Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms

E

RETURN TO INDEX

E-Box Elements

MS = DNA locations with the consensus sequence CANNTG. ENHANCER ELEMENTS (GENETICS) may contain multiple copies of this element. E-boxes play a regulatory role in the control of transcription. They bind with basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) type TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. Binding specificity is determined by the specific bHLH heterodimer or homodimer combination and by the specific nucleotides at the 3rd and 4th position of the E-box sequence.

UI = D024721

 

E-Selectin

MS = Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates neutrophil, monocyte, and memory T-cell adhesion to cytokine-activated endothelial cells. E-selectin recognizes sialylated carbohydrate groups related to the Lewis X or Lewis A family.

AN = a cell adhesion molecule & CD antigen

UI = D019040

 

Eagles

MS = Members of the Falconiformes order of birds, family Accipitridae. They are characterized by their powerful talons, which carry long, curved, pointed claws and by their opposable hindtoe.

UI = D020307

 

Ear

AN = GEN only or unspecified; prefer EAR, EXTERNAL or EAR, MIDDLE or LABYRINTH ( = internal ear); /abnorm permitted but note EAR DEFORMITIES, ACQUIRED; /surg: consider also OTOLOGIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; ear acupuncture or otopuncture or auriculoacupuncture (acupunct ther with ear as pressure point): index under ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY (IM) + EAR, EXTERNAL (IM)

UI = D004423

 

Ear Canal

UI = D004424

 

Ear Cartilages

MS = Cartilages of the auricle (pinna) and the external acoustic meatus.

AN = /abnorm permitted for congen deform but acquired deform = EAR DEFORMITIES, ACQUIRED (IM) + EAR CARTILAGES (NIM)

UI = D004425

 

Ear Deformities, Acquired

MS = Distortion or disfigurement of the ear caused by disease or injury after birth.

AN = acquired through inj or dis; do not use /congen : = EAR, EXTERNAL /abnorm & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D004426

 

Ear Diseases

MS = Diseases of the ear, general or unspecified.

AN = GEN only; NIM with coord for diseases of specific parts; /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, OTOLOGICAL; inflamm dis = OTITIS and its specifics

UI = D004427

 

Ear Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the internal, external, or middle ear.

AN = coord IM with specific ear term (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D004428

 

Ear Ossicles

UI = D004429

 

Ear Protective Devices

MS = Personal devices for protection of the ears from loud or high intensity noise, water, or cold. These include earmuffs and earplugs.

UI = D004430

 

Ear, External

AN = /abnorm permitted for congen deform but acquired deform = EAR DEFORMITIES, ACQUIRED; inflammation = OTITIS EXTERNA; ear acupuncture or auriculoacupuncture or otoacupuncture (acupunct ther with ear as pressure point) goes here (IM) + ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY (IM)

UI = D004431

 

Ear, Middle

AN = /surg: consider TYMPANOPLASTY; inflammation = OTITIS MEDIA; inj caused by pressure = EAR, MIDDLE /inj (IM) + BAROTRAUMA (IM); middle ear effusions = OTITIS MEDIA

UI = D004432

 

Earache

MS = Pain in the ear.

UI = D004433

 

Early Ambulation

MS = Procedure characterized by a shorter period of hospitalization or recumbency or by more rapid mobilization than is normally practiced.

UI = D004434

 

Early Intervention (Education)

MS = Procedures and programs that facilitate the development or skill acquisition in infants and young children who have disabilities, who are at risk for developing disabilities, or who are gifted. It includes programs that are designed to prevent handicapping conditions in infants and young children and family-centered programs designed to affect the functioning of infants and children with special needs. (From Journal of Early Intervention, Editorial, 1989, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 3; A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, prepared for the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 1976)

AN = restrict to procedures for developing skills in children with special needs: do not use for early intervention in various organic & systemic dis; DF: EARLY INTERVENTION

UI = D018479

 

Earth (Planet)

MS = Planet that is the third in order from the sun. It is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the SOLAR SYSTEM.

AN = 3d planet from sun with 1 moon; no qualif; DF: EARTH

UI = D018534

 

Eastern Orthodoxy

MS = The name given to the religion of the body of modern churches, including among others the Greek and Russian Orthodox, that is derived from the church of the Byzantine Empire, adheres to the Byzantine rite, and acknowledges the honorary primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople. (from American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed)

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D033003

 

Eating

AN = the act of eating: do not confuse with FOOD (the substance eaten) or EATING BEHAVIOR see FEEDING BEHAVIOR (the manner of eating): TN 63

UI = D004435

 

Eating Disorders

MS = A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.

AN = in children, use FEEDING AND EATING DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD if related to mental disorder

UI = D001068

 

Ebenaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031262

 

Ebola-like Viruses

MS = A genus in the family FILOVIRIDAE consisting of several distinct species of Ebola virus, each containing separate strains. These viruses cause outbreaks of a contagious, hemorrhagic disease (HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, EBOLA) in humans, usually with high mortality.

AN = infection = HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, EBOLA

UI = D029043

 

Ebstein's Anomaly

MS = Congenital downward displacement of the tricuspid valve with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the right ventricle.

AN = a congen heart defect; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D004437

 

Ecchymosis

MS = Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.

AN = differentiate from CONTUSIONS: use term in the text

UI = D004438

 

Eccrine Glands

MS = Simple sweat glands that secrete sweat directly onto the SKIN.

AN = /secret: see also SWEAT or SWEATING: TN 181

UI = D004439

 

Ecdysone

MS = A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects.

AN = do not confuse with ECDYSTERONE

UI = D004440

 

Ecdysteroids

MS = Steroids that bring about MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysteroids include the endogenous insect hormones (ECDYSONE and ECDYSTERONE) and the insect-molting hormones found in plants, the phytoecdysteroids. Phytoecdysteroids are natural insecticides.

UI = D026461

 

Ecdysterone

MS = A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.

AN = do not confuse with ECDYSONE

UI = D004441

 

Echidna

MS = An oviparous burrowing mammal of the order Monotremata native to Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. It has hair mingled with spines on the upper part of the body and is adapted for feeding on ants.

AN = do not confuse X ref SPINY ANTEATER with X ref ANTEATERS see XENARTHRA; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D004442

 

Echinacea

MS = A genus of perennial herbs used topically and internally. It contains echinacoside, GLYCOSIDES; INULIN; isobutyl amides, resin, and SESQUITERPENES.

AN = a plant genus not sea urchin superorder; X ref CONEFLOWER, PURPLE: CONEFLOWER, PRAIRIE see RATIBIDA and CONEFLOWER, ORANGE see RUDBECKIA are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D020900

 

Echinochloa

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is grown mainly as a hay crop.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031747

 

Echinococcosis

MS = An infection caused by the infestation of the larval form of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The liver, lungs, and kidney are the most common areas of infestation.

AN = of liver = ECHINOCOCCOSIS, HEPATIC, of lung = ECHINOCOCCOSIS, PULMONARY; Taenia echinococcus infect = Echinococcus granulosus infect = ECHINOCOCCOSIS

UI = D004443

 

Echinococcosis, Hepatic

MS = Helminth infection of the liver caused by Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis.

AN = tapeworm infect of the liver

UI = D004444

 

Echinococcosis, Pulmonary

MS = Helminth infection of the lung caused by Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis.

AN = tapeworm infect of the lung; DF: ECHINOCOCCOSIS PULM

UI = D004445

 

Echinococcus

AN = a genus of tapeworms; for larval or adult form; infection = ECHINOCOCCOSIS or its specifics; Taenia echinococcus = Echinococcus granulosus, its infect = ECHINOCOCCOSIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D004446

 

Echinodermata

MS = A phylum of the most familiar marine invertebrates. Its class Stelleroidea contains two subclasses, the Asteroidea (the STARFISH or sea stars) and the Ophiuroidea (the brittle stars, also called basket stars and serpent stars). There are 1500 described species of STARFISH found throughout the world. The second class, Echinoidea, contains about 950 species of SEA URCHINS, heart urchins, and sand dollars. A third class, Holothuroidea, comprises about 900 echinoderms known as SEA CUCUMBERS. Echinoderms are used extensively in biological research. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, pp773-826)

AN = includes SEA URCHINS; STARFISH; sea lilies, SEA CUCUMBERS & brittle stars; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

UI = D004447

 

Echinomycin

MS = A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis.

UI = D004448

 

Echinops Plant

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain a pseudoguaiane SESQUITERPENE. San-fang-feng is the root of E. grijisii used in DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL.

AN = other 'thistle' plants are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031182

 

Echinostoma

MS = A genus of intestinal flukes of the family Echinostomatidae which consists of many species. They occur in man and other vertebrates. The intermediate hosts are frequently mollusks.

AN = infection = ECHINOSTOMIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D004449

 

Echinostomatidae

MS = A family of flukes (TREMATODA) characterized by a collar of spines at their anterior end. The body is elongated and is covered with spines, and the two suckers are usually close together. (Noble et al., Parasitology: the Biology of Animal Parasites, 6th ed, p183)

AN = a family of trematodes; infection: coord IM with TREMATODE INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D004450

 

Echinostomiasis

MS = Infection by flukes of the genus Echinostoma.

AN = trematode infect

UI = D004451

 

Echium

MS = A plant genus of the family BORAGINACEAE. Members contain GAMMA-LINOLENIC ACID and PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D036661

 

Echo-Planar Imaging

MS = A type of MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING that uses only one nuclear spin excitation per image and therefore can obtain images in a fraction of a second rather than the minutes required in traditional MRI techniques. It is used in a variety of medical and scientific applications.

AN = a type of magnetic resonance imaging; for coord see note on MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

UI = D017352

 

Echocardiography

MS = Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.

AN = GEN only; prefer /ultrasonogr with specific heart dis; note X ref ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, TRANSTHORACIC; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, TRANSESOPHAGEAL is also available; DF: ECHOCARDIOGR

UI = D004452

 

Echocardiography, Doppler

MS = Measurement of intracardiac blood flow using an M-mode and/or two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiogram while simultaneously recording the spectrum of the audible Doppler signal (e.g., velocity, direction, amplitude, intensity, timing) reflected from the moving column of red blood cells.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ECHOCARDIOGR DOPPLER

UI = D015150

 

Echocardiography, Doppler, Color

MS = Echocardiography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image.

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ECHOCARDIOGR DOPPLER COLOR

UI = D018618

 

Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed

MS = Echocardiography applying the Doppler effect, with velocity detection combined with range discrimination. Short bursts of ultrasound are transmitted at regular intervals and the echoes are demodulated as they return.

