts, and derivatives of BENZOIC ACID.
AN = BENZOIC ACID is also available
UI = D020185
Benzoin
MS = A white crystalline compound prepared by condensation of benzaldehyde in potassium cyanide and used in organic syntheses. This should not be confused with benzoin gum from
AN = D25-26 qualif; benzoin gum (NM) is also available
UI = D001573
Benzolamide
MS = Selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure.
UI = D001574
Benzomorphans
MS = Morphine derivatives of the methanobenzazocine family that act as potent analgesics.
AN = analgesics
UI = D001575
Benzophenoneidum
MS = An aniline dye used as a disinfectant and an antiseptic agent. It is weakly fluorescing and binds specifically to certain proteins.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D001576
Benzophenones
UI = D001577
Benzopyrans
MS = Compounds with a core of fused benzo-pyran rings.
AN = do not confuse with BENZOPYRENES
UI = D001578
Benzopyrene Hydroxylase
MS = A drug-metabolizing, cytochrome P-448 (P-450) enzyme which catalyzes the hydroxylation of benzopyrene to 3-hydroxybenzopyrene in the presence of reduced flavoprotein and molecular oxygen. Also acts on certain anthracene derivatives. An aspect of EC 1.14.14.1.
AN = a cytochrome
UI = D001579
Benzopyrenes
MS = A class of chemicals that contain an anthracene ring with a naphthalene ring attached to it.
AN = do not confuse with BENZOPYRANS
UI = D001580
Benzoquinones
MS = Benzene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.
UI = D016227
Benzothiadiazines
UI = D001581
Benzothiepins
UI = D001582
Benzoxazoles
AN = includes benzoxazolines, benzoxazolidines
UI = D001583
Benzoxepins
UI = D001584
Benzoyl Peroxide
MS = A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for burns and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of acne and poison ivy. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.
UI = D001585
Benzoylarginine Nitroanilide
MS = A chromogenic substrate that permits direct measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g., papain and trypsin, by colorimetry. The substrate liberates p-nitroaniline as a chromogenic product.
AN = DF: BAPA
UI = D001586
Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide
MS = An enzyme substrate which permits the measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g. trypsin and thrombin. The enzymes liberate 2-naphthylamine, which is measured by colorimetric procedures.
AN = DF: BANA
UI = D001587
Benzoylcholine
MS = The benzoic acid ester of choline.
UI = D001588
Benzphetamine
MS = A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222)
UI = D001589
Benztropine
MS = A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.
UI = D001590
Benzydamine
MS = An analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of rheumatic disease and inflammation of the mouth and throat.
UI = D001591
Benzyl Alcohol
MS = A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.
AN = BENZYL ALCOHOLS also available
UI = D019905
Benzyl Alcohols
MS = Alcohols derived from the aryl radical (C6H5CH2-) and defined by C6H5CHOH. The concept includes derivatives with any substituents on the benzene ring.
AN = BENZYL ALCOHOL also available
UI = D001592
Benzyl Compounds
AN = do not confuse with benzil; DF: BENZYL CPDS
UI = D001593
Benzyl Viologen
MS = 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator.
AN = an indicator
UI = D001594
Benzylamine Oxidase
MS = An aspect of monoamine oxidase, EC 1.4.3.4. Catalyzes the oxidation of benzylamine to form benzaldehyde, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide.
UI = D001595
Benzylamines
MS = Toluenes in which one hydrogen of the methyl group is substituted by an amino group. Permitted are any substituents on the benzene ring or the amino group.
UI = D001596
Benzylidene Compounds
MS = Compounds containing the PhCH= radical.
AN = = benzals; DF: BENZYLIDENE CPDS
UI = D001597
Bephenium Compounds
MS = Analogs or derivatives of bephenium (N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-phenoxyethyl)benzenemethanaminium).
AN = DF: BEPHENIUM CPDS
UI = D001598
Bepridil
MS = A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.
UI = D015764
Berberidaceae
MS = The Barberry plant family of the order Ranunculales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. The shrubs have spiny leaves.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028141
Berberine
MS = An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal.
UI = D001599
Berberine Alkaloids
MS = A group of related plant alkaloids that contain the BERBERINE heterocyclic ring structure.
UI = D001600
Berberis
MS = A plant genus in the family BERBERIDACEAE. The common names of Barberry or Oregon Grape are also used for MAHONIA. The similar-named Bayberry is the unrelated MYRICA. Oregon Grape was classified by Pursh as a Berberis but Nuttall claimed it is different enough to call it a new genus, MAHONIA. Botanists insist on this name while horticulturists stay with Mahonia. They are shrubs with yellow wood and usually three-branched spines at the base of leafstalks. Flowers are yellow, six-petaled and fruit is a berry with one to several seeds. Members contain BERBERINE.
AN = X ref BARBERRY: HOLLYLEAVED BARBERRY see MAHONIA is also available; BAYBERRY see MYRICA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028142
Bereavement
MS = Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness.
AN = human & animal; no qualif
UI = D001601
Beriberi
MS = A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in Japan, China, the Philippines, India, and other countries of southeast Asia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = caused by THIAMINE DEFICIENCY
UI = D001602
Berkelium
MS = Berkelium. A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Bk, atomic number 97, and atomic weight 247. Its valence can be +3 or +4. Twelve isotopes have been produced with mass numbers 240-251.
AN = man-made radioactive element; IM
UI = D001603
Berlin
AN = includes East or West Berlin; for historical or modern Berlin
UI = D001604
Bermuda
MS = A British colony in the western North Atlantic Ocean about 640 miles east southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. It comprises a group of about 300 islands of which only about 20 are inhabited. It is called also the Bermuda Islands or the Bermudas. It was named for the Spanish explorer Juan Bermudez who visited the islands in 1515. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p140 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p61)
AN = a British colony in the North Atlantic
UI = D001605
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
MS = A familial coagulation disorder characterized by a prolonged bleeding time, unusually large platelets, and impaired prothrombin consumption.
AN = a familial blood platelet disord
UI = D001606
Bertholletia
MS = A plant genus of the family Lecythidaceae which is the source of edible Brazil nuts.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031383
Berylliosis
MS = A lung disease caused by exposure to metallic beryllium or its soluble salts.
AN = pneumoconiosis from beryllium; do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
UI = D001607
Beryllium
MS = Beryllium. An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.
AN = Be-9; Be-6-8, 10, 11 = BERYLLIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM); /adv eff /tox permitted but /pois = BERYLLIOSIS
UI = D001608
beta 2-Microglobulin
MS = An 11 kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.
AN = /biosyn /physiol /blood permitted
UI = D001613
beta Carotene
MS = A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. It is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC). (From Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Engewood, CO, 1995.)
UI = D019207
beta Karyopherins
MS = Nucleocytoplasmic transport molecules that bind to ALPHA KARYOPHERINS in the CYTOSOL and are involved in transport of molecules through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Once inside the CELL NUCLEUS beta karyopherins interact with RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN and dissociate from alpha karyopherins. Beta karyopherins bound to RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN are then re-transported to the cytoplasm where hydrolysis of the GTP of RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN causes release of karyopherin beta.
UI = D028961
beta Proteobacteria
MS = A group of proteobacteria which generally derives nutrients from decomposition of organic material under anaerobic conditions.
AN = DF: BETA PROTEOBACT
UI = D020562
Beta Rays
MS = A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes.
AN = NIM
UI = D001610
Beta Rhythm
MS = Brain waves with frequency greater than 13 Hz seen on EEG during wakefulness.
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted
UI = D001611
Beta vulgaris
MS = A species of the Beta genus. Cultivars are used as a source of beets (root) or chard (leaves).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027461
beta-Alanine
MS = An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported.
UI = D015091
beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea
MS = A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.
UI = D000338
beta-Amylase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages in starch, glycogen, and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides so as to remove successive beta-maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains. EC 3.2.1.2.
UI = D001614
beta-Crystallin A Chain
MS = The acidic subunit of beta-crystallins.
UI = D038205
beta-Crystallin B Chain
MS = The basic subunit of beta-crystallins.
UI = D038206
beta-Crystallins
MS = A class of crystallins that provides refractive power and translucency to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) in VERTEBRATES. Beta-crystallins are similar in structure to GAMMA-CRYSTALLINS in that they both contain Greek key motifs. Beta-crystallins exist as oligomers formed from acidic (BETA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN) and basic (BETA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN) subunits.
UI = D038204
beta-Defensins
MS = DEFENSINS found mainly in epithelial cells.
UI = D023083
beta-Endorphin
MS = A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone BETA-LIPOTROPIN. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with METHIONINE- and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone.
AN = a neurotransmitter; do not confuse with BETA-NEO-ENDORPHIN; ALPHA-ENDORPHIN & GAMMA-ENDORPHIN are also available; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D001615
beta-Galactosidase
MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS GM1.
AN = /defic: consider also LACTOSE INTOLERANCE and GANGLIODISOSIS GM1
UI = D001616
Beta-Globulins
MS = Serum proteins with an electrophoretic mobility that falls between ALPHA-GLOBULINS and GAMMA-GLOBULINS.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with beta 2 A-globulin or beta 2 M-globulin ( = BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN)
UI = D001609
beta-Glucosidase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing residues in beta-D-glucosides with release of beta-glucose. EC 3.2.1.21.
UI = D001617
beta-Lactam Resistance
MS = Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of the beta-lactam antibiotics (ANTIBIOTICS, LACTAM). Mechanisms responsible for beta-lactam resistance may be degradation of antibiotics by BETA-LACTAMASES, failure of antibiotics to penetrate, or low-affinity binding of antibiotics to targets.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018440
beta-Lactamases
MS = Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6.
UI = D001618
beta-MSH
MS = A peptide hormone that consists of 22 amino acids. It is derived from PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN and has natriuretic activity.
UI = D019824
beta-N-Acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to a specific glycoprotein receptor, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucosyl-glycopeptide, during glycopeptide synthesis. EC 2.4.1.38.
UI = D006022
beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase
MS = An enzyme hydrolyzing terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminides. It acts on glucosides, galactosides, and several oligosaccharides. Hexosaminidase A cleaves GM2, GA2, globosides, and hexosamine oligosaccharides. Deficiency of this isoenzyme causes TAY-SACHS DISEASE. Hexosaminidase B cleaves all the above substrates except GM2. A deficiency of both A and B causes SANDHOFF DISEASE. The enzyme has also been used as a tumor marker to distinguish between malignant and benign disease. EC 3.2.1.52.
AN = do not confuse with ACETYLGLUCOSAMINIDASE; defic/ consider also TAY SACHS DISEASE and SANDHOFF DISEASE; coord with ISOENZYMES if discussed
UI = D001619
beta-Naphthoflavone
MS = A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308)
UI = D019324
beta-Thalassemia
MS = A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.
AN = one of the congen hemolytic anemias; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D017086
beta-Thromboglobulin
MS = A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, pre-eclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: BETA TG
UI = D001620
beta-Tocopherol
MS = A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than alpha-tocopherol. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.
AN = /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY (IM)
UI = D024503
Betaherpesvirinae
MS = A subfamily of HERPESVIRIDAE characterized by a relatively long replication cycle. Genera include: CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, MUROMEGALOVIRUS, and ROSEOLOVIRUS.
AN = infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018141
Betahistine
MS = A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in Meniere's disease and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.
UI = D001621
Betaine
MS = A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)
UI = D001622
Betamethasone
MS = A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)
UI = D001623
Betamethasone 17-Valerate
MS = 9-Fluoro-11 beta,17,21-trihydroxy-16 beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione-17-valerate. A synthetic glucocorticoid with high topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.
AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent
UI = D001624
Betaretrovirus
MS = A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of viruses with either type B or type D morphology. This includes a few exogenous, vertically transmitted and endogenous viruses of mice (type B) and some primate and sheep viruses (type D). MAMMARY TUMOR VIRUS, MOUSE is the type species.
AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D030121
Betaxolol
MS = A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity.
UI = D015784
Betazole
MS = A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.
UI = D001625
Bethanechol
MS = A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, cardiac rate changes, and bronchial spasms.
UI = D018723
Bethanechol Compounds
AN = ammonium cpds; BETHANECHOL is available; DF: BETHANECHOL CPDS
UI = D001626
Bethanidine
MS = A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.
UI = D001627
Betula
MS = A plant genus of the family BETULACEAE. The tree has smooth, resinous, varicolored or white bark, marked by horizontal pores (lenticels), which usually peels horizontally in thin sheets.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029662
Betulaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Fagales, subclass Hamamelidae, class Magnoliopsida. They have simple, serrate, alternate leaves. Male flowers are borne in long, pendulous catkins; the female in shorter, pendulous or erect catkins. The fruit is usually a small nut or a short-winged samara.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029401
Beverages
MS = Liquids that are suitable for drinking. (From Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)
AN = orange & grapefruit juices: coord IM with CITRUS FRUITS (IM); ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES & specifics & CARBONATED BEVERAGES are also available
UI = D001628
Bezafibrate
MS = Antilipemic agent that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides. It decreases low density lipoproteins and increases high density lipoproteins.
UI = D001629
Bezoars
MS = Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.
AN = concretions from ingested foreign matter; coord IM with organ (IM), not organ/dis: Manual 21.39
UI = D001630
Bhutan
MS = A kingdom in the eastern Himalayas on the northeast border of India, bounded on the north by Tibet, on the east by Assam, on the south by Assam and West Bengal, and on the west by Sikkim and Tibet. From 1720 to 1970 it was under Chinese or Indian domination. In 1971 it became a member of the United Nations. The name comes from the Sanskrit bhota, the name for Tibet, + anta, end, with reference to its location at the southern extremity of Tibet. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p144 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p64)
AN = a kingdom in the eastern Himalayas
UI = D001631
Bias (Epidemiology)
MS = Any deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation. Bias can result from several sources: one-sided or systematic variations in measurement from the true value (systematic error); flaws in study design; deviation of inferences, interpretations, or analyses based on flawed data or data collection; etc. There is no sense of prejudice or subjectivity implied in the assessment of bias under these conditions.
AN = do not use for "bias" as prejudice or subjectivity ( = PREJUDICE); IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM), not /etiol; specify geog if pertinent; DF: BIAS
UI = D015982
Bibenzyls
UI = D001632
Bible
MS = The book composed of writings generally accepted by Christians as inspired by God and of divine authority. (Webster, 3d ed)
AN = no qualif; Old and New Testament only: does not include Koran (index under ISLAM + specific aspect discussed in article); includes Talmud CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D001633
Bibliography
MS = A list of works, documents or other publications, usually with some relationship between them, e.g., by a given author, on a given subject, or published in a given place, and differing from a catalog in that its contents are restricted to holdings of a single collection, library, or group of libraries. (The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
AN = IM for bibliog as a subject: do not confuse with Publication Type BIBLIOGRAPHY; for bibliog on specific subject, index under subject (IM) + BIBLIOGRAPHY (PT); no qualif; policy: Manual 17.4.+, 33.4-33.9, 36.22; TN 121: differentiate from LITERATURE; med bibliog: see note on BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MEDICINE; lists of books: consider also BOOK SELECTION; DF: BIBLIOGR
UI = D001634
Bibliography of Medicine
MS = A list of works, documents, and other publications on medical subjects and topics of interest to the field of medicine.
AN = IM for bibliog of med as a subject; do not use for specific medical subjects: use BIBLIOGRAPHY instead but see note there; no qualif; Manual 33.9; DF: BIBLIOG MED or BIBLIOGR MED
UI = D001635
Bibliography [Publication Type]
MS = A work consisting of a list of books, articles, documents, publications, and other items, usually on a single subject or related subjects.
AN = publication type only; for bibliography as a subject, index under main heading BIBLIOGRAPHY; Manual 33.4-33.9
UI = D016417
Bibliography, Descriptive
MS = The area of bibliography which makes known precisely the material conditions of books, i.e., the full name of the author, the exact title of the work, the date and place of publication, the publisher's and printer's names, the format, the pagination, typographical particulars, illustrations, and the price, and for old books, other characteristics such as the kind of paper, binding, etc. It is also called analytical bibliography and physical bibliography. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)
AN = cataloging term; no qualif; DF: BIBLIOG DESCRIPTIVE or BIBLIOGR DESCRIPTIVE
UI = D001636
Bibliography, National
MS = A bibliography which lists all the books and other publications published, or distributed in significant quantity, in a particular country. Sometimes the term is used with respect to the new publications published within a specific period, and sometimes with respect to all those published within a lengthy period of many years. It is also used to indicate a bibliogrpaphy of publications about a country (whether written by its nationals or not) and those written in the language of the country as well as those published in it. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)
AN = cataloging term: no qualif; DF: BIBLIOG NATIONAL or BIBLIOGR NATIONAL
UI = D001637
Bibliometrics
MS = The use of statistical methods in the analysis of a body of literature to reveal the historical development of subject fields and patterns of authorship, publication, and use. Formerly called statistical bibliography. (from The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
AN = IM; coord with subject (IM); med bibliometrics: do not coordinate with MEDICINE
UI = D015706
Bibliotherapy
MS = A form of supportive psychotherapy in which the patient is given carefully selected material to read.
AN = a psychother technique; DF: BIBLIOTHER
UI = D001638
Bicarbonates
MS = Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.
UI = D001639
Bicuculline
MS = Isoquinoline alkaloid from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants that is a competitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus causes convulsions.
