Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
D
RETURN TO INDEX D Cells
MS = Cells found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. They secrete somatostatin in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, and gastric hydrochloric acid. A variety of substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion (vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and gastric inhibitory peptide) are thought to act by releasing somatostatin.
AN = /transpl permitted; if from pancreas, coord with ISLETS OF LANGERHANS TRANSPLANTATION
UI = D019864
D-Amino-Acid Oxidase
UI = D003605
D-Aspartic Acid
MS = The D-isomer of ASPARTIC ACID.
UI = D026603
Dacarbazine
MS = An antineoplastic agent. It has significant activity against melanomas. (from Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p564)
UI = D003606
Dacryocystitis
MS = Inflammation of the lacrimal sac. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = inflamm of lacrimal sac
UI = D003607
Dacryocystorhinostomy
MS = Surgical fistulization of the lacrimal sac for external drainage of an obstructed nasolacrimal duct.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D003608
Dactinomycin
MS = An antitumor antibiotic derived from Streptomyces parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)
UI = D003609
Dactylis
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE that contains allergen Dac g I.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031745
Dagestan
MS = One of the former Associated Soviet Socialist Republics, situated on the Caspian Sea in southwest Russia.
UI = D003610
Dahlia
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that contains antifungal plant defensin.
AN = DAHLIA, SEA see COREOPSIS is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031944
Dairy Products
MS = Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D003611
Dairying
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D003612
Dalbergia
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members of this genus can cause CONTACT DERMATITIS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035782
Danazol
MS = A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.
UI = D003613
Dance Therapy
MS = The use of dancing for therapeutic purposes.
AN = a psychother technique; DF: DANCE THER
UI = D003614
Dancing
MS = Rhythmic and patterned body movements which are usually performed to music.
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.31+; dancing as therapy = DANCE THERAPY
UI = D003615
Dandy-Walker Syndrome
MS = A congenital abnormality of the central nervous system marked by failure of the midline structures of the cerebellum to develop, dilation of the fourth ventricle, and upward displacement of the transverse sinuses, tentorium, and torcula. Clinical features include occipital bossing, progressive head enlargement, bulging of anterior fontanelle, papilledema, ataxia, gait disturbances, nystagmus, and intellectual compromise. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp294-5)
UI = D003616
Dangerous Behavior
MS = Actions which have a high risk of being harmful or injurious to oneself or others.
AN = no qualif
UI = D003617
Dansyl Compounds
MS = Compounds that contain a 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl group.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: DANSYL CPDS
UI = D003619
Dantrolene
MS = Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.
UI = D003620
Daphne
MS = A plant genus of the family THYMELAEACEAE. They are evergreen shrubs much cultivated in garden borders and rock gardens in mild climates. Members contain mezerein, flavonoids, and COUMARINS such as daphnetin and daphnin.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032364
Daphnia
MS = A diverse genus of minute freshwater CRUSTACEA, of the suborder CLADOCERA. They are a major food souce for both young and adult freshwater fish.
UI = D003621
Dapsone
MS = A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. Its mechanism of action is probably similar to that of the SULFONAMIDES which involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. It is also used with PYRIMETHAMINE in the treatment of malaria. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p157-8)
UI = D003622
Daptomycin
MS = A lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits gram-positive bacteria.
UI = D017576
Dark Adaptation
MS = Adjustment of the eyes under conditions of low light. The sensitivity of the eye to light is increased during dark adaptation.
UI = D003623
Darkness
UI = D003624
Data Collection
MS = Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.
AN = X ref SURVEYS is GEN or unspecified; prefer specific survey, as DIET SURVEYS; HEALTH SURVEYS; NUTRITION SURVEYS; etc.
UI = D003625
Data Display
MS = The visual display of data in a man-machine system. An example is a cathode ray tube display in which certain data can be called for from the computer and presented on the screen.
UI = D003626
Data Interpretation, Statistical
MS = Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.
AN = IM GEN only; do not use as routine NIM for an author's interpretation of statistical findings: must be discussed substantively; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; DF: DATA INTERP
UI = D003627
Database Management Systems
MS = Software designed to store, manipulate, manage, and control data for specific uses.
AN = IM: DF: DBMS
UI = D003628
Database [Publication Type]
MS = Work consisting of a structured file of information or a set of logically related data stored and retrieved using computer-based means.
AN = publication type only; for databases as a subject index under DATABASES or DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC or DATABASES, FACTUAL
UI = D019991
Databases
MS = Organized collections of computer records, standardized in format and content, that are stored in any of a variety of computer-readable modes. They are the basic sets of data from which computer-readable files are created. (from ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
UI = D019992
Databases, Bibliographic
MS = Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, FACTUAL which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them.
AN = collections of bibliographic refs: differentiate from DATABASES, FACTUAL, collections of facts
UI = D016206
Databases, Factual
MS = Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.
UI = D016208
Databases, Genetic
MS = DATABASES devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.
AN = DATABASES, NUCLEIC ACID and DATABASES, PROTEIN are also available
UI = D030541
Databases, Nucleic Acid
MS = DATABASES containing information about NUCLEIC ACIDS such as BASE SEQUENCE; SNPS (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE); NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; and other properties. Information about the DNA fragments kept in a GENE LIBRARY or GENOMIC LIBRARY is often maintained in DNA databases.
UI = D030561
Databases, Protein
MS = DATABASES containing information about PROTEINS such as AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; and other properties.
UI = D030562
Datura
MS = A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain TROPANES. The common name of trumpet flower is also sometimes used for GELSEMIUM.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032302
Datura stramonium
MS = A plant species of the genus DATURA, family SOLANACEAE, that contains TROPANES and other SOLANACEOUS ALKALOIDS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D013286
Daucus carota
MS = A plant species of the family APIACEAE that is widely cultivated for the edible yellow-orange root. The plant has finely divided leaves and flat clusters of small white flowers.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D018552
Daunorubicin
MS = A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms.
UI = D003630
Day Care
MS = Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night.
AN = care to patients hospitalized only during day-time hours; for children in day-care schools use CHILD DAY CARE CENTERS or SCHOOLS, NURSERY
UI = D003631
DCMP Deaminase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of deoxycytidylic acid to deoxyuridylic acid and ammonia. It plays an important role in the regulation of the pool of deoxynucleotides in higher organisms. The enzyme also acts on some 5-substituted deoxycytidylic acids. EC 3.5.4.12.
UI = D003844
DDD
MS = An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)
AN = do not confuse with O,P-DDD; TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D003632
DDE
MS = An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D003633
DDT
MS = A polychlorinated pesticide that is resistant to destruction by light and oxidation. Its unusual stability has resulted in difficulties in residue removal from water, soil, and foodstuffs. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D003634
De Lange Syndrome
MS = A syndrome characterized by growth retardation, severe MENTAL RETARDATION, short stature, a low-pitched growling cry, brachycephaly, low-set ears, webbed neck, carp mouth, depressed nasal bridge, bushy eyebrows meeting at the midline, hirsutism, and malformations of the hands. The condition may occur sporadically or be associated with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance or duplication of the long arm of chromosome 3. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p231)
UI = D003635
DEAE-Cellulose
MS = Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.
UI = D003636
DEAE-Dextran
MS = Used as a support for ion-exchange chromatography.
UI = D003637
Deafness
MS = A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.
AN = differentiate from HEARING LOSS, BILATERAL; see various specific terms under HEARING LOSS
UI = D003638
Dealkylation
MS = The removing of alkyl groups from a compound. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic dealkylation: coord NIM with specific enzyme (IM) + substrate (NIM)
UI = D003640
Deamination
MS = The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound.
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic deamination: coord NIM with specific enzyme (IM) + substrate (NIM)
UI = D003641
Deanol
MS = An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.
UI = D003642
Death
MS = Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.
AN = IM; /mortal is available with Cat C, F, E; do not confuse with MORTALITY, a statist concept: DEATH is the biol or physiol, psychol concept; for theory, doctrine & philosophy of death THANATOLOGY is available; for death as a result of a dis or ther or diag procedure, FATAL OUTCOME is available: see note there
UI = D003643
Death Certificates
MS = Official records of individual deaths including the cause of death certified by a physician, and any other required identifying information.
AN = IM
UI = D003644
Death, Sudden
MS = The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.
AN = DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC is also available
UI = D003645
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
MS = Sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN) that is due to HEART ARREST.
UI = D016757
Debridement
MS = The removal of foreign material and devitalized or contaminated tissue from or adjacent to a traumatic or infected lesion until surrounding healthy tissue is exposed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D003646
Debrisoquin
MS = An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.
UI = D003647
Decalcification Technique
AN = NIM
UI = D003648
Decalcification, Pathologic
MS = The loss of calcium salts from bones and teeth. Bacteria may be responsible for this occurrence in teeth. Old age may be a factor contributing to calcium loss, as is the presence of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
AN = loss of calcium from bone & tooth but consider also TOOTH DEMINERALIZATION; DF: DECALCIFICATION PATHOL
UI = D003649
Decamethonium Compounds
MS = Compounds that contain the decamethylenebis(trimethyl)ammonium radical. These compounds frequently act as neuromuscular depolarizing agents.
AN = DF: DECAMETHONIUM CPDS
UI = D003650
Decanoates
MS = Salts and esters of the 10-carbon monocarboxylic acid-decanoic acid.
UI = D003651
Decanoic Acids
MS = 10-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.
UI = D003652
Decapoda (Crustacea)
MS = The largest order of CRUSTACEA, comprising over 10,000 species. They are characterized by three pairs of thoracic appendages modfied as maxillipeds, and five pairs of thoracic legs. The order includes the familiar shrimps, crayfish (ASTACOIDEA), true crabs (BRACHYURA), and lobsters (NEPHROPIDAE and PALINURIDAE), among others.
AN = do not confuse with Decapoda, a genus of cephalopod molluscs; note X ref ROCK SHRIMP: several other shrimp terms are available; check text and MeSH; as animal & food; as food coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); unspecified shrimp as food is probably PENAEIDAE
UI = D033364
Decarboxylation
MS = The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound.
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic decarboxylation: coord NIM with CARBOXY-LYASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific carboxy-lyase (IM)
UI = D003653
Deceleration
UI = D003654
Deception
MS = The act of deceiving or the fact (or condition) of being deceived.
AN = no qualif
UI = D008192
Decerebrate State
MS = A condition characterized by abnormal posturing of the limbs that is associated with injury to the brainstem. This may occur as a clinical manifestation or induced experimentally in animals. The extensor reflexes are exaggerated leading to rigid extension of the limbs accompanied by hyperreflexia and opisthotonus. This condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. In contrast, decorticate rigidity is characterized by flexion of the elbows and wrists with extension of the legs and feet. The causative lesion for this condition is located above the red nuclei and usually consists of diffuse cerebral damage. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p358)
AN = "brain-isolated", "encéphale isolé", "pithed", "spinal" as in "spinal cat", "cerveau isolé" go here
UI = D003655
Decidua
MS = The hormone-responsive glandular layer of ENDOMETRIUM that sloughs off at each menstrual flow (decidua menstrualis) or at the termination of pregnancy. During pregnancy, the thickest part of the decidua forms the maternal portion of the PLACENTA, thus named decidua placentalis. The thin portion of the decidua covering the rest of the embryo is the decidua capsularis.
UI = D003656
Deciduoma
MS = An intrauterine mass containing decidual cells (DECIDUA) or with structures resembling the PLACENTA. Deciduomas usually are induced experimentally.
UI = D033301
Decision Making
MS = The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea.
AN = not for a physician making a diagnostic decision: this is /diag or if GEN, DIAGNOSIS or DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL
UI = D003657
Decision Making, Computer-Assisted
MS = Use of an interactive computer system designed to assist the physician or other health professional in choosing between certain relationships or variables for the purpose of making a diagnostic or therapeutic decision.
AN = no qualif
UI = D003658
Decision Making, Organizational
MS = The process by which decisions are made in an institution or other organization.
AN = no qualif
UI = D003659
Decision Support Systems, Clinical
MS = Computer-based information systems used to integrate clinical and patient information and provide support for decision-making in patient care.
UI = D020000
Decision Support Systems, Management
MS = Computer-based systems that enable management to interrogate the computer on an ad hoc basis for various kinds of information in the organization, which predict the effect of potential decisions.
AN = IM
UI = D003660
Decision Support Techniques
MS = Mathematical or statistical procedures used as aids in making a decision. They are frequently used in medical decision-making.
AN = IM; no qualif
UI = D003661
Decision Theory
MS = A theoretical technique utilizing a group of related constructs to describe or prescribe how individuals or groups of people choose a course of action when faced with several alternatives and a variable amount of knowledge about the determinants of the outcomes of those alternatives.
AN = no qualif
UI = D003662
Decision Trees
MS = A graphic device used in decision analysis, series of decision options are represented as branches (hierarchical).
AN = no qualif
UI = D003663
Decompression
MS = Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings.
AN = restrict to "decompression external to the body": not for surg decompression ( = DECOMPRESSION, SURGICAL)
UI = D003664
Decompression Sickness
MS = A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death.
UI = D003665
Decompression, Explosive
MS = A sudden loss of pressure in a pressurized cabin, cockpit, or the like, so rapid as to be explosive. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
UI = D019646
Decompression, Surgical
MS = A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D019299
Decontamination
MS = The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS, from a person or object.
UI = D003666
Decoquinate
MS = A coccidiostat for poultry.
UI = D003667
Decubitus Ulcer
MS = An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure.
AN = skin ulcer from prolonged pressure lying in bed
UI = D003668
Deductibles and Coinsurance
MS = Cost-sharing mechanisms that provide for payment by the insured of some portion of covered expenses. Deductibles are the amounts paid by the insured under a health insurance contract before benefits become payable; coinsurance is the provision under which the insured pays part of the medical bill, usually according to a fixed percentage, when benefits become payable.
AN = DF: DEDUCTIBLES
UI = D003669
Deer
MS = The family Cervidae of 17 genera and 45 species occurring nearly throughout North America, South America, and Eurasia, on most associated continental islands, and in northern Africa. Wild populations of deer have been established through introduction by people in Cuba, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and other places where the family does not naturally occur. They are slim, long-legged and best characterized by the presence of antlers. Their habitat is forests, swamps, brush country, deserts, and arctic tundra. They are usually good swimmers; some migrate seasonally. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1362)
AN = includes elk, wapiti, moose, caribou, REINDEER & MUNTJACS; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D003670
DEET
MS = A compound used as a topical insect repellent that may cause irritation to eyes and mucous membranes, but not to the skin.
UI = D003671
Defecation
MS = The normal process of elimination of fecal material from the RECTUM.
UI = D003672
Defecography
MS = Radiographic examination of the process of defecation after the instillation of a CONTRAST MEDIA into the rectum.
AN = DF: DEFECOGR
UI = D019841
Defective Viruses
MS = Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.
AN = viruses lacking a complete genome & so unable to replicate completely or to form a protein coat
UI = D003673
Defense Mechanisms
MS = Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal.
AN = no qualif
UI = D003674
Defensins
MS = Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity. Based on the disulfide pairing of their characteristic six cysteine residues, they are divided into ALPHA-DEFENSINS and BETA-DEFENSINS.
UI = D023082
Defensive Medicine
MS = The alterations of modes of medical practice, induced by the threat of liability, for the principal purposes of forestalling lawsuits by patients as well as providing good legal defense in the event that such lawsuits are instituted.
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; DF: DEFENSIVE MED
UI = D003675
Deferoxamine
MS = Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.
UI = D003676
Defibrillators, Implantable
MS = Implantable devices which continuously monitor the electrical activity of the heart and automatically detect and terminate ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. They consist of an impulse generator, batteries, and electrodes.
AN = coord dis with /ther, not /surg for treatment with this instrum; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D017147
Deficiency Diseases
MS = A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = GEN only: prefer /defic with specific Cat D terms: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.21; also Manual 23.25+; do not confuse with NUTRITION DISORDERS: DEFICIENCY DISEASES results from deficient intake; TN 194: as NIM & differentiation from METABOLIC DISEASES or METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS; DF: DEFIC DIS
UI = D003677
DEFICIENS Protein
MS = DEFICIENS is a homeotic gene involved in the genetic control of Antirrhinum majus flower development. Its protein is one of the four founder proteins that structurally define the superfamily of MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS.
AN = DEFICIENS-AGAMOUS-LIKE PROTEINS see MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS is also available
UI = D026281
Defoliants, Chemical
MS = Herbicides that remove leaves from trees and growing plants. They may be either organic or inorganic. Several of the more persistent types have been used in military operations and many are toxic. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
UI = D003678
Deglutition
UI = D003679
Deglutition Disorders
UI = D003680
Dehumanization
MS = The process by which a person or group of persons comes to be regarded or treated as lacking in human qualities.
UI = D032981
Dehydration
MS = The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.
AN = differentiate from DESICCATION, a technique for removing moisture from matter; /ther: coord with ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY see FLUID THERAPY if pertinent; do not use X ref WATER STRESS for water stress test: consider IMMERSION ; permitted (NIM) with microorganisms, lower animals and plants
UI = D003681
Dehydroascorbatase
MS = Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the gamma lactone, dehydroascorbate, to diketogulonate.
UI = D003682
Dehydroascorbic Acid
MS = The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.
UI = D003683
Dehydrocholesterols
MS = Cholesterol derivatives having an additional double bond in any position. 24-Dehydrocholesterol is DESMOSTEROL. The other most prevalent dehydrocholesterol is the 7-isomer. This compound is a precursor of cholesterol and of vitamin D3.
AN = do not confuse with DIHYDROCHOLESTEROL see CHOLESTANOL; 24-DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL is see DESMOSTEROL
UI = D003684
Dehydrocholic Acid
MS = A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.
UI = D003685
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
MS = A precursor of androgens and estrogen and the most abundant steroid in the circulation. (J Gerontol 1993;48(5):B196-200)
AN = "the most abundant steroid in the circulation"; DF: note short X ref
UI = D019314
Deinococcus
MS = A genus of gram-positive aerobic cocci found in the soil, that is highly resistant to radiation, especially ionizing radiation (RADIATION, IONIZING). Deinococcus radiodurans is the type species.
UI = D034301
Deinstitutionalization
MS = The practice of caring for individuals in the community, rather than in an institutional environment with resultant effects on the individual, the individual's family, the community, and the health care system.
AN = "caring for individuals in the community, rather than in an institutional environment"
UI = D003688
Deja Vu
MS = A subjective feeling that an experience which is occurring for the first time has been experienced before.
AN = in translations use accents: déjà vu
UI = D003690
Delavirdine
MS = A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.
UI = D020008
Delaware
UI = D003691
Delayed-Action Preparations
MS = Dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time by controlled-release processes or technology.
AN = IM general only; coord with specific drug
UI = D003692
Delegation, Professional
MS = The process of assigning duties to a subordinate with lesser qualifications.
UI = D032022
Delirium
MS = A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)
AN = this is not the French "délire" ( = DELUSIONS)
UI = D003693
Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders
MS = Cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders. These may be the result of substance use, trauma, or other causes.
AN = avoid, prefer specifics, but use for see refs; DF: ORG MENTAL DIS
UI = D019965
Delivery of Health Care
MS = The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population.
AN = Public Law 91-515
UI = D003695
Delivery of Health Care, Integrated
MS = A health care system which combines physicians, hospitals, and other medical services with a health plan to provide the complete spectrum of medical care for its customers. In a fully integrated system, the three key elements - physicians, hospital, and health plan membership - are in balance in terms of matching medical resources with the needs of purchasers and patients. (Coddington et al., Integrated Health Care: Reorganizing the Physician, Hospital and Health Plan Relationship, 1994, p7)
AN = specify geog if pertinent
UI = D019033
Delivery Rooms
MS = Hospital units equipped for childbirth.
AN = note X ref BIRTHING CENTERS, HOSPITAL: do not confuse with BIRTHING CENTERS, FREE-STANDING see BIRTHING CENTERS; check also tags PREGNANCY & INFANT, NEWBORN
UI = D003696
Delivery, Obstetric
MS = Delivery of the FETUS and PLACENTA under the care of an obstetrician or a health worker. Obstetric deliveries may involve physical, psychological, medical, or surgical interventions.
AN = "tokolysis": translate as "tocolysis" & index as TOCOLYSIS
UI = D036861
Delphi Technique
MS = An iterative questionnaire designed to measure consensus among individual responses. In the classic Delphi approach, there is no interaction between responder and interviewer.
AN = to measure consensus; no qualif
UI = D003697
Delphinium
MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain ACONITINE and other diterpenoid alkaloids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031882
delta Proteobacteria
MS = A group of proteobacteria represented by morphologically diverse, anaerobic sulfidogens. Some members of this group are considered bacterial predators, having bacteriolytic properties.
AN = DF: DELTA PROTEOBACT
UI = D020564
Delta Rhythm
MS = One of the four types of brain waves seen on EEG characterized by a high amplitude and a frequency of 4 Hz and below. They are considered the "deep sleep waves" observed during sleep in dreamless states, infancy, and in some brain disorders.
AN = in EEG
UI = D003700
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide
MS = A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D003701
delta-Crystallins
MS = A subclass of crystallins found in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) in BIRDS and REPTILES. They are inactive forms of the enzyme argininosuccinate lyase.
UI = D038207
Deltaretrovirus
MS = A genus in the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of exogenous horizontally-transmitted viruses found in a few groups of mammals. Infections caused by these viruses include human B (LEUKEMIA, B-CELL) or adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-1-ASSOCIATED), and bovine leukemia (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS). The type species is LEUKEMIA VIRUS, BOVINE.
AN = infection = DELTARETROVIRUS INFECTIONS + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS if pertinent
UI = D017977
Deltaretrovirus Antibodies
MS = Antibodies reactive with various types of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma antigens or bovine leukemia virus antigens.
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D015480
Deltaretrovirus Antigens
MS = Antigens associated with the DELTARETROVIRUS; HTLV-I ANTIGENS and HTLV-II ANTIGENS belong to this group.
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
UI = D015485
Deltaretrovirus Infections
MS = Infections caused by the HTLV or BLV deltaretroviruses. They include human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED).
AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics; do not confuse X ref BLV INFECTIONS with ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS (see MeSH definition); DF: HTLV INFECT
UI = D006800
Delusions
MS = A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates.
AN = this is the French "délire"; do not confuse with ILLUSIONS
UI = D003702
Demeclocycline
MS = An antibiotic related to tetracycline and produced by Streptomyces aureofaciens. Because it is excreted more slowly than TETRACYCLINE, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.
UI = D003707
Demecolcine
MS = An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.
AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant
UI = D003703
Dementia
MS = An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.
UI = D003704
Dementia, Multi-Infarct
MS = Loss of higher cortical functions with retained awareness due to multiple cortical or subcortical CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Memory, judgement, attention span, and impulse control are often impaired, and may be accompanied by PSEUDOBULBAR PALSY, hemiparesis, reflex abnormalities, and other signs of localized neurologic dysfunction. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1060)
UI = D015161
Dementia, Vascular
MS = An imprecise term refering to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)
UI = D015140
Democracy
MS = A system of government in which there is free and equal participation by the people in the political decision-making process.
AN = no qualif
UI = D003709
Democratic Republic of the Congo
MS = A republic in central Africa, south of the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and north of ANGOLA and ZAMBIA. Its name changes bespeak its history: 1885-1908 Congo Free State, 1908-60 Belgian Congo, 1960-71 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1971-97 Zaire. It changed its name back to Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1997. The name Zaire is an alternate name for the Congo River from nzai, a Kikongo dialect form of nazdi, river. (From Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p608)
AN = formerly Zaire (capital at Kinshasa formerly Leopoldville); do not confuse with Republic of Congo (capital at Brazzaville) ( = CONGO); for x ref ZAIRE in French titles use diacrit: Zaïre, in English titles spell as Zaire
UI = D015023
Demography
MS = Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.
AN = the statist study of population characteristics; do not confuse with the POPULATION itself; no qualif; CENSUSES is also available; DF: DEMOGR
UI = D003710
Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS
MS = Conditions characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin (see MYELIN SHEATH) in the brain, spinal cord, or optic nerves secondary to autoimmune mediated processes. This may take the form of a humoral or cellular immune response directed toward myelin or OLIGODENDROGLIA associated autoantigens.
AN = for central nervous system diseases only; for demyelinating diseases of the peripheral nervous system consider POLYRADICULONEURITIS, GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME, and CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY; for demyelinating autoimmune diseases of the brain or spinal cord not otherwise specified coord with BRAIN DISEASES or SPINAL CORD DISEASES; DF: DEMYELINATING AUTOIMMUNE DIS CNS
UI = D020278
Demyelinating Diseases
MS = Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.
UI = D003711
Dendrites
MS = Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.
AN = do not confuse with DENDRITIC CELLS
UI = D003712
Dendritic Cells
MS = Immunocompetent cells of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin. They are also called interdigitating, reticular, and veiled cells. They function morphologically and phenotypically by processing antigens or presenting them to T-cells, thereby stimulating cellular immunity.
AN = "immunocompetent cells of the lymphoid & hemopoietic systems & skin"; A 11 qualif; do not confuse with DENDRITES; DENDRITIC CELLS, FOLLICULAR is also available
UI = D003713
Dendritic Cells, Follicular
MS = Cells with extensive dendritic processes found in the B-cell areas (primary follicles and germinal centers) of lymphoid tissue. They are unrelated to the DENDRITIC CELLS associated with T-cells. Follicular dendritic cells have Fc receptors (RECEPTORS, FC) and C3b receptors (RECEPTORS, COMPLEMENT 3B), but unlike other dendritic cells, they do not process or present antigen in a way that allows recognition by T-cells. Instead, they hold antigen in the form of immune complexes on their surfaces for long periods and can present antigen to B-cells during an immune response. (From Herbert et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 4th ed)
AN = DENDRITIC CELLS is also available
UI = D020566
Dendrobium
MS = A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that contains dihydroayapin (COUMARINS) and phenanthraquinones.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031667
Denervation
MS = The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord with specific nerve /surg or /physiol or specific organ /innerv but MUSCLE DENERVATION is also available for coord with specific muscle; NIM when a study technique; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D003714
Dengue
MS = An acute infectious, eruptive, febrile disease caused by four antigenically related but distinct serotypes of the DENGUE VIRUS. It is transmitted by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, especially A. aegypti. Classical dengue (dengue fever) is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER is a more virulent form of dengue virus infection and a separate clinical entity. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = a hemorrhagic fever caused by a flavivirus but note DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
UI = D003715
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
MS = A distinct and virulent form of DENGUE characterized by thrombocytopenia and hemoconcentration (grades I and II) and distinguished by a positive tourniquet test. When accompanied by circulatory failure and shock (grades III and IV), it is called dengue shock syndrome. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = a virulent form of dengue
UI = D019595
Dengue Virus
MS = A species of the genus FLAVIVIRUS which causes an acute febrile and sometimes hemorrhagic disease in man. Dengue is mosquito-borne and four serotypes are known.