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ECHOCARDIOGR DOPPLER PULSED

UI = D018619

 

Echocardiography, Four-Dimensional

MS = Dynamic three-dimensional echocardiography using the added dimension of time to impart the cinematic perception of motion. (Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:221-40)

AN = ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, THREE-DIMENSIONAL is also available; DF: ECHOCARDIOGR 4D

UI = D019561

 

Echocardiography, Stress

MS = A method of recording heart motion and internal structures by combining ultrasonic imaging with exercise testing (EXERCISE TEST) or pharmacologic stress.

UI = D025401

 

Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional

MS = Echocardiography amplified by the addition of depth to the conventional two-dimensional ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY visualizing only the length and width of the heart. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging was first described in 1961 but its application to echocardiography did not take place until 1974. (Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:221-40)

AN = ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, FOUR-DIMENSIONAL is also available; DF: ECHOCARDIOGR 3D

UI = D019560

 

Echocardiography, Transesophageal

MS = Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues using a transducer placed in the esophagus.

AN = coord IM with specific type of echocardiogr (IM) if pertinent; coord IM with specific heart dis /ultrasonogr (IM); /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: TEE

UI = D017548

 

Echoencephalography

MS = Use of reflected ultrasound in the diagnosis of intracranial pathologic processes.

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ECHOENCEPHALOGR

UI = D004453

 

Echolalia

MS = Involuntary ("parrot-like"), meaningless repetition of a recently heard word, phrase, or song. This condition may be associated with transcortical APHASIA; SCHIZOPHRENIA; or other disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p485)

UI = D004454

 

Echolocation

MS = An auditory orientation mechanism involving the emission of high frequency sounds which are reflected back to the emitter (animal).

AN = animal only; for human consider SOUND LOCALIZATION

UI = D004455

 

Echothiophate Iodide

MS = A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.

UI = D004456

 

Echovirus 6, Human

MS = A species of ENTEROVIRUS that has caused outbreaks of aseptic meningitis in children and adults.

AN = do not confuse with ECHOVIRUS 9; infection: coord IM with ECHOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D004458

 

Echovirus 9

MS = A species of ENTEROVIRUS associated with outbreaks of aseptic meningitis (MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC).

AN = infection: coord IM with ECHOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D004459

 

Echovirus Infections

MS = Infectious disease processes, including meningitis, diarrhea, and respiratory disorders, caused by echoviruses.

AN = caused by an enterovirus; coord IM with specific Echovirus (IM)

UI = D004457

 

Eclampsia

MS = Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient.

AN = a pregn toxemia

UI = D004461

 

Eclecticism, Historical

MS = A system of medicine, most popular in the 19th century, that advocates the use of indigenous plants in the treatment of specific signs and symptoms.

UI = D027681

 

Eclipta

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain wedelolactone.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D036601

 

Ecological Systems, Closed

MS = Systems that provide for the maintenance of life in an isolated living chamber through reutilization of the material available, in particular, by means of a cycle wherein exhaled carbon dioxide, urine, and other waste matter are converted chemically or by photosynthesis into oxygen, water, and food. (NASA Thesaurus, 1988)

AN = IM; coord with SPACE FLIGHT (IM) or SUBMARINE MEDICINE (IM), if pertinent

UI = D018504

 

Ecology

MS = The branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their environment, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development and structure, interactions between different kinds of organisms, geographic distributions, and population alterations. (Webster's, 3d ed)

AN = for humans, animals, plants, micro-organisms; IM; NIM for ecological aspects other than organism-organism relationship ( = ECOSYSTEM) but HOST-PARASITE RELATIONS is also available; no qualif; DF: ECOL

UI = D004463

 

Econazole

MS = A broad spectrum antimycotic with some action against Gram positive bacteria. It is used topically in dermatomycoses also orally and parenterally.

UI = D004464

 

Economic Competition

MS = The effort of two or more parties to secure the business of a third party by offering, usually under fair or equitable rules of business practice, the most favorable terms.

AN = unfair competition goes here but consider also ANTITRUST LAWS

UI = D004465

 

Economics

MS = The science of utilization, distribution, and consumption of services and materials.

AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer /econ: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.27; for purely economic aspects use ECONOMICS, for combination of social & economic aspects use SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; DF: ECON

UI = D004467

 

Economics, Dental

MS = Economic aspects of the dental profession and dental care.

AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer /econ with specific dent subject: Manual 19.8.27; DF: ECON DENT

UI = D004468

 

Economics, Hospital

MS = Economic aspects related to the management and operation of a hospital.

AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer /econ with specific hosp subject: Manual 19.8.27; DF: ECON HOSP

UI = D004469

 

Economics, Medical

MS = Economic aspects of the field of medicine, the medical profession, and health care. It includes the economic and financial impact of disease in general on the patient, the physician, society, or government.

AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer /econ with specific subject: Manual 19.8.27; DF: ECON MED

UI = D004470

 

Economics, Nursing

MS = Economic aspects of the nursing profession.

AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer /econ with specific nurs subject: Manual 19.8.27; DF: ECON NURS

UI = D004471

 

Economics, Pharmaceutical

MS = Economic aspects of the fields of pharmacy and pharmacology as they apply to the development and study of medical economics in rational drug therapy and the impact of pharmaceuticals on the cost of medical care. Pharmaceutical economics also includes the economic considerations of the pharmaceutical care delivery system and in drug prescribing, particularly of cost-benefit values. (From J Res Pharm Econ 1989;1(1); PharmacoEcon 1992;1(1))

AN = GEN or unspecified only: pref /econ with specific drugs or specific pharmaceutical subject; Manual 19.8.27; DF: ECON PHARM

UI = D017850

 

Ecosystem

MS = A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = ECOLOGY is the science, ECOSYSTEM is the interrelat of organisms within the science; no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D017753

 

Ecthyma

MS = An ulcerative pyoderma usually caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection at the site of minor trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = Strep infect

UI = D004473

 

Ecthyma, Contagious

MS = An infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats, affecting primarily the muzzle and lips. It is caused by a poxvirus and may be transmitted to man.

AN = caused by a poxvirus; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) but do not index under SHEEP DISEASES

UI = D004474

 

Ectoderm

MS = The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo.

AN = A 11 qualif

UI = D004475

 

Ectodermal Dysplasia

MS = A group of hereditary disorders involving tissues and structures derived from the embryonic ectoderm. They are characterized by the presence of abnormalities at birth and involvement of both the epidermis and skin appendages. They are generally nonprogressive and diffuse. Various forms exist, including anhidrotic and hidrotic dysplasias, FOCAL DERMAL HYPOPLASIA, and aplasia cutis congenita.

AN = multiple skin abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D004476

 

Ectogenesis

MS = Embryonal development or fetal maturation that takes place in an artificial environment.

AN = genesis in an artificial environment

UI = D004477

 

Ectoparasitic Infestations

MS = Infestations by parasites which live on the outside of the body of the host.

AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; coord IM with ectoparasite (IM); refers to ectoparasite on, within or under the skin so do not coord with SKIN DISEASES, PARASITIC

UI = D004478

 

Ectopia Lentis

MS = Congenital displacement of the lens resulting from defective zonule formation.

AN = congen lens dislocation; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D004479

 

Ectothiorhodospira

MS = A genus of vibrioid or rod-shaped cells which are motile by polar flagella. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellar stacks and contain bacteriochlorophyll a or b and carotenoids. Growth occurs photoautotrophically under anaerobic conditions. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

UI = D020587

 

Ectothiorhodospira halophila

MS = A species of ECTOTHIORHODOSPIRA distinguished by its ability to grow optimally in an environment of 15-20% salinity. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

UI = D020607

 

Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii

MS = A species of ECTOTHIORHODOSPIRA distinguished by its ability to utilize nitrate. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

UI = D020608

 

Ectromelia

MS = Gross hypo- or aplasia of one or more long bones of one or more limbs. The concept includes amelia, hemimelia, and phocomelia.

AN = abnorm of arm or leg: see Dorland for definition & inclusions; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D004480

 

Ectromelia virus

MS = A species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS infecting mice and causing a disease that involves internal organs and produces characteristic skin lesions.

AN = infection = probably ECTROMELIA, INFECTIOUS but see note there

UI = D004481

 

Ectromelia, Infectious

MS = A viral infection of mice, causing edema and necrosis followed by limb loss.

AN = caused by a poxvirus; don't forget also MICE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL

UI = D004482

 

Ectropion

MS = The turning outward (eversion) of the edge of the eyelid, resulting in the exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = eversion of eyelid: do not confuse with ENTROPION, inversion

UI = D004483

 

Ecuador

UI = D004484

 

Eczema

MS = A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).

AN = an indistinct concept: check text for more specific skin dis; if more specific term is not in text, do not make a diagnosis: index here

UI = D004485

 

Eczema, Dyshidrotic

MS = A recurrent eczematous reaction characterized by the development of vesicular eruptions on the palms and soles, particularly along the sides and between the digits. It is accompanied by pruritus, a burning sensation, and hyperhidrosis. The disease is self-limiting, lasting only a few weeks. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = eczema with hyperhidrosis

UI = D011146

 

Edeine

MS = Basic peptide antibiotic from Bacillus brevis. It exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis.

AN = a peptide antibiotic

UI = D004486

 

Edema

MS = Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with organ/diseases term (IM); egg-white edema: coord IM with OVALBUMIN (NIM if indexed at all); EPH (Edema, Proteinuria, Hypertension) = GESTOSIS, EPH & do not index under EDEMA unless it is particularly discussed

UI = D004487

 

Edema Disease of Swine

MS = An acute disease of young pigs that is usually associated with weaning. It is characterized clinically by paresis and subcutaneous edema.

AN = don't forget also SWINE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL

UI = D004488

 

Edema, Cardiac

MS = A manifestation of congestive heart failure caused by increased venous and capillary pressures and often associated with the retention of sodium by the kidneys. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a manifest of congestive heart failure

UI = D004489

 

Edetic Acid

MS = A chelating agent (CHELATING AGENTS) that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.

UI = D004492

 

Editorial Policies

MS = The guidelines and policy statements set forth by the editor(s) or editorial board of a publication.

UI = D035081

 

Editorial [Publication Type]

MS = Work consisting of a statement of the opinions, beliefs, and policy of the editor or publisher of a journal, usually on current matters of medical or scientific significance to the medical community or society at large. The editorials published by editors of journals representing the official organ of a society or organization are generally substantive.