UI = D001640
Bicuspid
MS = One of the eight permanent teeth, two on either side in each jaw, between the canines (CUSPID) and the molars (MOLAR), serving for grinding and crushing food. The upper have two cusps (bicuspid) but the lower have one to three. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p822)
AN = between the canine & molar teeth; NIM when merely locational
UI = D001641
Bicycling
MS = The use of a bicycle for transportation or recreation. It does not include the use of a bicycle in studying the body's response to physical exertion (BICYCLE ERGOMETRY TEST see EXERCISE TEST).
AN = for transport or recreation: not for test of phys exertion ( = probably BICYCLE ERGOMETRY TEST see EXERCISE TEST); /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1
UI = D001642
Bicyclo Compounds
AN = DF: BICYCLO CPDS
UI = D001643
Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic
MS = A class of saturated compounds consisting of two rings only, having two or more atoms in common, containing at least one hetero atom, and that take the name of an open chain hydrocarbon containing the same total number of atoms. (From Riguady et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979, p31)
AN = DF: BICYCLO CPDS HETEROCYCLIC
UI = D019086
Bidens
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain bidensyneosides (polyacetylene glucosides).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031176
Bifidobacteriales Infections
MS = Infections with BACTERIA of the order Bifidobacteriales. This includes infections in the genera BIFIDOBACTERIA and GARDNERELLA, in the family Bifidobacteriaceae.
UI = D039941
Bifidobacterium
MS = A rod-shaped, gram-positive, non-acid-fast, non-spore-forming, non-motile bacterium that is a genus of the family Bifidobacteriaceae, order Bifidobacteriales, class ACTINOBACTERIA. It inhabits the intestines and feces of humans as well as the human vagina.
AN = infection: coord IM with BIFIDOBACTERIALES INFECTIONS (IM); DF: BIFIDOBACT
UI = D001644
Bignoniaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Scrophulariales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is characterized by oppositely paired, usually compound leaves and bell- or funnel-shaped, bisexual flowers having a five-lobed calyx and corolla.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029402
Biguanides
UI = D001645
Bile
MS = An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.
AN = stasis = CHOLESTASIS; drugs stimulating or increasing flow of bile = CHOLAGOGUES AND CHOLERETICS
UI = D001646
Bile Acids and Salts
MS = Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: BILE ACIDS
UI = D001647
Bile Canaliculi
MS = Minute intercellular channels that occur between liver cells and carry bile towards interlobar bile ducts. Also called bile capillaries.
AN = also called "bile capillaries"
UI = D001648
Bile Duct Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = CHOLANGITIS; calculi = CHOLELITHIASIS (IM) + BILE DUCT DISEASES (NIM) or specific bile duct (IM)
UI = D001649
Bile Duct Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.
AN = coord IM with specific bile duct (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D001650
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic
MS = Impairment of bile flow through the hepatic, cystic, or common bile ducts or Vater's ampulla. This is sometimes called surgical jaundice.
AN = coord IM with specific bile duct (IM) or specific precoord bile duct dis (IM)
UI = D001651
Bile Ducts
AN = /abnorm: BILIARY ATRESIA is also available; inflammation = CHOLANGITIS; calculi = CHOLELITHIASIS (IM) + BILE DUCT DISEASES (NIM)
UI = D001652
Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic
MS = Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the COMMON BILE DUCT and the common hepatic duct (HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON).
AN = do not confuse with BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; do not confuse with HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON, the external junction of right & left hepatic ducts; diseases: coord IM with BILE DUCT DISEASES (IM) but note BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION, EXTRAHEPATIC; neopl: coord IM with BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS (IM); inflammation: coord IM with CHOLANGITIS (IM)
UI = D017734
Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic
MS = Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
AN = do not confuse with BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC; do not confuse with HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON, the external junction of right & left hepatic ducts; diseases: coord IM with BILE DUCT DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS (IM); inflammation: coord IM with CHOLANGITIS (IM); BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION, INTRAHEPATIC see CHOLESTASIS, INTRAHEPATIC is also available
UI = D001653
Bile Pigments
MS = Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: BILIRUBIN, BILIVERDINE, and bilicyanin.
UI = D001654
Bile Reflux
MS = Reflux of bile mainly into the upper digestive tract, but also into the pancreas.
AN = note category
UI = D001655
Biliary Atresia
MS = Atresia of the biliary tract, most commonly of the extrahepatic bile ducts.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D001656
Biliary Dyskinesia
UI = D001657
Biliary Fistula
MS = Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.
AN = GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific precoord biliary tract/dis heading (IM); fistula policy: Manual 23.19+
UI = D001658
Biliary Tract
MS = The gallbladder and its ducts.
AN = /abnorm: BILIARY ATRESIA is also available; /radiogr permitted but CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY for gallbladder x-ray & CHOLANGIOGRAPHY for bile duct x-ray are available; calculi = CHOLELITHIASIS; empyema = EMPYEMA, GALLBLADDER see CHOLECYSTITIS or EMPYEMA (IM) + BILIARY TRACT DISEASES (IM) if not of gallbladder; inflammation = CHOLECYSTITIS or CHOLANGITIS
UI = D001659
Biliary Tract Diseases
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; BILIARY ATRESIA is also available; biliary empyema = EMPYEMA (IM) + BILIARY TRACT DISEASES (IM) or if of gallbladder, EMPYEMA, GALLBLADDER see CHOLECYSTITIS; inflamm dis = CHOLECYSTITIS or CHOLANGITIS; calculi= CHOLELITHIASIS
UI = D001660
Biliary Tract Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the biliary tract.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D001661
Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures
MS = Any surgical procedure performed on the biliary tract.
AN = GEN only: prefer specific organ with /surg or specific biliary surg technique; do not use /util except by MeSH definition.
UI = D001662
Biliopancreatic Diversion
MS = A surgical procedure which diverts pancreatobiliary secretions via the duodenum and the jejunum into the colon, the remaining small intestine being anastomosed to the stomach after antrectomy. The procedure produces less diarrhea than does jejunoileal bypass.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D015904
Bilirubin
MS = A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.
AN = BILIRUBIN ENCEPHALOPATHY see KERNICTERUS is available
UI = D001663
Biliverdine
MS = 1,3,6,7-Tetramethyl-4,5-dicarboxyethyl-2,8-divinylbilenone. Biosynthesized from hemoglobin as a precursor of bilirubin. Occurs in the bile of amphibia and of birds, but not in normal human bile or serum.
AN = a bile pigment in amphibia & birds but not in normal human bile; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D001664
Binding Sites
MS = The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
AN = NIM; note category; restrict to site of binding: do not use as substitute for chem or metab mechanism of binding; do not coord with RECEPTORS terms unless the site of binding is particularly discussed
UI = D001665
Binding Sites, Antibody
MS = Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens. They are formed from parts of the variable regions of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin.
UI = D001666
Binding, Competitive
UI = D001667
Binomial Distribution
MS = The probability distribution associated with two mutually exclusive outcomes; used to model cumulative incidence rates and prevalence rates. The Bernoulli distribution is a special case of binomial distribution.
AN = IM GEN only, coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D016010
Bioartificial Organs
MS = Artificial organs that are composites of biomaterials and cells. The biomaterial can act as a membrane (container) as in BIOARTIFICIAL LIVER or a scaffold as in bioartificial skin.
UI = D021522
Biobibliography
MS = A biography which includes a list of the writings of the subject person.
AN = IM for biobibliog as a subject; for biobibliog of a biographee coord NIM + BIOBIBLIOGRAPHY (PT); no qualif; DF: BIOBIBLIOG or BIOBIBLIOGR
UI = D001668
Biobibliography [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of biographical information as well as lists of the writings of those persons.
UI = D020467
Biochemical Phenomena
MS = Biochemical functions, activities, and processes at organic and molecular levels in humans, animals, microorganisms, and plants.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA is also available; DF: BIOCHEM PHENOMENA
UI = D001669
Biochemical Phenomena, Metabolism, and Nutrition
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D001670
Biochemistry
AN = SPEC only: do not use as NIM coord for chemistry of biol matter
UI = D001671
Biocompatible Materials
MS = Synthetic or natural materials, other than drugs, that are used to replace or repair any body tissue or bodily function.
UI = D001672
Biodegradation
MS = The series of processes by which living organisms degrade pollutant chemicals, organic wastes, pesticides, and implantable materials.
AN = NIM when specific substance is IM; do not confuse with BIOTRANSFORMATION: see note there
UI = D001673
Bioelectric Energy Sources
MS = Implantable devices which convert biological energy (chemical energy of the metabolism of continuously regenerating body fluids or mechanical energy of periodic movements) to electrical energy. The sources include biogalvanic cells, biofuel cells, and ionic concentration cells.
AN = includes biofuels, ionic concentration cells, biogalvanic cells, etc.
UI = D001674
Bioethical Issues
MS = Clusters of topics that fall within the domain of BIOETHICS, the field of study concerned with value questions that arise in biomedicine and health care delivery.
AN = used for discussions of several specific issues that fall within the domain of BIOETHICS but not for discussions of the field or discipline as such; BIOETHICS is available for the specialty and BIOETHICISTS see ETHICISTS is available for the person
UI = D026688
Bioethics
MS = A branch of applied ethics that studies the value implications of practices and developments in life sciences, medicine, and health care.
AN = SPEC only; for issues in bioethics use BIOETHICAL ISSUES or its specifics; ETHICISTS is also available
UI = D001675
Biofeedback (Psychology)
MS = Process by which a person uses biofeedback information to gain voluntary control over processes or functions which are primarily under autonomic control. It is used in experimental or treatment settings with human subjects. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Terms, 8th ed)
AN = differentiate from FEEDBACK as a physiol concept (G) & as an information concept (L); DF: BIOFEEDBACK
UI = D001676
Biofilms
MS = Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics.
AN = films of multilayers of bacteria or other micro-organism on polymers, usually implanted med devices; bacteria-named biofilms: coord IM with specific bacterium (IM) with no qualif, as Pseudomonas biofilm = PSEUDOMONAS (IM) + BIOFILMS (IM); biofilm formation, production, generation, deposition: coord BIOFILMS /growth (IM) + specific micro-organism /physiol (IM); occurrence of biofilms on prostheses or other devices: coord IM with specific device (IM); infection of prostheses by biofilms: coord BIOFILMS (IM) with specific prosthesis (IM) + PROSTHESIS-RELATED INFECTIONS (IM) + specific infection (IM)
UI = D018441
Bioflavonoids
AN = note X ref
UI = D001677
Biogenesis
MS = The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is EVOLUTION.
AN = see scope note; not for biogenesis of substances, organs, cells or subcellular elements
UI = D001678
Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters
MS = Biogenic amines released by neurons as intercellular messengers. The biogenic amines norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine, and serotonin are neurotransmitters in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BIOGENIC AMINE NEUROTRANSM
UI = D018379
Biogenic Amines
MS = A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology.
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specific biogenic amine group term or specific biogenic amine indented under each
UI = D001679
Biogenic Monoamines
MS = Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D015306
Biogenic Polyamines
MS = Biogenic amines having more than one amine group. These are long-chain aliphatic compounds that contain multiple amino and/or imino groups. Because of the linear arrangement of positive charge on these molecules, polyamines bind electrostatically to ribosomes, DNA, and RNA.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D015317
Biography
MS = A written account of a person's life and the branch of literature concerned with the lives of people. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)
AN = biog as a subject, not for biogs of persons: Manual 32.10; do not confuse with Publication Type BIOGRAPHY (Manual 17.17+); IM; no qualif; memoirs as a subject go here or under AUTOBIOGRAPHY if pertinent; DF: BIOG or BIOGR
UI = D001680
Biography [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of an account of the events, works, and achievements, personal and professional, during a person's life. It includes articles on the activities and accomplishments of living persons as well as the presentation of an obituary.
AN = publication type only; for living or dead biographees, now combining former citation & publication types HISTORICAL BIOGRAPHY & CURRENT BIOG-OBIT (Manual 32.16+, 32.17+); obituaries go here; for biog as a subject, index under main heading BIOGRAPHY; check appropriate hist tags; add also HISTORICAL ARTICLE [PUBLICATION TYPE]
UI = D019215
Biolistics
MS = Techniques where DNA is delivered directly into organelles at high speed using projectiles coated with nucleic acid, shot from a helium-powered gun (gene gun). One of these techniques involves immunization by DNA VACCINES, which delivers DNA-coated gold beads to the epidermis.
AN = DNA delivery directly into organelles at high speed: from "biological ballistic"
UI = D019470
Biological Assay
MS = A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.
AN = assays using living-matter intermediate; check text: not all "bioassays" are MeSH term BIOLOGICAL ASSAY; Manual 22.27; DF: BIOL ASSAY
UI = D001681
Biological Availability
MS = The extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action.
AN = NIM with specific drug /pharmacokin (IM); no qualif; DF: BIOL AVAILABILITY
UI = D001682
Biological Clocks
MS = The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena in plants and animals.
AN = IM; DF: BIOL CLOCKS
UI = D001683
Biological Dressings
MS = Human or animal tissue used as temporary wound coverings.
AN = "human or animal tissue used as temporary wound covering"; do not specify source unless especially discussed & do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HETEROLOGOUS; note X refs below; DF: BIOL DRESSINGS
UI = D001684
Biological Factors
MS = Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities.
AN = "cpds made by living organisms": differentiate from BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS which are manufactured & usually used in ther; DF: BIOL FACTORS
UI = D001685
Biological Markers
MS = Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
AN = usually NIM; IM GEN only; coord with specific substance (IM) if pertinent; markers in genetics = probably GENETIC MARKERS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL is also available; DF: BIOL MARKERS
UI = D015415
Biological Phenomena
MS = Biological functions and activities at the organic and molecular levels in humans, animals, microorganisms, and plants. For biochemical and metabolic processes, BIOCHEMICAL PHENOMENA is available.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; BIOCHEMICAL PHENOMENA is also available
UI = D001686
Biological Phenomena, Cell Phenomena, and Immunity
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D001687
Biological Products
MS = Complex pharmaceutical substances, preparations, or agents of organic origin, usually obtained by biological methods or assay, that depend for their action on the processes affecting immunity. They are used especially in diagnosis and treatment of disease (as vaccines or pollen extracts). Biological products are differentiated from BIOLOGICAL FACTORS in that the latter are compounds with biological or physiological activity made by living organisms. (From Webster's 3d ed)
AN = manufactured products: differentiate from BIOLOGICAL FACTORS, natural substances; includes sera, vaccines, antitoxins, tissue & hormonal prep; /ther use of sera, vaccines & antitoxins: coord with disease /ther, not /drug ther; /ther use of tissue & hormonal prep: coord with disease /ther, not /drug ther; DF: BIOL PRODUCTS
UI = D001688
Biological Psychiatry
MS = An interdisciplinary science concerned with studies of the biological bases of behavior - biochemical, genetic, physiological, and neurological - and applying these to the understanding and treatment of mental illness.
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; DF: BIOL PSYCHIATRY
UI = D001689
Biological Response Modifiers
MS = Biological or synthetic agents that are capable of eliciting specific and/or non-specific effects on immune responsiveness, thereby ultimately leading to an improvement in overall health of the patient. These agents can be further subcategorized into those that facilitate a normal immune response, those that stimulate the immune response, those that are capable of inducing noncytotoxic immunosuppression, and those that increase the ability of the host to tolerate damage by the cytotoxic modalities of the treatment.
AN = biol or synthetic; /ther use; coord IM with disease /drug ther (IM) + specific chemical /ther use (IM)
UI = D015545
Biological Sciences
MS = All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from BIOLOGY, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms.
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; do not confuse with BIOLOGY; DF: BIOL SCIENCES
UI = D001690
Biological Specimen Banks
MS = Facilities that collect, store, and distribute tissues, e.g., cell lines, microorganisms, blood, sperm, milk, breast tissue, for use by others. Other uses may include transplantation and comparison of diseased tissues in the identification of cancer.
AN = human or animal material; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) goes here; DF: BIOL SPECIMEN BANKS
UI = D018070
Biological Therapy
MS = Treatment of disease by the administration of substances which produce a biological reaction in the organism. It includes the use of sera, antitoxins, vaccines, cells, tissues, and organs. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BIOL THER
UI = D001691
Biological Transport
MS = The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.
AN = almost never IM; coord NIM with endogenous substance /metab (IM) or exogenous substance /pharmacokin (IM); DF: BIOL TRANSPORT
UI = D001692
Biological Transport, Active
MS = The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.
AN = almost never IM; coord with endogenous substance /metab (IM) or exogenous substance /pharmacokin (IM); DF: BIOL TRANSPORT ACTIVE
UI = D001693
Biological Warfare
MS = Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants.
AN = DF: BIOL WARFARE
UI = D001694
Biology
MS = One of the biological sciences concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms.
AN = SPEC; do not confuse with BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES which includes all the life sciences; DF: BIOL
UI = D001695
Biomass
MS = Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.
AN = any living micro- or macro-organism; no qualif
UI = D018533
Biomechanics
MS = The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures.
AN = usually NIM
UI = D001696
Biomedical and Dental Materials
MS = Substances used in biomedicine or dentistry predominantly for their physical, as opposed to chemical, properties.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
UI = D001697
Biomedical Engineering
MS = Application of principles and practices of engineering science to biomedical research and health care.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: BIOMED ENGINEERING
UI = D001698
Biomedical Enhancement
MS = The use of technology-based interventions to improve functional capacities rather than to treat disease.
UI = D024803
Biomedical Research
MS = Research that involves the application of the natural sciences, especially biology and physiology, to medicine. (from American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed)
AN = biomedical research as a field or the progress or status of biomedical research; do not add routinely for specific studies in biomedicine; do not coord with MEDICINE: Manual 29.16; for Clinical Research, CLINICAL TRIALS (see note there) and HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION are also available
UI = D035843
Biomedical Technology
MS = The application of technology to the solution of medical problems.