AN = a species of Flavivirus; infection = DENGUE or DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
UI = D003716
Denial (Psychology)
MS = Refusal to admit the truth or reality of a situation or experience.
AN = no qualif; DF: DENIAL
UI = D003717
Denmark
UI = D003718
Dennstaedtiaceae
MS = The bracken fern plant family of the order Polypodiales, class Filicopsida, division Pteridophyta.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032497
Dens in Dente
MS = Anomaly of the tooth, found chiefly in upper lateral incisors. It is characterized by invagination of the enamel at the incisal edge.
AN = a tooth abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D003719
Densitometry
AN = NIM; tomodensitometry seen in foreign lit is probably TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED & if so use "x-ray computed tomography" in translations & not "tomodensitometry"
UI = D003720
Densitometry, X-Ray
MS = Measurement of the degree of darkening of X-ray film by means of a photocell which measures light transmission through the film.
AN = NIM; "tomodensitometry" seen in foreign lit = probably TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED: see note under DENSITOMETRY
UI = D003721
Densovirinae
MS = A subfamily of DNA arthropod viruses, in the family PARVOVIRIDAE. The host range includes members of Dictyoptera, DIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA, Odonata, and ORTHOPTERA. There are three genera: DENSOVIRUS, Iteravirus, and Brevidensovirus. Densovirus-like viruses also infect and multiply in crabs and shrimp.
AN = coord IM with specific arthropod /virol or insect /virol (IM); do not confuse X ref INFECTIOUS HYPODERMAL AND HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS VIRUS see DENSOVIRINAE with INFECTIOUS HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS VIRUS
UI = D019223
Densovirus
MS = A genus of PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily DENSOVIRINAE, comprising helper-independent viruses containing only two species. Junonia coenia densovirus is the type species.
AN = coord IM with specific insect /virol (IM)
UI = D017990
Dental Abutments
MS = Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose.
AN = tooth or root used as anchor for denture or implant, etc.; DF: DENT ABUTMENTS
UI = D000044
Dental Alloys
MS = A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions for use in restorative or prosthetic dentistry.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: DENT ALLOYS
UI = D003722
Dental Amalgam
MS = An alloy used in restorative dentistry that contains mercury, silver, tin, copper, and possibly zinc.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: DENT AMALGAM
UI = D003723
Dental Anxiety
MS = Abnormal fear or dread of visiting the dentist for preventive care or therapy and unwarranted anxiety over dental procedures.
AN = abnormal fear of dent care or dent proced; use Cat F3 qualif; DF: DENT ANXIETY
UI = D016854
Dental Arch
AN = DF: DENT ARCH
UI = D003724
Dental Articulators
MS = Mechanical devices that simulate the temporomandibular joints and jaws to which maxillary and mandibular casts are attached. The entire assembly attempts to reproduce the movements of the mandible and the various tooth-to-tooth relationships that accompany those movements.
AN = DF: DENT ARTICULATORS
UI = D003725
Dental Assistants
MS = Individuals who assist the dentist or the dental hygienist.
AN = assist a dentist or hygienist; DENTAL AUXILIARIES is also available; DF: DENT ASSISTANTS
UI = D003726
Dental Audit
MS = A detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel for evaluating quality of dental care.
AN = DF: DENT AUDIT
UI = D019230
Dental Auxiliaries
MS = Personnel whose work is prescribed and supervised by the dentist.
AN = DF: DENT AUXILIARIES
UI = D003727
Dental Bonding
AN = DF: DENT BONDING
UI = D001840
Dental Calculus
MS = Abnormal concretion or calcified deposit that forms around the teeth or dental prostheses.
AN = note categories; from Cat A /chem /ultrastruct permitted; DF: DENT CALCULUS
UI = D003728
Dental Care
MS = The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982).
AN = = professional care by a professional; ORAL HYGIENE = personal care by the subject himself; do not confuse with DENTISTRY: DENTISTRY is the dentist & the profession, DENTAL CARE is the patient & the care given him; GEN only: do not confuse with TOOTH DISEASES; DF: DENT CARE
UI = D003729
Dental Care for Aged
MS = The giving of attention to the special dental needs of the elderly for proper maintenance or treatment. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists.
AN = = professional care by a professional; do not confuse with GERIATRIC DENTISTRY, the specialty; check tag AGED; DF: DENT CARE AGED
UI = D016321
Dental Care for Children
MS = The giving of attention to the special dental needs of children, including the prevention of tooth diseases and instruction in dental hygiene and dental health. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists.
AN = = professional care by a professional; do not confuse with PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, the specialty; check tag CHILD; DF: DENT CARE CHILDREN
UI = D019140
Dental Care for Chronically Ill
MS = Dental care for patients with chronic diseases. These diseases include chronic cardiovascular, endocrinologic, hematologic, immunologic, neoplastic, and renal diseases. The concept does not include dental care for the mentally or physically disabled which is DENTAL CARE FOR DISABLED.
AN = = professional care by a professional; DF: DENT CARE CHRONIC ILL
UI = D017742
Dental Care for Disabled
MS = Dental care for the emotionally, mentally, or physically disabled patient. It does not include dental care for the chronically ill ( = DENTAL CARE FOR CHRONICALLY ILL).
AN = = professional care by a professional; disability can refer to emotional, mental or physical dis; DF: DENT CARE DISABLED
UI = D003730
Dental Caries
MS = Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification.
AN = /drug ther: consider also CARIOSTATIC AGENTS; /etiol: consider also CARIOGENIC AGENTS & DIET, CARIOGENIC; /epidemiol: consider also DMF INDEX; DF: DENT CARIES
UI = D003731
Dental Caries Activity Tests
AN = DF: DENT CARIES ACTIVITY TESTS
UI = D003732
Dental Caries Susceptibility
AN = DF: DENT CARIES SUSCEPTIBILITY
UI = D003733
Dental Casting Investment
MS = Material from which the casting mold is made in the fabrication of gold or cobalt-chromium castings. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p168)
AN = material from which a casting mold is made; D25-26 qualif; DF: DENT CASTING INVESTMENT
UI = D003734
Dental Casting Technique
MS = The process of producing a form or impression made of metal or plaster using a mold.
AN = DF: DENT CASTING TECHNIQUE
UI = D003735
Dental Cavity Lining
MS = An inner coating, as of varnish or other protective substance, to cover the dental cavity wall. It is usually a resinous film-forming agent dissolved in a volatile solvent, or a suspension of calcium hydroxide in a solution of a synthetic resin. The lining seals the dentinal tubules and protects the pulp before a restoration is inserted. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
AN = DF: DENT CAVITY LINING
UI = D003736
Dental Cavity Preparation
MS = An operation in which carious material is removed from teeth and biomechanically correct forms are established in the teeth to receive and retain restorations. A constant requirement is provision for prevention of failure of the restoration through recurrence of decay or inadequate resistance to applied stresses. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p239-40)
AN = restrict to fillings & inlays; for other prep procedures TOOTH PREPARATION, PROSTHODONTIC & ROOT CANAL PREPARATION are available; DF: DENT CAVITY PREPARATION
UI = D003737
Dental Cements
MS = Substances used as bonding or luting agents in restorative dentistry, root canal therapy, prosthedontics, and orthodontics.
AN = IM; coord with specific material if pertinent (IM); do not confuse with DENTAL CEMENTUM (Cat A) or denture adhesives ( = DENTURE RETENTION + ADHESIVES); DF: DENT CEMENTS
UI = D003738
Dental Cementum
MS = The bonelike rigid connective tissue covering the root of a tooth from the cementoenamel junction to the apex and lining the apex of the root canal, also assisting in tooth support by serving as attachment structures for the periodontal ligament. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
AN = do not confuse with DENTAL CEMENTS (Cat D); DF: DENT CEMENTUM
UI = D003739
Dental Clasps
MS = Metal devices for fastening together two or more parts of dental prostheses for stabilizing or retaining them by attachment to abutment teeth. For a precision attachment for a partial denture DENTURE PRECISION ATTACHMENT is available.
AN = for any prosthesis; do not confuse X ref DENTURE CLASPS with DENTURE PRECISION ATTACHMENT, a special type of precision device for use with partial dentures; do not use for orthodontic clasps; DF: DENT CLASPS
UI = D016734
Dental Clinics
MS = Facilities where dental care is provided to patients.
AN = DF: DENT CLINICS
UI = D003740
Dental Debonding
MS = Techniques used for removal of bonded orthodontic appliances, restorations, or fixed dentures from teeth.
AN = DF: DENT DEBONDING
UI = D017005
Dental Deposits
AN = note categories; from Cat A /chem /ultrastruct permitted; tartar = DENTAL CALCULUS; DF: DENT DEPOSITS
UI = D003741
Dental Devices, Home Care
MS = Devices used in the home by persons to maintain dental and periodontal health. The devices include toothbrushes, dental flosses, water irrigators, gingival stimulators, etc.
AN = DF: DENT DEVICES HOME CARE
UI = D003742
Dental Disinfectants
MS = Chemicals especially for use on instruments to destroy pathogenic organisms. (Boucher, Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
AN = DF: DENT DISINFECTANTS
UI = D019551
Dental Enamel
MS = A hard thin translucent layer of calcified substance which envelops and protects the dentin of the crown of the tooth. It is the hardest substance in the body and is almost entirely composed of calcium salts. Under the microscope, it is composed of thin rods (enamel prisms) held together by cementing substance, and surrounded by an enamel sheath. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)
AN = /embryol: consider also AMELOGENESIS; DF: DENT ENAMEL
UI = D003743
Dental Enamel Hypoplasia
MS = A form of AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA characterized by incomplete formation of the dental enamel and transmitted as an X-linked or autosomal dominant trait. It is also associated with vitamin A, C, or D deficiency, infectious disease, prematurity, birth injury, Rh incompatibility, trauma, or local infection. Small grooves, pits, and fissures are seen in mild cases, deep horizontal rows of pits in severe cases, or absence of enamel in extreme cases. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a congen or acquired tooth abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: DENT ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA
UI = D003744
Dental Enamel Permeability
MS = The property of dental enamel to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, mineral ions and other substances. It does not include the penetration of the dental enamel by microorganisms.
AN = coord IM with substance /pharmacokin (IM); DF: DENT ENAMEL PERMEABILITY
UI = D003745
Dental Enamel Proteins
MS = The proteins that are part of the dental enamel matrix.
AN = coord IM with specific protein (IM); DF: DENT ENAMEL PROTEINS
UI = D003746
Dental Enamel Solubility
AN = DF: DENT ENAMEL SOLUBILITY
UI = D003747
Dental Equipment
MS = The nonexpendable items used by the dentist or dental staff in the performance of professional duties. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p106)
AN = for the dent professional, not the patient; differentiate from DENTAL INSTRUMENTS on basis of size (instrum are holdable in the hand); DF: DENT EQUIPMENT
UI = D003748
Dental Facilities
MS = Use for material on dental facilities in general or for which there is no specific heading.
AN = DF: DENT FACILITIES
UI = D003749
Dental Fissures
MS = Deep grooves or clefts in the surface of teeth equivalent to class 1 cavities in Black's classification of dental caries.
AN = a degree of dent caries; DF: DENT FISSURES
UI = D003750
Dental Fistula
MS = An abnormal passage in the oral cavity on the gingiva.
AN = fistula policy: Manual 23.19+; DF: DENT FISTULA
UI = D003751
Dental Health Services
MS = Services designed to promote, maintain, or restore dental health.
AN = DF: DENT HEALTH SERV
UI = D003752
Dental Health Surveys
MS = A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to dental or oral health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
AN = no qualif; specify geog if pertinent; DF: DENT HEALTH SURVEYS
UI = D003753
Dental High-Speed Equipment
AN = note X ref DENTAL HANDPIECES: restrict to dent high-speed equip: do not confuse with DENTAL INSTRUMENTS; DF: DENT HIGH SPEED EQUIPMENT
UI = D003754
Dental High-Speed Technique
AN = DF: DENT HIGH SPEED TECHNIQUE
UI = D003755
Dental Hygienists
MS = Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist.
AN = trained in accredited schools & licensed to practice DENTAL PROPHYLAXIS (see note there) under a licensed dentist; DF: DENT HYGIENISTS
UI = D003756
Dental Implantation
MS = The grafting or inserting of a prosthetic device of alloplastic material into the oral tissue beneath the mucosal or periosteal layer or within the bone. Its purpose is to provide support and retention to a partial or complete denture.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; implantation of a foreign material into jaw tissue (e.g., gingival or subperiosteal), the procedure: do not confuse with DENTAL IMPLANTS, the implant itself; differentiate from TOOTH REPLANTATION (reinsertion of a tooth lost by trauma or deliberate extraction); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DENT IMPLANTATION
UI = D003757
Dental Implantation, Endosseous
MS = Insertion of an implant into the bone of the mandible or maxilla. The implant has an exposed head which protrudes through the mucosa and is a prosthodontic abutment.
AN = insertion of implant into the bone tissue of the jaw; DENTAL IMPLANTATION, ENDOSSEOUS, ENDODONTIC is also available; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DENT IMPLANT ENDOSS
UI = D003758
Dental Implantation, Endosseous, Endodontic
MS = Insertion of a tapered rod through the root canal into the periapical osseous structure to lengthen the existing root and provide individual tooth stabilization.
AN = insertion of rod through root canal; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DENT IMPLANT ENDOSS ENDO
UI = D003759
Dental Implantation, Subperiosteal
MS = The grafting or inserting of an appliance designed to fit over the surface of the mandible or the maxilla, beneath the specialized connective tissue that covers the bone (periosteum).
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DENT IMPLANT SUBPERIOSTEAL
UI = D016299
Dental Implants
MS = Biocompatible materials placed into (endosseous) or onto (subperiosteal) the jawbone to support a crown, bridge, or artificial tooth, or to stabilize a diseased tooth.
AN = DF: DENT IMPLANTS
UI = D015921
Dental Implants, Single-Tooth
MS = Devices, usually alloplastic, surgically inserted into or onto the jawbone, which support a single prosthetic tooth and serve either as abutments or as cosmetic replacements for missing teeth.
AN = DF: DENT IMPLANTS SINGLE TOOTH
UI = D019250
Dental Impression Materials
MS = Substances used to create an impression, or negative reproduction, of the teeth and dental arches. These materials include dental plasters and cements, metallic oxide pastes, silicone base materials, or elastomeric materials.
AN = IM; coord with specific material if pertinent (IM); DF: DENT IMPRESSION MATERIALS
UI = D003760
Dental Impression Technique
MS = Procedure of producing an imprint or negative likeness of the teeth and/or edentulous areas. Impressions are made in plastic material which becomes hardened or set while in contact with the tissue. They are later filled with plaster of Paris or artificial stone to produce a facsimile of the oral structures present. Impressions may be made of a full complement of teeth, of areas where some teeth have been removed, or in a mouth from which all teeth have been extracted. (Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
AN = DF: DENT IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE
UI = D003761
Dental Instruments
MS = Hand-held tools or implements especially used by dental professionals for the performance of clinical tasks.
AN = differentiate from DENTAL EQUIPMENT on the basis of size (instrum are entirely holdable in the hand); reamers & broaches: index under ROOT CANAL PREPARATION /instrum; DF: DENT INSTRUM
UI = D003762
Dental Leakage
MS = The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.
AN = seepage of fluids, debris & micro-organisms into dental cavity restorations; DF: DENT LEAKAGE
UI = D003763
Dental Materials
MS = Materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: DENT MATERIALS
UI = D003764
Dental Models
AN = DF: DENT MODELS
UI = D003765
Dental Occlusion
MS = The relationship of all the components of the masticatory system in normal function. It has special reference to the position and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth for the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p556, p472)
AN = no qualif; MALOCCLUSION & its specifics are also available; DF: DENT OCCLUSION
UI = D003766
Dental Occlusion, Balanced
MS = Dental occlusion in which the occlusal contact of the teeth on the working side of the jaw is accompanied by the harmonious contact of the teeth on the opposite (balancing) side. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p556)
AN = DF: DENT OCCLUSION BALANCED
UI = D003767
Dental Occlusion, Centric
AN = DF: DENT OCCLUSION CENTRIC
UI = D003768
Dental Occlusion, Traumatic
MS = An occlusion resulting in overstrain and injury to teeth, periodontal tissue, or other oral structures.
AN = an occlusion injuring the teeth or other oral structures; DF: DENT OCCLUSION TRAUMATIC
UI = D003769
Dental Offices
MS = The room or rooms in which the dentist and dental staff provide care. Offices include all rooms in the dentist's office suite.
AN = DF: DENT OFFICES
UI = D003770
Dental Papilla
MS = Mesodermal tissue enclosed in the invaginated portion of the epithelial enamel organ and giving rise to the dentin and pulp.
AN = gives rise to dentin & pulp; do not confuse with interdental papilla (index under GINGIVA); DF: DENT PAPILLA
UI = D003771
Dental Physiology
MS = Functions and activities of dentition as a whole.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also MOUTH /physiol or /physiol with specific parts of the mouth; DF: DENT PHYSIOL
UI = D009063
Dental Pins
MS = Small cylindrical pieces of metal used to enhance retention.
AN = DF: DENT PINS
UI = D003772
Dental Plaque
MS = A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.
AN = note categories; from Cat A /chem /ultrastruct permitted; DF: DENT PLAQUE
UI = D003773
Dental Plaque Index
MS = An index which scores the degree of dental plaque accumulation.
AN = no qualif; DF: DENT PLAQUE INDEX
UI = D003774
Dental Polishing
MS = Creation of a smooth and glossy surface finish on a denture or amalgam.
AN = restrict to polishing of dentures, amalgams & resins; tooth polishing: index under DENTAL PROPHYLAXIS or DENTAL SCALING or TOOTHBRUSHING; DF: DENT POLISHING
UI = D003775
Dental Porcelain
MS = A type of porcelain used in dental restorations, either jacket crowns or inlays, artificial teeth, or metal-ceramic crowns. It is essentially a mixture of particles of feldspar and quartz, the feldspar melting first and providing a glass matrix for the quartz. Dental porcelain is produced by mixing ceramic powder (a mixture of quartz, kaolin, pigments, opacifiers, a suitable flux, and other substances) with distilled water. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: DENT PORCELAIN
UI = D003776
Dental Prophylaxis
MS = Treatment for the prevention of periodontal diseases or other dental diseases by the cleaning of the teeth in the dental office using the procedures of DENTAL SCALING and DENTAL POLISHING. The treatment may include plaque detection, removal of supra- and subgingival plaque and calculus, application of caries-preventing agents, checking of restorations and prostheses and correcting overhanging margins and proximal contours of restorations, and checking for signs of food impaction.
AN = removal of calculus & stains by dentist or hygienist: prev of calculus & stains by patient = DENTAL HYGIENE see ORAL HYGIENE or TOOTHBRUSHING or DENTAL DEVICES, HOME CARE; DF: DENT PROPHYLAXIS
UI = D003777
Dental Prosthesis
MS = An artificial replacement for one or more natural teeth or part of a tooth, or associated structures, ranging from a portion of a tooth to a complete denture. The dental prosthesis is used for cosmetic or functional reasons, or both. DENTURES and specific types of dentures are also available. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p244 & Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p643)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; specialty is PROSTHODONTICS; DF: DENT PROSTHESIS
UI = D017266
Dental Prosthesis Design
MS = The plan and delineation of dental prostheses in general or a specific dental prosthesis. It does not include DENTURE DESIGN. The framework usually consists of metal.
AN = coord IM with specific dent prosth (IM); specify material of framework (IM or NIM) if pertinent; DENTURE DESIGN is also available; DF: DENT PROSTHESIS DESIGN
UI = D017267
Dental Prosthesis Repair
MS = The process of reuniting or replacing a broken or worn dental prosthesis or its part.
AN = coord IM with specific prosth (IM or NIM); DF: DENT PROSTHESIS REPAIR
UI = D017269
Dental Prosthesis Retention
MS = The retention of a dental prosthesis in place by design, device, or adhesion.
AN = coord IM with specific dent prosth (IM or NIM); DF: DENT PROSTHESIS RETENTION
UI = D017268
Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported
MS = A prosthesis that gains its support, stability, and retention from a substructure that is implanted under the soft tissues of the basal seat of the device and is in contact with bone. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
AN = DF: DENT PROSTHESIS IMPLANT SUP
UI = D019094
Dental Pulp
MS = A richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue of mesodermal origin, contained in the central cavity of a tooth and delimited by the dentin, and having formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
AN = /surg = PULPECTOMY or PULPOTOMY; inflammation = PULPITIS; DF: DENT PULP
UI = D003782
Dental Pulp Calcification
AN = note category; DF: DENT PULP CALCIFICATION
UI = D003784
Dental Pulp Capping
MS = Application of a protective agent to an exposed pulp (direct capping) or the remaining thin layer of dentin over a nearly exposed pulp (indirect capping) in order to allow the pulp to recover and maintain its normal vitality and function.
AN = DF: DENT PULP CAPPING
UI = D003785
Dental Pulp Cavity
MS = The space in a tooth bounded by the dentin and containing the dental pulp. The portion of the cavity within the crown of the tooth is the pulp chamber; the portion within the root is the pulp canal or root canal.
AN = note category & X refs; DF: DENT PULP CAVITY
UI = D003786
Dental Pulp Devitalization
MS = The destruction of the vitality of the pulp of the tooth. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p243)
AN = a root canal proced: do not confuse with TOOTH, DEVITALIZED see TOOTH, NONVITAL; DF: DENT PULP DEVITALIZATION
UI = D003787
Dental Pulp Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = PULPITIS; DF: DENT PULP DIS
UI = D003788
Dental Pulp Exposure
MS = The result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment.
AN = note category: exposure from caries, trauma, etc; DF: DENT PULP EXPOSURE
UI = D003789
Dental Pulp Necrosis
MS = Death of pulp tissue. When the necrosis is due to ischemia with superimposed bacterial infection, it is referred to as pulp gangrene.
UI = D003790
Dental Pulp Test
AN = DF: DENT PULP TEST
UI = D003791
Dental Records
MS = Data collected during dental examination for the purpose of study, diagnosis, or treatment planning.
AN = DF: DENT RECORDS
UI = D003792
Dental Research
MS = The study of laws, theories, and hypotheses through a systematic examination of pertinent facts and their interpretation in the field of dentistry. (From Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982, p674)
AN = dent research as a field; avoid since most dental articles indexed contribute to "dental research"; IM general only on dent research as a field; NIM for status or progress of research in a special dent field or subject (IM); /methods: consider also RESEARCH DESIGN; DF: DENT RESEARCH
UI = D018865
Dental Restoration Failure
MS = Inability or inadequacy of a dental restoration or prosthesis to perform as expected.
AN = failure of a filling, inlay, crown, bridge, implant, any type of denture, etc.; coord IM with specific type of dent restoration or prosthesis (IM); DF: DENT RESTORATION FAILURE
UI = D019232
Dental Restoration Wear
MS = Occlusal wear of the surfaces of restorations and surface wear of dentures.
AN = surface wear of restorations & dentures; DF: DENT RESTORATION WEAR
UI = D019554
Dental Restoration, Permanent
MS = A restoration designed to remain in service for not less than 20 to 30 years, usually made of gold casting, cohesive gold, or amalgam. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
AN = dent restoration unspecified probably goes here; DF: DENT RESTORATION PERMANENT
UI = D003793
Dental Restoration, Temporary
MS = A prosthesis or restoration placed for a limited period, from several days to several months, which is designed to seal the tooth and maintain its position until a permanent restoration (DENTAL RESTORATION, PERMANENT) will replace it. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
AN = dent restoration unspecified probably goes under DENTAL RESTORATION, PERMANENT; DF: DENT RESTORATION TEMPORARY
UI = D003794
Dental Sac
MS = Dense fibrous layer formed from mesodermal tissue that surrounds the epithelial enamel organ. The cells eventually migrate to the external surface of the newly formed root dentin and give rise to the cementoblasts that deposit cementum on the developing root, fibroblasts of the developing periodontal ligament, and osteoblasts of the developing alveolar bone.
UI = D003795
Dental Scaling
MS = Removal of dental plaque and dental calculus from the surface of a tooth, from the surface of a tooth apical to the gingival margin accumulated in periodontal pockets, or from the surface coronal to the gingival margin.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse ROOT SCALING see DENTAL SCALING with ROOT PLANING; DF: DENT SCALING
UI = D012534
Dental Service, Hospital
MS = Hospital department providing dental care.
AN = DF: DENT SERV HOSP
UI = D003796
Dental Soldering
MS = The joining of pieces of metal through the use of an alloy which has a lower melting point, usually at least 100 degrees Celsius below the fusion temperature of the parts being soldered. In dentistry, soldering is used for joining components of a dental appliance, as in assembling a bridge, joining metals to orthodontic bands, or adding to the bulk of certain structures, such as the establishment of proper contact areas on inlays and crowns with adjacent teeth. (Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
AN = includes soldering & solders; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DENT SOLDERING
UI = D012994
Dental Staff
MS = Personnel who provide dental service to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency.
AN = DF: DENT STAFF
UI = D003797
Dental Staff, Hospital
MS = Dental personnel practicing in hospitals.
AN = DF: DENT STAFF HOSP
UI = D003798
Dental Stress Analysis
MS = The description and measurement of the various factors that produce physical stress upon dental restorations, prostheses, or appliances, materials associated with them, or the natural oral structures.
AN = coord IM or NIM with specific dent feature (IM); COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH & TENSILE STRENGTH are available for these aspects of characterization; DF: DENT STRESS ANAL
UI = D003799
Dental Technicians
MS = Individuals responsible for fabrication of dental appliances.