AN = publication type only; appears in titles within brackets & in translations within parentheses; Manual 14.5.1.4, 14.5.1.11

UI = D016421

 

Edrophonium

MS = A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.

UI = D004491

 

Education

MS = Acquisition of knowledge as a result of instruction in a formal course of study.

AN = GEN only; prefer /educ: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.28; policy: Manual 30.7+; DF: EDUC

UI = D004493

 

Education Department, Hospital

MS = Hospital department responsible for administering educational and training activities pertaining to health for patients and staff.

AN = DF: EDUC DEP

UI = D004494

 

Education of Mentally Retarded

MS = The teaching or training of those individuals with subnormal intellectual functioning.

AN = IM

UI = D004495

 

Education, Continuing

MS = Educational programs designed to inform individuals of recent advances in their particular field of interest. They do not lead to any formal advanced standing.

AN = formal or informal courses to advance or update knowledge: differentiate from EDUCATION, GRADUATE: formal prep for specialty training or advanced study leading to official certification or degree; includes refresher courses; DF: EDUC CONTINUING

UI = D004496

 

Education, Dental

MS = Use for articles concerning dental education in general.

AN = DF: EDUC DENT

UI = D004497

 

Education, Dental, Continuing

MS = Educational programs designed to inform dentists of recent advances in their fields.

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, DENTAL, GRADUATE: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; DF: EDUC DENT CONTINUING

UI = D004498

 

Education, Dental, Graduate

MS = Educational programs for dental graduates entering a specialty. They include formal specialty training as well as academic work in the clinical and basic dental sciences, and may lead to board certification or an advanced dental degree.

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, DENTAL, CONTINUING: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; DF: EDUC DENT GRAD

UI = D004499

 

Education, Distance

MS = Education via communication media (correspondence, radio, television, computer networks) with little or no in-person face-to-face contact between students and teachers. (ERIC Thesaurus, 1997)

AN = do not confuse with COMPUTER-ASSISTED INSTRUCTION

UI = D020375

 

Education, Graduate

MS = Studies beyond the bachelor's degree at an institution having graduate programs for the purpose of preparing for entrance into a specific field, and obtaining a higher degree.

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, CONTINUING: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; DF: EDUC GRAD

UI = D004500

 

Education, Medical

MS = Use for general articles concerning medical education.

AN = Manual 19.8.28, 30.7.4, 34.16; DF: EDUC MED

UI = D004501

 

Education, Medical, Continuing

MS = Educational programs designed to inform physicians of recent advances in their field.

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, MEDICAL, GRADUATE: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; DF: EDUC MED CONTINUING

UI = D004502

 

Education, Medical, Graduate

MS = Educational programs for medical graduates entering a specialty. They include formal specialty training as well as academic work in the clinical and basic medical sciences, and may lead to board certification or an advanced medical degree.

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, MEDICAL, CONTINUING: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; Manual 34.22; DF: EDUC MED GRAD

UI = D004503

 

Education, Medical, Undergraduate

MS = The period of medical education in a medical school. In the United States it follows the baccalaureate degree and precedes the granting of the M.D.

AN = DF: EDUC MED UNDERGRAD

UI = D004504

 

Education, Nonprofessional

MS = Education and training outside of that for the professions.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific occupation /educ (IM); DF: EDUC NONPROFESSIONAL

UI = D004505

 

Education, Nursing

MS = Use for general articles concerning nursing education.

AN = GEN: prefer specific; DF: EDUC NURS

UI = D004506

 

Education, Nursing, Associate

MS = A two-year program in nursing education in a community or junior college leading to an A.D. (Associate Degree). Graduates of this program are eligible for state examination for licensure as RN (Registered Nurse).

AN = 2-yr community or junior college program; DF: EDUC NURS ASSOCIATE

UI = D004507

 

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate

MS = A four-year program in nursing education in a college or university leading to a B.S.N. (Bachelor of Science in Nursing). Graduates are eligible for state examination for licensure as RN (Registered Nurse).

AN = 4-yr program leading to BS; DF: EDUC NURS BACCALAUREATE

UI = D004508

 

Education, Nursing, Continuing

MS = Educational programs designed to inform nurses of recent advances in their fields.

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, NURSING, GRADUATE: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; special courses, workshops, etc.; DF: EDUC NURS CONTINUING

UI = D004509

 

Education, Nursing, Diploma Programs

MS = Programs usually offered in hospital schools of nursing leading to a registered nurse diploma (RN). Graduates are eligible for state examination for licensure as RN (Registered Nurse).

AN = 2-3-yr program in hosp school of nurs; DF: EDUC NURS DIPLOMA PROGRAMS

UI = D004510

 

Education, Nursing, Graduate

MS = Those educational activities engaged in by holders of a bachelor's degree in nursing, which are primarily designed to prepare them for entrance into a specific field of nursing, and may lead to board certification or a more advanced degree.

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, NURSING, CONTINUING: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; leads to MS or PhD; DF: EDUC NURS GRAD

UI = D004511

 

Education, Pharmacy

MS = Formal instruction, learning, or training in the preparation, dispensing, and proper utilization of drugs in the field of medicine.

AN = DF: EDUC PHARM

UI = D004512

 

Education, Pharmacy, Continuing

MS = Educational programs designed to inform graduate pharmacists of recent advances in their particular field.

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, PHARMACY, GRADUATE: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; DF: EDUC PHARM CONTINUING

UI = D004513

 

Education, Pharmacy, Graduate

MS = Educational programs for pharmacists who have a bachelor's degree or a Doctor of Pharmacy degree entering a specific field of pharmacy. They may lead to an advanced degree.

AN = differentiate from EDUCATION, PHARMACY, CONTINUING: see note on EDUCATION, CONTINUING; DF: EDUC PHARM GRAD

UI = D004514

 

Education, Predental

MS = Preparatory education meeting the requirements for admission to dental school.

AN = DF: EDUC PREDENT

UI = D004515

 

Education, Premedical

MS = Preparatory education meeting the requirements for admission to medical school.

AN = DF: EDUC PREMED

UI = D004516

 

Education, Professional

MS = Formal education and training in preparation for the practice of a profession.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: EDUC PROFESSIONAL

UI = D004517

 

Education, Professional, Retraining

MS = Educational programs for individuals who have been inactive in their profession, or who wish to regain unused skills.

AN = coord NIM with specific type (medical, dental, etc.) of continuing educ (IM)

UI = D004518

 

Education, Public Health Professional

MS = Education and training in PUBLIC HEALTH for the practice of the profession.

AN = educ of general public about public health issues = PUBLIC HEALTH/educ

UI = D040381

 

Education, Special

MS = Education of the individual who markedly deviates intellectually, physically, socially, or emotionally from those considered to be normal, thus requiring special instruction.

AN = IM

UI = D004519

 

Education, Veterinary

MS = Use for general articles concerning veterinary medical education.

AN = DF: EDUC VET

UI = D004520

 

Educational Measurement

MS = The assessing of academic or educational achievement. It includes all aspects of testing and test construction.

AN = DF: EDUC MEASUREMENT

UI = D004521

 

Educational Status

MS = Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.

AN = NIM; no qualif

UI = D004522

 

Educational Technology

MS = Systematic identification, development, organization, or utilization of educational resources and the management of these processes. It is occasionally used also in a more limited sense to describe the use of equipment-oriented techniques or audiovisual aids in educational settings. (Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, December 1993, p132)

AN = IM; coord with field or medium of educ (IM); DF: EDUC TECHNOL

UI = D018961

 

Edwardsiella

MS = A genus of small, straight gram-negative rods which are facultatively anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic, and usually motile by peritrichous flagella. Members of this genus are usually found in the intestines of cold-blooded animals and in fresh water. They are pathogenic for eels, CATFISHES, and other animals and are rare opportunistic pathogens for humans. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D020594

 

Edwardsiella ictaluri

MS = A species of EDWARDSIELLA distinguished by its nonmotility. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D020610

 

Edwardsiella tarda

MS = A species of EDWARDSIELLA distinguished by its hydrogen sulfide production. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D020609

 

Eels

MS = Common name for an order (Anguilliformes) of voracious, elongate, snakelike teleost fishes.

AN = EELS, SWAMP see SMEGMAMORPHA and EEL, ELECTRIC see ELECTROPHORUS are also available

UI = D004524

 

EF Hand Motifs

MS = Calcium-binding motifs composed of two helixes (E and F) joined by a loop. Calcium is bound by the loop region. These motifs are found in many proteins that are regulated by calcium.

UI = D020832

 

Effect Modifiers (Epidemiology)

MS = Factors that modify the effect of the putative causal factor(s) under study.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent; DF: EFF MODIFIERS

UI = D015987

 

Efferent Pathways

MS = Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.

AN = coord NIM with origin (IM) + termination (IM)

UI = D004525

 

Efficiency

MS = Ratio of output to effort, or the ratio of effort produced to energy expended.

AN = note category: do not confuse with PHYSICAL FITNESS nor with metabolic efficiency; EFFICIENCY, ORGANIZATIONAL is available

UI = D004526

 

Efficiency, Organizational

MS = The capacity of an organization, institution, or business to produce desired results with a minimum expenditure of energy, time, money, personnel, materiel, etc.

AN = IM; coord with specific organiz, institution, business, department, etc. (IM); DF: EFFICIENCY ORGAN

UI = D017598

 

Eflornithine

MS = An inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.

AN = DF:DFMO

UI = D000518

 

Egg Hypersensitivity

MS = Allergic reaction to eggs that is triggered by the immune system.

AN = coord IM with specific egg component /adv eff (IM) if pertinent

UI = D021181

 

Egg Proteins

MS = Proteins which are found in eggs or ova from any species.

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics & note EGG PROTEINS, DIETARY

UI = D004527

 

Egg Proteins, Dietary

MS = Proteins found in eggs which are consumed as a food.

AN = specifically, "proteins in eggs consumed as food", otherwise EGG PROTEINS is available

UI = D015387

 

Egg Shell

AN = IM avian only if pertinent; NIM reptilian; do not use for lower animals

UI = D004528

 

Egg White

MS = The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

AN = white of egg as food or as distinct from EGG YOLK, or egg white from dietary, food technol or econ viewpoint; differentiate from OVALBUMIN, the chemical albumin in egg white; egg-white edema: coord EDEMA (IM) + OVALBUMIN (NIM if indexed at all)

UI = D004529

 

Egg Yolk

MS = Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins.

AN = for both ovum nutrient & dietary portion of eggs

UI = D004530

 

Eggs

MS = Animal reproductive bodies, or the contents thereof, used as food. The concept is differentiated from OVUM, the anatomic or physiologic entity.