AN = very general - application of technology to medical problems
UI = D020811
Biometry
MS = The use of statistical methods to analyze biological observations and phenomena.
UI = D001699
Biomimetic Materials
MS = Materials fabricated by BIOMIMETICS techniques, i.e., based on natural processes found in biological systems.
AN = do not confuse with BIOMATERIALS see BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS
UI = D040761
Biomimetics
MS = An interdisciplinary field in materials science, ENGINEERING, and BIOLOGY, studying the use of biological principles for synthesis or fabrication of BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS.
AN = BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS is also available
UI = D032701
Biomphalaria
MS = A genus of planorbid freshwater snails, species of which are intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni.
AN = freshwater snail; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D001700
Bionics
MS = The study of systems, particularly electronic systems, which function after the manner of, in a manner characteristic of, or resembling living systems. Also, the science of applying biological techniques and principles to the design of electronic systems.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; no qualif when NIM coord
UI = D001701
Biopharmaceutics
MS = The study of the physical and chemical properties of a drug and its dosage form as related to the onset, duration, and intensity of its action.
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; IM general only; NIM with no qualif, with specific drug /pharmacokin (IM); DF: BIOPHARM
UI = D001702
Biophysics
AN = principles of physics applied to human or animal biology; SPEC qualif as IM; no qualif when NIM coord; Manual 29.11
UI = D001703
Biopolymers
MS = Polymers, such as proteins, DNA, RNA, or polysaccharides formed by any living organism.
AN = IM GEN only
UI = D001704
Bioprosthesis
MS = Prosthesis, usually heart valve, composed of biological material and whose durability depends upon the stability of the material after pretreatment, rather than regeneration by host cell ingrowth. Durability is achieved 1) mechanically by the interposition of a cloth, usually polytetrafluoroethylene, between the host and the graft, and 2) chemically by stabilization of the tissue by intermolecular linking, usually with glutaraldehyde, after removal of antigenic components, or the use of reconstituted and restructured biopolymers.
AN = IM; coord IM with specific prosth term (IM), as BIOPROSTHESIS + HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS; do not specify source of biol material unless especially discussed & do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HETEROLOGOUS; note X refs below
UI = D001705
Biopsy
MS = Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
AN = IM GEN only; NIM with specific organ /pathol (IM) + dis /pathol (IM); coord with specific technique if appropriate
UI = D001706
Biopsy, Needle
MS = Removal and examination of tissue obtained through a transdermal needle inserted into the specific region, organ, or tissue being analyzed.
AN = NIM with specific organ /pathol (IM) + dis /pathol (IM);
UI = D001707
Biopterin
MS = A natural product that has been considered as a growth factor for some insects.
AN = a coenzyme & growth substance for some insects; /defic /physiol permitted
UI = D001708
Bioreactors
MS = Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen.
AN = for generating products from biol systems
UI = D019149
Biosensing Techniques
MS = Any of a variety of procedures which use biomolecular probes to measure the presence or concentration of biological molecules, biological structures, microorganisms, etc., by translating a biochemical interaction at the probe surface into a quantifiable physical signal.
UI = D015374
Biotechnology
MS = Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: BIOTECHNOL
UI = D001709
Bioterrorism
MS = The use of biological agents in TERRORISM. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants.
UI = D023482
Biotin
MS = A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.
AN = /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther
UI = D001710
Biotinidase Deficiency
MS = The late onset form of MULTIPLE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY (deficiency of the activities of biotin-dependent enzymes propionyl-CoA carboxylase, methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, and PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE) due to a defect or deficiency in biotinidase which is essential for recycling BIOTIN.
UI = D028921
Biotinylation
MS = Incorporation of biotinyl groups into molecules.
UI = D019921
Biotransformation
MS = The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either non-synthetic (OXIDATION-REDUCTION; HYDROLYSIS) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, ACETYLATION; METHYLATION). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance.
AN = restrict to chem changes of exogenous substances; IM general only; NIM with specific drug /pharmacokin (IM); or /metab (for microorganisms); do not confuse with BIODEGRADATION: reduction of "pollutant chemicals, organic wastes, pesticides & implantable materials"; note X ref; "inactivating biotransformation" = METABOLIC DETOXICATION, DRUG
UI = D001711
Biperiden
MS = A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.
UI = D001712
Biphenyl Compounds
AN = DF: BIPHENYL CPDS
UI = D001713
Bipolar Disorder
MS = A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
UI = D001714
Bird Diseases
MS = Diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. The concept is differentiated from POULTRY DISEASES which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc.
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific bird dis (IM); coord IM with specific bird (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under BIRDS /abnorm or BIRDS /inj; don't forget also BIRDS (NIM) if no specific bird is indexed; also check tag ANIMAL; differentiate from POULTRY DISEASES on basis of distinction between BIRDS & POULTRY shown under BIRDS; DF: BIRD DIS
UI = D001715
Bird Fancier's Lung
MS = A respiratory disorder due to an acquired hypersensitivity to the dust of bird droppings.
AN = resp hypersensitivity to dust of bird droppings
UI = D001716
Birds
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted; differentiate from POULTRY: "birds" in barnyard, hatchery, butcher shop = POULTRY, "birds" in zoos, parks, forests, pet shops = BIRDS
UI = D001717
Birefringence
MS = The property of nonisotropic media, such as crystals, whereby a single incident beam of light traverses the medium as two beams, each plane-polarized, the planes being at right angles to each other. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
AN = a principle of optics; NIM; no qualif
UI = D001718
Birnaviridae
MS = A family of bisegmented, double-stranded RNA viruses causing infection in fish, mollusks, fowl, and Drosophila. There are three genera: AQUABIRNAVIRUS; AVIBIRNAVIRUS; and ENTOMOBIRNAVIRUS. Horizontal and vertical transmission occurs for all viruses.
AN = a family of RNA viruses; from BIsegmental RNA viruses; infection = BIRNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
UI = D018059
Birnaviridae Infections
MS = Virus diseases caused by the BIRNAVIRIDAE.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018175
Birth Certificates
MS = Official certifications by a physician recording the individual's birth date, place of birth, parentage and other required identifying data which are filed with the local registrar of vital statistics.
AN = IM
UI = D001719
Birth Injuries
MS = Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: BIRTH INJ
UI = D001720
Birth Intervals
MS = Interval between onset of sexual relations by a woman and the birth of her first child and intervals between successive births. This includes use of family planning to control birth intervals.
AN = no qualif; may be used in physiol or family planning context
UI = D001721
Birth Order
MS = The sequence in which children are born into the family.
AN = IM
UI = D001722
Birth Rate
MS = The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time.
AN = /ethnol permitted; specify geog
UI = D001723
Birth Weight
AN = IM
UI = D001724
Birthing Centers
MS = Free-standing facilities that provide prenatal, childbirth, and postnatal care and usually incorporate family-centered maternity care concepts and practices.
AN = note X ref BIRTHING CENTERS, FREE-STANDING: do not confuse with BIRTHING CENTERS, HOSPITAL see DELIVERY ROOMS; check also tags PREGNANCY & INFANT, NEWBORN
UI = D016550
Bis(4-Methyl-1-Homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide
MS = An inhibitor of the last step of noradrenaline biosynthesis.
UI = D005406
Bis(Chloromethyl) Ether
MS = A substance that is an irritant to the eyes and respiratory tract and may be carcinogenic.
UI = D001725
Bisacodyl
MS = A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of constipation and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)
UI = D001726
Bisbenzimide
MS = A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.
UI = D006690
Bisexuality
MS = Sexual attraction or relationship between members of the same and opposite sex.
AN = note category: do not confuse with HERMAPHRODITISM, an endocrine dis
UI = D001727
Bismuth
MS = A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98.
AN = Bi-209; Bi-199-208, 210-215 = BISMUTH (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D001729
Bison
MS = A genus of the family Bovidae having two species: B. bison and B. bonasus. This concept is differentiated from BUFFALOES, which refers to Bubalus arnee and Syncerus caffer.
AN = do not confuse with BUFFALOES but note X ref; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D016164
Bisoprolol
MS = A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.
UI = D017298
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate
MS = The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.
UI = D017438
Bisphosphoglycerate Mutase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from C-3 of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to C-2 of 3-phosphoglycerate, forming 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. EC 5.4.2.4.
UI = D001731
Bite Force
MS = The force applied by the masticatory muscles in dental occlusion.
AN = note category; no qualif
UI = D001732
Bites and Stings
AN = snake bites = SNAKE BITES; spider bites = ARACHNIDISM; tick bites = TICKS (IM) + BITES AND STINGS (IM) (not TICK TOXICOSES unless paralysis or toxicosis results); coord IM with biter (IM); INSECT BITES AND STINGS is also available; DF: BITES
UI = D001733
Bites, Human
MS = Bites inflicted by humans.
AN = the human is biting, not being bitten; don't forget to check tag HUMAN
UI = D001734
Bithionol
MS = Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.
UI = D001735
Biureas
UI = D001736
Biuret
MS = Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D001737
Biuret Reaction
MS = A reaction characterized by a violet color upon the addition of copper sulfate to all compounds with two amide or peptide bonds linked directly or through an intermediate carbon atom. Used in the detection and estimation of proteins and peptides having more than two amino acids.
AN = do not confuse with BIURET: biuret reaction or method no longer uses BIURET as signif reagent
UI = D001738
Bixaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. Bixa contains bixin. Cochlospermum contains arjunolic acid and gum kondagogu (POLYSACCHARIDES).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031212
BK Virus
MS = A species of POLYOMAVIRUS apparently infecting over 90% of children but not clearly associated with any clinical illness in childhood. The virus remains latent in the body throughout life and can be reactivated under certain circumstances.
AN = infection: coord IM with POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D001739
Black Pepper
MS = A common spice from fruit of PIPER NIGRUM. Black pepper is picked unripe and heaped for a few days to ferment. White Pepper is the ripe fruit dehulled by maceration in water. PIPERINE is a key component used medicinally to increase gastrointestinal assimilation of other supplements and drugs.
UI = D026322
Black Widow Spider
MS = A venomous New World spider with an hourglass-shaped red mark on the abdomen.
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; bite: coord IM with ARACHNIDISM (IM)
UI = D001740
Blacks
MS = An ethnic group belonging to the Negroid race.
AN = blacks as cultural, social, sociol, polit, psychol entity; /genetics = NEGROID RACE /genet; differentiate from NEGROID RACE as genetic & physiol entity; IM; specify geog if pertinent; Manual 30.6.4, 30.6.6, 30.6.7
UI = D001741
Blackwater Fever
MS = A complication of MALARIA, FALCIPARUM characterized by the passage of dark red to black urine.
UI = D001742
Bladder
AN = inflammation = CYSTITIS
UI = D001743
Bladder Calculi
MS = Calculi of the urinary bladder; also known as vesical calculi or bladder stones, and cystoliths.
AN = chem composition of caclcui: use /chem; /ultrastruct permetted
UI = D001744
Bladder Diseases
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; inflamm dis = CYSTITIS
UI = D001745
Bladder Exstrophy
MS = Congenital eversion of the urinary bladder. It is characterized by the absence of a portion of the lower abdominal wall and the anterior vesical wall, with eversion of the posterior vesical wall through the deficit.
AN = a bladder abnorm; note spelling: not ext- ; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D001746
Bladder Fistula
MS = An abnormal passage in the bladder or between the bladder and any surrounding organ.
AN = fistula policy: Manual 23.19+; VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA is available
UI = D001747
Bladder Neck Obstruction
UI = D001748
Bladder Neoplasms
MS = Cancer or tumors of the bladder.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D001749
Bladder, Neurogenic
MS = Dysfunction of the urinary bladder due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of micturition. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.
UI = D001750
Blade Implantation
MS = Insertion of an endosseous implant with a narrow wedge-shaped infrastructure extending through the oral mucosa into the mouth and bearing openings or vents through which tissue grows to obtain retention.
AN = an endosseous dent implant; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D001751
Blast Crisis
MS = Rapid increase in the proportion of blast cells in the blood and bone marrow.
AN = note category; IM; coord with specific neopl term /pathol (IM); do not confuse with BLAST TRANSFORMATION see LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION
UI = D001752
Blast Injuries
MS = Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nevous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = various body inj from waves of high-pressure velocity; /compl permitted but do not confuse with /pathol
UI = D001753
Blastocladiella
MS = A genus of aquatic fungi of the family Blastocladiaceae, order Blastocladiales, used in the study of zoospore formation.
UI = D001754
Blastocyst
MS = Early preimplantation mammalian EMBRYO in the post-MORULA stage. Its structure consists of a TROPHOBLASTS-enclosed fluid-filled cavity with an inner cell mass. After EMBRYO IMPLANTATION, the inner cell mass of the blastocyst becomes the embryonic disc of the developing embryo.
AN = Mammalian only; non-mammalian, use BLASTULA; /transpl: coord BLASTOCYST (NIM with no qualif) + EMBRYO TRANSFER (IM); do not confuse with BLASTOCYTES see BLASTOMERES
UI = D001755
Blastocystina
MS = A suborder of protozoa of the class LOBOSEA.
AN = a suborder of protozoa
UI = D016843
Blastocystis
MS = A genus of protozoa of the suborder BLASTOCYSTINA. It was first classified as a yeast but further studies have shown it to be a protozoan.
AN = do not confuse with BLASTOCYST (Cat A); infection = BLASTOCYSTIS INFECTIONS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D016844
Blastocystis hominis
MS = A species of parasitic protozoa found in the intestines of humans and other primates. It was classified as a yeast in 1912. Over the years, questions arose about this designation. In 1967, many physiological and morphological B. hominis characteristics were reported that fit a protozoan classification. Since that time, other papers have corroborated this work and the organism is now recognized as a protozoan parasite of humans causing intestinal disease with potentially disabling symptoms.
AN = infection: coord IM with BLASTOCYSTIS INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D016845
Blastocystis Infections
MS = Infections with protozoa of the genus BLASTOCYSTIS. The species B. hominis is responsible for most infections. Surveys have generally found small numbers of this species in human stools submitted for parasitologic studies, with higher positivity rates and organism numbers being reported in AIDS patients and patients with other immunosuppressive diseases. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, and fatigue.
AN = a type of AMEBIASIS
UI = D016776
Blastoderm
MS = A single layer of cells produced by cleavage of the fertilized ovum and forming the outer cells of the blastula.
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D001756
Blastomeres
MS = The undifferentiated cells produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) inside the intact ZONA PELLUCIDA. Blastomeres are formed during the MORULA and the BLASTULA stages of the preimplantation EMBRYO.
AN = do not confuse X ref BLASTOCYTES with BLASTOCYST
UI = D001757
Blastomyces
MS = A genus of onygenacetous mitosporic fungi whose perfect state is Ajellomyces (see ONYGENALES). The species Blastomyces dermatitidis (perfect state Ajellomyces dermatitidis) causes blastomycosis.
AN = infection = BLASTOMYCOSIS; BLASTOMYCES BRASILIENSIS see PARACOCCIDIOIDES is available
UI = D001758
Blastomycosis
MS = A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.
AN = fungus dis; do not confuse X ref BLASTOMYCOSIS, NORTH AMERICAN with BLASTOMYCOSIS, SOUTH AMERICAN see PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
UI = D001759
Blastula
MS = An early non-mammalian embryo (EMBRYO, NONMAMMALIAN) that follows the MORULA stage. Blastula is usually a spherical structure containing a single layer of cells with a hollow cavity.
AN = non-mammalian only; mammalian, use BLASTOCYST
UI = D036703
Blattellidae
MS = A family of insects, in the order Dictyoptera (COCKROACHES), including genera Blattella, Parcoblatta, and Symploce.
UI = D020048
Bleeding Time
MS = Duration of blood flow after skin puncture. This test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function.
AN = NIM
UI = D001760
Bleomycin
MS = A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors.
AN = a glycopeptide antineoplastic antibiotic
UI = D001761
Blepharitis
MS = Inflammation of the eyelids.
AN = inflamm of eyelid
UI = D001762
Blepharophimosis
MS = The abnormal narrowness of the palpebral fissure in the horizontal direction caused by the lateral displacement of the medial canthi of the eyelids. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = eyelid abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D016569
Blepharoplasty
MS = Plastic surgery of the eyelid. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D019882
Blepharoptosis
MS = Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.
AN = drooping eyelid
UI = D001763
Blepharospasm
MS = Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
AN = spasm of eyelid musc
UI = D001764
Blighia
MS = A plant genus of the family SAPINDACEAE. Members contain hypoglycins and ackee oil.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032124
Blind Loop Syndrome
MS = Malabsorption, especially of vitamin B12 or folic acid, due to metabolic competition by bacteria proliferating in a segment of small intestine excluded from normal peristaltic movement; it may occur as a postoperative complication of side-to-side anastomosis of intestine, as a result of intestinal diverticula, fistula, etc.
AN = blind loop refers to "segment of small intestine excluded from normal peristaltic movement"; a malabsorption syndrome
UI = D001765
Blindness
MS = The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.
AN = for Braille coord IM with SENSORY AIDS (IM) + READING (IM)
UI = D001766
Blindness, Cortical
MS = Total loss of vision in all or part of the visual field due to bilateral OCCIPITAL LOBE (i.e., VISUAL CORTEX) damage or dysfunction. Anton syndrome is characterized by the psychic denial of true, organic cortical blindness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p460)
UI = D019575
Blinking
MS = Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action.
AN = voluntary & involuntary blinking; winking goes here
UI = D001767
Blister
MS = Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis.