AN = executes dentists' prescripts for mechanical fabrication of dental appliances; DF: DENT TECHNICIANS
UI = D003800
Dental Veneers
MS = The use of a layer of tooth-colored material, usually porcelain or acrylic resin, applied to the surface of natural teeth, crowns, or pontics by fusion, cementation, or mechanical retention.
AN = IM; coord with specific material (IM) if pertinent; DF: DENT VENEERS
UI = D003801
Dental Waste
MS = Any waste product generated by a dental office, surgery, clinic, or laboratory including amalgams, saliva, and rinse water.
AN = includes saliva, rinse, amalgams, etc.; disposal of dent waste: coord IM with MEDICAL WASTE DISPOSAL (IM)
UI = D018057
Dentate Gyrus
MS = Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the HIPPOCAMPUS in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose AXONS pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the DENDRITES of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus.
UI = D018891
Dentifrices
MS = Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D003802
Dentigerous Cyst
MS = Most common follicular odontogenic cyst. Occurs in relation to a partially erupted or unerupted tooth with at least the crown of the tooth to which the cyst is attached protruding into the cystic cavity. May give rise to an ameloblastoma and, in rare instances, undergo malignant transformation.
AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM)
UI = D003803
Dentin
MS = The hard portion of the tooth surrounding the pulp, covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root, which is harder and denser than bone but softer than enamel, and is thus readily abraded when left unprotected. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
AN = /embryol: consider also DENTINOGENESIS; reparative dentin = DENTIN, SECONDARY; dentin bridge = DENTIN, SECONDARY
UI = D003804
Dentin Dysplasia
MS = An apparently hereditary disorder of dentin formation, marked by a normal appearance of coronal dentin associated with pulpal obliteration, faulty root formation, and a tendency for peripheral lesions without obvious cause. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a tooth abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D003805
Dentin Permeability
MS = The property of dentin that permits passage of light, heat, cold, and chemical substances. It does not include penetration by microorganisms.
AN = IM; coord with permeating substance (IM) if relevant
UI = D003806
Dentin Sensitivity
AN = note category
UI = D003807
Dentin Solubility
UI = D003808
Dentin, Secondary
MS = Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.
UI = D003809
Dentin-Bonding Agents
MS = Cements that act through infiltration and polymerization within the dentinal matrix and are used for dental restoration. They can be adhesive resins themselves, adhesion-promoting monomers, or polymerization initiators that act in concert with other agents to form a dentin-bonding system.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D017220
Dentinal Fluid
MS = The lymph or fluid of dentin. It is a transudate of extracellular fluid, mainly cytoplasm of odontoblastic processes, from the dental pulp via the dentinal tubules. It is also called dental lymph. (From Stedman, 26th ed, p665)
AN = dentin lymph or transudate
UI = D019234
Dentinogenesis
MS = The formation of dentin. Dentin first appears in the layer between the ameloblasts and odontoblasts and becomes calcified immediately. Formation progresses from the tip of the papilla over its slope to form a calcified cap becoming thicker by the apposition of new layers pulpward. A layer of uncalcified dentin intervenes between the calcified tissue and the odontoblast and its processes. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
AN = formation of primary dentin; formation of secondary dentin = DENTIN, SECONDARY /growth; AMELOGENESIS, formation of dent enamel, is also available
UI = D003810
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
MS = An autosomal dominant disorder of tooth development characterized by opalescent dentin resulting in discoloration of the teeth, ranging from dusky blue to brownish. The dentin is poorly formed with an abnormally low mineral content; the pulp canal is obliterated, but the enamel is normal. The teeth usually wear down rapidly, leaving short, brown stumps. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a dentin abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D003811
Dentist's Practice Patterns
MS = Patterns of practice in dentistry related to diagnosis and treatment.
AN = practice in dentistry related to diag & treatment
UI = D019239
Dentist-Patient Relations
MS = The psychological relations between the dentist and patient.
AN = no qualif; DF: DENTIST PATIENT RELAT
UI = D003812
Dentistry
MS = The profession concerned with the teeth, oral cavity, and associated structures, and the diagnosis and treatment of their diseases including prevention and the restoration of defective and missing tissue.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; /instrum = DENTAL INSTRUMENTS; DENTAL EQUIPMENT or other specifics; /legislation & jurisprudence = LEGISLATION, DENTAL or DENTISTRY (IM) + JURISPRUDENCE (IM) or FORENSIC DENTISTRY; /man permissible but consider also DENTISTS /supply; veterinary dentistry = DENTISTRY /vet (IM) + VETERINARY MEDICINE (IM)
UI = D003813
Dentistry, Operative
MS = That phase of clinical dentistry concerned with the restoration of parts of existing teeth that are defective through disease, trauma, or abnormal development, to the state of normal function, health, and esthetics, including preventive, diagnostic, biological, mechanical, and therapeutic techniques, as well as material and instrument science and application. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 2d ed, p237)
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; to restore tooth function (filling, inlay, etc.); do not confuse with SURGERY, ORAL (surg ther of dis, inj or defects of soft tissues of mouth or of jaws); DF: DENT OPERATIVE
UI = D003814
Dentists
MS = Individuals licensed to practice dentistry.
AN = /educ = EDUCATION, DENTAL or specific
UI = D003815
Dentists, Women
MS = Female dentists.
AN = /educ = EDUCATION, DENTAL or specific; Manual 34.11.3
UI = D003816
Dentition
MS = The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. Dentition referring to the deciduous teeth is DENTITION, PRIMARY; to the permanent teeth, DENTITION, PERMANENT. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
AN = differentiate from TOOTH: tooth is a unit, dentition is all the teeth together as a unit; GEN or unspecified; prefer DENTITION, PRIMARY or DENTITION, PERMANENT or DENTITION, MIXED; no qualif
UI = D003817
Dentition, Mixed
MS = The complement of teeth in the jaws after the eruption of some of the permanent teeth but before all the deciduous teeth are absent. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
AN = some deciduous teeth, some permanent; see note at DENTITION; no qualif
UI = D003818
Dentition, Permanent
MS = The 32 teeth of adulthood that either replace or are added to the complement of deciduous teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
AN = see note at DENTITION; no qualif
UI = D019229
Dentition, Primary
MS = The teeth first in order or time of development that will be replaced by permanent dentition upon their loss.
AN = see note at DENTITION; do not confuse X ref DENTITION, DECIDUOUS with TOOTH, DECIDUOUS; no qualif
UI = D016323
Denture Bases
MS = The part of a denture that overlies the soft tissue and supports the supplied teeth and is supported in turn by abutment teeth or the residual alveolar ridge. It is usually made of resins or metal or their combination.
AN = coord IM with specific denture term (IM or NIM)
UI = D003819
Denture Cleansers
MS = Substances used to clean dentures; they are usually alkaline peroxides or hypochlorites, may contain enzymes and release oxygen. Use also for sonic action cleaners.
AN = D25-26 qualif; includes sonic-action cleansers
UI = D003820
Denture Design
MS = The plan, delineation, and location of actual structural elements of dentures. The design can relate to retainers, stress-breakers, occlusal rests, flanges, framework, lingual or palatal bars, reciprocal arms, etc.
AN = coord IM with specific denture (IM or NIM)
UI = D003779
Denture Identification Marking
MS = Any system of defining ownership of dentures or dental prostheses.
AN = marking of dentures or dent prostheses
UI = D003821
Denture Liners
MS = Material applied to the tissue side of a denture to provide a soft lining to the parts of a denture coming in contact with soft tissue. It cushions contact of the denture with the tissues.
AN = coord IM with specific denture term (IM or NIM)
UI = D003822
Denture Precision Attachment
MS = A precision device used for attaching a fixed or removable partial denture to the crown of an abutment tooth or a restoration. One type is the intracoronal attachment and the other type is the extracoronal attachment. It consists of a female portion within the coronal portion of the crown of an abutment and a fitted male portion attached to the denture proper. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p85; from Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p264)
AN = restrict to partial dentures
UI = D003834
Denture Rebasing
MS = The process of refitting a denture by replacing the denture base material without changing the occlusal relations of the teeth. Rebasing may include adding to the denture base to compensate for resorptive changes to subjacent structures.
AN = coord IM with specific denture term (IM or NIM)
UI = D003823
Denture Repair
MS = The process of reuniting or replacing broken or worn parts of a denture.
AN = coord IM with specific denture (IM or NIM)
UI = D003780
Denture Retention
MS = The retention of a denture in place by design, device, or adhesion.
AN = coord IM with specific denture (IM or NIM); for denture fixative & adhesives, coord IM with ADHESIVES (IM)
UI = D003781
Denture, Complete
MS = A denture replacing all natural teeth and associated structures in both the maxilla and mandible.
AN = labeling for ownership or identification = DENTURE IDENTIFICATION MARKING
UI = D003824
Denture, Complete, Immediate
MS = A complete denture constructed for replacement of natural teeth immediately after their removal. It does not fit the mouth perfectly and is intended only for functional and cosmetic purposes during the healing process after total extraction. It is to be replaced by the fitted permanent denture.
UI = D003825
Denture, Complete, Lower
MS = A complete denture replacing all the natural mandibular teeth and associated structures. It is completely supported by the oral tissue and underlying mandibular bone.
UI = D003826
Denture, Complete, Upper
MS = A complete denture replacing all the natural maxillary teeth and associated maxillary structures. It is completely supported by the oral tissue and underlying maxillary bone.
UI = D003827
Denture, Overlay
MS = Removable prosthesis constructed over natural teeth or implanted studs.
AN = coord IM with specific denture term (IM or NIM)
UI = D003828
Denture, Partial
MS = A denture replacing one or more (but not all) natural teeth. It is supported and retained by underlying tissue and some or all of the remaining teeth.
AN = labeling for ownership or identification = DENTURE IDENTIFICATION MARKING
UI = D003829
Denture, Partial, Fixed
MS = A partial denture attached to prepared natural teeth, roots, or implants by cementation.
UI = D003830
Denture, Partial, Fixed, Resin-Bonded
MS = A commonly used prosthesis that results in a strong, permanent restoration. It consists of an electrolytically etched cast-metal retainer that is cemented (bonded), using resins, to adjacent teeth whose enamel was previously acid-treated (acid-etched). This type of bridgework is sometimes referred to as a Maryland bridge.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D016379
Denture, Partial, Immediate
MS = A partial denture constructed before the teeth it replaces are removed. It is then inserted immediately after the removal of the natural teeth for functional and cosmetic reasons during the healing process. It is to be replaced later by the fitted partial denture.
UI = D003831
Denture, Partial, Removable
MS = A partial denture designed and constructed to be removed readily from the mouth.
UI = D003832
Denture, Partial, Temporary
MS = A partial denture intended for short-term use in a temporary or emergency situation.
UI = D003833
Dentures
MS = An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include CROWNS; DENTAL ABUTMENTS; nor TOOTH, ARTIFICIAL.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; labeling for ownership or identification = DENTURE IDENTIFICATION MARKING
UI = D003778
Denturists
MS = Dental technicians who provide dentures for patients without benefit of a dentist's professional services. Their duties include taking impressions and bite registrations for preparing and repairing dentures and fitting dentures. They are rarely found in the United States, where their practice is illegal in many states, but are becoming increasingly common in Canada.
AN = dent technicians working with patients requiring dentures (prep, repair, fitting)
UI = D003835
Denys-Drash Syndrome
MS = A rare syndrome characterized by UROGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM, and Wilms tumor (NEPHROBLASTOMA).
UI = D030321
Deodorants
MS = Agents that remove, correct, repress, or mask undesirable odors. In personal hygiene, deodorants are often astringent preparations that reduce sweat production and are referred to as antiperspirants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D003836
Deoxy Sugars
UI = D003837
Deoxyadenine Nucleotides
MS = Adenine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D003838
Deoxyadenosines
MS = Adenosine molecules which can be substituted in any position, but are lacking one hydroxyl group in the ribose part of the molecule.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D003839
Deoxycholic Acid
MS = A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D003840
Deoxycytidine
UI = D003841
Deoxycytidine Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of deoxycytidine with the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate and deoxycytidine monophosphate. Cytosine arabinoside can also act as an acceptor. All natural nucleoside triphosphates, except deoxycytidine triphosphate, can act as donors. The enzyme is induced by some viruses, particularly the herpes simplex virus (HERPESVIRUS HOMINIS). EC 2.7.1.74.
UI = D003842
Deoxycytidine Monophosphate
MS = Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D003843
Deoxycytosine Nucleotides
MS = Cytosine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D003845
Deoxyepinephrine
MS = Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.
UI = D003846
Deoxyglucose
MS = 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.
AN = /blood = DEOXYGLUCOSE /blood (NIM) + BLOOD GLUCOSE (IM); do not use /defic /physiol
UI = D003847
Deoxyguanine Nucleotides
MS = Guanine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D003848
Deoxyguanosine
MS = A nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D003849
Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reactivation by light of UV-irradiated DNA. It breaks two carbon-carbon bonds in pyrimidine dimers in DNA. EC 4.1.99.3.
UI = D004255
Deoxyribonuclease BamHI
MS = One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence G/GATCC at the slash. BamHI is from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens N. Numerous isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.
AN = BamHI stands for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens + strain ident; DF: BAMHI
UI = D015245
Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI
MS = One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence G/AATTC at the slash. EcoRI is from E coliRY13. Several isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.
AN = a DNA restriction enzyme; EcoRI stands for E. coli + strain ident; DF: ECORI
UI = D015246
Deoxyribonuclease HindIII
MS = One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence A/AGCTT at the slash. HindIII is from Haemophilus influenzae R(d). Numerous isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.
AN = HindIII stands for Haemophilus influenzae + strain ident; DF: HINDIII
UI = D015247
Deoxyribonuclease HpaII
MS = One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequences C/CGG and GGC/C at the slash. HpaII is from Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Several isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.
AN = a DNA restriction enzyme; HpaII stands for Haemophilus parainfluenzae + strain ident; DF: HPAII
UI = D019003
Deoxyribonuclease I
MS = An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA.
AN = do not confuse X ref STREPTODORNASE with STREPTODORNASE AND STREPTOKINASE: see note there; DF: note short X ref
UI = D003850
Deoxyribonucleases
MS = Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolases of ester bonds within DNA. EC 3.1.-.
AN = differentiate STREPTODORNASE referred to here and STREPTODORNASE AND STREPTOKINASE (see note there)
UI = D003851
Deoxyribonucleases, Type I Site-Specific
MS = Enzyme systems containing three different subunits and requiring ATP, S-adenosylmethionine, and magnesium for endonucleolytic activity to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. They function also as DNA-dependent ATPases and modification methylases, catalyzing the reactions of EC 2.1.1.72 and EC 2.1.1.73 with similar site-specificity. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave at sites remote from the recognition sequence. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.3.
AN = DF: DNASE SS I
UI = D015253
Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific
MS = Enzyme systems containing a single subunit and requiring only magnesium for endonucleolytic activity. The corresponding modification methylases are separate enzymes. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave either within, or at a short specific distance from, the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.4.
AN = a DNA restriction enzyme; DF: DNASE SS II
UI = D015252
Deoxyribonucleases, Type III Site-Specific
MS = Enzyme systems composed of two subunits and requiring ATP and magnesium for endonucleolytic activity; they do not function as ATPases. They exist as complexes with modification methylases of similar specificity listed under EC 2.1.1.72 or EC 2.1.1.73. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave a short distance, about 24 to 27 bases, away from the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.5.
AN = DF: DNASE SS III
UI = D015263
Deoxyribonucleoproteins
MS = Proteins conjugated with deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) or specific DNA.
UI = D003852
Deoxyribonucleosides
MS = A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to DEOXYRIBOSE.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific
UI = D003853
Deoxyribonucleotides
MS = A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a DEOXYRIBOSE containing a bond to a phosphate group.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific
UI = D003854
Deoxyribose
UI = D003855
Deoxyuracil Nucleotides
MS = Uracil nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D003856
Deoxyuridine
MS = 2'-Deoxyuridine. An antimetabolite that is converted to deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemias due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies.
AN = an antimetabolite
UI = D003857
Dependency (Psychology)
MS = The tendency of an individual or individuals to rely on others for advice, guidance, or support.
AN = no qualif; DF: DEPENDENCY
UI = D003858
Dependent Personality Disorder
MS = A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
UI = D003859
Dependovirus
MS = A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, which are dependent on a coinfection with helper adenoviruses or herpesviruses for their efficient replication. The type species is Adeno-associated virus 2.
AN = infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D000229
Depersonalization
MS = State in which an individual perceives or experiences a sensation of unreality concerning the self or the environment; it is seen in disorders such as schizophrenia, affection disorders, organic mental disorders, and personality disorders. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)
UI = D003861
Depreciation
MS = Decline in value of capital assets of a permanent or fixed nature over time with use.
AN = NIM
UI = D003862
Depression
MS = Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.
AN = human & animal; /drug ther: consider also ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; do not confuse this or X ref (depression of "moderate intensity") with DEPRESSIVE DISORDER ("prominent & relatively persistent" depression): psychiatrists differentiate on basis of degree
UI = D003863
Depression, Chemical
AN = never IM; TN 49: definition & use as NIM
UI = D003864
Depression, Involutional
MS = Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.
UI = D003865
Depression, Postpartum
MS = Depression in women occurring usually within four weeks after the delivery of a child. The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)
AN = IM; coord with specific psychiatric dis (IM) if relevant; check the tag FEMALE
UI = D019052
Depressive Disorder
MS = An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.
AN = do not confuse with DEPRESSION: see note there; depression lasting over 2 years = DYSTHYMIC DISORDER
UI = D003866
Depth Perception
MS = Perception of three-dimensionality.
AN = disord of depth perception: coord IM with PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS (IM)
UI = D003867
Dequalinium
MS = A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.
UI = D003868
Dermabrasion
MS = Planing of the skin by mechanical means, as by fine sandpaper, wire brushes, or other abrasive materials. It is used to remove acne scars and dermal nevi. (From Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = mechanical planing of the skin; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D003869
Dermacentor
MS = A widely distributed genus of TICKS, in the family IXODIDAE, including a number that infest humans and other mammals. Several are vectors of diseases such as TULAREMIA; ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; COLORADO TICK FEVER; and ANAPLASMOSIS.
AN = infestation: coord IM with TICK INFESTATIONS (IM)
UI = D003870
Dermatan Sulfate
MS = A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed)
UI = D003871
Dermatitis
MS = Any inflammation of the skin.
AN = any skin inflamm; /chem ind = DERMATITIS MEDICAMENTOSA see DRUG ERUPTIONS or DERMATITIS, CONTACT
UI = D003872
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
MS = Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.
AN = a bullous skin dis: nothing to do with herpes
UI = D003874
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
MS = A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.
UI = D017449
Dermatitis, Atopic
MS = A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.
AN = a type of immediate hypersensitivity
UI = D003876
Dermatitis, Contact
MS = A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.
AN = unspecified as allergic or non-allergic but DERMATITIS, ALLERGIC CONTACT is available
UI = D003877
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
MS = The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D003873
Dermatitis, Irritant
MS = A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.
AN = "a non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants"
UI = D017453
Dermatitis, Occupational
MS = A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.
AN = do not restrict to -itis: use as if "dermatoses"; coord with specific skin dis with /chem ind; includes housewives' dermatoses caused by housekeeping agents; DF: DERMATITIS OCCUP
UI = D009783
Dermatitis, Perioral
MS = A papular eruption of unknown etiology that progresses to residual papular erythema and scaling usually confined to the area of the mouth, and almost exclusively occurring in young women. It may also be localized or extend to involve the eyelids and adjacent glabella area of the forehead (periocular dermatitis). (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = note X ref DERMATITIS, PERIOCULAR: can extend to this area
UI = D019557
Dermatitis, Photoallergic
MS = A delayed hypersensitivity involving the reaction between sunlight or other radiant energy source and a chemical substance to which the individual has been previously exposed and sensitized. It manifests as a papulovesicular, eczematous, or exudative dermatitis occurring chiefly on the light-exposed areas of the skin.
AN = a delayed hypersensitivity
UI = D017454
Dermatitis, Phototoxic
MS = A nonimmunologic, chemically induced type of photosensitivity producing a sometimes vesiculating dermatitis. It results in hyperpigmentation and desquamation of the light-exposed areas of the skin.
AN = non-immunol irritant dermatitis; DF: DERMATITIS PHOTOTOX
UI = D017484
Dermatitis, Seborrheic
MS = A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin of unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate erythema, dry, moist, or greasy scaling, and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp. On the scalp, it generally appears first as small patches of scales, progressing to involve the entire scalp with exfoliation of excessive amounts of dry scales (dandruff).
UI = D012628
Dermatitis, Toxicodendron
MS = An allergic contact dermatitis caused by exposure to plants of the genus Toxicodendron (formerly Rhus). These include poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac, all plants that contain the substance urushiol, a potent skin sensitizing agent. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = Toxicodendron or Rhus is the genus name for poison ivy; includes poison oak & poison sumac
UI = D011040
Dermatofibroma
MS = A slowly growing benign skin nodule consisting of poorly demarcated cellular fibrous tissue enclosing collapsed capillaries with scattered hemosiderin-pigmented and lipid macrophages. They are common, usually about 1 cm in diameter and occur in the dermis. Simple excision is always curative. (From Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1356)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM); note X ref HISTIOCYTOMA: HISTIOCYTOMA, FIBROUS is also available
UI = D000797
Dermatofibrosarcoma
MS = A fibrosarcoma of the skin, beginning most often as an indurated nodule that grows slowly and hence is often ignored until it grows large. Dermatofibrosarcomas show an extremely aggressive tendency to invade local surrounding tissue. They do not metastasize, however, even after multiple recurrences. About 50% will recur after simple incision; hence wide excision should be resorted to. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1356)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018223
Dermatoglyphics
MS = The study of the patterns of ridges of the skin of the fingers, palms, toes, and soles.
UI = D003878
Dermatologic Agents
MS = Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also SKIN /drug eff & SKIN DISEASES /drug ther; DF: DERMATOL AGENTS
UI = D003879
Dermatology
MS = A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: DERMATOL
UI = D003880
Dermatomycoses
MS = Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.
AN = fungus dis of skin; coord IM with specific fungus or fungal dis (IM)
UI = D003881
Dermatomyositis
MS = A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)
AN = coord IM with PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES (IM) if pertinent
UI = D003882
Dermatophagoides farinae
MS = Species of American house dust mite, in the family PYROGLYPHIDAE.
UI = D040001
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
MS = Species of European house dust mite, in the family PYROGLYPHIDAE. It is the most commonly found house dust mite.
UI = D040002
Dermis
MS = A layer of vascularized connective tissue underneath the EPIDERMIS. The surface of the dermis contains innervated papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are SWEAT GLANDS; HAIR FOLLICLES; and SEBACEOUS GLANDS.
UI = D020405
Dermoid Cyst
MS = A tumor consisting of displaced ectodermal structures along the lines of embryonic fusion, the wall being formed of epithelium-lined connective tissue, including skin appendages, and containing keratin, sebum, and hair. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = neoplastic; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM);DERMOID CYST, CNS see CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM is also available
UI = D003884
Dermotoxins
MS = Specific substances elaborated by plants, microorganisms or animals that cause damage to the skin; they may be proteins or other specific factors or substances; constituents of spider, jellyfish or other venoms cause dermonecrosis and certain bacteria synthesize dermolytic agents.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord IM with source of dermotoxin (IM or NIM); do not use for dermatoxicity of various chemicals & drugs ( = SKIN /drug eff or skin dis heading /chem ind + Cat D term /adv eff-pois-tox)
UI = D003885
Derris
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA.
AN = X ref PONGAMIA ULIGINOSA: Pongamia unspecified, PONGAMIA see FABACEAE is available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029866
Descemet's Membrane
MS = The strong, resistant, thin, noncellular fourth layer of the cornea, located between the endothelium (from which it is secreted) and the stroma. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
AN = a layer of the cornea
UI = D003886
Desensitization, Immunologic
MS = Immunosuppression by the administration of increasing doses of antigen. Though the exact mechanism is not clear, the therapy results in an increase in serum levels of allergen-specific IMMUNOGLOBULIN G, suppression of specific IgE, and an increase in suppressor T-cell activity.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DESENSITIZATION IMMUNOL
UI = D003888
Desensitization, Psychologic
MS = A behavior therapy technique in which deep muscle relaxation is used to inhibit the effects of graded anxiety-evoking stimuli.
AN = a behavior ther technique; DF: DESENSITIZATION PSYCHOL
UI = D003887
Desert Climate
MS = A type of climate characterized by insufficient moisture to support appreciable plant life. It is a climate of extreme aridity, usually of extreme heat, and of negligible rainfall. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = specify geog if pertinent
UI = D003889
Desiccation
MS = Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.).
AN = note category; differentiate from DEHYDRATION, a disease state
UI = D003890
Designer Drugs
MS = Drugs designed and synthesized, often for illegal street use, by modification of existing drug structures (e.g., amphetamines). Of special interest are MPTP (a reverse ester of meperidine), MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine), and MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Many drugs act on the aminergic system, the physiologically active biogenic amines.
AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific drug or chemical (IM); do not confuse with DRUG DESIGN
UI = D015198
Desipramine
MS = A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.
UI = D003891
Deslanoside
MS = Deacetyllanatoside C. A cardiotonic glycoside from the leaves of Digitalis lanata.
UI = D003892
Desmin
MS = An intermediate filament protein found predominantly in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells. Localized at the Z line. MW 50,000 to 55,000 is species dependent.
AN = an intermediate filament protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D003893
Desmopressin
MS = A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGIPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the vasopressin receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.
UI = D003894
Desmosine
MS = 4-(4-Amino-4-carboxybutyl)-1-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-3,5-bis(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pyridinium. A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.
UI = D003895
Desmosomes
MS = A type of junction that attaches one cell to its neighbor. One of a number of differentiated regions which occur, for example, where the cytoplasmic membranes of adjacent epithelial cells are closely apposed. It consists of a circular region of each membrane together with associated intracellular microfilaments and an intercellular material which may include, for example, mucopolysaccharides. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D003896
Desmosterol
MS = An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol.
UI = D003897
Desogestrel
MS = A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents.
UI = D017135
Desonide
MS = A nonfluorinated corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agent used topically for dermatoses.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D003898
Desoximetasone
MS = Topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in dermatoses, skin allergies, psoriasis, etc.
UI = D003899
Desoxycorticosterone
MS = 21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Mineralocorticoid. Desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is used as replacement therapy in Addison's Disease.