AN = differentiate from OVUM; eggs as food (chicken, duck, quail, etc. eggs); fish roe & reptile eggs as food go here but if physiol or anat, use OVUM; /adv eff consider also EGG HYPERSENSITIVITY

UI = D004531

 

Ego

MS = The conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions or the conscience, (the superego), and of reality.

AN = no qualif; egocentrism: index DEFENSE MECHANISMS

UI = D004532

 

Egtazic Acid

MS = A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID (EDTA).

UI = D004533

 

Egypt

MS = A republic in northwest Africa. Its capital is Cairo. It was a very ancient kingdom which, by ca. 3000 B.C., was one of the early civilizations of the ancient world. It was the center of Hellenistic culture 330-323 B.C. and part of the Roman Empire from 30 B.C. until 640 A.D.

AN = ancient or modern Egypt

UI = D004534

 

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

MS = A heterogeneous group of inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES. The most common manifestations of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome are hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.

UI = D004535

 

Ehrlichia

MS = Small, often pleomorphic, coccoid to ellipsoidal organisms occurring intracytoplasmically in circulating LYMPHOCYTES. They are the etiologic agents of tick-borne diseases of humans, DOGS, CATTLE, SHEEP, GOATS, and HORSES.

AN = infection = EHRLICHIOSIS

UI = D004536

 

Ehrlichia canis

MS = Species of gram-negative bacteria in the family ANAPLASMATACEAE, causing EHRLICHIOSIS in DOGS. The most common vector is the brown dog tick. It can also cause disease in humans.

AN = infection: coord IM with EHRLICHIOSIS (IM)

UI = D041061

 

Ehrlichia chaffeensis

MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria that is the causative agent of human EHRLICHIOSIS. This organism was first discovered at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, when blood samples from suspected human ehrlichiosis patients were studied.

AN = chaffeensis refers to Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, where first discovered; infection: coord IM with EHRLICHIOSIS (IM)

UI = D018469

 

Ehrlichia ruminantium

MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria in the family ANAPLASMATACEAE, that causes HEARTWATER DISEASE in ruminants.

AN = infection = HEARTWATER DISEASE

UI = D016995

 

Ehrlichiosis

MS = A tick-borne disease characterized by FEVER; HEADACHE, myalgias, ANOREXIA, and occasionally RASH. It is caused by several bacterial species and can produce disease in DOGS, CATTLE, SHEEP, GOATS, HORSES, and humans. The primary species causing human disease are EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS; ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM; and Ehrlichia ewingii.

UI = D016873

 

Eichhornia

MS = A plant genus of the family PONTEDERIACEAE that is used as a biological filter for treating wastewater.

AN = X ref WATER HYACINTH: HYACINTH see HYACINTHUS is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031806

 

Eicosanoic Acids

MS = 20-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.

AN = fatty acids

UI = D004537

 

Eicosanoids

MS = A class of compounds named after and generally derived from C20 fatty acids (EICOSANOIC ACIDS) that includes PROSTAGLANDINS; LEUKOTRIENES; THROMBOXANES, and HYDROXYEICOSATETRAENOIC ACIDS. They have hormone-like effects mediated by specialized receptors (RECEPTORS, EICOSANOID).

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D015777

 

Eidetic Imagery

MS = A visual image which is recalled in accurate detail. It is a sort of projection of an image on a mental screen.

AN = a form of perception

UI = D004538

 

eIF-2 Kinase

MS = A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2 kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.

UI = D019892

 

Eikenella

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the human mouth and intestine. Organisms of this genus can be opportunistic pathogens.

AN = in mouth & intestine; opportunistic; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016970

 

Eikenella corrodens

MS = Gram-negative bacteria isolated from infections of the respiratory and intestinal tracts and from the buccal cavity, intestinal tract, and urogenital tract. They are probably part of the normal flora of man and animals.

AN = normal bacterium in man & animal but if causing infect, coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016124

 

Eimeria

MS = A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass COCCIDIA. Various species are parasitic in the epithelial cells of the liver and intestines of man and other animals.

AN = infection: coord IM with COCCIDIOSIS (IM); drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D004539

 

Eimeria tenella

MS = A species of coccidian protozoa that mainly infects domestic poultry.

AN = infection: coord IM with COCCIDIOSIS (IM); drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D016786

 

Eimeriida

MS = An order of parasitic PROTOZOA in the class COCCICIDA. Families include CRYPTOSPORIDIIDAE; EIMERIIDAE; and SARCOCYSTIDAE.

AN = infection: coord IM with COCCIDIOSIS (IM); drug eff: consider COCCIDIOSTATS; coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent

UI = D021741

 

Eimeriidae

MS = A large family of parasitic PROTOZOA in the order EIMERIIDA. They cause COCCIDIOSIS in a number of vertebrates including humans.

AN = infection: coord IM with COCCIDIOSIS (IM); drug eff: consider COCCIDIOSTATS; coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent

UI = D021743

 

Einsteinium

MS = Einsteinium. A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Es, atomic number 99, and atomic weight 252. Its known isotopes range in mass number from 243-246. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Einsteinium was originally discovered in the debris from a thermonuclear explosion in 1952.

AN = man-made radioactive element; IM

UI = D004540

 

Eisenmenger Complex

MS = Defect of the interventricular septum with severe pulmonary hypertension, hypertrophy of the right ventricle, and latent or overt cyanosis.

AN = a congen heart defect; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D004541

 

Ejaculation

UI = D004542

 

Ejaculatory Ducts

UI = D004543

 

El Salvador

UI = D004544

 

Elaeagnaceae

MS = A plant family of the order order Rhamnales, subclass Rosidae class Magnoliopsida. The plants have a characteristic silvery or rusty-colored sheen, caused by tiny distinctive scales. Flowers have a tubular structure of four sepals. Root nodules host the Frankia (ACTINOMYCETES) nitrogen-fixing symbionts.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031263

 

Elapid Venoms

MS = Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted; note that BUNGAROTOXINS; COBRA NEUROTOXINS; COBRA VENOMS & other specifics are available; TN 241: common & scientific names of various elapids

UI = D004546

 

Elapidae

MS = A family of extremely venomous snakes, comprising coral snakes, cobras, mambas, kraits, and sea snakes. They are widely distributed, being found in the southern United States, South America, Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The elapids include three subfamilies: Elapinae, Hydrophiinae, and Lauticaudinae. Like the viperids, they have venom fangs in the front part of the upper jaw. The mambas of Africa are the most dangerous of all snakes by virtue of their size, speed, and highly toxic venom. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p329-33)

AN = a family of very venomous snakes

UI = D017815

 

Elasmobranchii

MS = A subclass of cartilaginous fish comprising the SHARKS, rays, skates (SKATES (FISH)), and sawfish. Elasmobranchs are typically predaceous, relying more on smell (the olfactory capsules are relatively large) than sight (the eyes are relatively small) for obtaining their food.

AN = GEN or unspecified; SHARKS; DOGFISH; SKATES (FISH) are also available

UI = D018940

 

Elastic Tissue

UI = D004547

 

Elasticity

MS = Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape.

AN = of inanimate or living structures; NIM

UI = D004548

 

Elastin

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D004549

 

Elastomers

MS = A generic term for all substances having the properties of natural, reclaimed, vulcanized, or synthetic rubber, in that they stretch under tension, have a high tensile strength, retract rapidly, and recover their original dimensions fully.

AN = SILICONE ELASTOMERS is available

UI = D020724

 

Elbow

AN = primates only; TN 238: differentiation from ELBOW JOINT & indexing instructions; TN 117: use FORELIMB for non-primate vertebrates

UI = D004550

 

Elbow Joint

MS = A hinge joint connecting the FOREARM to the ARM.

AN = primates only; TN 238: differentiation from ELBOW & indexing instruction; TN 117: use FORELIMB (probably IM) + JOINTS (NIM) for non-primate vertebrates

UI = D004551

 

Elder Abuse

MS = Emotional, nutritional, or physical maltreatment of the older person generally by family members or by institutional personnel.

AN = check also tag AGED

UI = D004552

 

Electric Capacitance

MS = The ability of a substrate to retain an electrical charge.

UI = D025802

 

Electric Conductivity

MS = The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

UI = D004553

 

Electric Countershock

MS = An electric shock applied to the heart to terminate a disturbance of its rhythm. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /instrum: consider also DEFIBRILLATORS, IMPLANTABLE; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D004554

 

Electric Fish

MS = Fishes which generate an electric discharge. The voltage of the discharge varies from weak to strong in various groups of fish. The ELECTRIC ORGAN and electroplax are of prime interest in this group. They occur in more than one family.

AN = do not confuse with EEL, ELECTRIC see ELECTROPHORUS

UI = D004555

 

Electric Impedance

MS = The resistance to the flow of either alternating or direct electrical current.

AN = NIM; bioelectric impedance anal of body composition: coord with BODY COMPOSITION

UI = D017097

 

Electric Injuries

MS = Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.

AN = consider also BURNS, ELECTRIC; accidental shock by electricity is ELECTRIC INJURIES, not ELECTROSHOCK (for exper shock by electricity usually in psychol lit)

UI = D004556

 

Electric Organ

MS = In about 250 species of electric fishes, modified muscle fibers forming disklike multinucleate plates arranged in stacks like batteries in series and embedded in a gelatinous matrix. A large torpedo ray may have half a million plates. Muscles in different parts of the body may be modified, i.e., the trunk and tail in the electric eel, the hyobranchial apparatus in the electric ray, and extrinsic eye muscles in the stargazers. Powerful electric organs emit pulses in brief bursts several times a second. They serve to stun prey and ward off predators. A large torpedo ray can produce of shock of more than 200 volts, capable of stunning a human. (Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p672)

AN = animal only; IM

UI = D004557

 

Electric Stimulation

MS = Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

AN = NIM; used therapeutically = ELECTRIC STIMULATION THERAPY

UI = D004558

 

Electric Stimulation Therapy

MS = Application of electric current in treatment without the generation of perceptible heat. It includes electric stimulation of nerves or muscles, passage of current into the body, or use of interrupted current of low intensity to raise the threshold of the skin to pain.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D004599

 

Electric Wiring

MS = An arrangement of wires distributing electricity.