AN = FEVER BLISTER see HERPES LABIALIS is also available
UI = D001768
Blood
AN = GEN only as a substance: TN 24: BLOOD as IM; prefer /blood with higher animals, substances & diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.10; not for hemodynamics: Manual 23.28, 23.29; when IM, qualif permitted; reinfusion = BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS; venous blood: probably not indexed as being the usual sampling method but if significant coord BLOOD (NIM) + VEINS or specific vein (NIM); arterial blood: index only if significant & coord BLOOD (NIM) + ARTERIES or specific artery (NIM); "blood picture" = probably BLOOD CELLS or BLOOD CELL COUNT: TN 27; hemospermia: index under SEMEN (IM) + BLOOD (IM); "blood clot": physiol clot or clotting = BLOOD COAGULATION, pathol clot or clotting = THROMBOSIS or EMBOLISM
UI = D001769
Blood Bactericidal Activity
MS = Native bactericidal property of blood due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc.
AN = restrict to bactericidal: not for viricidal (see note under VIRUS INHIBITORS) or fungicidal probably fungus (IM) + BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY (IM); the natural bactericidal property of the blood: do not confuse with SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST (after antibiotic ther)
UI = D001770
Blood Banks
MS = Centers for collecting, characterizing and storing human blood.
UI = D001771
Blood Cell Count
MS = A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices.
AN = NIM; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol; TN 27: BLOOD CELL COUNT as "blood picture"; leukocyte count = LEUKOCYTE COUNT; erythrocyte count = ERYTHROCYTE COUNT; eosinophil count = LEUKOCYTE COUNT + EOSINOPHILS; platelet count = PLATELET COUNT
UI = D001772
Blood Cells
AN = GEN; "blood picture" probably goes here or under BLOOD CELL COUNT; A 11 qualif
UI = D001773
Blood Chemical Analysis
AN = GEN only: prefer specific substance with /blood; emphasis is on technique: not for "blood chemistry"; when general & IM, qualif permitted; when not to use: Manual 25.14.3 & TN 25
UI = D001774
Blood Circulation
AN = general or unspecified, systemic; note specific indentions in tree; Manual 21.4.2-21.6; blood circ is a physiol, not hematol, concept: with diseases, coord IM with disease /physiopathol, not /blood (IM); circulatory failure or circulatory collapse = SHOCK; DF: BLOOD CIRC
UI = D001775
Blood Circulation Time
MS = Determination of the shortest time interval between the injection of a substance in the vein and its arrival at some distant site in sufficient concentration to produce a recognizable end result. It represents approximately the inverse of the average velocity of blood flow between two points.
AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; coord with disease /physiopathol, not /blood; DF: BLOOD CIRC TIME
UI = D001776
Blood Coagulation
MS = The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot.
AN = coord BLOOD COAGULATION in diseases with disease /blood, not /physiopathol; "blood clot" if physiol goes here, if pathol, goes under THROMBOSIS or EMBOLISM; DF: BLOOD COAG
UI = D001777
Blood Coagulation Disorders
MS = Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors sych as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; consider also COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS and indentions; see also THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM and specifics in C14; /genet: consider also BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS, INHERITED; DF: BLOOD COAG DIS
UI = D001778
Blood Coagulation Disorders, Inherited
MS = Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of inherited abnormalities in blood coagulation.
UI = D025861
Blood Coagulation Factor Inhibitors
MS = Substances, usually endogenous, that act as inhibitors of blood coagulation. They may affect one or multiple enzymes throughout the process. As a group, they also inhibit enzymes involved in processes other than blood coagulation, such as those from the complement system, fibrinolytic enzyme system, blood cells, and bacteria.
AN = DF: BLOOD COAG FACTOR INHIB
UI = D019774
Blood Coagulation Factors
MS = Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BLOOD COAG FACTORS
UI = D001779
Blood Coagulation Tests
MS = Laboratory tests for evaluating the individual's clotting mechanism.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; NIM; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol; DF: BLOOD COAG TESTS
UI = D001780
Blood Component Removal
MS = Any procedure in which blood is withdrawn from a donor, a portion is separated and retained and the remainder is returned to the donor.
AN = GEN or unspecified only; prefer specifics LEUKAPHERESIS; PLASMAPHERESIS; PLATELETPHERESIS; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; erythrocytapheresis, erythrapheresis: coord with ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION
UI = D001781
Blood Component Transfusion
MS = The transfer of blood components such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma from a donor to a recipient or back to the donor. This process differs from the procedures undertaken in PLASMAPHERESIS and types of CYTAPHERESIS; (PLATELETPHERESIS and LEUKAPHERESIS) where, following the removal of plasma or the specific cell components, the remainder is transfused back to the donor.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; for transfusion back to donor, coord IM with BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS (NIM); do not confuse with BLOOD COMPONENT REMOVAL & its specifics where component is removed but remainder goes back to donor; read MeSH definitions; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D016913
Blood Donors
AN = IM
UI = D001782
Blood Flow Velocity
MS = A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
AN = NIM; coord with disease /physiopathol, not /blood
UI = D001783
Blood Gas Analysis
MS = Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
AN = for determ of oxygen & carbon dioxide in the blood; NIM; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol
UI = D001784
Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous
MS = The noninvasive measurement or determination of the partial pressure (tension) of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide locally in the capillaries of a tissue by the application to the skin of a special set of electrodes. These electrodes contain photoelectric sensors capable of picking up the specific wavelengths of radiation emitted by oxygenated versus reduced hemoglobin.
AN = NIM; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol; when IM, do not coord with OXYGEN /blood or CARBON DIOXIDE /blood; DF: TCPO2
UI = D001785
Blood Glucose
MS = Glucose in blood.
UI = D001786
Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring
MS = Self evaluation of whole blood glucose levels outside the clinical laboratory. A digital or battery-operated reflectance meter may be used. It has wide application in controlling unstable insulin-dependent diabetes.
AN = NIM; coord with dis /blood, not /physiopathol; DF: BGSM
UI = D015190
Blood Group Incompatibility
MS = A mismatch between donor and recipient blood. Antibodies present in the recipient's serum are directed against antigens in the donor product. Such a mismatch may result in a transfusion reaction in which, for example, donor blood is hemolyzed. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
AN = coord IM with specific blood group (IM)
UI = D001787
Blood Grouping and Crossmatching
MS = Testing erythrocytes to determine presence or absence of blood-group antigens, testing of serum to determine the presence or absence of antibodies to these antigens, and selecting biocompatible blood by crossmatching samples from the donor against samples from the recipient. Crossmatching is performed prior to transfusion.
AN = DF: BLOOD GROUPING or short X ref
UI = D001788
Blood Groups
MS = The classification systems (or schemes) of the different antigens located on erythrocytes.The antigens are the phenotypic expression of the genetic differences characteristic of specific blood groups.
AN = human or animal; blood group of animal: coord animal /blood (not /immunol) (IM) + BLOOD GROUPS (IM); blood group in a disease: coord BLOOD GROUPS or specific blood group (IM) + disease /blood (IM), not /immunol nor /genet
UI = D001789
Blood Loss, Surgical
MS = Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.
AN = /prev: consider also HEMOSTASIS, SURGICAL; for vol of blood lost, coord IM with BLOOD VOLUME (NIM); DF: BLOOD LOSS SURG
UI = D016063
Blood Patch, Epidural
MS = The injection of autologous blood into the epidural space either as a prophylactic treatment immediately following an epidural puncture or for treatment of headache as a result of an epidural puncture.
AN = IM; for repair of epidural puncture
UI = D017217
Blood Physiology
MS = Observable characteristics of blood activities and functions, such as BLOOD GROUPS, coagulation processes, etc.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BLOOD PHYSIOL
UI = D001790
Blood Platelet Disorders
MS = Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.
AN = do not use as coord for platelet factor defic: use COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS
UI = D001791
Blood Platelets
MS = Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.
AN = A 11 qualif; decrease in no. of platelets = THROMBOCYTOPENIA, increase = THROMBOCYTOSIS; platelet factors & defic: TN 228
UI = D001792
Blood Preservation
MS = The process by which blood or its components are kept viable outside of the organism from which they are derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).
AN = preserv of whole blood or specific cellular elements; coord IM with specific cell (IM); cryopreservation of blood: coord IM with CRYOPRESERVATION (IM)
UI = D001793
Blood Pressure
MS = Pressure of the blood within the arteries and other blood vessels.
AN = GEN; note specifics; "arterial" pressure = BLOOD PRESSURE and not also ARTERIES unless a specific artery; pressure within a specific vessel: coord vessel /physiol (IM) + BLOOD PRESSURE (NIM); do not add SYSTOLE, DYASTOLE or PULSE unless particularly discussed; blood pressure is a physiol, not hematol, concept: with diseases coord IM with disease /physiopathol (IM), not /blood (IM): Manual 23.28; blood pressure vs HYPERTENSION & HYPOTENSION: Manual 23.27+
UI = D001794
Blood Pressure Determination
MS = Techniques for measuring blood pressure.
AN = NIM; see note on BLOOD PRESSURE
UI = D001795
Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory
MS = Method in which prolonged blood pressure readings are made while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It allows quantitative analysis of the high blood pressure load over time, can help distinguish between types of hypertension, and can assess the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D018660
Blood Pressure Monitors
MS = Devices for continuously measuring and displaying the arterial blood pressure.
AN = measurement must be continuous; often in telemetric monitoring; do not use as a substitute for use of a sphygmomanometer for the usual blood pressure reading ( = BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION /instrum)
UI = D015924
Blood Protein Disorders
AN = GEN: avoid: prefer specifics
UI = D001796
Blood Protein Electrophoresis
MS = Electrophoresis applied to blood proteins.
AN = NIM; electrophoresis of hemoglobin goes here + HEMOGLOBINS /anal
UI = D001797
Blood Proteins
MS = Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.
AN = GEN: avoid: prefer specifics; electrophoresis = BLOOD PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS
UI = D001798
Blood Sedimentation
MS = Measurement of rate of settling of erythrocytes in anticoagulated blood.
AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol
UI = D001799
Blood Specimen Collection
MS = The taking of a blood sample to determine its character as a whole, to identify levels of its component cells, chemicals, gases, or other constituents, to perform pathological examination, etc.
AN = includes "handling"
UI = D001800
Blood Stains
MS = Antigenic characteristics and DNA fingerprint patterns identified from blood stains. Their primary value is in criminal cases.
AN = no qualif
UI = D001801
Blood Substitutes
MS = Substances that can carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from the tissues when introduced into the blood stream. They are used to replace hemoglobin in severe hemorrhage and also to perfuse isolated organs. The best known are perfluorocarbon emulsions and various hemoglobin solutions.
AN = carry O2 to & CO2 from tissue: see MeSH definition; do not confuse with PLASMA SUBSTITUTES which replace plasma; D25-26 qualif
UI = D001802
Blood Transfusion
MS = The introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = TN 186: differentiate among various "transfusion" concepts; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; for whole blood or unspecified transfusion: note that BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSION & BLOOD COMPONENT REMOVAL & its specifics are available
UI = D001803
Blood Transfusion, Autologous
MS = Reinfusion of blood or blood products derived from the patient's own circulation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: BLOOD TRANSFUSION AUTOL
UI = D001804
Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine
MS = Transfusion of Rh-negative blood into the peritoneal cavity of an unborn infant in the treatment of fetal erythroblastosis (ERYTHROBLASTOSIS, FETAL) in utero. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = to treat fetal erythroblastosis in utero; TN 186: differentiate among various "transfusion" concepts; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D001805
Blood Urea Nitrogen
MS = The urea concentration of the blood stated in terms of nitrogen content. Serum (plasma) urea nitrogen is approximately 12% higher than blood urea nitrogen concentration because of the greater protein content of red blood cells. Increases in blood or serum urea nitrogen are referred to as azotemia and may have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
AN = note category; no qualif; often correct for foreign "azotemia"; DF: note short X ref
UI = D001806
Blood Vessel Prosthesis
MS = Prosthesis, constructed of either synthetic or biological material, which is used for the repair of injured or diseased blood vessels.
UI = D001807
Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation
MS = Surgical insertion of synthetic or biological material to repair injured or diseased blood vessels.
UI = D019917
Blood Vessels
MS = Any of the tubular vessels conveying the blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins).
AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; prefer /blood supply with Cat A terms: Manual 21.4+; permeability = CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY; consider also VASOMOTOR SYSTEM & all related terms; inflammation = VASCULITIS or its specifics, ARTERITIS & PHLEBITIS; vascular compression syndromes: index under VASCULAR DISEASES (IM) + CONSTRICTION, PATHOLOGIC & coord with specific blood vessel if pertinent (IM)
UI = D001808
Blood Viscosity
MS = The internal resistance of the blood to shear forces. The in vitro measure of whole blood viscosity is of limited clinical utility because it bears little relationship to the actual viscosity within the circulation, but an increase in the viscosity of circulating blood can contribute to morbidity in patients suffering from disorders such as sickle cell anemia and polycythemia.
AN = coord IM with disease /blood (IM), not /physiopathol
UI = D001809
Blood Volume
MS = Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume.
AN = PLASMA VOLUME; ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME & ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME, PACKED are also available; coord IM with disease /physiopathol (IM), not /blood
UI = D001810
Blood Volume Determination
MS = Method for determining the circulating blood volume by introducing a known quantity of foreign substance into the blood and determining its concentration some minutes later when thorough mixing has occurred. From these two values the blood volume can be calculated by dividing the quantity of injected material by its concentration in the blood at the time of uniform mixing. Generally expressed as cubic centimeters or liters per kilogram of body weight.
AN = NIM; coord with disease /physiopathol, not /blood
UI = D001811
Blood-Air Barrier
MS = The barrier between capillary blood and alveolar air comprising the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium with their adherent basement membranes and epithelial cell cytoplasm. Gaseous exchange occurs across this membrane.
AN = coord IM with endogenous substance /metab (IM) or exogenous substance /pharmacokin (IM)
UI = D015824
Blood-Aqueous Barrier
MS = The selectively permeable barrier between the capillary bed in the CILIARY BODY and the AQUEOUS HUMOR. It consists of two layers of epithelium joined at their apical surfaces by tight junctions.
AN = coord IM with endogenous substance /metab (IM) or exogenous substance /pharmacokin (IM)
UI = D018916
Blood-Borne Pathogens
MS = Infectious organisms in the blood, of which the predominant medical interest is their contamination of blood-soiled linens, towels, gowns, bandages, other items from individuals in risk categories, needles and other sharp objects, and medical and dental waste, all of which health workers are exposed to. This concept is differentiated from the clinical conditions of BACTEREMIA; VIREMIA; and FUNGEMIA where the organism is present in the blood of a patient as the result of a natural infectious process.
AN = IM; coord with specific pathogen (IM) if pertinent
UI = D017848
Blood-Brain Barrier
MS = Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue.
AN = coord IM with endogenous substance /metab (IM) or exogenous substance /pharmacokin (IM)
UI = D001812
Blood-Retinal Barrier
MS = Specialized nonfenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the retinal capillaries and the retinal tissue.
AN = coord IM with endogenous substance /metab (IM) or exogenous substance /pharmacokin (IM)
UI = D001813
Blood-Testis Barrier
MS = Specialized nonfenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the testis capillaries and seminiferous epithelium.
AN = coord IM with endogenous substance /metab (IM) or exogenous substance /pharmacokin (IM)
UI = D001814
Bloodletting
MS = Puncture of a vein to draw blood for therapeutic purposes. Bloodletting therapy has been used in Talmudic and Indian medicine since the medieval time, and was still practiced widely in the 18th and 19th centuries. Its modern counterpart is PHLEBOTOMY.
AN = restrict to hist articles or hist contexts: modern counterpart is PHLEBOTOMY
UI = D001815
Bloom Syndrome
MS = An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by telangiectatic erythema of the face, photosensitivity, dwarfism, and other abnormalities.
AN = a syndrome of multiple abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D001816
Blotting, Far-Western
MS = A method that is derived from western blotting (BLOTTING, WESTERN) and is used to detect protein-protein interactions. The blotted proteins are probed with a non-antibody protein which can then be tagged with a labeled antibody.
AN = "western" is not capitalized in titles or translations
UI = D026481
Blotting, Northern
MS = Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.
AN = "northern" is not capitalized in titles or translations; DF: NORTHERN BLOT
UI = D015152
Blotting, Southern
MS = A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.
AN = "Southern" (developed by E.M. Southern) is capitalized in titles & translations; DF: SOUTHERN BLOT
UI = D015139
Blotting, Southwestern
MS = A method that is used to detect DNA-protein interactions. Proteins are separated by electrophoresis and blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane similar to Western blotting (BLOTTING, WESTERN) but the proteins are identified when they bind labeled DNA PROBES (as with Southern blotting (BLOTTING, SOUTHERN)) instead of antibodies.
UI = D026501
Blotting, Western
MS = Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
AN = "western" is not capitalized in titles or translations; DF: WESTERN BLOT
UI = D015153
Blue Cross
MS = A prepaid health insurance plan for hospital costs and related services. It usually excludes physicians' services (which are covered under BLUE SHIELD).
AN = for hosp & related costs: for physicians' costs see BLUE SHIELD; specify geog if possible CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D001817
Blue Shield
MS = A prepaid health insurance plan for costs of physicians' services.