AN = do not coord with ACETATES for DOCA; /biosyn /physiol permitted; do not confuse trade name Decortin (Schieffelin) with PREDNISONE trade name Decortin (Merck)
UI = D003900
Desulfovibrio
MS = A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria capable of reducing sulfur compounds to hydrogen sulfide. Organisms are isolated from anaerobic mud of fresh and salt water, animal intestines, manure, and feces.
AN = in soil, water, sewage, oil wells
UI = D003901
Desulfovibrio vulgaris
MS = A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from soil, animal intestines and feces, and fresh and salt water.
AN = in soil, water & animal intestines; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016969
Desulfurococcaceae
MS = A family of THERMOPROTEALES consisting of anaerobic cocci which utilize peptides, proteins or carbohydrates facultatively by sulfur respiration or fermentation. There are four genera: Desulfurococcus, Pyrodictium, Staphylothermus, and Thermodiscus. (From Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 1989)
AN = a family of Thermoproteales
UI = D019620
Detergents
MS = Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D003902
Deuterium
MS = Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.
AN = heavy hydrogen; HEAVY WATER see DEUTERIUM OXIDE is also available
UI = D003903
Deuterium Oxide
MS = The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.
UI = D017666
Deuteroporphyrins
MS = Porphyrins with four methyl and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings.
AN = pigments
UI = D003905
Devazepide
MS = A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.
UI = D020109
Developed Countries
MS = Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources.
AN = use with caution: follow text of author; do not confuse with DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; IM; specify country or countries if relevant
UI = D019049
Developing Countries
MS = Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.
AN = do not confuse with DEVELOPED COUNTRIES; IM; specify country or countries if relevant
UI = D003906
Developmental Biology
MS = The field of biology which deals with the process of the growth and differentiation of an organism.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOL
UI = D015509
Developmental Disabilities
MS = Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)
AN = check also tag CHILD or specific
UI = D002658
Device Approval
MS = Process that is gone through in order for a device to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required preclinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance. It is not restricted to FDA.
AN = by a govt regulatory agency, not restricted to FDA
UI = D018795
Device Removal
MS = Removal of an implanted therapeutic or prosthetic device.
UI = D020878
Dexamethasone
MS = An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, STEROIDAL)
UI = D003907
Dexamethasone Isonicotinate
MS = An anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic glucocorticoid that can be administered orally, by inhalation, locally, and parenterally. It may cause water and salt retention.
UI = D003908
Dexetimide
MS = A muscarinic antagonist that has been used to treat neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Benzetimide is the (-)-enantimorph of dexetimide.
AN = an antiparkinson agent
UI = D003909
Dexfenfluramine
MS = The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.
UI = D020372
Dexmedetomidine
MS = A selective inhibitor of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that has analgesic and sedative properties. MEDETOMIDINE is the other racemic form.
UI = D020927
Dextran Sulfate
MS = Long-chain polymer of glucose containing 17-20% sulfur. It has been used as an anticoagulant and also has been shown to inhibit the binding of HIV-1 to CD4+ T-lymphocytes. It is commonly used as both an experimental and clinical laboratory reagent and has been investigated for use as an antiviral agent, in the treatment of hypolipidemia, and for the prevention of free radical damage, among other applications.
UI = D016264
Dextranase
UI = D003910
Dextrans
MS = A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes.
UI = D003911
Dextrins
UI = D003912
Dextroamphetamine
MS = The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.
UI = D003913
Dextrocardia
MS = Location of the heart in the right hemithorax, with the apex directed to the right.
AN = heart in right hemithorax; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D003914
Dextromethorphan
MS = The d-isomer of the codeine analog of LEVORPHANOL. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.
UI = D003915
Dextromoramide
MS = An opioid analgesic structurally related to METHADONE and used in the treatment of severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1070)
AN = an opioid analgesic
UI = D003916
Dextrorphan
MS = Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.
UI = D003917
Dextrothyroxine
MS = The dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic THYROXINE.
UI = D003918
Diabetes Insipidus
MS = A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst.
AN = caused by hypopituitarism
UI = D003919
Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic
MS = A polyuric disorder characterized by normal rates of renal filtration and solute excretion, but a persistent hypotonic urine. This condition is due to the failure of renal tubules to respond to antidiuretic hormones, such as vasopressin, to reduce urine volume. Tubular insensitivity to vasopressin can result from genetic defects, diseases, drug effects, or may occur with pregnancy.
AN = do not confuse with DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES which refers to diabetes mellitus or with DIABETES INSIPIDUS, NEUROGENIC
UI = D018500
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic
MS = Deficiency of vasopressin secretion from the posterior pituitary gland. Clinical manifestations include extreme thirst, polydipsia, and reduced serum osmolality. Potential etiologies include CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; post-neurosurgical states; HYPOTHALAMIC NEOPLASMS; PITUITARY NEOPLASMS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS; PITUITARY APOPLEXY; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; granulomatous diseases (including SARCOIDOSIS); and other conditions. The disorder may also be inherited as an autosomal or recessive trait. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch 36, pp55-8)
AN = do not confuse with DIABETES INSIPIDUS, NEPHROGENIC
UI = D020790
Diabetes Mellitus
MS = A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common.
AN = caused by insufficient secretion of insulin; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; in pregnancy = PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS but do not confuse with DIABETES, GESTATIONAL: see note there; diabetes & obesity = OBESITY IN DIABETES; PREDIABETIC STATE is also available & includes subclinical diabetes; /diet ther: consider also DIABETIC DIET but see note there; alloxan- & streptozocin-induced diabetes: see note on DIABETES MELLITUS, EXPERIMENTAL
UI = D003920
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental
MS = Diabetes mellitus induced experimentally by administration of various diabetogenic agents or by pancreatectomy.
AN = index alloxan or streptozocin diabetes as DIABETES MELLITUS, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) + ALLOXAN or STREPTOZOCIN (NIM) only if the chem are particularly discussed; probably in animal so do not use /vet but don't forget check tag ANIMAL; DF: DIABETES MELLITUS EXPER
UI = D003921
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent
MS = Diabetes mellitus characterized by insulin deficiency, sudden onset, severe hyperglycemia, rapid progression to ketoacidosis, and death unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.
AN = despite X ref with "juvenile", this dis "may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence": check age in text for correct check tag; MICE, INBRED NOD are a common model for this disease; DF: note short X ref
UI = D003922
Diabetes Mellitus, Lipoatrophic
MS = A disorder characterized by complete absence of subcutaneous adipose tissue, insulin-resistant diabetes with little tendency to ketoacidosis, hyperlipidemia with subcutaneous xanthomatosis, hepatomegaly, and an elevated basal metabolic rate.
AN = diabetes with absence of subcutaneous adipose tissue
UI = D003923
Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent
MS = Diabetes characterized by the ability to survive without ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. It is usually of slow onset and patients exhibit a tendency to obesity.
AN = DF: note short X refs
UI = D003924
Diabetes, Gestational
MS = Either symptomatic diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance induced by pregnancy but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS).
AN = refers to DIABETES MELLITUS, not DIABETES INSIPIDUS; diabetes induced by pregn: do not confuse with PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS where a diabetic becomes pregnant
UI = D016640
Diabetic Angiopathies
MS = VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.
AN = coord IM with specific vascular dis (IM) + specific type of diabetes
UI = D003925
Diabetic Coma
UI = D003926
Diabetic Diet
MS = A diet prescribed in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, usually limited in the amount of sugar or readily available carbohydrate. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = IM; a specific dietary regimen for diabetics: not all diet ther of diabetes is DIABETIC DIET; when specified by author as a diabetic diet, coord with DIABETES MELLITUS /diet ther (IM) or specific type of diabetes /diet ther (IM) + specific dietary element /ther use (IM)
UI = D003927
Diabetic Foot
MS = Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular problems.
AN = foot ulcers in diabetes
UI = D017719
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
MS = Complication of diabetes resulting from severe insulin deficiency coupled with an absolute or relative increase in glucagon concentration. The metabolic acidosis is caused by the breakdown of adipose stores and resulting increased levels of free fatty acids. Glucagon accelerates the oxidation of the free fatty acids producing excess ketone bodies (ketosis).
UI = D016883
Diabetic Nephropathies
MS = Includes renal arteriosclerosis, renal arteriolosclerosis, Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome (intercapillary glomerulosclerosis), acute and chronic pyelonephritis, and kidney papillary necrosis in individuals with diabetes mellitus.
AN = coord IM with specific kidney dis (IM); Kimmelstiel-Wilson Syndrome indexed here; do not confuse with DIABETES INSIPIDUS, NEPHROGENIC, a form of diabetes insipidus
UI = D003928
Diabetic Neuropathies
MS = Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)
AN = coord IM with specific neurol dis (IM) but do not coord with PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES for "diabetic peripheral neuropathy"
UI = D003929
Diabetic Retinopathy
MS = Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment.
AN = diabetic retinitis; do not coord with RETINITIS
UI = D003930
Diacetyl
MS = Carrier of aroma of butter, vinegar, coffee, and other foods.
UI = D003931
Diacylglycerol Cholinephosphotransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of phosphatidylcholines from CDPcholine and 1,2-diacylglycerols. EC 2.7.8.2.
UI = D002798
Diacylglycerol Kinase
MS = An enzyme of the transferase class that uses ATP to catalyze the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol to a phosphatidate. EC 2.7.1.107.
UI = D019852
Diagnosis
MS = The determination of the nature of a disease or condition or the distinguishing of one disease or condition from another. Assessment may be made through physical examination, laboratory tests, or the like, and may be assisted by computerized programs designed to enhance the decision-making process.
AN = GEN only as SPEC; no qualif; prefer /diag with disease term: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.22; in Chinese traditional med, diag & ther based on overall anal of the patient's state is bianzheng shizhi: see note under DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DF: DIAG
UI = D003933
Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted
MS = Application of computer programs designed to assist the physician in solving a diagnostic problem.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; restrict to MeSH definition; IM; DF: DIAG COMPUTER ASSISTED
UI = D003936
Diagnosis, Differential
MS = Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures.
AN = NIM; no qualif; correct NIM coord for "mimicking", "simulating"; Manual 26.13+; in Chinese traditional med index bianzheng shizhi ("differentiation of symptoms & signs") under DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL (IM) + MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL (IM); DF: DIAG DIFFER
UI = D003937
Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry)
MS = The co-existence of a substance abuse disorder with a psychiatric disorder. The diagnostic principle is based on the fact that it has been found often that chemically dependent patients also have psychiatric problems of various degrees of severity.
AN = restrict to substance abuse with ment disord; IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific addiction (IM) + specific ment disord (IM); DF: DUAL DIAG
UI = D017831
Diagnosis, Oral
MS = Examination of the mouth and teeth toward the identification and diagnosis of intraoral disease or manifestation of non-oral conditions.
AN = GEN or unspecified; avoid as NIM coord: prefer /diag with specific mouth or tooth dis; includes both clinical & radiogr exam of mouth but for radiogr of teeth use RADIOGRAPHY, DENTAL; DF: DIAG ORAL
UI = D003945
Diagnosis-Related Groups
MS = A system for classifying patient care by relating common characteristics such as diagnosis, treatment, and age to an expected consumption of hospital resources and length of stay. Its purpose is to provide a framework for specifying case mix and to reduce hospital costs and reimbursements and it forms the cornerstone of the prospective payment system.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D003953
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
MS = Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
UI = D039721
Diagnostic Equipment
MS = Nonexpendable items used in examinination.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DIAG EQUIPMENT
UI = D019719
Diagnostic Errors
MS = Incorrect diagnoses after clinical examination or technical diagnostic procedures.
AN = IM; coord with specific dis /diag (IM) & specific diag procedure; do not confuse with differ diag; DF: DIAG ERR
UI = D003951
Diagnostic Imaging
MS = Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy.
AN = GEN only: prefer specific techniques; use for diag or non-diag study of organs
UI = D003952
Diagnostic Services
MS = Organized services for the purpose of providing diagnosis to promote and maintain health.
AN = DF: DIAG SERV
UI = D003954
Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures
MS = Methods, procedures, and tests performed to diagnose disease, disordered function, or disability.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D019937
Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular
MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the cardiovascular system or its organs or demonstration of their physiological processes.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES CARDIOVASC
UI = D003935
Diagnostic Techniques, Digestive System
MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the digestive system or its organs or demonstration of their physiological processes.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
UI = D003938
Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine
MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the endocrine glands or demonstration of their physiological processes.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES ENDOCRINE
UI = D003940
Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological
MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the nervous system, central and peripheral, or demonstration of neurologic function or dysfunction.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION is also available; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES NEUROL
UI = D003943
Diagnostic Techniques, Obstetrical and Gynecological
MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of conditions related to pregnancy, labor, and the puerperium and of diseases of the female genitalia. It includes also demonstration of genital and pregnancy physiology.
AN = avoid: too inclusive; prefer specifics; check the tag FEMALE & check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY when applicable; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES OB GYN
UI = D003944
Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.
AN = diag of eye dis or vision disord; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES OPHTHALMOL
UI = D003941
Diagnostic Techniques, Otological
MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the ear or of hearing disorders or demonstration of hearing acuity or loss.
AN = diag of ear dis or hearing disord; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES OTOL
UI = D003939
Diagnostic Techniques, Radioisotope
MS = Any diagnostic evaluation using radioactive (unstable) isotopes. This diagnosis includes many nuclear medicine procedures as well as radioimmunoassay tests.
AN = GEN only: prefer /radionuclide with dis; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES RADIOISOTOPE
UI = D003947
Diagnostic Techniques, Respiratory System
MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the respiratory tract or its organs. It includes RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTS.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
UI = D003948
Diagnostic Techniques, Surgical
MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of disease or dysfunction by examination of the pathological site or operative field during surgical intervention.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES SURG
UI = D003949
Diagnostic Techniques, Urological
MS = Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the urinary tract or its organs or demonstration of its physiological processes.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIAG TECHNIQUES UROL
UI = D003950
Diagnostic Tests, Routine
MS = Diagnostic procedures, such as laboratory tests and x-rays, routinely performed on all individuals or specified categories of individuals in a specified situation, e.g., patients being admitted to the hospital. These include routine tests administered to neonates.
AN = do not confuse with PHYSICAL EXAMINATION or MASS SCREENING
UI = D003955
Diagonal Band of Broca
MS = Cholinergic bundle of nerve fibers posterior to the anterior perforated substance. It interconnects the paraterminal gyrus in the septal area with the hippocampus and lateral olfactory area.
AN = do not confuse with NUCLEUS OF THE DIAGONAL BAND see SEPTAL NUCLEI
UI = D020667
Dialysis
MS = A process of selective diffusion through a membrane. It is usually used to separate low-molecular-weight solutes which diffuse through the membrane from the colloidal and high-molecular-weight solutes which do not. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = anal & phys chem process; NIM; in ther of kidney dis "dialysis" is likely to be RENAL DIALYSIS or PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; nothing to do with "dialysis retinae" ( = RETINAL DIALYSES see RETINAL PERFORATIONS)
UI = D003956
Dialysis Solutions
MS = Solutions prepared for exchange across a semipermeable membrane of solutes below a molecular size determined by the cutoff threshold of the membrane material.
AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific substance in solution (IM); DF: DIALYSIS SOL
UI = D015314
Diamfenetide
MS = Anthelmintic. It has been shown to be useful in fasciola infections in sheep.
UI = D003957
Diamide
MS = A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.
AN = do not confuse with Diamide, a brand name of CHLORPROPAMIDE; D25-26 qualif
UI = D003958
Diamines
MS = Organic chemicals which have two amino groups in an aliphatic chain.
UI = D003959
Diaminopimelic Acid
UI = D003960
Diamond
MS = Diamond. A crystalline form of carbon that occurs as hard, colorless or tinted isomeric crystals. It is used as a precious stone, for cutting glass, and as bearings for delicate mechanisms. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = a form of carbon
UI = D018130
Dianhydrogalactitol
MS = One of the cytotoxic dihalohexitols that may have alkylating antineoplastic activity. It causes bone marrow toxicity. The active form is thought to be the diepoxide.
UI = D003961
Dianisidine
MS = Highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. It is used in manufacture of azo dyes.
UI = D003962
Dianthus
MS = A plant genus of the family CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Members contain dianthins, which are ribosome inactivating proteins.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029749
Diaper Rash
MS = A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.
AN = an irritant dermatitis
UI = D003963
Diapers, Adult
MS = Absorbent pads designed to be worn as underpants or pants liners by adults.
UI = D041382
Diapers, Infant
MS = Absorbent pads designed to be worn by infants and very young children.
UI = D041381
Diaphragm
MS = The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration.
AN = IM when organ of respiration; NIM in studies on muscle tissue; /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D003964
Diaphragmatic Eventration
MS = Elevation of the dome of the diaphragm, usually the result of paralysis of a phrenic nerve. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a diaphragmatic abnorm; includes "relaxatio"; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D003965
Diaphyseal Dysplasia, Progressive
MS = Progressive thickening of diaphyseal cortex of long bones.
UI = D003966
Diaphyses
MS = The shaft of long bones.
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; NIM with specific long bone IM; EPIPHYSES (end of long bones) is also available
UI = D018483
Diaries [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of records, usually private, of writers' experiences, observations, feelings, attitudes, etc. They may also be works marked in calendar order in which to note appointments and the like. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = publication type only
UI = D019497
Diarrhea
MS = Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools.
AN = /drug ther: consider also ANTIDIARRHEALS; in infants = DIARRHEA, INFANTILE + appropriate check tags
UI = D003967
Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral
MS = A species of PESTIVIRUS causing systemic infections (BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA-MUCOSAL DISEASE) in cattle and some other cloven-hoofed animals. There are several strains and two biotypes: cytopathic (rare) and non-cytopathic. Infections range from clinically inapparent to severe, but do not correlate with biotypes.
AN = infection: coord IM with BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA-MUCOSAL DISEASE (IM) or PESTIVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) if not in cattle
UI = D030241
Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral
MS = A species of PESTIVIRUS causing systemic infections including BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA-MUCOSAL DISEASE and Bovine Hemorrhagic Disease (HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE, BOVINE) in cattle and some other cloven-hoofed animals. There are several strains and two biotypes: cytopathic (rare) and non-cytopathic. The severity of disease appears to be strain dependent. Cytopathogenic effects do not correlate with virulence as non-cytopathic BVDV-2 is associated only with Hemorrhagic Disease, Bovine.
AN = infection = HEMORRHAGIC SYNDROME, BOVINE or coord IM with BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA-MUCOSAL DISEASE (IM) or PESTIVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) if not in cattle
UI = D030242
Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral
MS = A group of viruses in the genus PESTIVIRUS, causing diarrhea, fever, oral ulcerations, hemorrhagic syndrome, and various necrotic lesions among cattle and other domestic animals. The two species (genotypes), BVDV-1 (DIARRHEA VIRUS 1, BOVINE VIRAL) and BVDV-2 (DIARRHEA VIRUS 2, BOVINE VIRAL), exhibit antigenic and pathological differences. The historical designation, BVDV, consisted of both (then unrecognized) genotypes.
AN = historical only: prefer specifics; infection = BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA-MUCOSAL DISEASE or HEMORRHAGIC SYNDROME, BOVINE
UI = D001908
Diarrhea, Infantile
AN = human only; restrict "infantile" to newborn inf & inf & don't forget infant check tags as pertinent
UI = D003968
Diarylheptanoids
MS = A group of compounds consisting of two aromatic rings separated by seven carbons (HEPTANES) and having various substituents. The best known member is CURCUMIN.
UI = D036381
Diastema
MS = An abnormal opening or fissure between two adjacent teeth.
UI = D003970
Diastole
MS = Post-systolic relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles.
AN = DIASTOLIC PRESSURE see BLOOD PRESSURE & do not add DIASTOLE (NIM) unless particularly discussed
UI = D003971
Diathermy
MS = The induction of local hyperthermia by either short radio waves or high-frequency sound waves.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D003972
Diatomaceous Earth
MS = A form of SILICON DIOXIDE composed of skeletons of prehistoric aquatic plants which is used for its ABSORPTION quality, taking up 1.5-4 times its weight in water. The microscopic sharp edges are useful for insect control but can also be an inhalation hazard. It has been used in baked goods and animal feed. Kieselguhr is German for flint + earthy sediment.
UI = D007692
Diatoms
MS = The common name for the phylum of microscopic unicellular ALGAE. Most are aquatic, being found in fresh, brackish, and salt water. Diatoms are noted for the symmetry and sculpturing of their siliceous cell walls. They account for 40% of PHYTOPLANKTON, but not all diatoms are planktonic.
UI = D017377
Diatrizoate
MS = A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D003973
Diatrizoate Meglumine
MS = A versatile x-ray contrast medium for diagnostic radiology. It can be administered by most routes.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D003974
Diazepam
MS = A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity. It is used in the treatment of severe anxiety disorders, as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia, as a sedative and premedicant, as an anticonvulsant, and in the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p589)
AN = an anti-anxiety agent & central muscle relaxant; Valium goes here
UI = D003975
Diazepam Binding Inhibitor
MS = An 86-amino acid polypeptide, found in central and peripheral tissues, that displaces diazepam from the benzodiazepine recognition site on the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (RECEPTORS, GABA). It also binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters and serves as an acyl-CoA transporter. This peptide regulates lipid metabolism.
UI = D026261
Diazinon
MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D003976
Diazomethane
UI = D003978
Diazonium Compounds
AN = DF: DIAZONIUM CPDS
UI = D003979
Diazooxonorleucine
MS = An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D003980
Diazoxide
MS = A peripheral vasodilator that reduces blood pressure. Diazoxide also has antidiuretic and hypoglycemic effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p353)
UI = D003981
Dibekacin
MS = Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.
UI = D003982
Dibenamine
MS = An alpha adrenergic antagonist.
UI = D003983
Dibenzazepines
UI = D003984
Dibenzocycloheptenes
MS = A family of tricyclic hydrocarbons whose members include many of the commonly used tricyclic antidepressants (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC).
UI = D003986
Dibenzothiazepines
UI = D003987
Dibenzothiepins
UI = D003988
Dibenzoxazepines
UI = D003989
Dibenzoxepins
UI = D003990
Dibromothymoquinone
MS = At low concentrations, this compound inhibits reduction of conventional hydrophilic electron acceptors, probably acting as a plastoquinone antagonist. At higher concentrations, it acts as an electron acceptor, intercepting electrons either before or at the site of its inhibitory activity.
UI = D003991
Dibucaine
MS = A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006)
UI = D003992
Dibutyl Phthalate
MS = A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D003993
Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP
MS = N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.
AN = DF: DIBU CYCL GMP
UI = D003995
Dicamba
MS = A chlorinated organic herbicide.
UI = D003996
Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine
MS = 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.
UI = D003997
Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters
MS = A family of ORGANIC ION TRANSPORTERS that specifically transport DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS such as alpha-ketoglutaric acid across cellular membranes.
UI = D029382
Dicarboxylic Acids
UI = D003998
Dichelobacter nodosus
MS = A gram-negative, obligate anaerobe of the family Cardiobacteriaceae. It has polar fimbriae and is the causative agent of ovine foot rot.
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) and also FOOT ROT (IM) if pertinent
UI = D020376
Dichloroacetate
MS = A derivative of acetic acid which increases the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase and rate of lipogenesis. It is used in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and medicine.
UI = D003999
Dichloroethylenes
MS = Toxic chlorinated unsaturated hydrocarbons. Include both the 1,1- and 1,2-dichloro isomers. Both isomers are toxic, but 1,1-dichloroethylene is the more potent CNS depressant and hepatotoxin. It is used in the manufacture of thermoplastic polymers.
AN = do not confuse with ETHYLENE DICHLORIDES
UI = D004000
Dichlorophen
MS = Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)
UI = D004003
Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole
MS = An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.
AN = DF: DCRFB
UI = D004004
Dichlorphenamide
MS = A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.
UI = D004005
Dichlorvos
MS = An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterase.
AN = = Dimethyl diChloro Vinyl phOSphate; an insecticide & anthelmintic; TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D004006
Dichotic Listening Tests
MS = Tests for central hearing disorders based on the competing message technique (binaural separation).
AN = dichotic refers to the "competing message technique"
UI = D004007
Diclofenac
MS = A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.
UI = D004008
Dicloxacillin
MS = One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to penicillinase.
UI = D004009
Dicofol
MS = An organochlorine insecticide.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D004010
Dicrocoeliasis
MS = Infection with flukes of the genus Dicrocoelium.
AN = trematode infect
UI = D004011
Dicrocoeliidae
MS = A family of flattened, translucent flukes (TREMATODA) occurring in the gut, gallbladder, bile ducts, liver or pancreatic ducts of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. (Noble et al., Parasitology: the Biology of Animal Parasites, 6th ed, p188)
AN = a family of trematodes; infection: coord IM with TREMATODE INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D004012
Dicrocoelium
MS = A genus of trematode liver flukes of the family Dicrocoeliidae which includes the species dendriticum and hospes. It occurs in the biliary passages or liver of many vertebrates including man. The intermediate hosts are mainly mollusks but occasionally ants.