UI = D004559

 

Electricity

AN = /adv eff: consider also ELECTRIC INJURIES; capacitance: index under ELECTRIC CAPACITANCE; impedance = ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE; resistance = ELECTRIC RESISTANCE see ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE; shock: see note under ELECTROSHOCK; ELECTROSTATICS is also available

UI = D004560

 

Electroacupuncture

MS = A form of acupuncture using low frequency electrically stimulated needles to produce analgesia and anesthesia and to treat disease.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D015671

 

Electrocardiography

MS = Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the heart as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time.

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; consider also PRE-EXCITATION SYNDROMES & its indentions; DF: note short X ref

UI = D004562

 

Electrocardiography, Ambulatory

MS = Method in which prolonged electrocardiographic recordings are made on a portable tape recorder (Holter-type system) or solid-state device ("real-time" system), while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It is useful in the diagnosis and management of intermittent cardiac arrhythmias and transient myocardial ischemia.

AN = /drug eff /rad effects permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ECG AMBULATORY

UI = D015716

 

Electrochemistry

MS = The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

AN = NIM with no qualif; when IM, SPEC qualif

UI = D004563

 

Electrocoagulation

MS = Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias.

AN = IM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord organ or disease with /surg; DF: ELECTROCOAG

UI = D004564

 

Electroconvulsive Therapy

MS = Electrically induced convulsions primarily used in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia.

AN = a psychother technique: do not confuse with ELECTROSHOCK, also called "electroconvulsive shock", an exper tool; /adv eff /mortal permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D004565

 

Electrodes

MS = Mediums used between an electric conductor and the object to which the current is to be applied. In electrotherapy, electrodes are instruments with a point or surface from which to transmit electric current to the body of a patient or to another instrument; in electrodiagnosis, they are needles or metal plates used to stimulate or record the electrical activity of tissue. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = NIM

UI = D004566

 

Electrodes, Implanted

MS = Electric conductors through which an electric current enters or leaves a medium. When inserted, usually surgically, they are referred to as implanted electrodes.

AN = NIM

UI = D004567

 

Electrodiagnosis

MS = Diagnosis of disease states by recording the spontaneous electrical activity of tissues or organs or by the response to stimulation of electrically excitable tissue.

AN = IM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D004568

 

Electroencephalography

MS = Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref

UI = D004569

 

Electrogalvanism, Intraoral

AN = IM; no qualif

UI = D004570

 

Electrokymography

MS = Radiographic technique combining a photoelectric recording system with fluoroscopy. It is used especially with electrocardiography to study heart motion.

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ELECTROKYMOGR

UI = D004571

 

Electrolysis

MS = Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution.

UI = D004572

 

Electrolytes

MS = Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

AN = GEN: prefer specifics but use for more than three; /ther use: consider also ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY see FLUID THERAPY

UI = D004573

 

Electromagnetic Fields

MS = Fields representing the joint interplay of electric and magnetic forces.

AN = IM

UI = D004574

 

Electromagnetics

MS = Phenomena involving magnets, electric currents through conductors and the electric and magnetic fields thus produced, as in electric motors.

AN = SPEC qualif as IM; no qualif when NIM coord; electromagnetic energy or radiation = RADIATION; electromagnetic frequency also goes under RADIATION; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS is also available; MAGNETOMETRY see MAGNETICS is available

UI = D004575

 

Electromyography

MS = Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ELECTROMYOGR

UI = D004576

 

Electron Probe Microanalysis

MS = Identification and measurement of concentration of elements based on the fact that primary-emission x-rays emitted by an element excited by an electron beam have a wavelength characteristic of that element and an intensity related to its concentration. It may be performed by an electron probe microanalyzer, an electron microscope microanalyzer, or by an electron microscope, or scanning electron microscope, fitted with an x-ray spectrometer.

AN = a type of x-ray emission spectrometry; NIM; "x-ray microanalysis" probably goes here; x-ray spectrometry using any type of electron microscopy goes here; DF: ELECTRON PROBE MICROANAL

UI = D004577

 

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy

MS = A technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. The spectra are useful for detection and identification, for determination of electron structure, for study of interactions between molecules, and for measurement of nuclear spins and moments. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 7th edition) Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a variant of the technique which can give enhanced resolution. Electron spin resonance analysis can now be used in vivo, including imaging applications such as MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING.

AN = usually NIM

UI = D004578

 

Electron Transport

MS = The process by which electrons are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular oxygen. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

AN = NIM; not for "proton transport" ( = PROTON PUMPS (IM) or PROTONS (IM) + BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT (NIM))

UI = D004579

 

Electronarcosis

MS = Profound stupor produced by passing an electric current through the brain.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; current applied through the brain: do not confuse with ELECTROANALGESIA ("applied through the skin")

UI = D004580

 

Electronic Mail

MS = Messages between computer users via COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS. This feature duplicates most of the features of paper mail, such as forwarding, multiple copies, and attachments of images and other file types, but with a speed advantage. The term also refers to an individual message sent in this way.

UI = D034742

 

Electronics

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D004581

 

Electronics, Medical

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: ELECTRONICS MED

UI = D004582

 

Electrons

MS = Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called CATHODE RAYS or BETA RAYS, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay.

AN = elementary particles; IM

UI = D004583

 

Electronystagmography

MS = Recording of nystagmus based on changes in the electrical field surrounding the eye produced by the difference in potential between the cornea and the retina.

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ELECTRONYSTAGMOGR

UI = D004584

 

Electrooculography

MS = Recording of the average amplitude of the resting potential arising between the cornea and the retina in light and dark adaptation as the eyes turn a standard distance to the right and the left. The increase in potential with light adaptation is used to evaluate the condition of the retinal pigment epithelium.

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref

UI = D004585

 

Electrophoresis

MS = An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM

UI = D004586

 

Electrophoresis, Agar Gel

MS = Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

AN = NIM

UI = D004587

 

Electrophoresis, Capillary

MS = A highly-sensitive (in the picomolar range, which is 10,000-fold more sensitive than conventional electrophoresis) and efficient technique that allows separation of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

AN = capillary refers to the highly sensitive equipment used; NIM

UI = D019075

 

Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate

MS = Electrophoresis in which cellulose acetate is the diffusion medium.

AN = NIM

UI = D004588

 

Electrophoresis, Disc

MS = Electrophoresis in which discontinuities in both the voltage and pH gradients are introduced by using buffers of different composition and pH in the different parts of the gel column. The term 'disc' was originally used as an abbreviation for 'discontinuous' referring to the buffers employed, and does not have anything to do with the shape of the separated zones.

AN = disc stands for "discontinous"; NIM

UI = D004589

 

Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field

MS = Electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.

AN = NIM; DF: PFGE

UI = D016521

 

Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional

MS = Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.

AN = usually performed on polyacrylamide gel (note X ref) but agarose gel is also used; NIM; DF: 2D PAGE

UI = D015180

 

Electrophoresis, Paper

MS = Electrophoresis in which paper is used as the diffusion medium. This technique is confined almost entirely to separations of small molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and nucleotides, and relatively high voltages are nearly always used.

AN = NIM

UI = D004590

 

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

MS = Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

AN = do not confuse with POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS, TWO-DIMENSIONAL see ELECTROPHORESIS, GEL, TWO-DIMENSIONAL; DF: E PAG

UI = D004591

 

Electrophoresis, Starch Gel

MS = Electrophoresis in which a starch gel (a mixture of amylose and amylopectin) is used as the diffusion medium.

AN = NIM

UI = D004592

 

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

MS = An electrophoretic technique employed to assay for binding of one compound to another. Typically one compound is labeled to follow its mobility during electrophoresis. The movement of the labeled compound through the electrophoretic medium will be retarded if it is bound by the other.

AN = coord with the specific type of electrophoresis used

UI = D024202

 

Electrophorus

MS = A genus of fish, in the family GYMNOTIFORMES, capable of producing an electric shock that immobilizes fish and other prey. The species Electrophorus electricus is also known as the electric eel, though it is not a true eel.

AN = do not confuse X ref EEL, ELECTRIC with ELECTRIC FISH

UI = D004593

 

Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac

MS = Invasive procedures whereby tachyarrhythmias (TACHYCARDIA), induced or spontaneous, are mapped via heart catheterization techniques for the investigation of electrical activities in the heart. In addition to diagnostic purposes, the techniques of intracardiac programmed electrostimulation are used therapeutically.

UI = D022062

 

Electrophysiology

AN = as IM, SPEC qualif; as NIM, no qualif; physiol in relation to electricity; coord NIM with organ /physiol or physiol process (IM); DF: ELECTROPHYSIOL

UI = D004594

 

Electroplating

MS = Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis.

UI = D004595

 

Electroporation

MS = A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of cell membranes, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA. Some applications of electroporation include introduction of plasmids or foreign DNA into living cells for transfection, fusion of cells to prepare hybridomas, and insertion of proteins into cell membranes.

AN = a cytol technique

UI = D018274

 

Electroretinography

MS = Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: ELECTRORETINOGR

UI = D004596

 

Electroshock

MS = Induction of a stress reaction in experimental subjects by means of an electrical shock; applies to either convulsive or non-convulsive states.

AN = exper shock by electricity, usually in psychol exper: do not confuse with ELECTRIC INJURIES or ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; X ref ELECTROCONVULSIVE SHOCK: do not coord with CONVULSIONS; electrocountershock = ELECTRIC COUNTERSHOCK

UI = D004597

 

Electrostatics

MS = The branch of physics dealing with electric phenomena not associated with electricity in motion, electric charges at rest, their electric fields, and potentials. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

AN = NIM for electrostatic potentials, properties, interactions, fluctuations, etc. of specific substances & organisms (IM)

UI = D019312

 

Electrosurgery

MS = Division of tissues by a high-frequency current applied locally with a metal instrument or needle. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D004598

 

Eledoisin

MS = A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)

AN = a neurotransmitter mollusk venom from species of octopus Eledone; a tachykinin; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D004600

 

Elementary Particle Interactions

MS = The interactions of particles responsible for their scattering and transformations (decays and reactions). Because of interactions, an isolated particle may decay into other particles. Two particles passing near each other may transform, perhaps into the same particles but with changed momenta (elastic scattering) or into other particles (inelastic scattering). Interactions fall into three groups: strong, electromagnetic, and weak. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 7th ed)

AN = a concept in nuclear physics; sub-atomic particles only

UI = D019471

 

Elementary Particles

MS = Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation.

AN = IM; includes nucleons, quarks, gluons, neutrinos, strange particles, antiparticles

UI = D004601

 

Elements

MS = Substances that comprise all matter. Each element is made up of atoms that are identical in number of electrons and protons and in nuclear charge, but may differ in mass or number of neutrons.