AN = for physicians' costs: for hosp & related costs use BLUE CROSS; specify geog if possible CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D001818
Blue Toe Syndrome
MS = Atherothrombotic microembolism of the lower extremities due to recurrent cholesterol embolic 'showers' with painful cyanotic discoloration of the toes and embolism to other sites that completely resolve between attacks. Despite the gangrene-like appearance, blue toes may respond to conservative therapy without amputation. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = caused by recur cholesterol embolism of the toes; do not confuse with black toe disease ( = AINHUM)
UI = D018438
Blueberry Plant
MS = Several plant species of the genus VACCINIUM known for the edible blueberry fruit.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029798
Bluetongue
MS = A reovirus infection, chiefly of sheep, characterized by a swollen blue tongue, catarrhal inflammation of upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and often by inflammation of sensitive laminae of the feet and coronet.
AN = caused by a reovirus; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) but do not index under SHEEP DISEASES
UI = D001819
Bluetongue virus
MS = The type species of ORBIVIRUS causing a serious disease in sheep, especially lambs. It may also infect wild ruminants and other domestic animals.
AN = infection = BLUETONGUE: see note there
UI = D001820
Blushing
MS = Involuntary reddening, especially of the face, associated with feelings of embarrassment, confusion or shame.
AN = note category: do not confuse with FLUSHING (C23)
UI = D001821
Bodily Secretions
MS = Endogenous substances produced through the activity of intact cells of glands, tissues, or organs. They do not include hormones or enzymes.
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specific secretion or Cat A & D terms with /secret
UI = D012634
Body Burden
MS = The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal.
AN = NIM; not restricted to radioactive substances: applicable to chemical, metal or radioactive substances; no qualif
UI = D001822
Body Composition
MS = The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat.
UI = D001823
Body Constitution
MS = The physical characteristics of the body, including the mode of performance of functions, the activity of metabolic processes, the manner and degree of reactions to stimuli, and power of resistance to the attack of pathogenic organisms.
UI = D001824
Body Fluid Compartments
MS = The two phases between which water and other body fluids are distributed: extracellular and intracellular.
UI = D001825
Body Fluids
MS = Liquid components of living organisms.
AN = interstitial fluid: index EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (see EXTRACELLULAR SPACE)
UI = D001826
Body Height
AN = human only; for height or length of animals use animal /anat (IM) + BIOMETRY (NIM)
UI = D001827
Body Image
MS = Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects.
AN = no qualif
UI = D001828
Body Mass Index
MS = One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density.
AN = no qualif
UI = D015992
Body Patterning
MS = The morphological expression of genetic control of body shape. Clusters of homeotic genes control the morphology of animal body plans and body parts. Different body patterns may evolve through changes in gene number, regulation, or function. Recent evidence suggests that homeotic gene clusters were duplicated early in vertebrate evolution, but that arthropod and tetrapod diversity has largely involved regulatory changes in expression. (From Nature 1995 Aug 10;376(6540):479-85)
AN = "the morphol expression of genetic control of body shape"
UI = D019521
Body Regions
MS = Anatomical areas of the body.
AN = not used for indexing
UI = D001829
Body Surface Area
UI = D001830
Body Surface Potential Mapping
MS = Recording of regional electrophysiological information by analysis of surface potentials to give a complete picture of the effects of the currents from the heart on the body surface. It has been applied to the diagnosis of old inferior myocardial infarction, localization of the bypass pathway in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, recognition of ventricular hypertrophy, estimation of the size of a myocardial infarct, and the effects of different interventions designed to reduce infarct size. The limiting factor at present is the complexity of the recording and analysis, which requires 100 or more electrodes, sophisticated instrumentation, and dedicated personnel. (Braunwald, Heart Disease, 4th ed)
AN = an ECG & vectorcardiogr technique: do not confuse with BODY SURFACE AREA, an anthropometric method
UI = D018780
Body Temperature
UI = D001831
Body Temperature Changes
MS = Significant alterations in temperature of the human body, above or below 98.6 degrees F. or 37 degrees C. when taken orally.
AN = not used for indexing
UI = D001832
Body Temperature Regulation
MS = The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.
UI = D001833
Body Water
AN = do not confuse with EXTRACELLULAR FLUID see EXTRACELLULAR SPACE
UI = D001834
Body Weight
UI = D001835
Body Weight Changes
MS = A clinical manifestation consisting of alterations in an individual's weight from his or her norm.
AN = not used for indexing
UI = D001836
Body Weights and Measures
MS = The systems of measurement applied to the height, weight, length, area, etc., of the human and animal body or its parts.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with BODY WEIGHT; DF: BODY WEIGHTS MEASURES
UI = D001837
Boehmeria
MS = A plant genus of the family URTICACEAE. Members contain cryptopleurine, beta-sitosterol, daucosterol and 19 alpha-hydroxyursolic acid.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032402
Boidae
MS = A family of snakes comprising the boas, anacondas, and pythons. They occupy a variety of habitats through the tropics and subtropics and are arboreal, aquatic or fossorial (burrowing). Some are oviparous, others ovoviviparous. Contrary to popular opinion, they do not crush the bones of their victims: their coils exert enough pressure to stop a prey's breathing, thus suffocating it. There are five subfamilies: Boinae, Bolyerinae, Erycinae, Pythoninae, and Tropidophiinae. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p315-320)
AN = a family of snakes; note X refs
UI = D017821
Bolivia
UI = D001838
Bombacaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Malvales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida of tropical trees.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035161
Bombax
MS = A plant genus of the family BOMBACACEAE. The fine silky hairs covering the seeds have been used like kapok (CEIBA) for floatation, stuffing, and insulation.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035163
Bombesin
MS = A tetradecapeptide originally obtained from the skins of toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata. It is also an endogenous neurotransmitter in many animals including mammals. Bombesin affects vascular and other smooth muscle, gastric secretion, and renal circulation and function.
UI = D001839
Bonding, Human-Pet
MS = The emotional attachment of individuals to pets.
AN = no qualif; coord with specific animal pet (IM or NIM); check tags ANIMAL & HUMAN
UI = D001841
Bone and Bones
MS = A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS, OSTEOCYTES and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydoxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
AN = /cytol: consider also OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; /embryol: consider also OSTEOGENESIS; /surg: consider also OSTEOTOMY or ARTHRODESIS or FRACTURE FIXATION & its specifics; osteosynthesis not one of the preceding terms goes under BONE AND BONES /surg; differentiate from SKELETON which is almost never used: restrict SKELETON to bone arrangement as a whole & not for "skeletal" in titles which usually means "bone", "bone tissue" or "osseous" ( = BONE AND BONES); "disappearing bone" = OSTEOLYSIS, ESSENTIAL; inflammation = OSTEITIS; necrosis = OSTEONECROSIS; "bone minerals" = BONE AND BONES (IM) + MINERALS (IM) or specific mineral (IM)
UI = D001842
Bone Banks
MS = Centers for acquiring, characterizing, and storing bones or bone tissue for future use.
UI = D018586
Bone Cements
MS = Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste.
AN = IM; coord with specific material if relevant (IM); D25-26 qualif
UI = D001843
Bone Conduction
MS = Sound transmission through the bones of the skull to the inner ear.
UI = D001844
Bone Cysts
MS = Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.
AN = coord IM with specific bone (IM)
UI = D001845
Bone Cysts, Aneurysmal
MS = Solitary lesions of bone that typically cause a bulging of the overlying cortex bearing some resemblance to the saccular protrusion of the aortic wall in aortic aneurysm, hence the name. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = non-neoplastic; nothing to do with "aneurysm": see MeSH definition; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precord organ/diseases term (IM) (but not BONE DISEASES)
UI = D017824
Bone Demineralization Technique
MS = Removal of mineral constituents or salts from bone or bone tissue. Demineralization is used as a method of studying bone strength and bone chemistry.
AN = a histol technique; do not confuse with BONE DEMINERALIZATION, PATHOLOGIC, a metab bone dis
UI = D018775
Bone Demineralization, Pathologic
MS = Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)
AN = a metab bone dis; do not confuse with BONE DEMINERALIZATION TECHNIQUE, a histol technique: DF: BONE DEMINERALIZATION PATHOL
UI = D018488
Bone Density
MS = The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography.
UI = D015519
Bone Development
MS = The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.
AN = OSTEOGENESIS is also available
UI = D001846
Bone Diseases
AN = "disappearing bone" = OSTEOLYSIS, ESSENTIAL; TN 143: do not confuse with OSTEOPATHY see OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE, the specialty dealing with bone dis; inflamm dis = OSTEITIS
UI = D001847
Bone Diseases, Developmental
UI = D001848
Bone Diseases, Endocrine
MS = Diseases of the bones related to hyperfunction or hypofunction of the endocrine glands.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific endocr dis (IM); DF: BONE DIS ENDOCRINE
UI = D001849
Bone Diseases, Infectious
MS = Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific infection (IM); DF: BONE DIS INFECT
UI = D001850
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
UI = D001851
Bone Lengthening
MS = Increase in the longest dimension of a bone to correct anatomical deficiencies, congenital, traumatic, or as a result of disease. The lengthening is not restricted to long bones. The usual surgical methods are internal fixation and distraction.
AN = not restricted to long bones; coord IM with specific bone /surg (IM) or specific disease /surg (IM)
UI = D001852
Bone Malalignment
MS = Displacement of bones out of line in relation to joints. It may be congenital or traumatic in origin.
AN = congen or traum
UI = D017760
Bone Marrow
MS = The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
AN = /cytol = BONE MARROW CELLS; /transpl = BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION: do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS; inflammation = OSTEOMYELITIS; fibrosis = MYELOFIBROSIS; do not confuse words containing "myel-" for spinal cord with "myel-" for bone marrow
UI = D001853
Bone Marrow Cells
MS = Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES), STROMAL CELLS, MEGAKARYOCYTES, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.
UI = D001854
Bone Marrow Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = OSTEOMYELITIS
UI = D001855
Bone Marrow Examination
MS = Removal of bone marrow and evaluation of its histologic picture.
AN = NIM; DF: BONE MARROW EXAM
UI = D001856
Bone Marrow Neoplasms
MS = Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.
AN = neopl located in bone marrow: do not confuse with neopl composed of bone marrow cells (like myeloma); /blood supply /chem /secret /second /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM): DF: BONE MARROW NEOPL
UI = D019046
Bone Marrow Purging
MS = Techniques for the removal of subpopulations of cells (usually residual tumor cells) from the bone marrow ex vivo before it is infused. The purging is achieved by a variety of agents including pharmacologic agents, biophysical agents (laser photoirradiation or radioisotopes) and immunologic agents. Bone marrow purging is used in both autologous and allogeneic BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION.
AN = coord IM with purging agent or method (IM with no qualif)
UI = D016465
Bone Marrow Transplantation
MS = The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; in treatment of dis, coord with dis /ther, not dis /surg; conditioning before transpl of bone marrow: coord IM with TRANSPLANTATION CONDITIONING (IM)
UI = D016026
Bone Matrix
UI = D001857
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
MS = Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.
UI = D019485
Bone Nails
MS = Rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones.
AN = note X ref BONE PINS
UI = D001858
Bone Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific bones.
AN = GEN: prefer specific precoord; do not confuse with NEOPLASMS, BONE TISSUE (neopl composed of bone tissue); coord IM with specific bone (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D001859
Bone Plates
MS = Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)
UI = D001860
Bone Regeneration
MS = Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes BONY CALLUS formed after bone fracture but not yet replaced by hard bone.
AN = not for callus formation (index under BONY CALLUS with required qualif) & not for fracture healing ( = FRACTURE HEALING)
UI = D001861
Bone Remodeling
MS = The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
AN = note category: an aspect of bone physiol
UI = D016723
Bone Resorption
MS = Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.
AN = use Cat C qualif
UI = D001862
Bone Screws
AN = do not confuse with BONE PINS see BONE NAILS
UI = D001863
Bone Substitutes
MS = Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.
AN = IM; coord with specific bone (IM) if relevant + substitute material (IM) if significant
UI = D018786
Bone Transplantation
MS = The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.
AN = may refer to a whole bone or a segment of bone; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS or TRANSPLANTATION, HETEROTOPIC unless particularly discussed
UI = D016025
Bone Wires
MS = Steel wires, often threaded through the skin, soft tissues, and bone, used to fix broken bones. Kirschner wires or apparatus also includes the application of traction to the healing bones through the wires.
AN = do not confuse with BONE PINS see BONE NAILS
UI = D001864
Bones of Upper Extremity
MS = The bones of the upper and lower ARM. They include the CLAVICLE and SCAPULA.
AN = avoid: too general & nonspecific; prefer ARM or its specific areas or bones
UI = D001133
Bongkrekic Acid
MS = An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.
UI = D001865
Bony Callus
MS = The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of a fractured bone during normal healing.
AN = post-fract bone formation; do not confuse with "callous" ( = CALLOSITIES)
UI = D002146
Book Classification
MS = A general term covering bibliographical and bibliothecal classifications. It mostly refers to library CLASSIFICATION for arrangement of books and documents on the shelves. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed, p85)
UI = D001867
Book Collecting
UI = D001868
Book Illustrations [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of photographs, prints, drawings, portraits, plates, diagrams, facsimiles, maps, tables, or other representations or systematic arrangements of data designed to elucidate or decorate the contents of a publication. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983, p114)
AN = publication type only; for book illustrations as a subject, index under main heading BOOKS, ILLUSTRATED; Manual 17.14
UI = D019489
Book Imprints
UI = D001869
Book Industry
MS = The aggregate enterprise of manufacturing and technically producing books. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: BOOK INDUST
UI = D001870
Book Ornamentation
UI = D001871
Book Prices
AN = no qualif
UI = D001872
Book Reviews
AN = do not index book reviews; use for articles on book reviews as a subject; no qualif
UI = D001873
Book Reviews [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of critical analyses of books or other monographic works.
AN = used by special data producers only
UI = D022921
Book Selection
AN = no qualif; lists of books probably go here but consider also BIBLIOGRAPHY
UI = D001874
Bookbinding
UI = D001875
Bookplates
MS = Labels pasted in books to mark their ownership and sometimes to indicate their location in a library. Private bookplates are often ornate or artistic: simpler and smaller ones bearing merely the owner's name are called "book labels." They are usually pasted on the front endpaper of books. (From Harrod, The Librarians' Glossary and Reference Book, 4th rev ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = designed labels showing ownership of a book; med bookplates: do not coord with MEDICINE; coord IM with subject (IM) if relevant; bookplates of famous med & non-med figures: coord IM with required biog and hist headings & check tags; do not confuse with Publication Type BOOKPLATES
UI = D001876
Bookplates [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of book owner's identification labels. They are usually intended for attaching inside a book or similar object. (From Thesaurus for Graphic Materials II: Genre and Physical Characteristic Terms, 1995)
AN = publication type only; for bookplates as a subject, index under main heading BOOKPLATES
UI = D019491
Books
AN = NOT for specific books ( = LITERATURE or its indentions); NOT for lists of books ( = BIBLIOGRAPHY or its indentions): for books as a means of communication or as a subject ("books as carriers of germs"): Manual 33.11; relation to LITERATURE: Manual 33.11, relation to MANUSCRIPTS: Manual 33.12;TEXTBOOKS & REFERENCE BOOKS are also available
UI = D001877
Books, Illustrated
MS = Books containing photographs, prints, drawings, portraits, plates, diagrams, facsimiles, maps, tables, or other representations or systematic arrangement of data designed to elucidate or decorate its contents. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983, p114)
AN = IM; coord with subject (IM) or type of illus (IM); do not confuse X ref BOOK ILLUSTRATION with Publication Type BOOK ILLUSTRATIONS
UI = D001878
Bookselling
AN = IM
UI = D001879
Boraginaceae
MS = The Borage plant family is in the class Magnoliopsida, subclass Asteridae, order Lamiales. It is characterized by hairy foliage, usually alternate and simple; flowers are funnel-shaped or tubular. Some of the species contain PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028082
Borago
MS = A plant genus of the family BORAGINACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029683
Boranes
MS = The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = collective name for boron hydrides (do not confuse with BOROHYDRIDES); do not confuse with BORATES or BORNANES
UI = D001880
Borates
MS = Inorganic or organic salts and esters of boric acid.
AN = do not confuse with BORANES
UI = D001881
Border Disease
MS = Congenital disorder of lambs caused by a virus closely related to or identical with certain strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus.
AN = caused by a pestivirus; border refers to the English-Welsh border where there is a high mortal among sheep from this dis; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) but do not index under SHEEP DISEASES
UI = D001882
Border disease virus
MS = A species of PESTIVIRUS causing a congenital sheep disease characterized by an abnormally hairy birth-coat, tremors, and poor growth.
AN = infection = BORDER DISEASE
UI = D018083
Borderline Personality Disorder
MS = A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)
AN = "borderline" is a psychiatric diag: follow text
UI = D001883
Bordetella
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria whose cells are minute coccobacilli. It consists of both parasitic and pathogenic species.
AN = infection = BORDETELLA INFECTIONS
UI = D001884
Bordetella bronchiseptica
MS = A species of BORDETELLA that is parasitic and pathogenic. It is found in the respiratory tract of domestic and wild mammalian animals and can be transmitted from animals to man. It is a common cause of bronchopneumonia in lower animals.
AN = infection: coord IM with BORDETELLA INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016950
Bordetella Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus BORDETELLA.
AN = gram-neg bact infect
UI = D001885
Bordetella pertussis
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the causative agent of WHOOPING COUGH. Its cells are minute coccobacilli that are surrounded by a slime sheath.
AN = infection = WHOOPING COUGH
UI = D001886
Boredom
MS = A psychological state resulting from any activity that lacks motivation, or from enforced continuance in an uninteresting situation.
AN = no qualif
UI = D001887
Boric Acids
MS = Inorganic and organic derivatives of boric acid either B(OH)3 or, preferably H3BO3.