AN = infection = DICROCOELIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D004013
Dictamnus
MS = A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. Members contain eudesmane type SESQUITERPENES; COUMARINS, and obacunone (a limonoid).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036905
Dictionaries
AN = IM for dictionaries as a subject; do not confuse with Publication Type DICTIONARY; for articles listing terms & definitions in a specific subject or field, index under specific subject (IM) + DICTIONARY (PT); no qualif; policy & relation to lang: Manual 33.14
UI = D004014
Dictionaries, Chemical
AN = IM for chem dictionaries as a subject; for article listing chemical terms & definitions, index under specific subject (IM) + DICTIONARIES, CHEMICAL (NIM) + DICTIONARY (PT); no qualif; Manual 33.14; DF: DICTIONARIES CHEM
UI = D004015
Dictionaries, Classical
AN = IM for classical dictionaries as a subject; articles dealing with subjects found in classical dictionaries are unusual: index under specific subject (IM) + DICTIONARIES, CLASSICAL (NIM) + DICTIONARY (PT); no qualif
UI = D004016
Dictionaries, Dental
AN = IM for dent dictionaries as a subject; for article listing dent terms & definitions, index under specific subject (IM) + DICTIONARIES, DENTAL (NIM) + DICTIONARY (PT); no qualif; Manual 33.14; DF: DICTIONARIES DENT
UI = D004017
Dictionaries, Medical
AN = IM for med dictionaries as a subject; for article listing med terms & definitions, index under specific subject (IM) + DICTIONARY (PT); no qualif; Manual 33.14; no qualif; DF: DICTIONARIES MED
UI = D004018
Dictionaries, Pharmaceutic
AN = IM for pharm dictionaries as a subject; for article listing pharm terms & definitions, index under specific subject (IM) + DICTONARIES, PHARMACEUTIC (NIM) + DICTIONARY (PT); no qualif; Manual 33.14; DF: DICTIONARIES PHARM
UI = D004019
Dictionaries, Polyglot
AN = IM for polyglot dictionaries as a subject; for article listing terms & definitions in different languages, index under specific subject (IM) + DICTIONARIES, POLYGLOT (NIM) + DICTIONARY (PT); no qualif
UI = D004020
Dictionary [Publication Type]
MS = A reference book containing a list of words - usually in alphabetical order - giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning. A foreign-language dictionary is an alphabetical list of words of one language with their meaning and equivalents in another language. In medicine and science, a dictionary is often a comprehensive list of accepted terminology and names important in a special field.
AN = publication type only; for dictionaries as a subject, index under main heading DICTIONARIES; Manual 33.14, 36.27
UI = D016437
Dictyocaulus
MS = Nematodes parasitic in the bronchi of herbivorous animals.
AN = a genus of nematodes; infection = DICTYOCAULUS INFECTIONS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D004021
Dictyocaulus Infections
MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus DICTYOCAULUS. In deer, cattle, sheep, and horses the bronchi are the site of infestation.
AN = nematode infect; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL
UI = D004022
Dictyosteliida
MS = An order of protozoa characterized by their ability to aggregate to form a multicellular pseudoplasmodium, which gives rise to a multispored fruiting body. A stalk tube is present.
UI = D016837
Dictyostelium
MS = A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. D. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research.
AN = a genus of protozoa
UI = D004023
Dicumarol
MS = An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.
UI = D001728
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
MS = A carbodiimide that is used as a chemical intermediate and coupling agent in peptide synthesis. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D004024
Dicyclomine
MS = A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.
UI = D004025
Didanosine
MS = A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.
UI = D016049
Dideoxyadenosine
MS = A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.
AN = an antiviral; inhibits HIV replication
UI = D016048
Dideoxynucleosides
MS = Nucleosides that have two hydroxy groups removed from the sugar moiety. The majority of these compounds have broad-spectrum antiretroviral activity due to their action as antimetabolites. The nucleosides are phosphorylated intracellularly to their 5'-triphosphates and act as chain-terminating inhibitors of viral reverse transcription.
AN = antivirals & antimetabolites
UI = D015224
Dieldrin
MS = An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB)
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D004026
Diencephalon
MS = The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; EPITHALAMUS; and SUBTHALAMUS are derived.
UI = D004027
Dienestrol
MS = A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.
UI = D004028
Dientamoeba
MS = A genus of minute protozoa that are characterized by the preponderance of binucleate over uninucleate forms, the presence of several distinct granules in the karyosome, and the lack of a cystic stage. It is parasitic in the large intestine of humans and certain monkeys.
AN = infection = DIENTAMOEBIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D004029
Dientamoebiasis
MS = Infection with protozoa of the genus DIENTAMOEBA.
AN = protozoan infect of intestines
UI = D004030
Diestrus
MS = A phase of the ESTROUS CYCLES that follows METESTRUS. Diestrus is a period of sexual quiescence separating phases of ESTRUS in polyestrous animals.
AN = non-primate mammals only
UI = D004031
Diet
MS = Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal. This does not include DIET THERAPY, a specific diet prescribed in the treatment of a disease.
AN = what a person usually eats: do not confuse with DIET THERAPY, what a physician prescribes to treat a condition; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific diets; /trends: do not confuse with DIET FADS; differentiation among food & diet headings: Manual 31.5; in vet journals consider also ANIMAL FEED; SILAGE; ANIMAL NUTRITION; etc.; TN 50: animal diet; consider also DIABETIC DIET
UI = D004032
Diet Fads
MS = Diets which become fashionable, but which are not necessarily nutritious.(Lehninger 1982, page 484)
UI = D004033
Diet Records
MS = Records of nutrient intake over a specific period of time, usually kept by the patient.
AN = record of food intake usually kept by patient; no qualif
UI = D015930
Diet Surveys
MS = Systematic collections of factual data pertaining to the diet of a human population within a given geographic area.
AN = no qualif; TN 97: caution against word "survey"
UI = D004034
Diet Therapy
AN = GEN only: prefer /diet ther with disease term: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.24; when GEN & IM, do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: DIET THER
UI = D004035
Diet, Atherogenic
AN = no qualif
UI = D004036
Diet, Cariogenic
AN = no qualif
UI = D004037
Diet, Fat-Restricted
MS = A diet that contains limited amounts of fat with less than 30% of calories from all fats and less than 10% from saturated fat. Such a diet is used in control of HYPERLIPIDEMIA. (From Bondy et al, Metabolic Control and Disease, 8th ed, pp468-70; Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = IM; coord with dis /diet ther (IM)
UI = D018752
Diet, Macrobiotic
MS = An approach to nutrition based on whole cereal grains, beans, cooked vegetables and the Chinese YIN-YANG principle. It advocates a diet consisting of organic and locally grown foods, seasonal vegetables, complex carbohydrates, and fewer fats, sugars, and chemically processed foods.
AN = coord with specific disease /diet ther
UI = D015623
Diet, Mediterranean
MS = A diet typical of the Mediterranean region characterized by a pattern high in fruits and vegetables, cereals and bread, potatoes, poultry, beans, nuts, olive oil and fish while low in red meat and dairy and moderate in alcohol consumption.
AN = coord with specific disease or edible
UI = D038441
Diet, Protein-Restricted
MS = A diet that contains limited amounts of protein. It is prescribed in some cases to slow the progression of renal failure. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = IM; coord with dis /diet ther (IM)
UI = D018753
Diet, Reducing
AN = coord IM with specific dis /diet ther (IM)
UI = D004038
Diet, Sodium-Restricted
MS = A diet which contains very little sodium chloride. It is prescribed by some for hypertension and for edematous states. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = coord IM with specific dis /diet ther (IM)
UI = D004039
Diet, Vegetarian
MS = Dietary practice of completely avoiding meat products in their DIET, consuming vegetables, grains, and nuts. Some who are called lacto-ovo also include milk and egg products.
AN = IM; coord with specific edible (IM) if pertinent
UI = D014676
Dietary Carbohydrates
MS = Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)
AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with specific dis /diet ther; low-carbohydrate diet: use /admin
UI = D004040
Dietary Fats
MS = Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.
AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with specific disease /diet ther
UI = D004041
Dietary Fats, Unsaturated
MS = Unsaturated fats or oils used in foods or as a food.
AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem /ind; /ther use: coord with specific disease /diet ther
UI = D004042
Dietary Fiber
MS = The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.
AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with specific dis /diet ther; /defic permitted; low- or high-fiber diet: use /admin
UI = D004043
Dietary Proteins
MS = Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids.
AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with specific dis /diet ther; high-protein diet: use /admin; EGG PROTEINS, MILK PROTEINS & VEGETABLE PROTEINS and specifics are also available; for dietary plant proteins see note on PLANT PROTEINS
UI = D004044
Dietary Services
MS = Services provided by dietitians or nutritionists to meet the nutritional needs of individuals, including consultation with other professional personnel.
AN = emphasis on nutrition: differentiate from FOOD SERVICES, mere preparation & distribution of "ready-to-eat food"; DF: DIETARY SERV
UI = D004045
Dietary Sucrose
MS = Sucrose present in the diet. It is added to food and drinks as a sweetener.
AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with specific dis /diet ther
UI = D019422
Dietary Supplements
MS = Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance. (FDA Backgrounder, June 15, 1993, p2)
AN = nutrients added during cooking or eating: do not confuse with FOOD, FORTIFIED (supplemented during processing before they reach the table) or FOOD, FORMULATED (see MeSH definition) or FOOD ADDITIVES ("of little or no nutritive value"); coord IM with specific nutrient if relevent (IM)
UI = D019587
Dietetics
MS = The study and regulation of the diet.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; principles of nutrition applied to feeding persons or groups of persons
UI = D004046
Diethyl Pyrocarbonate
MS = Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.
UI = D004047
Diethylamines
UI = D004048
Diethylcarbamazine
MS = An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.
AN = do not confuse X ref CARBAMAZINE with CARBAMAZEPINE
UI = D004049
Diethylhexyl Phthalate
MS = An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.
UI = D004051
Diethylnitrosamine
MS = A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.
AN = D25-D26 qualif
UI = D004052
Diethylpropion
MS = A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290)
UI = D004053
Diethylstilbestrol
MS = A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)
AN = DF: DES
UI = D004054
Differential Thermal Analysis
MS = Technique by which phase transitions of chemical reactions can be followed by observation of the heat absorbed or liberated.
AN = NIM
UI = D004055
Differential Threshold
MS = The smallest difference which can be discriminated between two stimuli or one which is barely above the threshold.
AN = NIM; DF: DIFFER THRESHOLD
UI = D004056
Diffuse Axonal Injury
MS = A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; DEMENTIA; and other disorders.
UI = D020833
Diffuse Cerebral Sclerosis of Schilder
MS = A rare central nervous system demyelinating condition affecting children and young adults. Pathologic findings include a large, sharply defined, asymmetric focus of myelin destruction that may involve an entire lobe or cerebral hemisphere. The clinical course tends to be progressive and includes dementia, cortical blindness, cortical deafness, spastic hemiplegia, and pseudobulbar palsy. Concentric sclerosis of Balo is differentiated from diffuse cerebral sclerosis of Schilder by the pathologic finding of alternating bands of destruction and preservation of myelin in concentric rings. Alpers' Syndrome refers to a heterogeneous group of diseases that feature progressive cerebral deterioration and liver disease. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p914; Dev Neurosci 1991;13(4-5):267-73)
UI = D002549
Diffusion
MS = The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.
AN = almost never IM
UI = D004058
Diffusion Chambers, Culture
MS = Devices used in a technique by which cells or tissues are grown in vitro or, by implantation, in vivo within chambers permeable to diffusion of solutes across the chamber walls. The chambers are used for studies of drug effects, osmotic responses, cytogenic and immunologic phenomena, metabolism, etc., and include tissue cages.
AN = NIM
UI = D015194
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MS = A diagnostic technique that incorporates the measurement of molecular diffusion (such as water or metabolites) for tissue assessment by MRI. The degree of molecular movement can be measured by changes of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with time, as reflected by tissue microstructure. Diffusion MRI has been used to study BRAIN ISCHEMIA and tumor response to treatment.
UI = D038524
Diffusion of Innovation
MS = The broad dissemination of new ideas, procedures, techniques, materials, and devices and the degree to which these are accepted and used.
AN = no qualif
UI = D004059
Diflubenzuron
MS = An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.
UI = D004132
Diflucortolone
MS = A topical glucocorticoid used in various dermatoses. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.
UI = D004060
Diflunisal
MS = A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.
UI = D004061
DiGeorge Syndrome
MS = Congenital syndrome with the absence of the thymus and parathyroids causing impairment of cellular immunity. Immunoglobulin levels are normal.
AN = an immunodefic syndrome; also called thymic dysplasia, thymic aplasia & thymic agenesis
UI = D004062
Digestion
MS = The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body.
UI = D004063
Digestive Physiology
MS = Functions and activities of the digestive system as a whole or of any of its parts.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DIGESTIVE PHYSIOL
UI = D004068
Digestive System
MS = A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; /abnorm = DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ABNORMALITIES but consider also specific part of digest syst with /abnorm or specific abnorm
UI = D004064
Digestive System Abnormalities
MS = Congenital structural abnormalities of the digestive system.
AN = for congen struct abnorm only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics or specific organ /abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ABNORM
UI = D004065
Digestive System Diseases
AN = GEN or unspecified; refers to all organs of digestive tract: do not confuse with GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES (stomach & intestines only); /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
UI = D004066
Digestive System Fistula
MS = An abnormal passage communicating between any components of the digestive system, or between any part of the digestive system and surrounding organ(s).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; fistula policy: Manual 23.19+
UI = D016154
Digestive System Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the digestive system.
AN = GEN or unspecified; refers to all organs of digestive tract: do not confuse with GASTROINTESTINAL NEOPLASMS (stomach & intestines only); coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D004067
Digestive System Surgical Procedures
MS = Surgery performed on the digestive system or its parts.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also /surg with specific parts of the digest syst; also /surg with specific digest dis; DF: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SURG PROCEDURES
UI = D013505
Digestive Tract Contents
MS = The residue of ingested substances in the gastrointestinal tract. Excludes natural secretions and FECES.
AN = coord with specific part of digestive tract if discussed; DF: GI CONTENTS
UI = D005766
Digestive, Oral, and Skin Physiology
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D004069
Digitalis
MS = A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the SCROPHULACEAE which yield cardiotonic DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES. The most useful species are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea.
AN = the plant, not the drug which is probably DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D004070
Digitalis Glycosides
MS = Glycosides from plants of the genus DIGITALIS. Some of these are useful as cardiotonic and anti-arrhythmia agents. Included also are semi-synthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring glycosides. The term has sometimes been used more broadly to include all CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES, but here is restricted to those related to Digitalis.
AN = cardiotonics; the pharmacological principle in the plant Digitalis
UI = D004071
Digitaria
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE that many people consider to be a weed.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031746
Digitonin
MS = A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.
UI = D004072
Digitoxigenin
MS = 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.
AN = a Digitalis glycoside; do not confuse with DIGOXIGENIN
UI = D004073
Digitoxin
MS = A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665)
AN = a Digitalis glycoside; do not confuse with DIGOXIN
UI = D004074
Diglycerides
UI = D004075
Digoxigenin
MS = 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.
AN = a Digitalis glycoside; do not confuse with DIGITOXIGENIN; /biosyn permitted if by plant
UI = D004076
Digoxin
MS = A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666)
AN = do not confuse with DIGITOXIN
UI = D004077
Dihematoporphyrin Ether
MS = The purified component of HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE, it consists of a mixture of oligomeric porphyrins. It is used in photodynamic therapy (HEMATOPORPHYRIN PHOTORADIATION); to treat malignant lesions with visible light and experimentally as an antiviral agent. It is the first drug to be approved in the use of photodynamic therapy in the United States.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D017323
Dihydralazine
MS = 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similiar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)
AN = an antihypertensive
UI = D004078
Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine
MS = Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.
UI = D004079
Dihydroalprenolol
MS = Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.
UI = D004082
Dihydroergocornine
MS = A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains isopropyl sidechains at the 2' and 5' positions of the molecule.
UI = D025441
Dihydroergocristine
MS = A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position of the molecule.
UI = D025442
Dihydroergocryptine
MS = A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position and an alpha-isobutyl sidechain at 5'alpha position of the molecule.
UI = D025443
Dihydroergotamine
MS = A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of migraine.
UI = D004087
Dihydroergotoxine
MS = A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE, DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE, and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.
UI = D004088
Dihydromorphine
MS = A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors. It has abuse potential.
AN = do not confuse with DIHYDROMORPHINONE see HYDROMORPHONE, also a narcotic analgesic
UI = D004090
Dihydroorotase
MS = An enzyme that, in the course of pyrimidine biosynthesis, catalyzes ring closure by removal of water from N-carbamoylaspartate to yield dihydro-orotic acid. EC 3.5.2.3.
UI = D004080
Dihydroorotate Oxidase
MS = An enzyme that in the course of pyrimidine biosynthesis, catalyzes the oxidation of dihydro-orotic acid to orotic acid utilizing oxygen as the electron acceptor. This enzyme is a flavoprotein which contains both FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE and FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE as well as iron-sulfur centers. EC 1.3.3.1.
UI = D004081
Dihydroprogesterone
MS = 20 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one. A naturally occurring progesterone derivative with progestational activity.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D004092
Dihydropteridine Reductase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of 6,7-dihydropteridine to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine. EC 1.6.99.7.
AN = /defic: consider also PHENYLKETONURIAS
UI = D004093
Dihydropteroate Synthase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of dihydropteroate from p-aminobenzoic acid and dihydropteridine-hydroxymethyl-pyrophosphate. EC 2.5.1.15.
UI = D004094
Dihydropyridines
MS = Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.
UI = D004095
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate
MS = A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of tuberculosis.
UI = D004096
Dihydrotachysterol
MS = A D vitamin (VITAMIN D).
UI = D004097
Dihydroxyacetone
MS = A ketotriose compound. Its addition to blood preservation solutions results in better maintenance of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels during storage. It is readily phosphorylated to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by triokinase in erythrocytes. In combination with naphthoquinones it acts as a sunscreening agent.
UI = D004098
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate
MS = An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D004099
Dihydroxycholecalciferols
MS = Cholecalciferols substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position.
AN = D vitamins; /physiol permitted
UI = D004100
Dihydroxydihydrobenzopyrenes
MS = Benzopyrenes saturated in any two adjacent positions and substituted with two hydroxyl groups in any position. The majority of these compounds have carcinogenic or mutagenic activity.
AN = carcinogens; D25-26 qualif; DF: DDBPS
UI = D004101
Dihydroxyphenylalanine
MS = A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.
AN = check text to see if LEVODOPA; (L-DOPA); is not meant instead
UI = D004295
Dihydroxytryptamines
MS = Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in any position. Some are cytotoxic serotonin analogs that are preferentially taken up by serotonergic neurons and then destroy those neurons.
UI = D004102
Diiodothyronines
MS = These metabolites of THYROXINE are formed by the deiodination of T3 or reverse T3.
UI = D004104
Diiodotyrosine
MS = A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).
UI = D004105
Dilatation
MS = The act of dilating.
AN = note category
UI = D004106
Dilatation and Curettage
MS = Dilatation of the cervix uteri followed by a scraping of the endometrium with a curette.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: D & C
UI = D004107
Dilatation, Pathologic
MS = The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.
AN = never IM; DF: DILATATION PATHOL
UI = D004108
Dilazep
MS = Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.
UI = D004109
Diltiazem
MS = A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic.
UI = D004110
Dimaprit
MS = A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.
AN = dimaprit stands for DI-Methyl-Amino-Propyl-Iso-Thiourea
UI = D017259
Dimenhydrinate
MS = A drug combination that contains DIPHENHYDRAMINE and THEOPHYLLINE. It is used for treating vertigo, motion sickness, and nausea associated with pregnancy. It is not effective in the treatment of nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy.
UI = D004111
Dimercaprol
MS = An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.
AN = a chelating agent; D25-26 qualif
UI = D004112
Dimerization
MS = The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.
AN = NIM; no qualif; coord with substance processed (IM or NIM)
UI = D019281
Dimethadione
MS = An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.
UI = D004114
Dimethindene
MS = A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.
UI = D004115
Dimethisterone
MS = A synthetic progestational hormone without significant estrogenic or androgenic properties. It was formerly used as the progestational component in oral sequential contraceptives.
UI = D004116
Dimethoate
MS = An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D004117
Dimethoxyphenylethylamine
UI = D004118
Dimethyl Adipimidate
MS = Bifunctional cross-linking agent that links covalently free amino groups of proteins or polypeptides, including those in cell membranes. It is used as reagent or fixative in immunohistochemistry and is a proposed antisickling agent.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D004119
Dimethyl Suberimidate
MS = The methyl imidoester of suberic acid used to produce cross links in proteins. Each end of the imidoester will react with an amino group in the protein molecule to form an amidine.
UI = D004120
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
MS = A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during cryopreservation. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.
UI = D004121
Dimethylallyltranstransferase
MS = An enzyme that, in the pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis, catalyzes the condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallylpyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and geranylpyrophosphate. The enzyme then catalyzes the condensation of the latter compound with another molecule of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and farnesylpyrophosphate. EC 2.5.1.1.
UI = D004122
Dimethylamines
UI = D004123
Dimethyldithiocarbamate
MS = A chemical that acts as a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Its salts are agricultural fungicides. It is inferior to diethyldithiocarbamate as a chelating agent.
UI = D004125
Dimethylformamide
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D004126
Dimethylhydrazines
MS = Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.
AN = carcinogens; D25-26 qualif
UI = D004127
Dimethylnitrosamine
MS = A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.
UI = D004128
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide
MS = A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.
UI = D004246
Dimethylpolysiloxanes
MS = Silicone polymers which consist of silicon atoms substituted with methyl groups and linked by oxygen atoms. They comprise a series of biocompatible materials used as liquids, gels or solids; as film for artificial membranes, gels for implants, and liquids for drug vehicles; and as antifoaming agents.
AN = organosiloxane polymers; D25-26 qualif
UI = D004129
Dimetridazole
MS = A compound used to treat histomoniasis in poultry.
UI = D004131
Diminazene
MS = An effective trypanocidal agent.
UI = D004133
Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
MS = A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes.
AN = used in study of biol membranes; DF: DMPC
UI = D004134
Dinitolmide
MS = A coccidiostat for poultry.
UI = D004135
Dinitrobenzenes
MS = Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.
AN = includes ortho-, meta- & para-dinitrobenzenes
UI = D004136
Dinitrochlorobenzene
MS = A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref
UI = D004137
Dinitrocresols
UI = D004138
Dinitrofluorobenzene
MS = Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.
UI = D004139
Dinitrogenase Reductase
MS = A non-heme iron-sulfur protein isolated from Clostridium pasteurianum and other bacteria. It is a component of NITROGENASE along with molybdoferredoxin and is active in nitrogen fixation.
AN = from bacteria
UI = D017037
Dinitrophenols
MS = Organic compounds that contain two nitro groups attached to a phenol.
AN = uncoupling agents & indust fungicides
UI = D004140
Dinoflagellida
MS = Protozoans of the class PHYTOMASTIGOPHOREA, found mainly in the oceans. They are characterized by the presence of transverse and longitudinal flagella which propel the organisms in a rotating manner through the water.
UI = D004141
Dinoprost
MS = A naturally occuring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.
AN = do not confuse with DINOPROSTONE; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D015237
Dinoprostone
MS = The most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It exhibits most biological activities characteristic of prostaglandins and has been used extensively as an oxytocic agent. The compound also displays a protective effect on the intestinal mucosa.
AN = do not confuse with DINOPROST; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D015232
Dinosaurs
MS = General name for two extinct orders of reptiles from the Mesozoic era: Saurischia and Ornithischia.
UI = D025061
Dinucleoside Phosphates
MS = A group of compounds which consist of a nucleotide molecule to which an additional nucleoside is attached through the phosphate molecule(s). The nucleotide can contain any number of phosphates.
UI = D015226
Dinucleotide Repeats
MS = The most common of the microsatellite tandem repeats (MICROSATELLITE REPEATS) dispersed in the euchromatic arms of chromosomes. They consist of two nucleotides repeated in tandem; guanine and thymine, (GT)n, is the most frequently seen.
UI = D018900
Dioctophymatoidea
MS = A superfamily of nematodes of the order ENOPLIDA. Characteristics include a well developed cylindrical esophagus.
AN = a superfamily of nematodes; infection: coord IM with ENOPLIDA INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D017159
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid
MS = All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.
UI = D004143
Dioscorea
MS = A plant genus best known for edible underground tubers. Yam may also refer to a moist variety of sweet potato, IPOMOEA BATATAS.
AN = do not confuse X ref YAM with PSEUDOYAM see IPOMOEA BATATAS; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027742
Dioscoreaceae
MS = The yam plant family, of the order Liliales, has thick roots or tubers and net-veined, heart-shaped leaves that sometimes are lobed.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027743
Diosgenin
MS = (25R)-Spirost-5-en-3-beta-ol. A steroid sapogenin which is isolated from various plants. Can be converted to ecdysone, pregnenolone, and progesterone. Synonym: nitogenin.
AN = a sapogenin
UI = D004144
Diosmin
MS = A bioflavonoid that strengthens vascular walls.
UI = D004145
Diospyros
MS = A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029788
Dioxanes
MS = 1,4-Diethylene dioxides. Industrial solvents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), dioxane itself may "reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen." (Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = indust solvents
UI = D004146
Dioxins
MS = Chlorinated hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms that are present as contaminants of herbicides. Dioxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. They have been banned from use by the FDA.
UI = D004147
Dioxolanes
UI = D004148
Dioxoles
UI = D004149
Dipeptidases
MS = EXOPEPTIDASES that specifically act on dipeptides. EC 3.4.13.
UI = D004150
Dipeptides
MS = Peptides composed of two amino acid units.
UI = D004151
Dipeptidyl Peptidase I
MS = A cysteine-type peptidase that is CHLORINE dependent and functions maximally at acidic pHs. At neutral pH, it polymerizes esters, aryl- and dipeptide amides. EC 3.4.14.1.
UI = D020789
Dipeptidyl Peptidases
MS = Enzymes which cleave dipeptides from the amino terminal of a polypeptide. Dipeptidyl peptidase I, II, III, IV are known. They hydrolyze the beta-naphthylamides of glycine-arginine, lysine-alanine, arginine-arginine and glycine-proline, respectively. DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE I is cathepsin C. EC 3.4.14.-.
UI = D004152
Dipetalonema
MS = A filarial nematode parasite of mammalian blood with the vector being a tick or small fly.
AN = infection = DIPETALONEMA INFECTIONS; coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES
UI = D004153
Dipetalonema Infections
MS = Infections with nematodes of the genus DIPETALONEMA.
AN = /drug ther: consider FILARICIDES
UI = D004154
Diphenhydramine
MS = A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.
UI = D004155
Diphenoxylate
MS = A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with atropine. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.
UI = D004157
Diphenylacetic Acids
UI = D004158
Diphenylamine
MS = In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.
UI = D004159
Diphenylcarbazide
MS = Used as an indicator in titrating iron and for the colorimetric determination of chromium and the detection of cadmium, mercury, magnesium, aldehydes, and emetine.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D004160
Diphenylhexatriene
MS = A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.
UI = D004161
Diphosphates
MS = Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.
UI = D011756
Diphosphoglyceric Acids
UI = D004163
Diphosphonates
MS = Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents.
AN = inhibits calcium metab
UI = D004164
Diphosphotransferases
MS = A class of phosphotransferases that catalyzes the transfer of diphosphate-containing groups. EC 2.7.6.