AN = GEN only; prefer specifics; ISOTOPES (little used) & RADIOISOTOPES & many specifics are also available; m for metastable = RADIOISOTOPES or specific pre-coord radioisotope

UI = D004602

 

Elements, Radioactive

MS = Elements which exhibit atomic emission due to natural or artificial nuclear transformation. These elements spontaneously undergo radioactive decay.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; these are naturally radioactive

UI = D004603

 

Eleocharis

MS = A plant genus of the family CYPERACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031256

 

Elephantiasis

MS = Hypertrophy and thickening of the tissues from any cause. Elephantiasis caused by filarial infection is ELEPHANTIASIS, FILARIAL. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a form of lymphedema; for elephantiasis of any cause other than filarial; ELEPHANTIASIS, FILARIAL is available

UI = D004604

 

Elephantiasis, Filarial

MS = Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.

AN = specify BRUGIA or species or WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI (IM) if pertinent; drug ther: consider FILARICIDES

UI = D004605

 

Elephants

MS = Large mammals with columnar limbs, bulky bodies, and elongated snouts. They are the only surviving members of the Proboscidea; others of which (mastodon) are extinct. Do not confuse with the Proboscidea plant genus (PEDALIACEAE).

UI = D004606

 

Elettaria

MS = A plant genus of the family ZINGIBERACEAE, order Zingiberales, subclass Zingiberidae. Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton is the source of Cardamon used in SPICES.

AN = X ref AMOMUM CARDAMOMUM: AMOMUM is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028523

 

Eleusine

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. Finger millet or raggee (E. coracana) is an important food grain in southern Asia and parts of Africa.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031748

 

Eleutherococcus

MS = A plant genus in the family ARALIACEAE, order Apiales, subclass Rosidae. It is best known as an adaptogen and a substitute for ginseng.

AN = do not confuse X ref SIBERIAN GINSENG with GINSENG see PANAX; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028001

 

Elevators and Escalators

MS = Mechanical ascending and descending devices which convey objects and/or people.

AN = for people or equipment; DF: ELEVATORS

UI = D004607

 

Eligibility Determination

MS = Criteria to determine eligibility of patients for medical care programs and services.

UI = D004608

 

Elimination Disorders

MS = Excretory-related psychiatric disorders usually diagnosed in infancy or childhood.

UI = D019960

 

Eliminative Behavior, Animal

MS = Behavior associated with the elimination of feces and urine from the body.

AN = elimination of urine or feces

UI = D004609

 

Ellagic Acid

MS = A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye.

UI = D004610

 

Ellipticines

MS = A group of antileukemic agents with immunosuppressive properties, isolated primarily from Ochrosia elliptica. They inhibit both DNA and RNA synthesis.

AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant

UI = D004611

 

Elliptocytosis, Hereditary

MS = An intrinsic defect of erythrocytes inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The erythrocytes assume an oval or elliptical shape.

AN = a congen hemolytic anemia; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D004612

 

Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome

MS = Dwarfism occurring in association with defective development of skin, hair, and teeth, polydactyly, and defect of the cardiac septum. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D004613

 

Elymus

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The common name of wildrye is used with some other grasses.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031749

 

Emaciation

MS = Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition.

UI = D004614

 

Embalming

MS = Process of preserving a dead body to protect it from decay.

UI = D004615

 

Embelia

MS = A plant genus of the family MYRSINACEAE. Members contain embelin.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031645

 

Emblems and Insignia

MS = Figures or symbols identifying or representing organizations or societies.

AN = DF: EMBLEMS

UI = D004616

 

Embolectomy

MS = Surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material which has been transported from a distant vessel by the bloodstream. Removal of a clot at its original site is called THROMBECTOMY.

AN = removal of an embolus transported from its origin: differentiate from THROMBECTOMY, removal of clot at its original site; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D017128

 

Embolism

MS = Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream.

AN = coord with specific vessel; pulm embolism = PULMONARY EMBOLISM; cerebral embolism = INTRACRANIAL EMBOLISM

UI = D004617

 

Embolism and Thrombosis

MS = A collective term for diseases characterized by the formation, development, or presence of a thrombus (THROMBOSIS) and the blocking of a vessel by the thrombus brought to its site by the blood current (EMBOLISM). (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D016769

 

Embolism, Air

MS = Embolism due to air bubbles entering the blood vessels after trauma, surgical procedures, or changes in atmospheric pressure.

UI = D004618

 

Embolism, Amniotic Fluid

MS = Embolism caused by strong uterine contractions near the end of a normal pregnancy that force amniotic fluid into the maternal circulation.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D004619

 

Embolism, Cholesterol

MS = An embolism of lipid debris from an ulcerated atheromatous deposit, generally from a large artery to small arterial branches. It is usually small and rarely causes infarction. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = lipid debris from atheromatous deposit; do not confuse with EMBOLISM, FAT, from fat entering circ

UI = D017700

 

Embolism, Fat

MS = Embolism caused by fat entering the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after corticosteriod administration.

AN = embolism from fat entering circ; do not confuse with EMBOLISM, CHOLESTEROL, lipid debris from atheroma

UI = D004620

 

Embolism, Paradoxical

MS = Blockage of a systemic artery by a thrombus originating in a systemic vein, which has passed through a defect that permits direct communication between the right and the left side of the heart, notably an open foramen ovale. It is also called crossed embolism. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = IM; coord with specific vessels or vasc dis (IM), often PULMONARY EMBOLISM or HEART SEPTAL DEFECTS, ATRIAL for patent foramen ovale

UI = D019320

 

Embolization, Therapeutic

MS = A method of hemostasis utilizing various agents such as Gelfoam, silastic, metal, glass, or plastic pellets, autologous clot, fat, and muscle as emboli. It has been used in the treatment of spinal cord and INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS, renal arteriovenous fistulas, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hypersplenism, certain highly vascular tumors, traumatic rupture of blood vessels, and control of operative hemorrhage.

AN = coord IM with disease /ther (IM), not /surg

UI = D004621

 

Embryo

MS = The early developmental stage of MAMMALS. It generally defines the period from cleavage into two BLASTOMERES to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. In the human, the embryo represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

AN = mammalian only; EMBRYO, NON-MAMMALIAN is also available; human: 0-2 mos; IM when embryo itself as an organic entity or a tissue; prefer /embryol with organs or organisms; relation to /embryol: Manual 21.54; for plants, PLANT EMBRYOS see SEEDS is available; embryonic tissue or cells in tissue & cell cultures: coord EMBRYO + tissues or cell without qualif (not with /embryol) + culture term, all probably NIM

UI = D004622

 

Embryo and Fetal Development

MS = Morphologic and physiologic development and growth of the mammalian EMBRYO or FETUS.

AN = mammalian only; do not coord with EMBRYO /physiol unless embryo is particularly discussed

UI = D005314

 

Embryo Disposition

MS = Process for deciding utilization or disposal of an embryo that is fertilized but not immediately transplanted and resulting course of action.

AN = mammalian only

UI = D019924

 

Embryo Implantation

MS = Endometrial implantation of EMBRYO at the BLASTOCYST stage.

AN = don't forget also available are PREIMPLANTATION PHASE & POSTIMPLANTATION PHASE

UI = D010064

 

Embryo Implantation, Delayed

MS = Delay in the attachment and implantation of BLASTOCYST to the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The blastocyst remains unattached beyond the normal duration thus delaying embryonic development.

UI = D010065

 

Embryo Loss

MS = Early pregnancy loss during the EMBRYO stage of development. In the human, this period comprises the second through eighth week after fertilization.

UI = D020964

 

Embryo Research

MS = Experimentation on, or using the organs or tissues from, a human or other mammalian conceptus during the prenatal stage of development that is characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. In humans, this includes the period from the time of fertilization to the end of the eighth week after fertilization.

AN = mammalian only; IM for ethical, legal, moral, social, or religious aspects of research on embryos; do not routinely add for research involving embryos; X ref Embryo Cell Research: coord with specific type of cell

UI = D033041

 

Embryo Transfer

MS = The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. In human fertility treatment programs, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.

AN = mammalian only; transfer of non-mammalian embryo = EMBRYO, NONMAMMALIAN /transpl or CHICK EMBRYO /transpl

UI = D004624

 

Embryo, Nonmammalian

MS = The embryo of species other than mammals. For the chicken, use the specific CHICK EMBRYO.

AN = IM only when point of article irrespective of species; if NIM, coord with exper non-mammalian organism /embryol or Cat A or Cat B term with /embryol; for chicken use CHICK EMBRYO; /transpl permitted: do not use EMBRYO TRANSFER since this is restricted to mammalian embryos

UI = D004625

 

Embryology

MS = The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life.

AN = SPEC only, SPEC qualif; prefer /embryol: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.29; DF: EMBRYOL

UI = D004626

 

Embryonic Induction

MS = Embryonic cell differentiation in which one group of cells evokes and controls the differentiation of other groups of cells.

UI = D004627

 

Embryonic Structures

MS = The anatomical parts that make up an organism in the early stages of development.

AN = avoid: too inclusive; prefer EMBRYO & specific embryonic stage or Cat A & Cat B with /embryol; for plants, PLANT EMBRYOS see SEEDS is available

UI = D004628

 

Emepronium

MS = A muscarinic antagonist used mainly in the treatment of urinary syndromes. It is incompletely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier.

UI = D004629

 

Emergencies

MS = Situations or conditions having a high probability of disabling or immediately life-threatening consequences or requiring first aid or other immediate intervention.

AN = EMERGENCY MEDICINE is the corresponding specialty; /nurs = the patient, EMERGENCY NURSING = the nursing specialty; emergencies in specific dis: coord NIM with specific dis (IM); "drug emergencies": coord NIM with specific drug or chem with probably /pois (IM)

UI = D004630

 

Emergency Medical Service Communication Systems

MS = The use of communication systems, such as telecommunication, to transmit emergency information to appropriate providers of health services.

AN = commun between hosp & ambulance, 911 systems, emerg calling systems, etc.: do not confuse with EMERGENCY CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS see INFORMATION SYSTEMS; DF: EMSCS

UI = D004631

 

Emergency Medical Services

MS = Services specifically designed, staffed, and equipped for the emergency care of patients.

AN = Public Law 93-154; DF: EMERGENCY MED SERV

UI = D004632

 

Emergency Medical Tags

AN = DF: EMERGENCY MED TAGS

UI = D004633

 

Emergency Medical Technicians

MS = Paramedical personnel trained to provide basic emergency care and life support under the supervision of physicians and/or nurses. These services may be carried out at the site of the emergency, in the ambulance, or in a health care institution.