UI = D001888
Borinic Acids
MS = Inorganic or organic compounds that contain the general structure R2B(OH).
AN = do not confuse with BORONIC ACIDS or BORIC ACIDS
UI = D001889
Borna Disease
MS = An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by BORNA DISEASE VIRUS.
UI = D001890
Borna disease virus
MS = A species in the genus Bornavirus, family BORNAVIRDAE, causing a rare and usually fatal encephalitic disease in horses and other domestic animals and possibly deer. Its name derives from the city in Saxony where the condition was first described in 1894, but the disease occurs in Europe, N. Africa, and the Near East.
AN = infection = BORNA DISEASE; DF: BORNA DIS VIRUS
UI = D001891
Bornanes
AN = do not confuse with BORANES; includes bornenes
UI = D001892
Bornaviridae
MS = A family in the order MONONEGAVIRALES comprising one genus Bornavirus. This family has a unique form of mRNA processing: replication and transcription takes place in the nucleus.
AN = infection: coord IM with MONONEGAVIRALES INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D028981
Borneo
MS = An island in the Malay Archipelago, east of Sumatra, north of Java, and west of Celebes. It is the third largest island in the world. Its name is a Portuguese alteration of BRUNEI, located on it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p163; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p73)
AN = an island in the Malay Archipelago; 3d largest island in the world
UI = D001893
Borohydrides
MS = A class of inorganic or organic compounds that contain the borohydride (BH4-) anion.
AN = do not confuse with boron hydrides, the collective name for BORANES
UI = D001894
Boron
MS = Boron. A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.
AN = a trace element; B-11; B-10 = BORON (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); B-8, 9, 12, 13 = BORON (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D001895
Boron Compounds
MS = Inorganic or organic compounds that contain boron as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BORON CPDS
UI = D001896
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
MS = A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with disease /radiother (IM); DF: BNCT
UI = D016754
Boronic Acids
MS = Inorganic or organic compounds that contain the basic structure RB(OH)2.
AN = do not confuse with BORINIC ACIDS
UI = D001897
Borrelia
MS = A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, helical bacteria, various species of which produce relapsing fever in man and other animals.
AN = infection = BORRELIA INFECTIONS; B. recurrentis infection = RELAPSING FEVER; B. burgdorferi or B. burgdorferi group infection = LYME DISEASE
UI = D001898
Borrelia burgdorferi
MS = A specific species of bacteria, part of the BORRELIA BURGDORFERI GROUP, whose common name is Lyme disease spirochete.
AN = infection: coord IM with LYME DISEASE or specifics (IM); BORRELIA BURGDORFERI GROUP is also available
UI = D025065
Borrelia burgdorferi Group
MS = Gram-negative helical bacteria, in the genus BORRELIA, that are the etiologic agents of LYME DISEASE. The group comprises many specific species including Borrelia afzelii, Borellia garinii, and BORRELIA BURGDORFERI proper. These spirochetes are generally transmitted by several species of ixodid ticks.
AN = infection: coord IM with LYME DISEASE or specifics (IM); BORRELIA BURGDORFERI is also available
UI = D015748
Borrelia Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus BORRELIA.
AN = gram-neg spirochete infect
UI = D001899
Bosnia-Herzegovina
MS = A country of eastern Europe, formerly the province of Bosnia in Yugoslavia, uniting with the province of Herzegovina to form the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1946. It was created 7 April 1992 as a result of the division of Yugoslavia and recognized by the United States as an independent state. Bosnia takes is name from the river Bosna, in turn from the Indoeuropean root bhog, "current"; Herzegovina is from the Serbian herceg (duke) + -ov (the possessive) + -ina (country or territory).
AN = formerly provinces of Yugoslavia; use this spelling in translations: z, not c
UI = D017522
Boston
UI = D001900
Boswellia
MS = A plant genus of the family BURSERACEAE used medicinally since ancient times. It is a source of salai guggal (the gum resin) and boswellic acid (ursane type TRITERPENES).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029743
Botany
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D001901
Bothrops
MS = A genus of poisonous snakes of the VIPERIDAE family. About 50 species are known and all are found in tropical America and southern South America. Bothrops atrox is the fer-de-lance and B. jararaca is the jararaca. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336)
AN = a genus of vipers; its venom: coord IM with CROTALID VENOMS (IM)
UI = D017837
Botrytis
MS = A mitosporic Leotiales fungal genus of plant pathogens. It has teleomorphs in the genus Botryotina.
UI = D020171
Botswana
MS = A republic in southern Africa, between NAMIBIA and ZAMBIA. It was formerly called Bechuanaland. Its capital is Gaborone. The Kalahari Desert is in the west and southwest. Botswana was organized as a British protectorate in 1885 and became independent in 1966. The name comes from bo, the prefix for abstract nouns + Tswana, the people themselves. Bechuana in its earlier name is the English corruption of Botswana. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p185 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p74)
AN = a republic in southern Africa; X ref BECHUANALAND was its former name; X ref KALAHARI refers to the desert & region
UI = D001902
Bottle Feeding
MS = Use of nursing bottles for feeding. Applies to humans and animals.
AN = human & animal
UI = D001903
Botulinum Antitoxin
MS = Antiserum given therapeutically in botulism.
UI = D001904
Botulinum Toxin Type A
MS = A neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. When consumed in contaminated food it can cause paralysis and death. In its purified form, it has been used in the treatment of blepharospasm and strabismus.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS
UI = D019274
Botulinum Toxins
MS = Toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. There are at least seven different substances, most being proteins. They have neuro-, entero-, and hemotoxic properties, are immunogenic, and include the most potent poisons known. The most commonly used apparently blocks release of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also BOTULINUM ANTITOXIN
UI = D001905
Botulism
MS = A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)
UI = D001906
Boutonneuse Fever
MS = A febrile disease of the Mediterranean area, the Crimea, Africa, and India, caused by infection with RICKETTSIA CONORII.
AN = caused by RICKETTSIA CONORII
UI = D001907
Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease
MS = Acute disease of cattle caused by the bovine viral diarrhea viruses (DIARRHEA VIRUSES, BOVINE VIRAL). Often mouth ulcerations are the only sign but fever, diarrhea, drop in milk yield, and loss of appetite are also seen. Severity of clinical disease varies and is strain dependent. Outbreaks are characterized by low morbidity and high mortality.
AN = DF: BVD DIS
UI = D001912
Bowen's Disease
MS = A persistent progressive non-elevated red scaly or crusted plaque which is due to an intradermal carcinoma and is potentially malignant. Atypical squamous cells proliferate through the whole thickness of the epidermis. The lesions may occur anywhere on the skin surface or on mucosal surfaces. The cause most frequently found is trivalent arsenic compounds. Freezing, cauterization or diathermy coagulation is often effective. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, pp2428-9)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D001913
Boxing
MS = A two-person sport in which the fists are skillfully used to attack and defend.
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1
UI = D001914
Braces
MS = Orthopedic appliances used to support, align, or hold parts of the body in correct position. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D001915
Brachial Artery
MS = The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries.
UI = D001916
Brachial Plexus
MS = The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.
AN = dis = BRACHIAL PLEXUS NEUROPATHIES; inflammation = BRACHIAL PLEXUS NEURITIS
UI = D001917
Brachial Plexus Neuritis
MS = A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)
UI = D020968
Brachial Plexus Neuropathies
MS = Diseases of the cervical (and first thoracic) roots, nerve trunks, cords, and peripheral nerve components of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical manifestations include regional pain, PARESTHESIA; MUSCLE WEAKNESS, and decreased sensation (HYPESTHESIA) in the upper extremity. These disorders may be associated with trauma (including BIRTH INJURIES); THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME; NEOPLASMS; NEURITIS; RADIOTHERAPY; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1351-2)
UI = D020516
Brachiaria
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE originating from the savanna of eastern Africa. It is widely grown for livestock forage.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035201
Brachiocephalic Trunk
MS = The first and largest artery branching from the aortic arch. It distributes blood to the right side of the head and neck and to the right arm.
AN = note X ref
UI = D016122
Brachiocephalic Veins
MS = Large veins on either side of the root of the neck formed by the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. They drain blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities, and unite to form the superior vena cava.
UI = D016121
Brachytherapy
MS = A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues.
AN = a type of radiother
UI = D001918
Brachyura
MS = An infraorder of chiefly marine, largely carnivorous CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA, including the genera Cancer, Uca, and Callinectes.
AN = as animal & food; IM; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM)
UI = D003386
Bradycardia
MS = Excessive slowness in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate below 60 beats per minute.
AN = TN 99: BRADYCARDIA vs HEART RATE
UI = D001919
Bradykinin
MS = A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.
AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted
UI = D001920
Bradyrhizobium
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria usually containing granules of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. They characteristically invade the root hairs of leguminous plants and act as intracellular symbionts.
UI = D020369
Brain
MS = The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. It is derived from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube.
AN = GEN; /blood supply: consider also CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION; CEREBRAL ARTERIES; CEREBRAL VEINS; CRANIAL SINUSES; /cytol: do not routinely convert to NEURONS; /drug eff: consider terms in D14 & D15; /surg: consider also CEREBRAL DECORTICATION & PSYCHOSURGERY; inflammation = ENCEPHALITIS & its specifics; infarct = CEREBRAL INFARCTION; malacia = ENCEPHALOMALACIA; brain-isolated, encéphale isolé, cerveau isolé: index DECEREBRATE STATE
UI = D001921
Brain Abscess
MS = A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE), HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE, SEIZURES, focal neurologic deficits, and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)
AN = coord IM with specific infection (IM) + specific CNS infect term (IM) + site/dis term (IM) if pertinent
UI = D001922
Brain Chemistry
AN = TN 29: differentiate from BRAIN /metab; consider also /chem with specific parts of the brain but probably as NIM with BRAIN CHEMISTRY (IM) if site is merely locational & illustrative
UI = D001923
Brain Concussion
MS = A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)
UI = D001924
Brain Damage, Chronic
MS = A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY disorders; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.
AN = coord with specific condition causing damage if pertinent
UI = D001925
Brain Death
MS = A state of prolonged irreversible cessation of all brain activity, including lower brain stem function with the complete absence of voluntary movements, responses to stimuli, brain stem reflexes, and spontaneous respirations. Reversible conditions which mimic this clinical state (e.g., sedative overdose, hypothermia, etc.) are excluded prior to making the determination of brain death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp348-9)
UI = D001926
Brain Diseases
MS = Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
UI = D001927
Brain Diseases, Metabolic
MS = Acquired or inborn metabolic diseases that produce brain dysfunction or damage. These include primary (i.e., disorders intrinsic to the brain) and secondary (i.e., extracranial) metabolic conditions that adversely affect cerebral function.
AN = GEN; avoid: prefer specifics; DF: BRAIN DIS METAB
UI = D001928
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn
MS = Errors of brain metabolism resulting from inborn, primarily enzymatic, deficiency states. The majority of these conditions are familial, however spontaneous mutation may also occur. Deficient enzyme activity may cause brain dysfunction by leading to the accumulation of substrate, reduced product formation, or by causing metabolism to occur through alternate pathways.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; DF: BRAIN DIS METAB INBORN
UI = D020739
Brain Edema
MS = Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)
UI = D001929
Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic
MS = Bleeding within the brain as a result of penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Traumatically induced hemorrhages may occur in any area of the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem (see BRAIN STEM HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC), and cerebellum.
AN = note specifics; coord with organ/dis term or site
UI = D020201
Brain Infarction
MS = The formation of an area of necrosis in the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres (see CEREBRAL INFARCTION), thalami, basal ganglia, brain stem (BRAIN STEM INFARCTIONS), or cerebellum secondary to an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; DF: BRAIN INFARCT
UI = D020520
Brain Injuries
MS = Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.
AN = GEN or unspecified; consider also /inj with specific parts of the brain; X ref BRAIN CONTUSION: do not coord with CONTUSIONS; do not confuse with CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA
UI = D001930
Brain Injury, Chronic
MS = Conditions characterized by persistent brain damage or dysfunction as sequelae of cranial trauma. This disorder may result from DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; BRAIN EDEMA; and other conditions. Clinical features may include DEMENTIA; focal neurologic deficits; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; AKINETIC MUTISM; or COMA.
UI = D020208
Brain Ischemia
MS = Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obtruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjuction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.
AN = ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT is abailable; do not confuse with HYPOXIA, BRAIN, reduced oxygen supply
UI = D002545
Brain Mapping
AN = coord IM with specific part of brain /physiol (IM)
UI = D001931
Brain Neoplasms
MS = Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific site in brain (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D001932
Brain Stem
MS = The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON, PONS, and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
UI = D001933
Brain Stem Hemorrhage, Traumatic
MS = Extravasation of blood into the midbrain, pons, or medulla following CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY is commonly associated. Clinical manifestations which may be associated with this condition include OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; ATAXIA; PARALYSIS; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; and COMA.
AN = coord with site
UI = D020203
Brain Stem Infarctions
MS = Infarctions that occur in the brain stem which is comprised of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. There are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury.
AN = DF: BRAINSTEM INFARCT
UI = D020526
Brain Stem Neoplasms
MS = Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D020295
Brain Tissue Transplantation
MS = Transference of brain tissue, either from a fetus or from a born individual, between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.
AN = coord IM with specific part of brain /transpl (IM or NIM); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; transpl of fetal or embryonic brain tissue: coord IM with FETAL TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION (IM) + specific tissue /transpl + /embryol if pertinent (IM or NIM)
UI = D016380
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
MS = A member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. In the brain BDNF has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)
AN = a nerve growth factor; DF: note short X ref
UI = D019208
Branched DNA Signal Amplification Assay
MS = A molecular probe technique that utilizes branched DNA (bDNA) as a means to amplify the hybridization signal. One end of the bDNA molecule is designed to bind a specific target, while the other end of the bDNA molecule contains many branches of DNA that are designed to bind a probe used for signal detection.
AN = DF: BDNA ASSAY
UI = D021121
Branchial Region
MS = Region containing paired arched columns that bear gills in lower aquatic vertebrates and appear in the embryos of higher vertebrates in comparable form. In higher vertebrates the arches are subsequently modified into structures of the neck and ear.
AN = includes branchial arch & branchial cleft; branchial arch syndrome: index under BRANCHIAL REGION (IM) + SYNDROME (NIM)
UI = D001934
Branchio-Oto-Renal Syndrome
MS = An autosomal dominant disorder manifested by various combinations of preauricular pits, branchial fistulae or cysts, lacrimal duct stenosis, hearing loss, structural defects of the outer, middle, or inner ear, and renal dysplasia. Associated defects include asthenic habitus, long narrow facies, constricted palate, deep overbite, and myopia. Hearing loss may be due to Mondini type cochlear defect and stapes fixation. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)
AN = multiple abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: note short X ref
UI = D019280
Branchioma
MS = A tumor derived from branchial epithelium or branchial rests. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = neoplastic; includes branchial inclusion cyst, branchial chondroma, branchial fistula; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with HEAD AND NECK NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D001935
Brassica
MS = A plant genus of the family Cruciferae. It contains many species and cultivars used as food including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, kale, collard greens, MUSTARD (B. alba, B. junica, and B. nigra), turnips (BRASSICA NAPUS) and rapeseed (BRASSICA RAPA).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; note common names as X refs; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D001937
Brassica napus
MS = A plant species of the family BRASSICACEAE best known for the edible roots.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029688
Brassica rapa
MS = A plant species cultivated for the seed used as animal feed and as a source of canola cooking oil.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029741
Brassicaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Capparales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are mostly herbaceous plants with peppery-flavoured leaves, due to gluconapin (GLUCOSINOLATES) and its hydrolysis product butenylisotrhiocyanate. The family includes many plants of economic importance that have been extensively altered and domesticated by humans. Flowers have 4 petals. Podlike fruits contain a number of seeds. Cress is a general term used for many in the Brassicacea family. Rockcress is usually ARABIS; Bittercress is usually CARDAMINE; Yellowcress is usually RORIPPA; Pennycress is usually THLASPI; Watercress refers to NASTURTIUM; or RORIPPA or TROPAEOLUM; Gardencress refers to LEPIDIUM; Indiancress refers to TROPAEOLUM.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D019607
Brazil
UI = D001938
BRCA1 Protein
MS = The phosphoprotein encoded by the BRCA1 gene (GENE, BRCA1). In normal cells the BRCA1 protein is localized in the nucleus, whereas in the majority of breast cancer cell lines and in malignant pleural effusions from breast cancer patients, it is localized mainly in the cytoplasm. (Science 1995;270(5237):713,789-91)
UI = D019313
BRCA2 Protein
MS = A large, nuclear protein, encoded by the BRCA2 gene (GENE, BRCA2). Mutations in this gene predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancer. The BRCA2 protein is an essential component of DNA repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (from Genes Dev. 2000;14(11):1400-6)
UI = D024682
Bread
MS = Baked food product made of flour or meal that is moistened, kneaded, and sometimes fermented. A major food since prehistoric times, it has been made in various forms using a variety of ingredients and methods.
UI = D001939
Breast
MS = In humans, either of the mammary glands, consisting of fibrous tissue connecting the lobes and fatty tissue in between the lobes.
AN = human only; animal is MAMMAE or UDDER; /surg: consider also MASTECTOMY & MAMMAPLASTY; inflammation = MASTITIS; tuberc of breast = MASTITIS (IM) + TUBERCULOSIS (IM), not TUBERCULOSIS, ENDOCRINE; self-examination = BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION
UI = D001940
Breast Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = MASTITIS; tuberc of breast = MASTITIS (IM) + TUBERCULOSIS (IM), not TUBERCULOSIS, ENDOCRINE
UI = D001941
Breast Feeding
MS = The nursing of an infant at the mother's breast.