UI = D017854
Diphtheria
MS = A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.
AN = caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
UI = D004165
Diphtheria Antitoxin
MS = An antitoxin used for the treatment of diphtheria. It is of equine origin and produced against the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
UI = D004166
Diphtheria Toxin
MS = An ADP-ribosylating EXOTOXIN produced by CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE that causes the signs and symptoms of DIPHTHERIA. It can be broken into two unequal domains: the smaller, catalytic A domain is the lethal moiety and contains MONO ADP RIBOSE TRANSFERASE which transfers ADP RIBOSE to PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR 2 thereby inhibiting protein synthesis; and the larger B domain that is needed for entry into cells.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN
UI = D004167
Diphtheria Toxoid
MS = The formaldehyde-inactivated toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is generally used in mixtures with TETANUS TOXOID and PERTUSSIS VACCINE; (DTP); or with tetanus toxoid alone (DT for pediatric use and Td, which contains 5- to 10-fold less diphtheria toxoid, for other use). Diphtheria toxoid is used for the prevention of diphtheria; DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN is for treatment. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D004168
Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine
MS = A combined vaccine used to prevent infection with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid. This is used in place of DTP vaccine (DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS VACCINE) when PERTUSSIS VACCINE is contraindicated.
AN = DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-ACELLULAR PERTUSSIS VACCINES and DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS VACCINE are also available
UI = D022422
Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines
MS = Combined vaccines consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and an acellular form of PERTUSSIS VACCINE. At least five different purifed antigens of B. pertussis have been used in various combinations in these vaccines.
AN = DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS VACCINE and DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS VACCINE are also available
UI = D022681
Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine
MS = A vaccine consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID, TETANUS TOXOID, and whole-cell PERTUSSIS VACCINE. The vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough.
AN = DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-ACELLULAR PERTUSSIS VACCINES and DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS VACCINE are also available
UI = D015721
Diphyllobothriasis
MS = Infection with tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium.
AN = tapeworm infect; consider also SPARGANOSIS (infection at larval stage)
UI = D004169
Diphyllobothrium
MS = A genus of tapeworm containing several species which occurs in the intestine of fish, birds, and mammals including man. Infection in humans is usually by eating uncooked fish. The larval stage is known as SPARGANUM.
AN = infection = DIPHYLLOBOTHRIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D004170
Diploidy
MS = The chromosomal constitution of somatic cells, in which each type of chromosome is represented twice. Symbol: 2N or 2X.
AN = no qualif
UI = D004171
Diplomonadida
MS = An order of protozoa characterized by the presence of one or two karyomastigonts and either two-fold rotational or mirror symmetry.
AN = an order of protozoa
UI = D016828
Diplopia
MS = A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.
UI = D004172
Dipodomys
MS = A genus of the family Heteromyidae which contains 22 species. Their physiology is adapted for the conservation of water, and they seldom drink water. They are found in arid or desert habitats and travel by hopping on their hind limbs.
AN = do not confuse X ref KANGAROO RATS with rat kangaroos ( = KANGAROOS); NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not check tag RATS
UI = D004173
Diprenorphine
MS = A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.
UI = D004174
Diptera
MS = An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, Sarcophagidae, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE.The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides; index caddisfly, dragonfly, mayfly & stonefly under INSECTS, FIREFLIES see BEETLES is available, sawfly & ichneumon fly under HYMENOPTERA; infestation by fly maggots = MYIASIS
UI = D004175
Dipyridamole
MS = A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752)
UI = D004176
Dipyrone
MS = A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE. Because of the risk of serious adverse effects its use is justified only in serious situations where no alternative is available or suitable. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p13)
AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent; do not confuse with DIPYRINE see AMINOPYRINE, also an non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent
UI = D004177
Diquat
MS = A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = an herbicide
UI = D004178
Direct Lytic Factors
MS = Most abundant proteins in cobra (Naja of the Elapids) venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contracture, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis. Synonyms: cobramine A; cobramine B; cobra cytotoxin; gamma toxin; membrane-active polypeptide.
AN = proteins in cobra venom; /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS
UI = D004179
Direct Service Costs
MS = Costs which are directly identifiable with a particular service.
AN = DF: DIRECT SERV COSTS
UI = D004180
Directed Molecular Evolution
MS = The techniques used to produce molecules exhibiting properties that conform to the demands of the experimenter. These techniques combine methods of generating structural changes with methods of selection. They are also used to examine proposed mechanisms of evolution under in vitro selection conditions.
AN = DF: DIRECTED MOL EVOLUTION
UI = D019020
Directed Tissue Donation
MS = Tissue, organ, or gamete donation intended for a designated recipient.
UI = D033001
Directive Counseling
MS = Counseling during which a professional plays an active role in a client's or patient's decision making by offering advice, guidance, and/or recommendations.
UI = D037001
Directly Observed Therapy
MS = A treatment method in which patients are under direct observation when they take their medication or receive their treatment. This method is designed to reduce the risk of treatment interruption and to ensure patient compliance.
UI = D023801
Directories
MS = Lists of persons or organizations, systematically arranged, usually in alphabetic or classed order, giving address, affiliations, etc., for individuals, and giving address, officers, functions, and similar data for organizations. (ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
AN = IM for directories as a subject; do not confuse with Publication Type DIRECTORY; for directories & lists of members of societies & acad, etc. index under specialty (IM) + SOCIETIES or other specific corporate heading (IM) + geog (NIM) + DIRECTORY (PT); no qualif; policy: Manual 33.13
UI = D004181
Directory [Publication Type]
MS = Work consisting of an alphabetical or classified list of names, organizations, subjects, etc., giving usually titles, addresses, affiliations, and other professional data.
AN = publication type only; for directories as a subject, index under main heading DIRECTORIES; Manual 33.13, 36.21
UI = D016435
Dirofilaria
MS = A genus of filarial nematodes. Various immature species have been found to infect the eyes or subcutaneous tissue in humans.
AN = infection = DIROFILARIASIS; coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES
UI = D004182
Dirofilaria immitis
MS = A filarial parasite primarily of dogs but occurring also in foxes, wolves, and humans. The parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes.
AN = infection = DIROFILARIASIS; coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES
UI = D004183
Dirofilariasis
MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.
AN = usually in animals, espec dogs; coord IM with precoord animal/dis term (IM) + specific animal (NIM); check also tag ANIMAL; drug ther: consider FILARICIDES
UI = D004184
Disability Evaluation
MS = Determination of the degree of a physical, mental, or emotional handicap. The diagnosis is applied to legal qualification for benefits and income under disability insurance and to eligibility for Social Security and workmen's compensation benefits.
AN = no qualif
UI = D004185
Disabled Children
MS = Children with mental or physical disabilities that interfere with usual activities of daily living and that may require accommodation or intervention.
AN = coord with type of disability if given (e.g. HEARING IMPAIRED PERSONS) + appropriate check tag
UI = D019988
Disabled Persons
MS = Persons with physical or mental disabilities that affect or limit their activities of daily living and that may require special accommodations.
AN = as GEN or unspecified includes both physical & mental disability; prefer specifics (VISUALLY IMPAIRED PERSONS; HEARING IMPAIRED PERSONS; MENTALLY DISABLED PERSONS) emotionally disabled = MENTAL DISORDERS or specific; /educ permitted but is probably EDUCATION, SPECIAL or MAINSTREAMING (EDUCATION); /rehabil permitted; DF: DISABLED
UI = D006233
Disaccharidases
UI = D004186
Disaccharides
MS = Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D004187
Disarticulation
MS = Amputation or separation at a joint. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = "amputation or separation at a joint"; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D004188
Disaster Planning
MS = Procedures outlined for the care of casualties and the maintenance of services in disasters.
AN = specify disaster (IM) if pertinent; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D004189
Disasters
UI = D004190
Discitis
MS = Inflammation of an intervertebral disk or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.
AN = coord IM with specific vertebrae (IM)
UI = D015299
Disclosure
MS = Revealing of information, by oral or written communication.
AN = TRUTH DISCLOSURE is also available
UI = D030881
Discrete Subaortic Stenosis
MS = An anatomic alteration in the mitral valve apparatus and interventricular septum leading to obstruction of left ventricular outflow. (from Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1998;14(3):296-303)
UI = D021922
Discriminant Analysis
MS = A statistical analytic technique used with discrete dependent variables, concerned with separating sets of observed values and allocating new values. It is sometimes used instead of regression analysis.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif
UI = D016002
Discrimination (Psychology)
MS = Differential response to different stimuli.
AN = not for racial, religious, sex or social discrimination ( = PREJUDICE); DF: DISCRIMINATION
UI = D004192
Discrimination Learning
MS = Learning that is manifested in the ability to respond differentially to various stimuli.
UI = D004193
Disease
MS = A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.
AN = GEN only as a physiol, pathol, philosophical concept, opposite "health"; Manual 23.5+; /transm = DISEASE TRANSMISSION but consider COMMUNICABLE DISEASES as probably better or DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PATIENT-TO-PROFESSIONAL or DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PROFESSIONAL-TO-PATIENT; /vet = VETERINARY MEDICINE or ANIMAL DISEASES; /econ permitted but consider also economic aspects of disease as ECONOMICS, MEDICAL; /psychol permitted but consider also psychogenic origin of disease as PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC DISORDERS; use remaining qualif discreetly
UI = D004194
Disease Attributes
MS = Clinical characteristics of disease or illness.
AN = not used for indexing or cataloging
UI = D020969
Disease Management
MS = A broad approach to appropriate coordination of the entire disease treatment process that often involves shifting away from more expensive inpatient and acute care to areas such as preventive medicine, patient counseling and education, and outpatient care. This concept includes implications of appropriate versus inappropriate therapy on the overall cost and clinical outcome of a particular disease. (From Hosp Pharm 1995 Jul;30(7):596)
AN = selection of appropriate dis ther processes in relation to cost & clin outcome; DF: DIS MANAGEMENT
UI = D019468
Disease Models, Animal
MS = Animal disease whose pathologic mechanisms are sufficiently similar to those of a different human disease for the animal disease to serve as a model. The animal disease may be either induced or naturally occurring.
AN = article must be on an anim dis as a model: not all articles on anim dis or exper dis are "disease models"; when the model is the point of the article, coord IM with specific dis (IM) + specific animal term if pertinent (IM)
UI = D004195
Disease Models, Autoimmune, Nervous System
MS = Animal disease models that simulate human autoimmune disorders of the central or peripheral nervous system. Disease models have been established for the study of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME (see NEURITIS, EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC); MYASTHENIA GRAVIS (see MYASTHENIA GRAVIS, EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE); and MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (see ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE).
AN = coord with specific disease modeled but note examples in scope note
UI = D020721
Disease Notification
MS = Notification or reporting by a physician or other health care provider of the occurrence of specified contagious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV infections to designated public health agencies. The United States system of reporting notifiable diseases evolved from the Quarantine Act of 1878, which authorized the US Public Health Service to collect morbidity data on cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever; each state in the US has its own list of notifiable diseases and depends largely on reporting by the individual health care provider. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = for reporting occur of contagious dis: do not confuse with MANDATORY REPORTING, reporting of "suspected incidence of abuse & neglect"; IM GEN only; NIM with specific dis IM; DF: DIS NOTIF
UI = D018563
Disease Outbreaks
MS = Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes epidemics.
AN = IM; coord IM with specific dis /epidemiol (IM) & specify geog
UI = D004196
Disease Progression
MS = The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
AN = almost never IM; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); since most dis "progress" unless arrested spontaneously, by med intervention or death, do not index here at all unless particularly discussed as a stage in determ of progn or ther; no qualif; DF: DIS PROGRESSION
UI = D018450
Disease Reservoirs
MS = Animate or inanimate sources which harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs should be distinguished from vectors and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.
AN = IM; note category; differentiate from DISEASE VECTORS (B1 & B2): reservoirs can be animate or inanimate (like swamps, housedust, etc.)
UI = D004197
Disease Susceptibility
MS = A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.
AN = IM GEN only
UI = D004198
Disease Transmission
MS = The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal (DISEASE TRANSMISSION, HORIZONTAL) or vertical (DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer /transm with specific dis; specific types of transm are available; DF: DIS TRANSM
UI = D018562
Disease Transmission, Horizontal
MS = The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one individual to another in the same generation.
AN = horizontal refers to transm in same generation; coord IM with specific dis /transm (IM); DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL (transm from one generation to another) is also available; DF: DIS TRANSM HORIZONTAL
UI = D018446
Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional
MS = The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from patients to health professionals or health care workers. It includes transmission via direct or indirect exposure to bacterial, fungal, parasitic, or viral agents.
AN = coord IM with disease /transm (IM) + professional or profession with no qualif (IM); do not confuse with DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PROFESSIONAL-TO-PATIENT; DF: DIS TRANSM PATIENT PROF or PATIENT PROF TRANSM
UI = D017758
Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient
MS = The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from health professional or health care worker to patients. It includes transmission via direct or indirect exposure to bacterial, fungal, parasitic, or viral agents.
AN = coord IM with disease /transm (IM) + professional or profession (including DENTISTS or DENTISTRY) with no qualif (IM); do not confuse with DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PATIENT-TO-PROFESSIONAL; DF: DIS TRANSM PROF PATIENT or PROF PATIENT TRANSM
UI = D017757
Disease Transmission, Vertical
MS = The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.
AN = vertical refers to transm from one generation to another; coord IM with specific dis /transm (IM); DISEASE TRANSMISSION, HORIZONTAL (transm in same generation) is also available; DF: DIS TRANSM VERTICAL
UI = D018445
Disease Vectors
MS = Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.
UI = D004199
Disease-Free Survival
MS = Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.
AN = after successful ther; never IM; coord NIM with specific dis /ther or more specific qualif (IM); DF: DIS FREE SURVIVAL
UI = D018572
Diseases in Twins
MS = Disorders affecting twins, one or both, at any age.
AN = IM; human only; the disease may be in only one or in both twins; Manual 34.14; DF: DIS IN TWINS
UI = D004200
Disinfectants
MS = Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying spores as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from antiseptics, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
AN = do not confuse with antiseptics ( = ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, LOCAL) for use against organisms in man & animal
UI = D004202
Disinfection
MS = Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc.
AN = differentiate from STERILIZATION: DISINFECTION renders matter free of pathogens, STERILIZATION destroys all microbes; if in doubt, use the word of the text; disinfection of needles using household bleach Clorox, as by intravenous drug users, is indexed under DISINFECTION + NEEDLES + SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
UI = D004203
Disintegrins
MS = A family of polypeptides purified from snake venoms, which contain the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence. The RGD tripeptide binds to integrin receptors and thus competitively inhibits normal integrin-ligand interactions. Disintegrins thus block adhesive functions and act as platelet aggregation inhibitors.
AN = polypeptides from snake venom; platelet aggregation inhib
UI = D019483
Diskectomy
MS = Excision, in part or whole, of an intervertebral disk. The most common indication is disk displacement or herniation. In addition to standard surgical removal, it can be performed by percutaneous diskectomy (DISKECTOMY, PERCUTANEOUS) or by laparoscopic diskectomy, the former being the more common.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DISKECTOMY, PERCUTANEOUS is also available
UI = D017586
Diskectomy, Percutaneous
MS = Percutaneous excision of a herniated or displaced intervertebral disk by posterolateral approach, always remaining outside the spinal canal. Percutaneous nucleotomy was first described by Hijikata in Japan in 1975. In 1985 Onik introduced automated percutaneous nucleotomy which consists in percutaneous aspiration of the nucleus pulposus. It is carried out under local anesthesia, thus reducing the surgical insult and requiring brief hospitalization, often performed on an outpatient basis. It appears to be a well-tolerated alternative to surgical diskectomy and chymopapain nucleolysis.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; X ref NUCLEOTOMY, PERCUTANEOUS refers only to the nucleus pulposus, not other nerve nuclei
UI = D017587
Dislocations
AN = bones & joints only: not for lens ( = LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION), testis, etc.; IM; luxation & subluxation go here; coord IM with joint (IM), not bone
UI = D004204
Disopyramide
MS = A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.
UI = D004206
Disorders of Environmental Origin
MS = Disorders representing collectively the results of assault by external forces, rather than by organic or physiologic dysfunction or by pathogens.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D007280
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
MS = Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)
UI = D006970
Dispensatories
UI = D004207
Displacement (Psychology)
MS = The process by which an emotional or behavioral response that is appropriate for one situation appears in another situation for which it is inappropriate.
AN = no qualif; DF: DISPLACEMENT
UI = D004208
Disposable Equipment
MS = Apparatus, devices, or supplies intended for one-time or temporary use.
UI = D004209
Dissection
MS = The cutting apart or separating of tissues in a body or organism for anatomical study. In surgery, dissection separates different structures along natural lines. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = in anat studies or in surg; "neck dissection" in cancer is probably LYMPH NODE EXCISION (IM) + NECK (NIM) if unspecified or RADICAL NECK DISSECTION if specified; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D004210
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
MS = A disorder characterized by reduction in the elements involved in blood coagulation due to their utilization in widespread blood clotting within the vessels. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. In the late stages, it is marked by profuse hemorrhaging. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = do not confuse with ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION, INTRAVASCULAR; DF: DISSEM INTRAVASC COAG
UI = D004211
Dissent and Disputes
MS = Differences of opinion or disagreements that may arise, for example, between health professionals and patients or their families, or against a political regime.
AN = do not use for dissent by one author from the opinion of another
UI = D034462
Dissertations, Academic
MS = Dissertations embodying results of original research and especially substantiating a specific view, e.g., substantial papers written by candidates for an academic degree under the individual direction of a professor or papers written by undergraduates desirous of achieving honors or distinction.
AN = do not confuse with Publication Type ACADEMIC DISSERTATIONS; DF: DISSERTATIONS ACAD
UI = D004212
Dissociative Disorders
MS = Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness.
AN = use Cat F3 qualif
UI = D004213
Distamycins
MS = Oligopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces distallicus. Their binding to DNA inhibits synthesis of nucleic acids.
AN = peptide antibiotics
UI = D004214
Distance Perception
MS = The act of knowing or the recognition of a distance by recollective thought, or by means of a sensory process which is under the influence of set and of prior experience.
UI = D004215
Distemper
MS = A name for several highly contagious viral diseases of animals, especially canine distemper. In dogs, it is caused by the canine distemper virus (DISTEMPER VIRUS, CANINE). It is characterized by a diphasic fever, leukopenia, gastrointestinal and respiratory inflammation and sometimes, neurologic complications. In cats it is known as FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA.
AN = don't forget also DOGS (NIM) or other animal + check tag ANIMAL but in cats = FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA (IM) + CATS (NIM) + check tag ANIMAL
UI = D004216
Distemper Virus, Canine
MS = A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing distemper in dogs, wolves, foxes, raccoons, and ferrets. Pinnipeds have also been known to contract Canine distemper virus from contact with domestic dogs.
AN = infection: coord IM with DISTEMPER (IM); DISTEMPER VIRUS PHOCINE is also available
UI = D004217
Distemper Virus, Phocine
MS = A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing distemper in seals.
AN = infection: coord IM with DISTEMPER (IM); DISTEMPER VIRUS, CANINE is also available
UI = D018104
District of Columbia
MS = A federal area located between Maryland and Virginia on the Potomac river; it is coextensive with Washington, D.C., which is the capital of the United States.
AN = = the Federal district; city is Washington, D.C.
UI = D004219
Disulfides
MS = Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.
UI = D004220
Disulfiram
MS = A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase.
UI = D004221
Disulfoton
MS = An organothiophosphate insecticide.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D004222
Diterpenes
UI = D004224
Dithiazanine
MS = 3-Ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. A benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye.
AN = an antinematodal agent
UI = D004225
Dithioerythritol
MS = A compound that, along with its isomer, Cleland's reagent (DITHIOTHREITOL), is used for the protection of sulfhydryl groups against oxidation to disulfides and for the reduction of disulfides to sulfhydryl groups.
UI = D004226
Dithionite
MS = Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.
UI = D004227
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid
MS = A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.
UI = D004228
Dithiothreitol
MS = A reagent commonly used in biochemical studies as a protective agent to prevent the oxidation of SH (thiol) groups and for reducing disulphides to dithiols.
UI = D004229
Dithizone
MS = Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D004230
Ditiocarb
MS = A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of man and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D004050
Diuresis
AN = /drug eff: consider also DIURETICS
UI = D004231
Diuretics
MS = Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.
AN = consider also DIURESIS /drug eff
UI = D004232
Diuretics, Mercurial
MS = Organometallic compounds that were once used as diuretics. They inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the tubules.
UI = D004233
Diuretics, Osmotic
MS = Compounds that increase urine volume by increasing the amount of osmotically active solute in the urine. Osmotic diuretics also increase the osmolarity of plasma.
UI = D004234
Diuretics, Sulfamyl
MS = Diuretics containing one or more sulfonamide groups. They are similar to the benzothiazide diuretics in their pharmacological actions, but differ chemically in the nature of the heterocyclic ring.
UI = D004235
Diuretics, Thiazide
MS = Diuretics characterized as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions.
AN = antihypertensives
UI = D004236
Diuron
MS = A pre-emergent herbicide.
UI = D004237
Diverticulitis
MS = Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/dis terms (IM) or specific diverticulum (IM)
UI = D004238
Diverticulitis, Colonic
MS = Inflammatory complications of colonic diverticulosis in which diverticula may undergo perforation with abscess formation.
AN = do not confuse with DIVERTICULUM, COLON
UI = D004239
Diverticulum
MS = A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ.
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM) but note specifics are available
UI = D004240
Diverticulum, Colon
MS = Presence of multiple herniations of the mucosa and submucosa of the colon through the circular muscle layer.
AN = do not confuse with DIVERTICULITIS, COLONIC
UI = D004241
Diverticulum, Esophageal
MS = Saccular, outward protrusion of all or a portion of the esophageal wall from the lumen of the esophagus.
AN = inflamm divertic or diverticulitis: coord IM with DIVERTICULITIS (IM)
UI = D004936
Diverticulum, Stomach
MS = Saccular, outward protrusion of a portion of the mucous membrane of the stomach wall.
AN = inflamm divertic or diverticulitis: coord IM with DIVERTICULITIS (IM)
UI = D013273
Diving
MS = An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals.
AN = human & animal; /adv eff permitted for hazards of diving as a Cat G3 concept, /inj permitted for diving as a sport in Cat I: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; includes scuba & bell diving
UI = D004242
Divorce
MS = Legal dissolution of an officially recognized marriage relationship.
UI = D004243
Dizocilpine Maleate
MS = A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.
AN = DF: note short X
UI = D016291
Dizziness
MS = An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.
AN = differentiate from VERTIGO, illusion of revolution in space, but use word of text
UI = D004244
Djibouti
MS = A republic in eastern Africa, on the Gulf of Aden at the entrance to the Red Sea. Djibouti is also the name of its capital. It was formerly the French Territory of Afars and Issas and later French Somaliland, in French hands from 1862 to 1977 when it became independent. The republic was named from the capital, which is said to derive from an Afar word gabouri, plate, with reference to a plate woven from doum palm used in ceremonies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p10, 335 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p149)
AN = a republic in eastern Africa; the name of the country & the capital
UI = D015730
DMF Index
MS = "Decayed, missing and filled teeth," a routinely used statistical concept in dentistry.
AN = no qualif
UI = D004245
DNA
MS = A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; /biosyn permitted but consider also DNA REPLICATION; structural DNA models = DNA (IM) + MOLECULAR MODELS (IM)
UI = D004247
DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to the 5-position of cytosine or to the 6-position in adenine in mammalian DNA. EC 2.1.1.37.
AN = do not confuse with SITE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (CYTOSINE-SPECIFIC)
UI = D004248
DNA Adducts
MS = Covalent adducts between chemical mutagens and DNA. Such couplings activate DNA repair processes and, unless repaired prior to DNA replication, may lead to nucleotide substitutions, deletions, and chromosome rearrangements. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
AN = in mutagenesis: activate DNA repair; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D018736
DNA Damage
MS = Drug- or radiation-induced injuries in DNA that introduce deviations from its normal double-helical conformation. These changes include structural distortions which interfere with replication and transcription, as well as point mutations which disrupt base pairs and exert damaging effects on future generations through changes in DNA sequence. If the damage is minor, it can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce apoptosis.
AN = use /drug eff & /rad eff only for eff of drugs or radiation after DNA damage has occurred; use no subheading for DNA damage induced by drugs or radiation; do not confuse with DNA FRAGMENTATION: see note there
UI = D004249
DNA Fingerprinting
MS = A procedure in which multilocus band patterns of a DNA sample are generated by digestion of the DNA with restriction enzymes followed by electrophoresis and visualization by hybridization with probes specific for repetitive sequences. In forensic medicine the probes used are "core" sequences specific for simple tandem-repetitive sequences (MINISATELLITE REPEATS or VNTRs). The multilocus band patterns, known as DNA fingerprints, are evaluated for similarities with DNA from an individual.
AN = DNA FOOTPRINTING is available
UI = D016172
DNA Footprinting
MS = A method for determining the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins. DNA footprinting utilizes a DNA damaging agent (either a chemical reagent or a nuclease) which cleaves DNA at every base pair. DNA cleavage is inhibited where the ligand binds to DNA. (from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
AN = DNA FINGERPRINTING is available
UI = D018983
DNA Fragmentation
MS = Endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA into oligonucleosomal fragments at internucleosomal sites. DNA fragmentation along with chromatin condensation are considered the hallmarks of APOPTOSIS.
AN = do not confuse with DNA DAMAGE which is by drugs or radiation; coord IM with specific DNA (IM)
UI = D019510
DNA Gyrase
MS = A bacterial DNA topoisomerase II that catalyzes ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. Gyrase binds to DNA as a heterotetramer consisting two A and two B subunits. In the presence of ATP, gyrase is able to convert relaxed circular DNA duplex into a superhelix. In the absence of ATP, supercoiled DNA is relaxed by DNA gyrase.
UI = D027081
DNA Helicases
MS = Proteins that promote unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. EC 5.99.-.
AN = promotes unwinding of DNA helix; do not confuse X ref DNA UNWINDING PROTEINS with DNA UNTWISTING PROTEIN see DNA TOPOISOMERASE
UI = D004265
DNA Ligases
MS = Poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide)ligases. Enzymes that catalyze the joining of preformed deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes during repair of a single-stranded break in duplex DNA. The class includes both EC 6.5.1.1 (ATP) and EC 6.5.1.2 (NAD).