AN = DF: EMERGENCY MED TECHNICIANS

UI = D004634

 

Emergency Medicine

MS = A branch of medicine concerned with an individual's resuscitation, transportation and care from the point of injury or beginning of illness through the hospital or other emergency treatment facility.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; differentiate from EMERGENCIES, the patient; DF: EMERGENCY MED

UI = D004635

 

Emergency Nursing

MS = The specialty or practice of nursing in the care of patients admitted to the emergency department.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D016529

 

Emergency Service, Hospital

MS = Hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of immediate medical or surgical care to the emergency patient.

AN = DF: EMERGENCY SERV HOSP

UI = D004636

 

Emergency Services, Psychiatric

MS = Organized services to provide immediate psychiatric care to patients with acute psychological disturbances.

AN = IM; DF: EMERGENCY SERV PSYCHIATRIC

UI = D004637

 

Emergency Treatment

MS = First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with med condition with appropriate qualif (IM)

UI = D004638

 

Emericella

MS = A genus in the family Trichocomaceae, order EUROTIALES. The anamorph is ASPERGILLUS.

UI = D032842

 

Emetics

MS = Agents that cause vomiting. They may act directly on the gastrointestinal tract, bringing about emesis through local irritant effects, or indirectly, through their effects on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the postremal area near the medulla.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also NAUSEA /chem ind & VOMITING /chem ind

UI = D004639

 

Emetine

MS = The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein syntheis in eucaryotic but not prokaryotic cells.

UI = D004640

 

Emigration and Immigration

MS = The process of leaving one's country to establish residence in a foreign country.

AN = DF: EMIGRATION

UI = D004641

 

Emodin

MS = Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies.

UI = D004642

 

Emollients

MS = Oleagenous substances used topically to soothe, soften or protect skin or mucous membranes. They are used also as vehicles for other dermatologic agents.

UI = D004643

 

Emotions

MS = Those affective states which can be experienced and have arousing and motivational properties.

AN = human & animal

UI = D004644

 

Empathy

MS = An individual's objective and insightful awareness of the feelings and behavior of another person. It should be distinguished from sympathy, which is usually nonobjective and noncritical. It includes caring, which is the demonstration of an awareness of and a concern for the good of others. (From Bioethics Thesaurus, 1992)

AN = no qualif

UI = D004645

 

Emphysema

MS = A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.

AN = also available are PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA; SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA and PNEUMOMEDIASTINUM see MEDIASTINAL EMPHYSEMA

UI = D004646

 

Empirical Research

MS = The study, based on direct observation, use of statistical records, interviews, or experimental methods, of actual practices or the actual impact of practices or policies.

UI = D036262

 

Empiricism

MS = One of the principal schools of medical philosophy in ancient Greece and Rome. It developed in Alexandria between 270 and 220 B.C., the only one to have any success in reviving the essentials of the Hippocratic concept. The Empiricists declared that the search for ultimate causes of phenomena was vain, but they were active in endeavoring to discover immediate causes. The "tripod of the Empirics" was their own chance observations (experience), learning obtained from contemporaries and predecessors (experience of others), and, in the case of new diseases, the formation of conclusions from other diseases which they resembled (analogy). Empiricism enjoyed sporadic continuing popularity in later centuries up to the nineteenth. (From Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2d ed, p186; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)

UI = D019348

 

Employee Discipline

MS = Regulations or conditions imposed on employees by management in order to correct or prevent behaviors which are counterproductive to the organization.

AN = med or non-med personnel

UI = D004647

 

Employee Grievances

MS = Formal procedures whereby the employee expresses any dissatisfaction or feeling of injustice regarding the work situation.

AN = med or non-med personnel

UI = D004648

 

Employee Incentive Plans

MS = Programs designed by management to motivate employees to work more efficiently with increased productivity, and greater employee satisfaction.

AN = med or non-med personnel

UI = D004649

 

Employee Performance Appraisal

MS = The assessment of the functioning of an employee in relation to work.

AN = med or non-med personnel

UI = D004650

 

Employee Retirement Income Security Act

MS = A 1974 Federal act which preempts states' rights with regard to workers' pension benefits and employee benefits. It does not affect the benefits and rights of employees whose employer is self-insured. (From Slee & Slee, Health Care Reform Terms, 1993)

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM)

UI = D019461

 

Employer Health Costs

MS = That portion of total HEALTH CARE COSTS borne by an individual's or group's employing organization.

AN = health care cost paid by employer

UI = D017049

 

Employment

MS = The state of being engaged in an activity or service for wages or salary.

AN = for pay: differentiate from WORK (see note there)

UI = D004651

 

Employment, Supported

MS = Paid work for mentally or physically disabled persons, taking place in regular or normal work settings. It may be competitive employment (work that pays minimum wage) or employment with subminimal wages in individualized or group placement situations. It is intended for persons with severe disabilities who require a range of support services to maintain employment. Supported employment differs from SHELTERED WORKSHOPS in that work in the latter takes place in a controlled working environment. Federal regulations are authorized and administered by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services.

AN = full or part-time employment program for the disabled

UI = D016832

 

Empty Sella Syndrome

MS = A condition associated with underdevelopment or absence of the diaphragma sellae which allows herniation of the meninges into the SELLA TURCICA. The pituitary gland becomes compressed against the walls of the sella and the sella may enlarge. Female gender; OBESITY; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and pituitary ADENOMA are associated with this condition, which may present with HEADACHE. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, p85)

AN = sella refers to the sella turcica

UI = D004652

 

Empyema

MS = Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics but empyema unspecified by author may be EMPYEMA, PLEURAL: check text; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM); empyema in tuberc = EMPYEMA, TUBERCULOUS

UI = D004653

 

Empyema, Pleural

MS = Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.

AN = if tuberculous = EMPYEMA, TUBERCULOUS

UI = D016724

 

Empyema, Subdural

MS = An intracranial or rarely intraspinal suppurative process invading the space between the inner surface of the DURA MATER and the outer surface of the ARACHNOID. Bacteria and other pathogenic organisms may gain entrance to the subdural space from the FRONTAL SINUS; ETHMOID SINUS; middle ear (EAR, MIDDLE); MASTOID; or as the result of CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA or NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES. This condition may be associated with intracranial sinus thrombosis (SINUS THROMBOSIS, INTRACRANIAL). Circumscribed collections of purulent material in the subdural space are referred to as subdural abscesses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p709)

AN = coord IM with specific infection (IM) and specific CNS infection term (IM)

UI = D013354

 

Empyema, Tuberculous

MS = Empyema due to MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.

AN = pleural empyema caused by M. tuberc

UI = D004654

 

Emulsions

MS = Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams.

AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif); FAT EMULSIONS, INTRAVENOUS is also available

UI = D004655

 

Emus

MS = Members of the Casuariiformes, an order of flightless, running birds. The Emu is the only surviving member of the family Dromeidae. They naturally inhabit forests, open plains, and grasslands in Australia.

UI = D020312

 

Enalapril

MS = An ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITOR that is used to treat hypertension.

UI = D004656

 

Enalaprilat

MS = The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and a potent intravenously administered angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.

UI = D015773

 

Enamel Microabrasion

MS = Mechanical removal of a small amount of tooth structure (not more than a few tenths of a millimeter in depth) to eliminate superficial enamel discoloration defects not successfully removed by bleaching techniques. A common abrasive is a mixture of pumice and hydrochloric acid.

AN = to remove surface discoloration

UI = D019243

 

Enamel Organ

MS = Epithelial cells surrounding the dental papilla and differentiated into three layers: the inner enamel epithelium, consisting of ameloblasts which eventually form the enamel, and the enamel pulp and external enamel epithelium, both of which atrophy and disappear before and upon eruption of the tooth, respectively.

UI = D004658

 

Enbucrilate

MS = A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D004659

 

Encainide

MS = One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and myocardium.

UI = D016700

 

Encephalitis

MS = Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.

AN = GEN; coord with specific organism /infection heading (IM) or other cause (IM); viral encephalitis = ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL unless ENCEPHALITIS, ARBOVIRUS but see note there; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS & specifics & SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS (see note there) are also available; DF: ENCEPH

UI = D004660

 

Encephalitis Virus, California

MS = A species in the BUNYAVIRUS genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE. Serotypes are found in temperate and arctic regions and each is closely associated with a single species of vector mosquito. The vertebrate hosts are usually small mammals but several serotypes infect humans.

AN = infection = ENCEPHALITIS, CALIFORNIA

UI = D002141

 

Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine

MS = A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing encephalomyelitis in Equidae and humans. The virus ranges along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States and Canada and as far south as the Caribbean, Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. Infections in horses show a mortality of up to 90 percent and in humans as high as 80 percent in epidemics.

AN = infection: coord IM with ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, EQUINE (IM) but see note there; DF: note short X ref

UI = D004663

 

Encephalitis Virus, Japanese

MS = A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), which is the etiological agent of Japanese encephalitis found in Asia, southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.

AN = a species of the genus Flavivirus: do not confuse with ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE, a subgroup of the genus Flavivirus; infection = ENCEPHALITIS, JAPANESE; DF: ENCEPH VIRUS JAPANESE

UI = D004664

 

Encephalitis Virus, Murray Valley

MS = A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), found in Australia and New Guinea. It causes a fulminating viremia resembling Japanese encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, JAPANESE).

AN = infection: coord IM with ENCEPHALITIS, ARBOVIRUS (IM); DF: ENCEPH VIRUS MURRAY VALLEY

UI = D018068

 

Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis

MS = A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), which is the etiologic agent of St. Louis encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, ST. LOUIS) in the United States, the Caribbean, and Central and South America.

AN = infection = ENCEPHALITIS, ST. LOUIS; DF: ENCEPH VIRUS ST LOUIS

UI = D004665

 

Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine

MS = A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines. It is seen most commonly in parts of Central and South America.

AN = infection = ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, VENEZUELAN EQUINE but see note there; DF: ENCEPH VIRUS VENEZ EQUINE

UI = D004666

 

Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine

MS = A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines in the United States, southern Canada, and parts of South America.

AN = infection: coord IM with ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, EQUINE (IM) but see note there; DF: note short X ref

UI = D004667

 

Encephalitis Viruses

MS = A collection of single-stranded RNA viruses scattered across the Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Togaviridae families whose common property is the ability to induce encephalitic conditions in infected hosts.