AN = human only; /adv eff: refers to eff on infant or mother
UI = D001942
Breast Implantation
MS = Surgical insertion of an inert sac filled with silicone or other material to augment the female form cosmetically.
UI = D019928
Breast Implants
MS = Implants used to reconstruct and/or cosmetically enhance the female breast. They have an outer shell or envelope of silicone elastomer and are filled with either saline or silicone gel. The outer shell may be either smooth or textured.
AN = IM; coord with implant material (IM or NIM)
UI = D018427
Breast Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the breast.
AN = human only; BREAST NEOPLASMS, MALE is also available: see note there; for animal use MAMMARY NEOPLASMS or MAMMARY NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL: Manual 24.5+, 24.6+; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D001943
Breast Neoplasms, Male
MS = Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females. Two-thirds of patients present with intraductal carcinoma. The average age of onset is 60 years for men. Orchiectomy was the standard treatment but it has been replaced by TAMOXIFEN as the initial therapy since estrogen-receptor-positive tumors are predominant in males. Orchiectomy and mastectomy may be used if initial drug therapy is not successful. The prognosis is worse than that for females. (From Holland, et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1751)
AN = human only; for animal, see note at BREAST NEOPLASMS; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); check tags HUMAN & MALE
UI = D018567
Breast Self-Examination
MS = The inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease.
AN = coord IM with no qualif with disease /diag (IM) if discussed; DF: BREAST SELF EXAM
UI = D016504
Breath Tests
MS = Any tests done on exhaled air.
AN = NIM
UI = D001944
Breathing Exercises
MS = Therapeutic exercises aimed to deepen inspiration or expiration or even to alter the rate and rhythm of respiration.
UI = D001945
Breech Presentation
AN = no qualif; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D001946
Breeding
MS = The production of offspring by selective mating or HYBRIDIZATION, GENETIC in animals or plants.
AN = animals & plants only
UI = D001947
Brefeldin A
MS = A fungal metabolite which is a macrocyclic lactone exhibiting a wide range of antibiotic activity.
UI = D020126
Brenner Tumor
MS = A tumor of the ovary whose structure consists of groups of epithelial cells lying in a fibrous connective tissue stroma. Brenner tumors are uncommon, representing less than 1% of all ovarian neoplasms.
AN = coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D001948
Bretylium Compounds
AN = ammonium cpds; DF: BRETYLIUM CPDS
UI = D001949
Bretylium Tosylate
MS = An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.
UI = D001950
Brevibacterium
MS = A gram-positive organism found in dairy products, fresh and salt water, marine organisms, insects, and decaying organic matter.
AN = in soil, water, dairy prod & decaying matter
UI = D001951
Brevibacterium flavum
MS = A species in the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM, family Corynebacteriaceae, which is used for industrial production of the amino acid LYSINE. It is closely related to Corynebacterium glutamicum.
AN = do not confuse with the genus BREVIBACTERIUM
UI = D040142
Bridged Compounds
MS = Cyclic hydrocarbons that contain multiple rings and share one or more atoms.
AN = DF: BRIDGED CPDS
UI = D001952
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
MS = A scale comprising 18 symptom constructs chosen to represent relatively independent dimensions of manifest psychopathology. The initial intended use was to provide more efficient assessment of treatment response in clinical psychopharmacology research; however, the scale was readily adapted to other uses. (From Hersen, M. and Bellack, A.S., Dictionary of Behavioral Assessment Techniques, p. 87)
AN = DF: BPRS
UI = D010054
Brinolase
MS = A fibrinolytic and thrombolytic enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae. EC 3.4.99.-.
UI = D001954
British Columbia
MS = A province of Canada on the Pacific coast. Its capital is Victoria. The name given in 1858 derives from the Columbia River which was named by the American captain Robert Gray for his ship Columbia which in turn was named for Columbus. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p178 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p81-2)
AN = a province of Canada on the Pacific coast
UI = D001955
Broad Ligament
MS = A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis.
AN = an adnexal ligament; inflammation = PARAMETRITIS
UI = D001956
Broadsides
MS = Published pieces of paper or other material, usually printed on one side and intended to be read unfolded and usually intended to be posted, publicly distributed, or sold. (From Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing, 2d ed)
AN = IM; coord with subject (IM); do not confuse with Publication Type BROADSIDES
UI = D001957
Broadsides [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of published pieces of paper or other material, usually printed on one side and intended to be read unfolded and usually intended to be posted, publicly distributed, or sold, e.g., proclamations, handbills, newssheets, etc. (From Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing, 2d ed)
AN = publication type only; for broadsides as a subject, index under main heading BROADSIDES; Publication Types ADVERTISEMENTS & POSTERS are also available
UI = D019490
Brocresine
MS = A histidine decarboxylase inhibitor.
UI = D001958
Bromates
MS = Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.
UI = D001959
Bromazepam
MS = A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
UI = D001960
Bromcresol Green
MS = An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D001961
Bromcresol Purple
MS = An indicator and reatgent. It has been used for several purposes including the determination of serum albumin concentrations
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D001962
Bromelains
MS = Protein-digesting and milk-clotting enzymes found in pineapple fruit juice and stem tissue. Enzymes from the two sources are distinguished as fruit bromelain and stem bromelain. They have anti-inflammatory activity and the enzymatic activity does not disappear as the fruit ripens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = cysteine endopeptidases & non-steroidal anti-inflamm agents
UI = D001963
Bromelia
MS = A plant genus of the family BROMELIACEAE. Members contain karatasin and balansain (ENDOPEPTIDASES) and BROMELAINS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031231
Bromeliaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Bromeliales, subclass Zingiberidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031229
Bromhexine
MS = A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744)
UI = D001964
Bromides
MS = Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = only for inorganic cpds or bromide ion
UI = D001965
Bromine
MS = A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.
AN = a halogen; Br-79; Br-81 = BROMINE (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Br-74-78, 80, 82-90 = BROMINE RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D001966
Bromine Compounds
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain bromine as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: BROMINE CPDS
UI = D017605
Bromine Radioisotopes
MS = Unstable isotopes of bromine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Br atoms with atomic weights 74-78, 80, and 82-90 are radioactive bromine isotopes.
AN = Br-74-78, 80, 82-90; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
UI = D001967
Bromisovalum
MS = A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.
UI = D001968
Bromobenzenes
MS = Derivatives of benzene in which one or more hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring are replaced by bromine atoms.
UI = D001969
Bromobenzoates
MS = Benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more bromine atoms.
UI = D001970
Bromocriptine
MS = A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.
UI = D001971
Bromodeoxycytidine
MS = 5-Bromo-2'-deoxycytidine. Can be incorporated into DNA in the presence of DNA polymerase, replacing dCTP.
UI = D001972
Bromodeoxyuridine
MS = A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.
UI = D001973
Bromosuccinimide
MS = A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).
UI = D001974
Bromotrichloromethane
MS = A potent liver poison. In rats, bromotrichloromethane produces about three times the degree of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation as does carbon tetrachloride.
UI = D001975
Bromouracil
MS = 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.
AN = an antimetabolite
UI = D001976
Bromoviridae
MS = A family of RNA plant viruses with a wide host range in crops and horticultural species. All viruses are readily transmitted by mechanical means and some by insects and pollen. The genera include: ALFAMOVIRUS; BROMOVIRUS; CUCUMOVIRUS; ILARVIRUS; and OLEAVIRUS.
AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol
UI = D019177
Bromovirus
MS = A genus of tripartite plant viruses in the family BROMOVIRIDAE. Transmission is by beetles. Brome mosaic virus is the type species.
AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol
UI = D017795
Brompheniramine
MS = Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.
UI = D001977
Bromphenol Blue
MS = A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D001978
Bromthymol Blue
MS = A pH sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D001979
Bromus
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The name is similar to Broom or Scotch Broom (CYTISUS) or Butcher's Broom (RUSCUS) or Desert Broom (BACCHARIS) or Spanish Broom (SPARTIUM).
AN = do not confuse with Broom terms in MeSH; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031724
Bronchi
MS = The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea.
AN = /drug eff: consider also BRONCHOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS or BRONCHODILATOR AGENTS; inflammation = BRONCHITIS but note BRONCHIOLITIS is also available; dilatation = BRONCHIECTASIS; bronchial tuberc or tuberc bronchitis: index under TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY & not also under BRONCHI or BRONCHITIS unless particularly discussed
UI = D001980
Bronchial Arteries
MS = Left bronchial arteries arise from the thoracic aorta, the right from the first aortic intercostal or the upper left bronchial artery; they supply the bronchi and the lower trachea.
UI = D001981
Bronchial Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = BRONCHITIS
UI = D001982
Bronchial Fistula
MS = An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.
AN = fistula policy: Manual 23.19+
UI = D001983
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
MS = Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.
AN = note category; if present in asthma, coord IM with ASTHMA /physiopathol (IM)
UI = D016535
Bronchial Neoplasms
AN = not for bronchial carcinoma ( = CARCINOMA, BRONCHIAL see CARCINOMA, BRONCHOGENIC + LUNG NEOPLASMS), nor bronchogenic carcinoma ( = CARCINOMA, BRONCHOGENIC + LUNG NEOPLASMS) nor bronchiolar carcinoma ( = CARCINOMA, BRONCHIOLAR + LUNG NEOPLASMS); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D001984
Bronchial Provocation Tests
MS = Tests involving inhalation of allergens (nebulized or in dust form), nebulized pharmacologically active solutions (e.g., histamine, methacholine), or control solutions, followed by assessment of respiratory function. These tests are used in the diagnosis of asthma.
AN = DF: BP TESTS
UI = D001985
Bronchial Spasm
MS = Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.
UI = D001986
Bronchiectasis
MS = Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.
AN = bronchial dilatation
UI = D001987
Bronchiolitis
MS = Inflammation of the bronchioles.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D001988
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
MS = Inflammation of the bronchioles with obstruction by fibrous granulation tissue or bronchial exudate. It may follow inhalation of irritating gases or foreign bodies and it complicates pneumonia.
AN = also called acute obliterating bronchiolitis & bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans: do not make diagnoses: use words of text
UI = D001989
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia
MS = A disease formerly considered a form of interstitial pneumonia. Its etiology is obscure but it may be associated with toxic fumes, infection, and connective tissue disease. Clinical symptoms include cough, dyspnea and influenza-like symptoms with the development of the usual interstitial pneumonia in many cases. Obstructive symptoms are limited to smokers. There are patchy polypoid masses of intra-alveolar granulation tissue in small airway lumina and alveolar ducts. "Organizing" refers to unresolved pneumonia (in which the alveolar exudate persists and eventually undergoes fibrosis) in which fibrous tissue forms in the alveoli. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992; Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D018549
Bronchiolitis, Viral
MS = An acute inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract, caused by paramyxoviruses, occurring primarily in infants and young children; the viruses most commonly implicated are parainfluenza type 3 and respiratory syncytial virus.
AN = acute & occurring in inf & young child; coord IM with specific virus dis (IM)
UI = D001990
Bronchitis
AN = tuberc bronchitis: index under TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY & not also under BRONCHITIS unless particularly discussed; BRONCHIOLITIS is also available
UI = D001991
Bronchitis, Chronic
MS = A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.
AN = BRONCHITIS is also available
UI = D029481
Bronchoalveolar Lavage
MS = Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients.
AN = an irrigation technique: do not confuse with BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID, the washings obtained by lavage; DF: note short X ref
UI = D018893
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
MS = Fluid obtained by washout of the alveolar compartment of the lung. It is used to assess biochemical and inflammatory changes in and effects of therapy on the interstitial lung tissue.
AN = do not confuse with BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE, the irrigation technique; DF: BALF
UI = D001992
Bronchoconstriction
MS = Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention.
AN = IM; physiol process or chem induced state: do not confuse with pathol bronchial constriction ( = BRONCHIAL DISEASES (IM) + CONSTRICTION, PATHOLOGIC (NIM) or more likely ASTHMA); /drug eff: consider also BRONCHOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS which induce bronchoconstriction or BRONCHODILATOR AGENTS which counteract it
UI = D016084
Bronchoconstrictor Agents
MS = Agents causing the narrowing of the lumen of a bronchus or bronchiole.
AN = consider also BRONCHI /drug eff
UI = D016085
Bronchodilator Agents
MS = Agents that cause an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes.
AN = GEN or unspecified
UI = D001993
Bronchogenic Cyst
MS = A usually spherical cyst, arising as an embryonic out-pouching of the foregut or trachea. It is generally found in the mediastinum or lung and is usually asymptomatic unless it becomes infected.
AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D001994
Bronchography
MS = Radiography of the bronchial tree after injection of a contrast medium.
AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: BRONCHOGR
UI = D001995
Bronchopneumonia
MS = Acute inflammation of the walls of the smaller bronchial tubes, with varying amounts of pulmonary consolidation due to spread of the inflammation into peribronchiolar alveoli and the alveolar ducts. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = do not make a diagnosis: use term as used by author
UI = D001996
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
MS = A chronic lung disease appearing in certain newborn infants treated for RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME with mechanical ventilation and elevated concentration of inspired oxygen.
AN = after ther of RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME so do not coord with it; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; check tags HUMAN & INFANT, NEWBORN; DF: BRONCHOPULM DYSPLASIA
UI = D001997
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
MS = A developmental anomaly in which a mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue lacks normal connection with the tracheobroncheal tree and receives an anomalous blood supply originating from the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta. The mass may be extralobar, i.e., completely separated from normally connected lung, or intralobar, i.e., partly surrounded by normal lung.
AN = a lung abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: PULM SEQUESTRATION
UI = D001998
Bronchoscopes
MS = Endoscopes for the visualization of the interior of the bronchi.
UI = D020680
Bronchoscopy
MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi.
UI = D001999
Bronchospirometry
MS = Spirometric technique in which the volume of air breathed in the right and left lung is recorded separately.
AN = NIM
UI = D002000
Broussonetia
MS = A plant genus of the family MORACEAE. Members contain PYRROLIDINES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031623
Brown Fat
MS = A thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in newborns of many species, including humans, and in hibernating mammals. The tissue is capable of rapid liberation of energy and seems to be important in the maintenance of body temperature immediately after birth and upon waking from hibernation.
UI = D002001
Brown-Sequard Syndrome
MS = A syndrome associated with injury to the lateral half of the spinal cord. The condition is characterized by the following clinical features (which are found below the level of the lesion): contralateral hemisensory anesthesia to pain and temperature, ipsilateral loss of propioception, and ipsilateral motor paralysis. Tactile sensation is generally spared. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p162).
AN = do not confuse with flaccid paralysis of the bladder, also called Brown Séquard paralysis; in titles & translations use diacrit: Brown-Sequard
UI = D018437
Brucea
MS = A plant genus of the family SIMAROUBACEAE. Members contain bruceosides and bruceanols (quassinoids). The astringent seeds have been used to treat dysentery in southeastern Asia.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032269
Brucella
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes BRUCELLOSIS. Its cells are nonmotile coccobacilli and are animal parasites and pathogens. The bacterium is transmissible to humans through contact with infected dairy products or tissue.
AN = infection = BRUCELLOSIS
UI = D002002
Brucella abortus
MS = A species of the genus BRUCELLA whose natural hosts are cattle and other bovidae. Other mammals, including man, may be infected. Abortion and placentitis are frequently produced in the pregnant animal.
AN = infection = probably BRUCELLOSIS, BOVINE but for man or other animals coord IM with BRUCELLOSIS (IM)
UI = D002003
Brucella canis
MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria infecting DOGS, the natural hosts, and causing canine BRUCELLOSIS. It can also cause a mild infection in humans.
AN = infection: coord IM with BRUCELLOSIS (IM)
UI = D041002
Brucella melitensis
MS = A species of the genus BRUCELLA whose natural hosts are sheep and goats. Other mammals, including man, may be infected. In general, these organisms tend to be more virulent for laboratory animals than BRUCELLA ABORTUS and may cause fatal infections.
AN = infection: coord IM with BRUCELLOSIS (IM)
UI = D017347
Brucella suis
MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria, primarily infecting SWINE, but it can also infect humans, DOGS, and HARES.
AN = infection: coord IM with BRUCELLOSIS (IM)
UI = D041021
Brucella Vaccine
MS = A bacterial vaccine for the prevention of brucellosis in man and animal. Brucella abortus vaccine is used for the immunization of cattle, sheep, and goats.
AN = coord IM with specific Brucella /immunol (IM)
UI = D002004
Brucellosis
MS = Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.
AN = gram-neg bact infect
UI = D002006
Brucellosis, Bovine
MS = A disease of cattle caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA leading to abortion in late pregnancy. BRUCELLA ABORTUS is the primary infective agent.
AN = in cattle only: if transmitted to man, use BRUCELLOSIS for the human; don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL
UI = D002007
Bruch Membrane
MS = The membrane, also called the lamina basalis choroideae, that acts as a support structure on the inner side of the choroid (the vascular sheet that supplies the retinal pigment epithelium and the outer portion of the sensory retina adjacent to it). It is 7 microns thick and is composed of the basement membranes of the choriocapillaris endothelium and the retinal pigment epithelium. The membrane stops at the optic nerve, as does the retinal pigment epithelium.
AN = "a support structure on the inner side of the choroid"
UI = D016570
Brugia
MS = A filarial worm of Southeast Asia, producing filariasis and elephantiasis in various mammals including man. It was formerly included in the genus WUCHERERIA.