AN = do not confuse X ref POLYDEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASES with X ref POLYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASE
UI = D011088
DNA Methylation
MS = Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE as the methyl group donor.
UI = D019175
DNA Modification Methylases
MS = Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They are responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern, on either adenine or cytosine residues, in a specific short base sequence in the host cell's own DNA. This methylated sequence will occur many times in the host-cell DNA and remain intact for the lifetime of the cell. Any DNA from another species which gains entry into a living cell and lacks the characteristic methylation pattern will be recognized by the restriction endonucleases of similar specificity and destroyed by cleavage. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms.
UI = D015254
DNA Mutational Analysis
MS = Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific DNA &/or specific protein (IM); DF: DNA MUTATIONAL ANAL
UI = D004252
DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase
MS = A non-template-directed DNA polymerase normally found in vertebrate thymus and bone marrow. It catalyzes the elongation of oligo- or polydeoxynucleotide chains and is widely used as a tool in the differential diagnosis of acute leukemias in man. EC 2.7.7.31.
UI = D004253
DNA Nucleotidyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into a chain of DNA. EC 2.7.7.-.
UI = D004254
DNA Polymerase beta
MS = A DNA repair enzyme that catalyzes DNA synthesis during base excision DNA repair. EC 2.7.7.7.
UI = D019951
DNA Polymerase I
MS = A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in prokaryotes and may be present in higher organisms. It has both 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activity, but cannot use native double-stranded DNA as template-primer. It is not inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents and is active in both DNA synthesis and repair. EC 2.7.7.7.
UI = D004256
DNA Polymerase II
MS = A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in E. coli and other lower organisms. It may be present in higher organisms and has an intrinsic molecular activity only 5% of that of DNA Polymerase I. This polymerase has 3'-5' exonuclease activity, is effective only on duplex DNA with gaps or single-strand ends of less than 100 nucleotides as template, and is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 2.7.7.7.
UI = D004257
DNA Polymerase III
MS = A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in E. coli and other lower organisms but may be present in higher organisms. Use also for a more complex form of DNA polymerase III designated as DNA polymerase III* or pol III* which is 15 times more active biologically than DNA polymerase I in the synthesis of DNA. This polymerase has both 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activities, is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, and has the same template-primer dependence as pol II. EC 2.7.7.7.
UI = D004258
DNA Primase
MS = A single-stranded DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that functions to initiate, or prime, DNA synthesis by synthesizing oligoribonucleotide primers. EC 2.7.7.-.
UI = D019915
DNA Primers
MS = Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
AN = short DNA seq important in transcription
UI = D017931
DNA Probes
MS = Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; cDNA PROBES see DNA, COMPLEMENTARY is also available
UI = D015342
DNA Probes, HLA
MS = DNA probes specific for the human leukocyte antigen genes, which represent the major histocompatibility determinants in humans. The four known loci are designated as A, B, C, and D. Specific antigens are identified by a locus notation and number, e.g., HLA-A11. The inheritance of certain HLA alleles is associated with increased risk for certain diseases (e.g., insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus).
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; HLA-A, -B, -C, -D, -DR, & -Dw probes go here; DF: HLA PROBES
UI = D015343
DNA Probes, HPV
MS = DNA probes specific for the identification of human papilloma virus.
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: HPV PROBES
UI = D015344
DNA Repair
MS = The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.
AN = coord IM with specific DNA (IM)
UI = D004260
DNA Replication
MS = The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.
AN = coord IM with specific DNA (IM); coord IM with VIRUS REPLICATION (IM) for DNA replic in viruses; consider also DNA /biosyn
UI = D004261
DNA Restriction Enzymes
MS = Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.
AN = DNA restriction enzyme used as a DNA marker: coord probably NIM with GENETIC MARKER (IM)
UI = D004262
DNA Restriction-Modification Enzymes
MS = Systems consisting of two enzymes, a modification methylase and a restriction endonuclease. They are closely related in their specificity and protect the DNA of a given bacterial species. The methylase adds methyl groups to adenine or cytosine residues in the same target sequence that constitutes the restriction enzyme binding site. The methylation renders the target site resistant to restriction, thereby protecting DNA against cleavage.
AN = DF: RESTRICT MOD ENZYMES
UI = D015280
DNA Shuffling
MS = The use of DNA recombination (RECOMBINATION, GENETIC) to prepare a large gene library of novel, chimeric genes from a population of randomly fragmented DNA from related gene sequences.
UI = D032621
DNA Topoisomerase IV
MS = A bacterial DNA topoisomerase II that catalyzes ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. Topoisomerase IV binds to DNA as a heterotetramer consisting 2 parC and 2 parE subunits. Topoisomerase IV is a decatenating enzyme that resolves interlinked daughter chromosomes following DNA replication.
UI = D027101
DNA Topoisomerases
MS = Enzymes that regulate the topology of DNA by actions such as breaking, relaxing, passing, and rejoining strands of DNA in cells. These enzymes are important components of the DNA replication system. They are classified by their substrate specificities. DNA TOPOISOMERASE, TYPE I enzymes act on a single strand of DNA. DNA TOPOISOMERASE, TYPE II enzymes act on double strands of DNA.
UI = D026942
DNA Topoisomerases, Type I
MS = DNA TOPOISOMERASES that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. DNA Topoisomerases, Type I enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing the superhelical turns and knotted rings in the DNA helix.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse X ref DNA UNTWISTING PROTEIN with DNA UNWINDING PROTEINS see DNA HELICASES
UI = D004264
DNA Topoisomerases, Type I, Archaeal
MS = Archaeal enzymes of the DNA TOPOISOMERASES TYPE I class that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. These archaeal enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing negatively, but not positively, supercoiled DNA.
UI = D027847
DNA Topoisomerases, Type I, Bacterial
MS = Bacterial enzymes of the DNA TOPOISOMERASES TYPE I class that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. These bacterial enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing negatively, but not positively, supercoiled DNA.
UI = D027024
DNA Topoisomerases, Type I, Eukaryotic
MS = Eukaryotic enzymes of the DNA TOPOISOMERASES TYPE I class that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. These eukaryotic enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing both negatively and positively supercoiled DNA.
UI = D027025
DNA Topoisomerases, Type II
MS = DNA TOPOISOMERASES that catalyze ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. These enzymes bring about relaxation of the supercoiled DNA and resolution of a knotted circular DNA duplex.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D004250
DNA Topoisomerases, Type II, Archaeal
MS = Archaeal enzymes of the DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE II class that catalyze ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. These enzymes bring about relaxation of the supercoiled DNA and resolution of a knotted circular DNA duplex.
UI = D027921
DNA Topoisomerases, Type II, Bacterial
MS = Bacterial enzymes of the DNA TOPOISOMERASES TYPE II class that catalyze ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. These enzymes bring about relaxation of the supercoiled DNA duplex. Bacterial DNA topoisomerases in the Type II class exist as heterotetramers of 2 subunits, such as 2 gyrA and 2 gyrB in DNA GYRASE.
UI = D027061
DNA Topoisomerases, Type II, Eukaryotic
MS = Eukaryotic enzymes of the DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE II class that catalyze ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. These enzymes bring about relaxation of the supercoiled DNA and resolution of a knotted circular DNA duplex. Isozymes of the eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase II consist of homodimers of alpha or beta subunits.
UI = D029081
DNA Transposable Elements
MS = Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
AN = do not use for retrotransposable elements (RETROELEMENTS)
UI = D004251
DNA Tumor Viruses
MS = DNA viruses producing malignant tumors. Of the six major groupings of DNA viruses four contain members which are actually or potentially oncogenic: the Adenoviridae, the Herpesviridae, the Papovaviridae, and the Poxviridae.
AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D004263
DNA Virus Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DNA VIRUS INFECT
UI = D004266
DNA Viruses
MS = Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics; infection = DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS
UI = D004267
DNA, Antisense
MS = DNA that is complementary to the sense strand. (The sense strand has the same sequence as the mRNA transcript. The antisense strand is the template for mRNA synthesis.) Synthetic antisense DNAs are used to hybridize to complementary sequences in target RNAs or DNAs to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.
UI = D016373
DNA, Archaeal
MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of archaea.
AN = IM; coord with specific archaeon (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D019641
DNA, Bacterial
MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
AN = IM; coord with specific bacterium (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: DNA BACT
UI = D004269
DNA, Catalytic
MS = Molecules of DNA that possess enzymatic activity.
UI = D021881
DNA, Chloroplast
MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of CHLOROPLASTS.
AN = IM; coord with PLANTS; ALGAE; or specific plant or alga IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D018742
DNA, Circular
MS = Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D004270
DNA, Complementary
MS = Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.
AN = a single-stranded DNA
UI = D018076
DNA, Fungal
MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.
AN = IM; coord with specific fungus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D004271
DNA, Helminth
MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of helminths.
AN = IM; coord with specific helminth (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D018509
DNA, Intergenic
MS = Any of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions, INTRONS, non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive sequences. This DNA may or may not encode regulatory functions.
AN = note that DNA, RIBOSOMAL SPACER is available
UI = D021901
DNA, Kinetoplast
MS = DNA of kinetoplasts which are specialized MITOCHONDRIA of trypanosomes and related parasitic protozoa within the order KINETOPLASTIDA. Kinetoplast DNA consists of a complex network of numerous catenated rings of two classes; the first being a large number of small DNA duplex rings, called minicircles, approximately 2000 base pairs in length, and the second being several dozen much larger rings, called maxicircles, approximately 37 kb in length.
AN = protozoan DNA; from Kinetoplastida, an order of flagellate protozoa; coord IM with specific protozoon (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D018105
DNA, Mitochondrial
MS = Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial genome is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D004272
DNA, Neoplasm
MS = DNA present in neoplastic tissue.
AN = IM; coord with required neoplasm term(s) (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; Manual 24.4.4.2; DF: DNA NEOPL
UI = D004273
DNA, Plant
MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.
AN = IM; coord with specific plant (IM or NIM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D018744
DNA, Protozoan
MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.
AN = IM; coord with specific protozoon (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D016054
DNA, Recombinant
MS = Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; formed by in vitro joining of DNA from 2 different species: do not confuse with RECOMBINATION, GENETIC (within same species); for guidelines for preventing hazards of recombinant DNA research, coord IM with CONTAINMENT OF BIOHAZARDS (IM) if by MeSH definition (procedures, facilities, programs, equipmt, etc.); for ethical, moral or religious aspects of DNA research: coord with specific ethical, moral or religious aspect (IM); for legal aspects, coord with LEGISLATION (IM), not LEGISLATION, DRUG nor LEGISLATION, MEDICAL
UI = D004274
DNA, Ribosomal
MS = DNA sequences encoding ribosomal RNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as ribosomal spacer DNA (DNA, RIBOSOMAL SPACER).
AN = DNA, RIBOSOMAL SPACER is also available
UI = D004275
DNA, Ribosomal Spacer
MS = The intergenic DNA segments that are between the ribosomal RNA genes (internal transcribed spacers) and between the tandemly repeated units of rDNA (external transcribed spacers and nontranscribed spacers).
AN = DNA, RIBOSOMAL and DNA, SPACER see DNA, INTERGENIC are also available
UI = D021903
DNA, Satellite
MS = Highly repetitive DNA sequences found in HETEROCHROMATIN, mainly near centromeres. They are composed of simple sequences (very short) (see MINISATELLITE REPEATS) repeated in tandem many times to form large blocks of sequence. Additionally, following the accumulation of mutations, these blocks of repeats have been repeated in tandem themselves. The degree of repetition is on the order of 1000 to 10 million at each locus. Loci are few, usually one or two per chromosome. They were called satellites since in density gradients, they often sediment as distinct, satellite bands separate from the bulk of genomic DNA owing to a distinct BASE COMPOSITION.
UI = D004276
DNA, Single-Stranded
MS = A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D004277
DNA, Superhelical
MS = Circular duplex DNA isolated from viruses, bacteria and mitochondria in supercoiled or supertwisted form. This superhelical DNA is endowed with free energy. During transcription, the magnitude of RNA initiation is proportional to the DNA superhelicity.
AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D004278
DNA, Viral
MS = Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
AN = IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D004279
DNA-Binding Protein, Cyclic AMP-Responsive
MS = A protein that has been shown to function as a calcium regulated transcription factor as well as a substrate for depolarization-activated calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinases I and II. This protein functions to integrate both calcium and cAMP signals.
AN = a calcium-regulated transcription factor; DF: note short X ref
UI = D017362
DNA-Binding Proteins
MS = Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
UI = D004268
DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
MS = DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair. EC 2.7.7.7.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D004259
DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics RNA POLYMERASE I, etc.
UI = D012321
Dobutamine
MS = A beta-2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial infarction or open heart surgery.
UI = D004280
Docosahexaenoic Acids
MS = C22-unsaturated fatty acids found predominantly in FISH OILS.
UI = D004281
Documentaries and Factual Films [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of films, videos, and programs which depict actual persons or actual events. They do not include frank historical re-creations and do not attempt to judge the truth of the depiction in a film purporting to be factual or documentary in character. (From Moving Image Materials: Genre Terms, 1988)
AN = publication type only; for documentaries as a subject, index under main heading DRAMA, for factual films as a subject, index under main heading MOTION PICTURES, for video as a subject, index under main heading VIDEO RECORDING or its specifics; used for historical materials only
UI = D019499
Documentation
MS = Systematic organization, storage, retrieval, and dissementation of specialized information, especially of a scientific or technical nature (From ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983). It often involves authenticating or validating information.
AN = med docum: do not coord with MEDICINE
UI = D004282
Dodecanol
MS = A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
UI = D007851
Dog Diseases
MS = Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific dog dis (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under DOGS /abnorm or DOGS /inj; don't forget also DOGS (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: DOG DIS
UI = D004283
Dogfish
MS = Sharks of the family Squalidae. The subfamily Squalinae are called dogfish sharks and comprise eight genera with about 44 species. Dogfish often appear in schools near shore and are destructive to fish and fishing gear. Their liver is valued for its oil and its flesh is often made into fertilizer. The Squalus acanthias or spiny dogfish figures heavily in biological research, especially with reference to its rectal gland in water-electrolyte studies.
AN = a shark; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D004284
Dogs
MS = The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family Canidae. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; TN 3: spelling of breeds
UI = D004285
Dolichol
MS = Eicosamethyl octacontanonadecasen-1-o1. Polyprenol found in animal tissues that contains about 20 isoprene residues, the one carrying the alcohol group being saturated.
AN = a fatty alcohol
UI = D004286
Dolichol Monophosphate Mannose
MS = A lipophilic glycosyl carrier of the monosaccharide mannose in the biosynthesis of oligosaccharide phospholipids and glycoproteins.
UI = D004287
Dolichol Phosphates
MS = Phosphoric acid esters of dolichol.
UI = D004288
Dolichos
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that contains LECTINS. Many members have been reclassified into other genera of the FABACEAE family.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031294
Dolphins
MS = Mammals of the families Delphinidae (ocean dolphins), Iniidae, Lipotidae, Pontoporiidae, and Platanistidae (all river dolphins). The common name dolphin is applied to small cetaceans having a beaklike snout and a slender, streamlined body, whereas PORPOISES are small cetaceans with a blunt snout and rather stocky body. Dolphins are the most agile of the cetaceans and some of the speediest. They have remarkable group precision and regularity of movement. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp978-9)
AN = mammals; do not confuse with DOLPHIN FISH see PERCIFORMES; note "whales" X refs: these are common misnomers & are taxonomically DOLPHINS, not WHALES; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D004289
Domestic Violence
MS = Deliberate, often repetitive, physical abuse by one family member against another: marital partners, parents, children, siblings, or any other member of a household.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D017579
Dominance, Cerebral
MS = Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions.
UI = D004292
Dominance, Ocular
MS = The functional superiority and preferential use of one eye over the other. The term is usually applied to superiority in sighting (VISUAL PERCEPTION) or motor task but not difference in VISUAL ACUITY or dysfunction of one of the eyes. Ocular dominance can be modified by visual input and neurotrophic factors.
UI = D023882
Dominance-Subordination
MS = Relationship between individuals when one individual threatens or becomes aggressive and the other individual remains passive or attempts to escape.
AN = human & animal; no qualif
UI = D004291
Dominica
MS = An island republic of the West Indies. Its capital is Roseau. It was discovered in 1493 by Columbus and held at different times by the French and the British in the 18th century. A member of the West Indies Federation, it achieved internal self-government in 1967 but became independent in 1978. It was named by Columbus who discovered it on Sunday, Domingo in Spanish, from the Latin Dominica dies, the Lord's Day. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p338 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p151)
AN = an island in the West Indies; do not confuse with DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, also in the West Indies
UI = D019424
Dominican Republic
MS = A republic in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Santo Domingo. With Haiti, it forms the island of Hispaniola - the Dominican Republic occupying the eastern two thirds, and Haiti, the western third. It was created in 1844 after a revolt against the rule of President Boyer over the entire island of Hispaniola, itself visited by Columbus in 1492 and settled the next year. Except for a brief period of annexation to Spain (1861-65), it has been independent, though closely associated with the United States. Its name comes from the Spanish Santo Domingo, Holy Sunday, with reference to its discovery on a Sunday. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p338, 506 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p151)
AN = with Haiti = Hispaniola, a hist name for the island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies; do not confuse with DOMINICA, also in the West Indies
UI = D004293
Domperidone
MS = A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.
UI = D004294
Dopa Decarboxylase
MS = One of the AROMATIC-L-AMINO-ACID DECARBOXYLASES, this enzyme is responsible for the conversion of dopa to dopamine. It is of clinical importance in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. EC 4.1.1.28.
UI = D004296
Dopamine
MS = One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from tyrosine and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
UI = D004298
Dopamine Agents
MS = Any drugs that are used for their effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs
UI = D015259
Dopamine Agonists
MS = Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DOPAMINE AGON or DOPAMINE AG
UI = D018491
Dopamine Antagonists
MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate dopamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DOPAMINE ANTAG
UI = D018492
Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase
UI = D004299
Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors
MS = Drugs that block the transport of DOPAMINE into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS also inhibit dopamine uptake.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIB
UI = D018765
Doping in Sports
MS = Illegitimate use of drugs for a desired effect in competitive sports; includes humans and animals.
AN = human & animal; coord IM with animal doped (IM)
UI = D004300
Doppler Effect
MS = Changes in the observed frequency of waves (as sound, light, or radio waves) due to the relative motion of source and observer. The effect was named for the 19th century Austrian physicist Johann Christian Doppler.
AN = no qualif; note DOPPLER ULTRASOUND see ULTRASONICS; Doppler flowmetry goes under ULTRASONICS; ULTRASONOGRAPHY; their specifics or LASER-DOPPLER FLOWMETRY
UI = D004301
Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus
MS = An aggregation of cells in the middle hypothalamus dorsal to the ventromedial nucleus and bordering the third ventricle.
UI = D004302
Dosage Compensation (Genetics)
MS = A genetic regulatory mechanism which operates to equalize the phenotypic expression of characteristics determined by genes on the X chromosome so that they are equally expressed in the XY male and the XX female.
AN = restrict to X chromosome: do not confuse with GENE DOSAGE (any chromosome); DF: DOSAGE COMPENSATION
UI = D004303
Dosage Forms
MS = Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include CAPSULES; LINIMENTS; OINTMENTS; PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS; POWDERS; TABLETS; etc.
AN = GEN only: prefer specific drug with qualif /admin; Manual 25.12.2; examine also indentions under DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTES in Cat E5
UI = D004304
Dose Fractionation
MS = Adminstration of the total dose of radiation (RADIATION DOSAGE) in parts, at timed intervals.
UI = D019583
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
MS = The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
AN = no qualif; IM if general, NIM when coord for specific drug; DF: DOSE RESPONSE RELAT DRUG
UI = D004305
Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
MS = A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.
AN = no qualif; IM if general, NIM when coord for specific immunol concept; DF: DOSE RESPONSE RELAT IMMUNOL
UI = D004306
Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
MS = The relationship between the dose of administered radiation and the response of the organism or tissue to the radiation.
AN = no qualif; IM if general, NIM when coord for specific radiation; DF: DOSE RESPONSE RELAT RAD
UI = D004307
Dothiepin
MS = A tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquilizing action.
UI = D004308
Double Bind Interaction
MS = Simultaneous communication of conflicting messages in which the response to either message evokes rejection or disapproval. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)
AN = no qualif
UI = D004309
Double Effect
MS = In ethics, a technical term which refers to two types of consequences which may be produced by a single action, namely, intended consequences and unintended side effects.
UI = D034723
Double Outlet Right Ventricle
MS = Incomplete transposition of the great vessels in which both the aorta and the pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle, often associated with a subaortic ventricular septal defect.
AN = incomplete transposition of great vessels; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D004310
Double-Blind Method
MS = A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); when pertinent add CLINICAL TRIAL (PT) or RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (PT); do not index also under PLACEBOS unless particularly discussed; no qualif
UI = D004311
Douglas' Pouch
MS = A sac or recess formed by a fold of the peritoneum.
AN = a sac formed by a fold of the peritoneum; diseases: coord IM with PERITONEAL DISEASES (NIM)
UI = D004312
Dourine
MS = A disease of horses and donkeys caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum. The disease occurs in Africa, the Americas, and Asia.
AN = trypanosome infect in horses; coord IM with HORSE DISEASES (IM) + HORSES (NIM); if in donkeys, coord IM with PERISSODACTYLA (IM); check tag ANIMAL
UI = D004313
Down Syndrome
MS = A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe MENTAL RETARDATION. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)
UI = D004314
Down-Regulation
MS = A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.
AN = DF: DOWN REG
UI = D015536
Doxapram
MS = A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225)
UI = D004315
Doxazosin
MS = A selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker that lowers serum cholesterol. It is also effective in the treatment of hypertension.
UI = D017292
Doxepin
MS = A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.
UI = D004316
Doxorubicin
MS = Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors.
AN = Xref CAELYX or LIPOSOMAL DOXRUBICIN coord with LIPOSOMES (NIM)
UI = D004317
Doxycycline
MS = A synthetic TETRACYCLINE derivative with similar antimicrobial activity. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. It is used in some areas for the treatment of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM).
UI = D004318
Doxylamine
MS = Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in parkinsonism.
AN = a histamine H1 antag & sedative
UI = D004319
Dracaena
MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. The common name of "dragon's blood" is also used for CROTON and Daemonorops (PALMAE).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031409
Dracunculiasis
MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus DRACUNCULUS. One or more worms may be seen at a time, with the legs and feet being the most commonly infected areas. Symptoms include pruritus, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or asthmatic attacks.
AN = nematode infect
UI = D004320
Dracunculoidea
MS = A superfamily of nematodes of the suborder CAMALLANINA. Its organisms possess a poorly developed buccal cavity and a rudimentary esophagus and intestine.
AN = a superfamily of nematodes; infection: coord IM with SPIRURIDA INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D017176
Dracunculus Nematode
MS = A genus of nematode parasites which inhabit the body cavity, serous membranes, and connective tissues of vertebrates. The parasitic species in humans is Dracunculus medinensis.
AN = infection = DRACUNCULIASIS; coord with specific helminth terms (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc if pertinent)
UI = D004321
Drainage
MS = The systematic withdrawal of fluids and discharges from a wound, sore, or cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = note category; "withdrawal of fluids & discharges"; do not confuse with DRAINAGE, SUCTION see SUCTION; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D004322
Drainage, Postural
MS = Therapeutic drainage in bronchopulmonary diseases in which there is copious mucus secretion, such as chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, pulmonary abscess, or cystic fibrosis. The patient is placed with head downward, so that the trachea is inclined downward and below the affected area. It may be done in 15- to 20-minute sessions or by having the patient sleep in a head-down position. The therapy may be used in conjunction with forced expiration, bronchodilator agents, or expectorants.
AN = ther drainage of "copious mucus secretion" in bronchopulm dis
UI = D015916
Drainage, Sanitary
MS = A system of artificial or natural drains, generally used for the disposal of liquid wastes.
UI = D004323
Drama
MS = A composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story involving various characters, usually intended to be acted on a stage and to be regarded as a form of entertainment. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = coord IM with LITERATURE, MEDIEVAL (IM) or LITERATURE, MODERN (IM); docudrama as a stage presentation goes here
UI = D004324
Drawings [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of graphic representations of objects or ideas by lines.
UI = D020472
Dreams
MS = A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state.
AN = consider also NIGHT TERRORS & PAVOR NOCTURNUS (both see SLEEP DISORDERS)
UI = D004325
Drimys
MS = A plant genus of the family WINTERACEAE. They have leathery, elliptic-shaped leaves; red-tinged shoots; and jasmine-scented, cream-colored, 8- to 12-petaled, 2.5-centimeter (1-inch) flowers in clusters.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032424
Drinking
AN = not for drinking alcohol or alcohol consumption ( = ALCOHOL DRINKING); when IM, qualif permitted; when NIM in psychol articles, usually no qualif but consider also DRINKING BEHAVIOR; TN 55: differentiate from DRINKING BEHAVIOR
UI = D004326
Drinking Behavior
MS = Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety.
AN = does not refer to drinking alcohol ( = ALCOHOL DRINKING); human & animal; TN 55: differentiate from DRINKING
UI = D004327
Drive
MS = A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response.
AN = human & animal; no qualif
UI = D004328
Droperidol
MS = A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)
UI = D004329
Drosera
MS = A plant genus of the family Droseraceae, order Nepenthales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida, that contains naphthoquinone glucosides. The name sundew is rarely used for PYROLA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029787
Droseraceae
MS = A plant family of the order Nepenthales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida, notable for leaves with sticky gland-tipped hairs that entrap insects.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031257
Drosophila
MS = A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.
UI = D004330
Drosophila melanogaster
MS = A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; NIM when merely research organism in genetic studies; DF: D MELANOGASTER
UI = D004331
Drosophila Proteins
MS = Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
AN = coord IM with specific protein (IM)
UI = D029721
Drosophilidae
MS = A family of the order DIPTERA. These flies are generally found around decaying vegetation and fruit. Several species, because of their short life span, giant salivary gland chromosomes, and ease of culturing, have been used extensively in studies of heredity.
AN = a family of Diptera; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D018428
Drowning
MS = Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.