AN = infection: check text for probable lymphatic involvement & coord IM with ELEPHANTIASIS, FILARIAL (IM); coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES
UI = D002009
Brugia malayi
MS = A species of parasitic nematode causing Malayan filariasis and having a distribution centering roughly on the Malay peninsula. The life cycle of B. malayi is similar to that of WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI, except that in most areas the principal mosquito vectors belong to the genus Mansonia.
AN = infection: coord IM with FILARIASIS (IM) or if with possible lymphatic involvement, ELEPHANTIASIS, FILARIAL (IM); coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES
UI = D017178
Brugia pahangi
MS = A species of parasitic nematode found in man and other mammals. It has been reported from Malaya and East Pakistan and may produce symptoms of tropical eosinophilia.
AN = infection: coord IM with FILARIASIS (IM); coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES
UI = D017179
Brunei
MS = An independent sultanate on the northeast coast of Borneo. Its chief products are oil and natural gas. Its name is Hindi, coming from the Sanskrit bhumi, land or region. It gave its name Brunei to Borneo. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p183 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p82)
AN = a sultanate on the northeast coast of Borneo
UI = D002010
Brunner's Glands
MS = Small, flat, granular glands embedded in the submucous areolar tissue of the duodenum.
UI = D002011
Bruxism
MS = A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.
AN = SLEEP BRUXISM is also available
UI = D002012
Bryonia
MS = A plant genus of the family CUCURBITACEAE that is the source of bryodin 1 (a ribosome-inactivating protein).
AN = do not confuse X ref BRYONY with BLACK BRYONY see TAMUS; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029772
Bryozoa
MS = A phylum of small sessile aquatic animals living as small tufted colonies. Some appear like hydroids or corals, but their internal structure is more advanced. Most bryozoans are matlike, forming thin encrustations on rocks, shells, or kelp. (Storer & Stebbins, General Zoology, 6th ed, p443)
AN = a phylum of tiny aquatic colonial animals; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D002013
Buchnera
MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria which are obligately intracellular endosymbionts of APHIDS. The bacteria are found within specialized cells in the aphid body cavity.
UI = D020635
Buckwheat
MS = Either of two species (Fagopyrum esculentum, or sagittatum, and F. tataricum) of herbaceous plants and their edible seeds, used as a cereal grain. Although the seeds are used as cereal, the plant is not one of the cereal grasses (POACEAE).
AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
UI = D019612
Bucladesine
MS = A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = DF: DIBU CYCL AMP
UI = D003994
Bucrylate
MS = Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive also used to occlude blood vessels supplying neoplastic or other diseased tissue.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D002015
Buddhism
MS = The teaching ascribed to Gautama Buddha (ca. 483 B.C.) holding that suffering is inherent in life and that one can escape it into nirvana by mental and moral self-purification. (Webster, 3d ed)
AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D002016
Budding and Appendaged Bacteria
MS = Bacteria that commonly possess unusual shapes, have complex life cycles, and divide by budding. Many have appendages which are sufficiently prominent that they can be detected by phase-contrast light microscopy.
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics; DF: BUDDING APPENDAGED BACT
UI = D016933
Buddleja
MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Members contain mimengoside B, verbascoside, and phenylethanoids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032861
Budesonide
MS = A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis.
UI = D019819
Budgets
MS = Detailed financial plans for carrying out specific activities for a certain period of time. They include proposed income and expenditures.
UI = D002017
Bufanolides
MS = Steroids derived from various Bufo species and often possessing cardiotonic properties.
AN = includes bufenolides, bufadienolides, bufatrienolides
UI = D002018
Bufexamac
MS = An anti-inflammatory analgesic with antipyretic action. It is administered topically, orally, or rectally.
UI = D002019
Buffaloes
MS = Ruminants of the family Bovidae consisting of Bubalus arnee and Syncerus caffer. This concept is differentiated from BISON, which refers to Bison bison and Bison bonasus.
AN = do not confuse with BUFFALO, AMERICAN see BISON; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D002020
Buffers
MS = A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.
AN = almost never IM
UI = D002021
Bufo arenarum
MS = A species of the true toads, Bufonidae, found in South America.
AN = So. Amer. toad; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D002022
Bufo bufo
MS = A species of the true toads, Bufonidae, widely distributed in the United States and Europe.
AN = common U.S. & European toad; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D002023
Bufo marinus
MS = A species of the true toads, Bufonidae, becoming fairly common in the southern United States and almost pantropical. The secretions from the skin glands of this species are very toxic to animals.
AN = common southern U.S. toad; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D002024
Bufonidae
MS = The family of true toads belonging to the order Anura. The genera include Bufo, Ansonia, Nectophrynoides, and Atelopus.
AN = toads including genera Bufo, Ansonia, Nectophrynoides & Atelopus; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D002025
Buformin
MS = An oral hypoglycemic agent that inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, and decreases glucose oxidation.
UI = D002026
Bufotenin
MS = A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.
AN = /biosyn permitted if by toads, mushrooms, etc.
UI = D002027
Building Codes
MS = Standards or regulations for construction which are designed to ensure safety against electrical hazards, fires, etc.
AN = coord IM with type of facility (IM)
UI = D002028
Bulbar Palsy, Progressive
MS = A motor neuron disease marked by progressive weakness of the muscles innervated by cranial nerves of the lower brain stem. Clinical manifestations include dysarthria, dysphagia, facial weakness, tongue weakness, and fasciculations of the tongue and facial muscles. The adult form of the disease is marked intially by bulbar weakness which progresses to involve motor neurons throughout the neuroaxis. Eventually this condition may become indistinguishable from AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS. Fazio-Londe syndrome is an inherited form of this illness which occurs in children and young adults. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1091; Brain 1992 Dec;115(Pt 6):1889-1900)
UI = D010244
Bulbourethral Glands
MS = Glands situated on each side of the prostate that secrete a fluid component of the seminal fluid into the urethra.
UI = D002030
Bulgaria
AN = in translations of historical articles use spelling People's Republic, not Peoples' nor Peoples
UI = D002031
Bulimia
MS = Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa).
UI = D002032
Bulinus
MS = A genus of small freshwater snails of the order Pulmonata, found throughout Africa and the Middle East, where it is a vector of SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM.
AN = freshwater snail; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D002033
Bumetanide
MS = A sulfamyl diuretic.
UI = D002034
Bunaftine
MS = N-Butyl-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-1-naphthamide. A proposed antiarrhythmic that prolongs myocardial refractory period and stabilizes cell membranes.
AN = an anti-arrhythmic
UI = D002035
Bundle of His
MS = Small band of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that originates in the atrioventricular node and extends into the membranous part of the interventricular septum.
UI = D002036
Bundle-Branch Block
MS = A form of heart block in which one ventricle is excited before the other because of absence of conduction in one of the branches of the bundle of His.
AN = disord of bundle of His
UI = D002037
Bungarotoxins
MS = Neurotoxic proteins from the venom of the banded or Formosan krait (Bungarus multicinctus, an elapid snake). alpha-Bungarotoxin blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and has been used to isolate and study them; beta- and gamma-bungarotoxins act presynaptically causing acetylcholine release and depletion. Both alpha and beta forms have been characterized, the alpha being similar to the large, long or Type II neurotoxins from other elapid venoms.
AN = from the krait, a snake; /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; alpha-bungarotoxin & beta-bungarotoxin go here
UI = D002038
Bungarus
MS = A genus of poisonous snakes of the subfamily Elapinae of the family ELAPIDAE. They comprise the kraits. Twelve species are recognized and all inhabit southeast Asia. They are considered extremely dangerous. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p120)
AN = a genus of poisonous snakes
UI = D017838
Bunyamwera virus
MS = A species in the BUNYAVIRUS genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE. A large number of serotypes or strains exist in many parts of the world. They are transmitted by mosquitoes and infect humans in some areas.
AN = infection: coord IM with BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D002042
Bunyaviridae
MS = A family of viruses, mainly arboviruses, consisting of a single strand of RNA. Virions are enveloped particles 90-120 nm diameter. The complete family contains over 300 members arranged in five genera: BUNYAVIRUS; HANTAVIRUS; NAIROVIRUS; PHLEBOVIRUS; and TOSPOVIRUS.
AN = a family of RNA viruses; from BUNYAmwera, an African place name; infection = BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
UI = D002043
Bunyaviridae Infections
MS = Virus diseases caused by the BUNYAVIRIDAE.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D002044
Bunyavirus
MS = A genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE containing over 150 viruses, most of which are transmitted by mosquitoes or flies. They are arranged in groups defined by serological criteria, each now named for the original reference species (previously called serogroups). Many species have multiple serotypes or strains.
AN = infection: coord IM with BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016851
Bupivacaine
MS = A widely used local anesthetic agent.
UI = D002045
Bupleurum
MS = A plant genus of the family APIACEAE that is the source of bupleurum root and of bupleurotoxin and is an ingredient of sho-saiko-to.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029972
Bupranolol
MS = An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.
UI = D002046
Buprenorphine
MS = A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.
UI = D002047
Bupropion
MS = A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment.
AN = do not confuse with Zyban fungicide
UI = D016642
Burial
MS = The act or ceremony of putting a corpse into the ground or a vault, or into the sea. The custom of burial is primeval and omnipresent in all cultures and civilizations, generally accompanied by ceremonial rites.
AN = in primitive or advanced cultures, historical or modern
UI = D002048
Burimamide
MS = An antagonist of histamine that appears to block both H2 and H3 histamine receptors. It has been used in the treatment of ulcers.
UI = D002049
Burkholderia
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Organisms in this genus had originally been classified as members of the PSEUDOMONAS genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings indicated the need to separate them from other Pseudomonas species, and hence, this new genus was created.
AN = some species were formerly called Pseudomonas; infection = BURKHOLDERIA INFECTIONS
UI = D019117
Burkholderia cepacia
MS = A species of BURKHOLDERIA considered to be an opportunistic human pathogen. It has been associated with various types of infections of nosocomial origin.
AN = nosocomial & opportunistic; infection: coord IM with BURKHOLDERIA INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016956
Burkholderia Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus BURKHOLDERIA.
AN = gram-neg bact infect; coord IM with species (IM)
UI = D019121
Burkholderia pseudomallei
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes MELIOIDOSIS. It has been isolated from soil and water in tropical regions, particularly Southeast Asia.
AN = infection = MELIOIDOSIS
UI = D016957
Burkina Faso
MS = A republic in western Africa, south and east of MALI and west of NIGER. Its capital is Ouagadougou. It was formerly called Upper Volta until 1984. A French protectorate was established over the region 1895-97. It was part of Upper Senegal-Niger colony until 1919 when it became a separate colony. Burkina Faso remained under French jurisdiction with varied status until it became totally independent in 1960. Its name is native, meaning land of worthy men, from burkina (worthy) + faso (land, literally father village from fa (father) + so (village)). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p191, 1273 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p85)
AN = a republic in western Africa; X ref UPPER VOLTA was its former name
UI = D002050
Burkitt Lymphoma
MS = A form of undifferentiated malignant lymphoma usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.
AN = caused by HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN
UI = D002051
Burn Units
MS = Specialized hospital facilities which provide intensive care for burn patients.
UI = D002053
Burning Mouth Syndrome
MS = A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders.
AN = "painful oral symptoms assoc with a burning sensation"
UI = D002054
Burnout, Professional
MS = An excessive stress reaction to one's occupational or professional environment. It is manifested by feelings of emotional and physical exhaustion coupled with a sense of frustration and failure.
AN = use Cat F3 qualif & even those with discretion
UI = D002055
Burns
MS = Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.
AN = GEN; "thermal injury"; EYE BURNS & SUNBURN are also available; burn shock: coord IM with SHOCK, TRAUMATIC (IM)
UI = D002056
Burns, Chemical
AN = chem eye burns = BURNS, CHEMICAL (IM) + EYE BURNS /chem ind (IM)
UI = D002057
Burns, Electric
MS = Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.
UI = D002058
Burns, Inhalation
MS = Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.
AN = resp tract burns from heat or chemicals; SMOKE INHALATION INJURY is also available
UI = D002059
Bursa of Fabricius
MS = An epithelial outgrowth of the cloaca in birds similar to the thymus in mammals. It atrophies within 6 months after birth and remains as a fibrous remnant in adult birds. It is composed of lymphoid tissue and prior to involution, is the site of B-lymphocyte maturation.
UI = D002060
Bursa, Synovial
AN = inflammation = BURSITIS
UI = D002061
Bursera
MS = A plant genus of the family BURSERACEAE. Members contain a PODOPHYLLOTOXIN.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031233
Burseraceae
MS = A plant family of the order Sapindales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are resinous trees and shrubs with alternate leaves composed of many leaflets.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029403
Bursitis
MS = Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon. The most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a joint dis
UI = D002062
Burundi
MS = A republic in eastern Africa bounded on the north by RWANDA and on the south by TANZANIA. It was formerly called Urundi. Its capital is Bujumbura. With Ruanda it was part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urundi from 1919 to 1962 when it was divided into two independent countries, Burundi and Rwanda. The name comes from the name of the people, the Barundi: Ba- is the prefix for the people, Bu- is the prefix for the country. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p194, 1034; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p86)
AN = a republic in eastern Africa; X ref URUNDI was its former name
UI = D002063
Buserelin
MS = A potent and durable analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GONADORELIN).
UI = D002064
Buspirone
MS = An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.
UI = D002065
Busulfan
MS = An alkylating agent having a selective immunosuppressive effect on bone marrow. It has been used in the palliative treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, but although symptomatic relief is provided, no permanent remission is brought about. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), busulfan is listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D002066
Butaclamol
MS = A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.
UI = D002069
Butadienes
MS = Four carbon unsaturated hydrocarbons containing two double bonds.
UI = D002070
Butanes
AN = does not include butenes ( = ALKENES); CYCLOBUTANES is also available
UI = D002073
Butanols
MS = Isomeric forms and derivatives of butanol (C4H9OH).
AN = 1-BUTANOL and TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL also available
UI = D000440
Butanones
UI = D002074
Butea
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that contains butrin and isobutrin.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031290
Buthionine Sulfoximine
MS = A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7)
UI = D019328
Butirosin Sulfate
MS = A water-soluble aminoglycosidic antibiotic complex isolated from fermentation filtrates of Bacillus circulans. Two components (A and B) have been separated from the complex. Both are active against many gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria.
UI = D002076
Butorphanol
MS = A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.
UI = D002077
Butoxamine
MS = A beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. It is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize beta-2 receptor involvement and identify beta-2 receptors.
UI = D002078
Butter
MS = The fatty portion of milk, separated as a soft yellowish solid when milk or cream is churned. It is processed for cooking and table use. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = a dairy product & dietary fat; MARGARINE is also available
UI = D002079
Butterflies
MS = Slender-bodies diurnal insects having large, broad wings often strikingly colored and patterned.
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D002080
Buttocks
AN = few qualif apply; usually NIM as site
UI = D002081
Butylamines
UI = D002082
Butylated Hydroxyanisole
MS = Mixture of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenols that is used as an antioxidant in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: BHA
UI = D002083
Butylated Hydroxytoluene
MS = Antioxidant used in foods, cosmetics, petroleum products, etc. It may inhibit some neoplasms and facilitate others.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: BHT; consider TERPENES if C13-norisoprenoid or ionanes are discussed
UI = D002084
Butylene Glycols
MS = 4-carbon straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbons substituted with two hydroxyl groups. The hydroxyl groups cannot be on the same carbon atom.
UI = D002072
Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine
MS = A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D002085
Butylscopolammonium Bromide
MS = Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.
UI = D002086
Butyrates
MS = Salts and esters of butyric acid
UI = D002087
Butyric Acid
MS = A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.
AN = BUTYRIC ACIDS is also available
UI = D020148
Butyric Acids
MS = 4-carbon acids, salts, and derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID.
AN = BUTYRIC ACID is also available
UI = D002088
Butyrophenones
UI = D002090
Butyrylcholinesterase
MS = An aspect of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).
AN = /antag = CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS (IM) + BUTYRYLCHOLINESTERASE (NIM with no qualif)
UI = D002091
Butyrylthiocholine
MS = A sulfur-containing analog of butyrylcholine which is hydrolyzed by butyrylcholinesterase to butyrate and thiocholine. It is used as a reagent in the determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.
UI = D002092
Buxaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Euphorbiales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Leaves are alternate, simple, and leathery. Fruits are one- or two-seeded capsules or drupes (stony-pitted fleshy fruits).
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031234
Buxus
MS = A plant genus of the family BUXACEAE. Members contain steroidal alkaloids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031235
BW 284 C 51
MS = Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.
UI = D002093
BW-755C
MS = A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.
UI = D015772
Byelarus
AN = variant spellings (Byelorussia, Belorussia, etc.) permitted in translations of historical articles; use Byelarus as spelling in translations of current articles
UI = D002094
Byssinosis
MS = An airway obstruction due to the dust inhaled during the processing of cotton.
AN = pneumoconiosis from cotton dust fibers; do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
UI = D002095
Bystander Effect
MS = The result of a positive or negative response (to drugs, for example) in one cell being passed onto other cells via the GAP JUNCTIONS or the intracellular milieu.
AN = note category: cell physiol context only
UI = D024201
Byzantium
MS = An ancient city, the site of modern Istanbul. From the 4th to 15th centuries the empire extended from southeastern Europe to western Asia, reaching its greatest extent under Justinian (527-565). By about 1000 A.D. it comprised the southern Balkans, Greece, Asia Minor, and parts of southern Italy. The capture of Constantinople in 1453 marked the formal end of the Byzantine Empire. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)
AN = the ancient city or empire: note X ref
UI = D018612