UI = D004332
Droxidopa
MS = A precursor of noradrenaline that is used in the treatment of parkinsonism. The racemic form (DL-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine) has also been used, and has been investigated in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension. There is a deficit of noradrenaline as well as of dopamine in Parkinson's disease and it has been proposed that this underlies the sudden transient freezing seen usually in advanced disease. Administration of DL-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine has been claimed to result in an improvement in this phenomenon but controlled studies have failed to demonstrate improvement. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)
UI = D015103
Drug Administration Routes
MS = The various ways of administering a drug or other chemical to a site in a patient or animal from where the chemical is absorbed into the blood and delivered to the target tissue.
AN = GEN & unspecified: prefer specific; NIM
UI = D004333
Drug Administration Schedule
MS = Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.
AN = NIM only; coord NIM with drug term /admin (IM); drug admin based on circadian rhythm = CHRONOTHERAPY: do not coord with DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE or CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DF: DRUG ADMIN SCHEDULE
UI = D004334
Drug and Narcotic Control
MS = Control of drug and narcotic use by international agreement, or by institutional systems for handling prescribed drugs. This includes regulations concerned with the manufacturing, dispensing, approval (DRUG APPROVAL), and marketing of drugs.
AN = Public Law 91-513; includes internat agreement; specify country or state; DF: DRUG CONTROL
UI = D004335
Drug Antagonism
AN = GEN & IM only as pharmacol principle irrespective of specific drugs; prefer specific drug with /antag; no qualif; DF: DRUG ANTAG
UI = D004336
Drug Approval
MS = Process that is gone through in order for a drug to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required pre-clinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance of the drug.
AN = by govt regulatory agency, U.S. (not restricted to FDA) or foreign
UI = D017277
Drug Carriers
MS = Forms to which substances are incorportated to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are used in drug-delivery systems such as the controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity. Carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers.
AN = IM general only; coord with specific drug
UI = D004337
Drug Combinations
MS = Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture. It is differentiated from DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION in which two or more drugs are administered separately for a combined effect.
AN = IM for general only; NIM with specific drugs; differentiate from DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION: drug combinations = 2 or more drugs in a single dosage form; combination ther = 2 or more drugs separately for a combined eff; no qualif
UI = D004338
Drug Compounding
MS = The preparation, mixing, and assembling of a drug. (From Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th ed, p1814)
AN = IM when general; do not confuse with PRESCRIPTIONS, DRUG (prescribing is by the MD, cpding by the pharmacist or drug co.) or with DRUG FORMULATION see CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL
UI = D004339
Drug Contamination
MS = The presence of organisms, or any foreign material that makes a drug preparation impure.
AN = can be used for contamination of any Category D term
UI = D004340
Drug Costs
MS = The amount that a health care institution or organization pays for its drugs. It is one component of the final price that is charged to the consumer (FEES, PHARMACEUTICAL or PRESCRIPTION FEES).
AN = costs to a health care facility or organiz: do not confuse with FEES, PHARMACEUTICAL or PRESCRIPTION FEES which are costs to the patient
UI = D016527
Drug Delivery Systems
MS = Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.
AN = coord IM with drug /admin (IM); do not confuse with MEDICATION SYSTEMS, an organizational concept in patient care for providing medication
UI = D016503
Drug Design
MS = The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.
AN = no qualif; do not confuse with DESIGNER DRUGS
UI = D015195
Drug Eruptions
MS = Adverse cutaneous reactions caused by ingestion, parenteral use, or local application of a drug. These may assume various morphologic patterns and produce various types of lesions.
AN = for any skin dis caused by ther agent whether prescribed by MD or not, or through any route of admin
UI = D003875
Drug Evaluation
MS = Any process by which toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, preferred route of administration, safe dosage range, etc., for a drug or group of drugs is determined through clinical assessment in humans or veterinary animals.
AN = GEN: more likely CLINICAL TRIAL (PT) & its indentations or CLINICAL TRIALS & its indentations; differentiate from DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL which is used for studies in exper animals or in vitro
UI = D004341
Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
MS = Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.
AN = IM when general; NIM with specific drug; used for studies in exper animals or in vitro; DRUG EVALUATION is available for clin testing; see annotation there; do not confuse X ref DRUG SCREENING for screening for substance abuse (=SUBSTANCE ABUSE DETECTION)
UI = D004353
Drug Hypersensitivity
MS = Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.
AN = use in conventional sense and not for allergy to every category D term; allergy to non-drug chemical substance=substance /ad eff + HYPERSENSITIVITY or its specifics /etiol; manual 23.24+
UI = D004342
Drug Implants
MS = Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.
AN = not for radioisotope implants ( = RADIOISOTOPES or specific /admin or BRACHYTHERAPY (see X refs there) ) or prosthetic injections ( = PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS + substance implanted); IM for general only, D25-26 qualif; NIM when specific chemical is IM, no qualif
UI = D004343
Drug Incompatibility
MS = The quality of not being miscible with another given substance without a chemical change. One drug is not of suitable composition to be combined or mixed with another agent or substance. The incompatibility usually results in an undesirable reaction, including chemical alteration or destruction. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = "one drug is not of suitable composition to be combined or mixed with another": do not confuse with DRUG INTERACTIONS, "the action of one drug on the metab, effect or tox of another"; IM when general; NIM when with specific drug; no qualif
UI = D004344
Drug Industry
MS = That segment of commercial enterprise devoted to the design, development, and manufacture of chemical products for use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, disability, or other dysfunction, or to improve function.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; /instrum /methods: consider probably better TECHNOLOGY, PHARMACEUTICAL; DF: DRUG INDUST
UI = D004345
Drug Information Services
MS = Services providing pharmaceutic and therapeutic drug information and consultation.
AN = IM; DF: DRUG INFORMATION SERV
UI = D004346
Drug Interactions
MS = The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.
AN = do not confuse with DRUG INCOMPATIBILITY; see MeSH scope notes; IM when general; NIM when with specific drugs
UI = D004347
Drug Labeling
MS = Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a drug container or wrapper. It includes contents, indications, effects, dosages, routes, methods, frequency and duration of administration, warnings, hazards, contraindications, side effects, precautions, and other relevant information.
UI = D004348
Drug Monitoring
MS = The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically.
AN = in diag or ther
UI = D016903
Drug Packaging
MS = Containers, packaging, and packaging materials for drugs and biological products. These include those in ampule, capsule, tablet, solution or other forms. Packaging includes immediate-containers, secondary-containers, and cartons. In the United States, such packaging is controlled under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which also stipulates requirements for tamper-resistance and child-resistance. Similar laws govern use elsewhere. (From Code of Federal Regulations, 21 CFR 1 Section 210, 1993) DRUG LABELING is also available.
AN = includes containers, packaging methods, packaging materials; IM; DRUG LABELING is also available
UI = D004349
Drug Residues
MS = Drugs and their metabolites which are found in the edible tissues and milk of animals after their medication with specific drugs. This term can also apply to drugs found in adipose tissue of humans after drug treatment.
UI = D004350
Drug Resistance
MS = Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; differentiate from DRUG TOLERANCE; resistance of parasites including protozoa goes here
UI = D004351
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
MS = The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D024881
Drug Resistance, Fungal
MS = The ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antifungal agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation.
UI = D025141
Drug Resistance, Microbial
MS = The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; not for protozoa: index DRUG RESISTANCE
UI = D004352
Drug Resistance, Multiple
MS = Simultaneous resistance to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs.
AN = DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, BACTERIAL; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, VIRAL; and DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, FUNGAL are also available
UI = D018432
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
MS = The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
UI = D024901
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal
MS = The ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance phenotype may be attributed to multiple gene mutations.
UI = D026141
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral
MS = The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance phenotype may be attributed to multiple gene mutation.
UI = D024921
Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
MS = Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.
AN = DF: DRUG RESISTANCE NEOPL
UI = D019008
Drug Resistance, Viral
MS = The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.
UI = D024882
Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
MS = Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.
AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific antineoplastic agent (IM)
UI = D004354
Drug Stability
AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific drug (IM); no qualif; for stability of enzymes use ENZYME STABILITY
UI = D004355
Drug Storage
AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific drug (IM)
UI = D004356
Drug Synergism
AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific drugs (IM); no qualif
UI = D004357
Drug Therapy
AN = GEN only: prefer /drug ther with disease term: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.26; note X ref CHEMOTHERAPY: prefer specific chem or chem group, e.g., chemotherapy of lymphoma = LYMPHOMA /drug ther + ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS /ther use, not DRUG THERAPY; DF: DRUG THER
UI = D004358
Drug Therapy, Combination
MS = Drug therapy with two or more drugs given separately for a combined effect.
AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific drugs; no qualif; differentiate from DRUG COMBINATIONS which = 2 or more drugs in a single dosage form; combin drug ther = 2 or more drugs given separately for a combined effect; TN 5: anticancer polychemother; note X ref POLYCHEMOTHERAPY: do not confuse with POLYPHARMACY which is available for the use of multiple drugs administered to the same patient
UI = D004359
Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted
MS = Adjunctive computer programs in providing drug treatment to patients.
AN = IM; SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D004360
Drug Tolerance
MS = Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from DRUG RESISTANCE wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE and NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL.
AN = differentiate from DRUG RESISTANCE; not for tolerability ( = drug /adv eff): Manual 28.19
UI = D004361
Drug Toxicity
MS = Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available.
AN = note category: TOXICOLOGY is the specialty; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific indentions or Cat D term with /adv eff-pois-tox or Cat C term with /chem ind; DF: DRUG TOX
UI = D004362
Drug Utilization
MS = The utilization of drugs as reported in individual hospital studies, FDA studies, marketing, or consumption, etc. This includes drug stockpiling, and patient drug profiles.
AN = NIM; not for "use" in ther from patient's viewpoint ( = drug /ther use): for use by MDs, hosp, clinics, pharmacies, localities, etc.; includes over-use or over-prescription of a drug or drugs by a physician
UI = D004363
Drug Utilization Review
MS = Formal programs for assessing drug prescription against some standard. Drug utilization review may consider clinical appropriateness, cost effectiveness, and, in some cases, outcomes. Review is usually retrospective, but some analysis may be done before drugs are dispensed (as in computer systems which advise physicians when prescriptions are entered). Drug utilization review is mandated for Medicaid programs beginning in 1993.
AN = GEN or unspecified, IM; coord IM with specific drug with no qualif (IM); DF: DRUG UTIL REV
UI = D017723
Drugs, Chinese Herbal
MS = Chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in China.
AN = drugs used in MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL or MEDICINE, KAMPO not synthetic drugs manufactured in China; D25-26 qualif; Chinese names of these drugs not capitalized in titles or translations; TN J: indexing instructions
UI = D004365
Drugs, Essential
MS = Drugs considered essential to meet the health needs of a population as well as to control drug costs. (World Health Organization Action Programme on Essential Drugs, 1994, p3)
AN = "essential to meet the health needs of a population"; IM GEN; for specific drug as essential, coord IM with drug (IM)
UI = D018954
Drugs, Generic
MS = Drugs whose drug name is not protected by a trademark. They may be manufactured by several companies.
AN = GEN only or unspecified; D25-26 qualif; for specific drug as a generic, coord IM with drug (IM)
UI = D016568
Drugs, Investigational
MS = Drugs which have received FDA approval for human testing but have yet to be approved for commercial marketing. This includes drugs used for treatment while they still are undergoing clinical trials (Treatment IND). The main heading includes drugs under investigation in foreign countries.
AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific drug (IM); not restricted to FDA studies: may be used for investigational drugs in other countries
UI = D015507
Drugs, Non-Prescription
MS = Drugs that can be sold legally without a prescription.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref
UI = D004366
Dry Eye Syndromes
MS = Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.
AN = defic tear production; GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; do not confuse with XEROPHTHALMIA: read MeSH definitions
UI = D015352
Dry Ice
MS = A solid form of carbon dioxide used as a refrigerant.
AN = note X ref; a refrigerant
UI = D004367
Dry Socket
MS = A condition sometimes occurring after tooth extraction, particularly after traumatic extraction, resulting in a dry appearance of the exposed bone in the socket, due to disintegration or loss of the blood clot. It is basically a focal osteomyelitis without suppuration and is accompanied by severe pain (alveolalgia) and foul odor. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = note category: after surg or traumatic tooth extraction
UI = D004368
Dryopteridaceae
MS = The wood fern plant family of the order Polypodiales, class Filicopsida, division Pteridophyta.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032491
Dryopteris
MS = A plant genus of the family DRYOPTERIDACEAE. Members contain aspidin and filicic acid.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032492
Duane Retraction Syndrome
MS = A syndrome characterized by marked limitation of abduction of the eye, variable limitation of adduction and retraction of the globe, and narrowing of the palpebral fissure on attempted adduction. The condition is caused by aberrant innervation of the lateral rectus by fibers of the oculomotor nerve. There are three subtypes: type 1 (associated with loss of abduction), type 2 (associated with loss of adduction), and type 3 (loss of abduction and adduction). Two loci for Duane retraction syndrome have been located, one at chromosome 8q13 (DURS1) and another at chromosome 2q31(DURS2). It is usually caused by congenital hypoplasia of the abducens nerve or nucleus, but may rarely represent an acquired syndrome. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p271; Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p691)
UI = D004370
Duboisia
MS = A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE that is a source of SCOPOLAMINE and other TROPANES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032303
Ducks
AN = domestic or wild; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with POULTRY DISEASES (IM); diseases of wild ducks: coord IM with BIRD DISEASES (IM), not POULTRY DISEASES
UI = D004372
Ductus Arteriosus
MS = A fetal blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta.
AN = normal; abnormal is probably DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT
UI = D004373
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent
MS = Abnormal persistence of an open lumen in the ductus arteriosus after birth, the direction of flow being from the aorta to the pulmonary artery, resulting in recirculation of arterial blood through the lungs. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = abnormal: normal anat structure is DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D004374
Duffy Blood-Group System
MS = A blood group consisting mainly of the antigens Fy(a) and Fy(b), determined by allelic genes, the frequency of which varies profoundly in different races; amorphic genes are common.
AN = IM; coord with disease /blood (IM), not /immunol nor /genet; TN 230
UI = D004375
Dugong
MS = A genus of the order Sirenia characterized by a notched tail, the presence of nasal bones and a long nasal cavity, and large columnar teeth lacking enamel. Dugongs inhabit the coastal waters of the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and the Malay Archipelago. (From Scott, Concise Encyclopedia Biology, 1996)
UI = D020454
Dumping Syndrome
MS = Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.
UI = D004377
Duodenal Diseases
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; inflamm dis = DUODENITIS; duodenal atresia = DUODENAL OBSTRUCTION /congen (IM) + INTESTINAL ATRESIA (IM)
UI = D004378
Duodenal Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D004379
Duodenal Obstruction
AN = obstruct of external or internal origin; duodenal compression by superior mesenteric artery = SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY SYNDROME; duodenal atresia = DUODENAL OBSTRUCTION /congen (IM) + INTESTINAL ATRESIA (IM)
UI = D004380
Duodenal Ulcer
MS = A peptic ulcer situated in the duodenum. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = perforation = DUODENAL ULCER /compl (IM) + PEPTIC ULCER PERFORATION (IM); hemorrhage = DUODENAL ULCER /compl (IM) + PEPTIC ULCER HEMORRHAGE (IM)
UI = D004381
Duodenitis
UI = D004382
Duodenogastric Reflux
MS = Reflux of duodenal contents into the stomach.
AN = note category; "reflux of duodenal contents into stomach"
UI = D004383
Duodenoscopes
MS = Endoscopes for examining the interior of the duodenum.
UI = D020698
Duodenoscopy
MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the duodenum.
UI = D004384
Duodenostomy
MS = Surgical formation of an opening into the duodenum.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D004385
Duodenum
AN = inflammation = DUODENITIS; fistula = DUODENAL DISEASES (IM) + INTESTINAL FISTULA (IM); duodenal atresia = DUODENAL OBSTRUCTION /congen (IM) + INTESTINAL ATRESIA (IM); duodenal juice = DUODENUM (IM) + INTESTINAL SECRETIONS (IM) (not DUODENUM /secret)
UI = D004386
Duplicate Publication
MS = Simultaneous or successive publishing of identical or near- identical material in two or more different sources without acknowledgment. It differs from reprinted publication in that a reprint cites sources. It differs from PLAGIARISM in that duplicate publication is the product of the same authorship while plagiarism publishes a work or parts of a work of another as one's own.
AN = IM only for dupl publ as a publishing or bibliothecal problem & for notices that an article has been published in duplicate; do not confuse with Publication Type DUPLICATE PUBLICATION used for an individual item identified as a duplicate publication; do not confuse with PLAGIARISM: read MeSH definition; no qualif; Manual 17.16+
UI = D015713
Duplicate Publication [Publication Type]
MS = Work consisting of an article or book of identical or nearly identical material published simultaneously or successively to material previously published elsewhere, without acknowledgment of the prior publication.
AN = publication type only; when IM as a subject, index under main heading DUPLICATE PUBLICATION
UI = D016438
Dupuytren's Contracture
MS = A fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. It arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50.
AN = contracture of fingers
UI = D004387
Dura Mater
UI = D004388
Durable Medical Equipment
MS = Devices which are very resistant to wear and may be used over a long period of time. They include items such as wheelchairs, hospital beds, artificial limbs, etc.
AN = DF: DURABLE MED EQUIPMENT
UI = D004389
Durapatite
MS = The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
AN = mineral component of bones & teeth; used as a biocompatible material
UI = D017886
Dust
MS = Earth or other matter in fine, dry particles. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = coord with specific substance yielding dust: GOLD + DUST; COAL + DUST; do not index here for specific dusts in pneumoconiosis: see note under PNEUMOCONIOSIS
UI = D004391
Duty to Recontact
MS = The ethical and/or legal obligation of a health provider or researcher to communicate with a former patient or research subject about advances in research relevant to a treatment or to a genetic or other diagnostic test provided earlier, or about proposed new uses of blood or tissue samples taken in the past for another purpose.
UI = D033002
Duty to Warn
MS = A health professional's obligation to breach patient CONFIDENTIALITY to warn third parties of the danger of their being assaulted or of contracting a serious infection.
UI = D017007
Dwarfism
MS = The condition of being undersized as a result of premature arrest of skeletal growth. It may be caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone (DWARFISM, PITUITARY).
AN = X ref MULIBREY NANISM: spell in titles & translations with lowercase m: mulibrey (stands for MUscle, LIver, BRain, EYes)
UI = D004392
Dwarfism, Pituitary
MS = A form of dwarfism due to deficient release of GROWTH HORMONE which may result from dysfunction of the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary gland.
UI = D004393
Dydrogesterone
MS = A synthetic progestational hormone with no androgenic or estrogenic properties. Unlike many other progestational compounds, dydrogesterone produces no increase in temperature and does not inhibit ovulation.
UI = D004394
Dye Dilution Technique
MS = Method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of dye into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D004395
Dyes
MS = Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research.
AN = usually non-biol: differentiate from PIGMENTS, largely biol
UI = D004396
Dynamin I
MS = A subtype of dynamin found primarily in the NEURONS of the brain.
UI = D034284
Dynamin II
MS = A subtype of dynamin found ubiquitously expressed in a variety of tissues.
UI = D034285
Dynamin III
MS = A subtype of dynamin found expressed exclusively in the testis, lung and brain.
UI = D034286
Dynamins
MS = A family of high molecular weight GTP phosphohydrolases that play a direct role in vesicle transport. They associate with microtubule bundles (MICROTUBULES) and are believed to produce mechanical force via a process linked to GTP hydrolysis.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; see SCR for organism-specific dynamins
UI = D034281
Dynein ATPase
MS = A structural protein which forms the arms on the microtubule doublets of cilia and flagella. In the presence of divalent cations, dynein catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. This hydrolysis plays an important functional role in the motility process. EC 3.6.1.33.
AN = a microtubule protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D004398
Dynorphins
MS = A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.
AN = neurotransmitters; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D004399
Dyphylline
MS = A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.
UI = D004400
Dysarthria
MS = Disorders of speech articulation caused by imperfect coordination of pharynx, larynx, tongue, or face muscles. This may result from CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; CEREBELLAR DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; BRAIN STEM diseases; or diseases of the corticobulbar tracts (see PYRAMIDAL TRACTS). The cortical language centers are intact in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p489)
UI = D004401
Dysautonomia, Familial
MS = An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)
AN = do not confuse with DYSAUTONOMIA see AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES
UI = D004402
Dysentery
MS = Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a form of diarrhea resulting from intestinal inflamm of various origins
UI = D004403
Dysentery, Amebic
MS = Dysentery resulting from ulcerative inflammation of the bowel, caused chiefly by infection with ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA. This condition may be associated with amebic infection of the liver and other distant sites.
AN = amebic intestinal infect caused by Entamoeba histolytica
UI = D004404
Dysentery, Bacillary
MS = An infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus SHIGELLA. This condition is characterized by intestinal pain and diarrhea.
AN = coord IM with specific Shigella species if pertinent (IM)
UI = D004405
Dysgammaglobulinemia
MS = An immunologic deficiency state characterized by selective deficiencies of one or more, but not all, classes of immunoglobulins.
AN = an immunol defic dis; coord IM with specific immunoglobulin /defic (IM) but note that IGA DEFICIENCY & IGG DEFICIENCY are available; TN 225: relation to AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
UI = D004406
Dysgerminoma
MS = A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D004407
Dysgeusia
MS = A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.
AN = do not confuse with AGEUSIA, loss of sense of taste
UI = D004408
Dyskeratosis Congenita
MS = A predominantly X-linked recessive syndrome characterized by a triad of reticular skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy and leukoplakia of mucous membranes. Oral and dental abnormalities may also be present. Complications are a predisposition to malignancy and bone marrow involvement with pancytopenia. (from Int J Paediatr Dent 2000 Dec;10(4):328-34) The X-linked form is also known as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome and involves the gene which encodes a highly conserved protein called dyskerin.
UI = D019871
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
MS = Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)
AN = do not confuse with AKATHISIA, DRUG-INDUCED which shows "anxiety, restlessness & agitation"
UI = D004409
Dyskinesias
MS = Abnormal involuntary movements which primarily affect the extremities, trunk, or jaw that occur as a manifestation of an underlying disease process. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of dyskinesia as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as dyskinesia syndromes (see MOVEMENT DISORDERS). Dyskinesias are also a relatively common manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.
AN = DYSKINESIA SYNDROMES see MOVEMENT DISORDERS is also available
UI = D020820
Dyslexia
MS = A cognitive disorder characterized by an impaired ability to comprehend written and printed words or phrases despite intact vision. This condition may be developmental or acquired. Developmental dyslexia is marked by reading achievement that falls substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age, measured intelligence, and age-appropriate education. The disturbance in reading significantly interferes with academic achievement or with activities of daily living that require reading skills. (From DSM-IV)
AN = dyslexia caused by a brain lesion is DYSLEXIA, ACQUIRED; note x-ref: ALEXIA, PURE is also available
UI = D004410
Dyslexia, Acquired
MS = A receptive visual aphasia characterized by the loss of a previously possessed ability to comprehend the meaning or significance of handwritten words, despite intact vision. This condition may be associated with posterior cerebral artery infarction (INFARCTION, POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY) and other BRAIN DISEASES.
UI = D004411
Dysmenorrhea
MS = Painful menstruation.
UI = D004412
Dysostoses
MS = Defective bone formation involving individual bones, singly or in combination.
AN = defective bone formation
UI = D004413
Dyspareunia
MS = Painful sexual intercourse.
UI = D004414
Dyspepsia
MS = Impaired digestion, especially after eating.
UI = D004415
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome
MS = Clinically atypical nevi (usually exceeding 5 mm in diameter and having variable pigmentation and ill defined borders) with an increased risk for development of non-familial cutaneous malignant melanoma. Biopsies show melanocytic dysplasia. Nevi are clinically and histologically identical to the precursor lesions for melanoma in the B-K mole syndrome. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D004416
Dyspnea
MS = Difficult or labored breathing.
AN = do not confuse with APNEA or other resp disord; use only when text uses DYSPNEA
UI = D004417
Dyspnea, Paroxysmal
MS = A disorder characterized by episodes of respiratory distress, usually occurring after several hours of sleep in a reclining position. It is most commonly caused by pulmonary edema resulting from congestive heart failure. The episodes may be accompanied by coughing, a feeling of suffocation, a cold sweat, and tachycardia.
UI = D004418
Dysprosium
MS = Dysprosium. An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.
AN = a rare earth metal; Dy-164; Dy-156, 158, 160-163 = DYSPROSIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Dy-149-155, 157, 159, 165-167 = DYSPROSIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D004419
Dyssomnias
MS = A broad category of sleep disorders characterized by either hypersomnolence or insomnia. The three major subcategories include intrinsic (i.e., arising from within the body) (SLEEP DISORDERS, INTRINSIC), extrinsic (secondary to environmental conditions or various pathologic conditions), and disturbances of circadian rhythm. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
UI = D020920
Dysthymic Disorder
MS = Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)
UI = D019263
Dystocia
MS = Difficult childbirth or labor.
AN = difficult childbirth
UI = D004420
Dystonia
MS = A persistent attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)
AN = do not confuse with MUSCLE HYPERTONIA or MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; DYSTONIC DISORDERS is available
UI = D004421
Dystonia Musculorum Deformans
MS = A condition characterized by focal DYSTONIA that progresses to involuntary spasmodic contractions of the muscles of the legs, trunk, arms, and face. The hands are often spared, however, sustained axial and limb contractions may lead to a state where the body is grossly contorted. Onset is usually in the first or second decade. Familial patterns of inheritance, primarily autosomal dominant with incomplete pentrance, have been identified. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1078)
UI = D004422
Dystonic Disorders
MS = Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.
AN = DYSTONIA is also available
UI = D020821
Dystrophin
MS = A muscle protein localized in surface membranes which is the product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy gene. Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually lack dystrophin completely while those with Becker muscular dystrophy have dystrophin of an altered size. It shares features with other cytoskeletal proteins such as SPECTRIN and alpha-actinin but the precise function of dystrophin is not clear. One possible role might be to preserve the integrity and alignment of the plasma membrane to the myofibrils during muscle contraction and relaxation. MW 400 kDa.
AN = a muscle protein: see MeSH definition for relation to musc dystrophy; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D016189