AN = a large group of RNA viruses; GEN only: prefer specific; infection = ENCEPHALITIS, ARBOVIRUS; DF: ENCEPH VIRUSES

UI = D004668

 

Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese

MS = A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS which comprises a number of viral species that are the etiologic agents of human encephalitis in many different geographical regions. These include Japanese encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE), St. Louis encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, ST. LOUIS), Murray Valley encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, MURRAY VALLEY), and WEST NILE VIRUS.

AN = do not confuse with ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE, a species of Flavivirus; infection: coord IM with ENCEPHALITIS, ARBOVIRUS, (IM) + FLAVIVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018349

 

Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne

MS = A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS that causes encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers and is found in eastern and western Europe and the former Soviet Union. It is transmitted by TICKS and there is an associated milk-borne transmission from viremic cattle, goats, and sheep.

AN = infection = ENCEPHALITIS, TICK-BORNE

UI = D004669

 

Encephalitis, Arbovirus

MS = Infections of the brain caused by arthopod-borne viruses (i.e., arboviruses) primarily from the families TOGAVIRIDAE; FLAVIVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; and RHABDOVIRIDAE. Life cycles of these viruses are characterized by ZOONOSES, with birds and lower mammals serving as intermediate hosts. The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) or TICKS. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, alterations of mentation, focal neurologic deficits, and COMA. (From Clin Microbiol Rev 1994 Jan;7(1):89-116; Walton, Brain's Diseases of the Nervous System, 10th ed, p321)

AN = caused by ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES: despite X REF not an "epidemic of encephalitis"; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: ENCEPH ARBOVIRUS

UI = D004671

 

Encephalitis, California

MS = A viral infection of the brain caused by serotypes of California encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, CALIFORNIA) transmitted to humans by the mosquito AEDES triseriatus. The majority of cases are caused by the LA CROSSE VIRUS. This condition is endemic to the midwestern United States and primarily affects children between 5-10 years of age. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, VOMITING, HEADACHE, and abdominal pain followed by SEIZURES, altered mentation, and focal neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13)

AN = for La Crosse virus encephalitis, coord IM with LA CROSSE VIRUS (IM); DF: ENCEPH CALIFORNIA

UI = D004670

 

Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex

MS = An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)

AN = coord IM with specific SIMPLEXVIRUS if given; DF: ENCEPH HERPES SIMPLEX

UI = D020803

 

Encephalitis, Japanese

MS = A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)

AN = for encephalitis caused by Japanese B encephalitis virus only not ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE: see annotation there; DF: ENCEPH JAPANESE

UI = D004672

 

Encephalitis, St. Louis

MS = A viral encephalitis caused by the St. Louis encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, ST. LOUIS), a FLAVIVIRUS. It is transmitted to humans and other vertebrates primarily by mosquitoes of the genus CULEX. The primary animal vectors are wild birds and the disorder is endemic to the midwestern and southeastern United States. Infections may be limited to an influenza-like illness or present as an ASEPTIC MENINGITIS or ENCEPHALITIS. Clinical manifestations of the encephalitic presentation may include SEIZURES, lethargy, MYOCLONUS, focal neurologic signs, COMA, and DEATH. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p750)

AN = DF: ENCEPH ST LOUIS

UI = D004674

 

Encephalitis, Tick-Borne

MS = Encephalitis caused by neurotropic viruses that are transmitted via the bite of TICKS. In Europe, the diseases are caused by ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, TICK-BORNE, which give rise to Russian spring-summer encephalitis, central European encephalitis, louping ill encephalitis, and related disorders. Powassan encephalitis occurs in North America and Russia and is caused by the Powassan virus. ASEPTIC MENINGITIS and rarely encephalitis may complicate COLORADO TICK FEVER which is endemic to mountainous regions of the western United States. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp14-5)

AN = coord IM with specific virus (IM) if pertinent; DF: ENCEPH TICK BORNE

UI = D004675

 

Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster

MS = Inflammation of brain tissue caused by infection with the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). This condition is associated with immunocompromised states, including the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME. Pathologically, the virus tends to induce a vasculopathy and infect oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells, leading to CEREBRAL INFARCTION, multifocal regions of demyelination, and periventricular necrosis. Manifestations of varicella encephalitis usually occur 5-7 days after onset of HERPES ZOSTER and include HEADACHE; VOMITING; lethargy; focal neurologic deficits; FEVER; and COMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch 26, pp29-32; Hum Pathol 1996 Sep;27(9):927-38)

AN = DF: ENCEPH VARICELLA ZOSTER

UI = D020804

 

Encephalitis, Viral

MS = Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.

AN = coord IM with specific virus infection (IM); DF: ENCEPH VIRAL

UI = D018792

 

Encephalitozoon

MS = A genus of parasitic protozoa originally considered a member of the class SPOROZOEA but now recognized as part of the class MICROSPOREA.

AN = a genus of protozoa; infection = ENCEPHALITOZOONOSIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D016819

 

Encephalitozoon cuniculi

MS = A species of parasitic protozoa. This intracellular parasite is found in the brain, heart, and kidneys of several mammals. Transmission is probably by ingestion of the spores.

AN = infection: coord IM with ENCEPHALITOZOONOSIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D009670

 

Encephalitozoonosis

MS = Infection with protozoa of the genus ENCEPHALITOZOON. Lesions commonly occur in the brain and kidney tubules. Other sites of infection in mammals are the liver, adrenal glands, optic nerves, retina, and myocardium.

AN = protozoan infect; nothing to do with zoonosis: caused by Encephalitozoon

UI = D016890

 

Encephalocele

MS = Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur.

AN = cerebellar hernia: coord IM with CEREBELLUM /abnorm (IM) if congen or with CEREBELLAR DISEASES (IM) if traumatic; meningoencephalocele: coord IM with MENINGOCELE (IM)

UI = D004677

 

Encephalomalacia

MS = Softening or loss of brain tissue following CEREBRAL INFARCTION; cerebral ischemia (see BRAIN ISCHEMIA), infection, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, or other injury. The term is often used during gross pathologic inspection to describe blurred cortical margins and decreased consistency of brain tissue following infarction. Multicystic encephalomalacia refers to the formation of multiple cystic cavities of various sizes in the cerebral cortex of neonates and infants following injury, most notably perinatal hypoxia-ischemic events. (From Davis et al., Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p665; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 1995 Mar;54(2):268-75)

UI = D004678

 

Encephalomyelitis

MS = A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific organism/infection term (IM) or other cause (IM)

UI = D004679

 

Encephalomyelitis Virus, Avian

MS = A tentative species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS infecting primarily young chicks, but also found in turkeys, pheasants, and guinea fowl. It causes a fatal neuronal degeneration and is transmitted by mechanical contact.

AN = infection: coord IM with PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D001350

 

Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated

MS = An acute or subacute inflammatory process of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM characterized histologically by multiple foci of perivascular demyelination. Symptom onset usually occurs several days after an acute viral infection or immunization, but it may coincide with the onset of infection or rarely no antecedent event can be identified. Clinical manifestations include CONFUSION, somnolence, FEVER, nuchal rigidity, and involuntary movements. The illness may progress to COMA and eventually be fatal. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p921)

AN = when post-vaccinal (note X ref) coord IM with vaccine source if pertinent (IM or NIM); for post-vaccinal or postinfectious inflammation of the spinal cord only, use MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; DF: ENCEPH ACUTE DISSEM

UI = D004673

 

Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine

MS = A form of arboviral encephalitis (primarily affecting equines) endemic to eastern regions of North America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, EASTERN EQUINE) may be transmitted to humans via the bite of AEDES mosquitoes. Clinical manifestations include the acute onset of fever, HEADACHE, altered mentation, and SEIZURES followed by coma. The condition is fatal in up to 50% of cases. Recovery may be marked by residual neurologic deficits and EPILEPSY. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)

AN = human & animal; if in horses, coord /vet (IM) with HORSE DISEASES (IM) + HORSES (NIM); DF: ENCEPH EASTERN EQUINE

UI = D020242

 

Encephalomyelitis, Enzootic Porcine

MS = A picornavirus infection producing symptoms similar to poliomyelitis in pigs.

AN = caused by an enterovirus; don't forget also SWINE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: note short X ref

UI = D004682

 

Encephalomyelitis, Equine

MS = A group of ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS which affect horses and man, transmitted via the bites of mosquitoes. Disorders in this category are endemic to regions of South America and North America. In humans, clinical manifestations vary with the type of infection, and range from a mild influenza-like syndrome to a fulminant encephalitis. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp8-10)

AN = human & animal; if in horses, coord with HORSE DISEASES (IM) + HORSES (NIM) & use /vet; DF: ENCEPH EQUINE

UI = D004683

 

Encephalomyelitis, Experimental Autoimmune

MS = An experimental animal model for central nervous system demyelinating disease. Inoculation with a white matter emulsion combined with FREUND'S ADJUVANT, myelin basic protein, or purified central myelin triggers a T cell-mediated immune response directed towards central myelin. The pathologic features are similar to MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, including perivascular and periventricular foci of inflammation and demyelination. Subpial demyelination underlying meningeal infiltrations also occurs, which is also a feature of ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED. Passive immunization with T-cells from an afflicted animal to a normal animal also induces this condition. (From Immunol Res 1998;17(1-2):217-27; Raine CS, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p604-5)

AN = DF: ENCEPH ALLERGIC

UI = D004681

 

Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine

MS = A form of arboviral encephalitis endemic to Central America and the northern latitudes of South America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, VENEZUELAN EQUINE) is transmitted to humans and horses via the bite of several mosquito species. Human viral infection may be asymptomatic or remain restricted to a mild influenza-like illness. Encephalitis, usually not severe, occurs in a small percentage of cases and may rarely feature SEIZURES and COMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)

AN = human & animal; if in horses, coord with HORSE DISEASES (IM) + HORSES (NIM) & use /vet; DF: ENCEPH VENEZ EQUINE

UI = D004685

 

Encephalomyelitis, Western Equine

MS = A form of arboviral encephalitis (which primarily affects horses) endemic to western and central regions of NORTH AMERICA. The causative organism (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, WESTERN EQUINE) may be transferred to humans via the bite of mosquitoes (CULEX tarsalis and others). Clinical manifestations include headache and influenza-like symptoms followed by alterations in mentation, SEIZURES, and COMA. DEATH occurs in a minority of cases. Survivors may recover fully or be left with residual neurologic dysfunction, including PARKINSONISM, POSTENCEPHALITIC. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp8-9)

UI = D020241

 

Encephalomyocarditis virus

MS = The type species of CARDIOVIRUS causing encephalomyelitis and myocarditis in rodents, pigs, and monkeys. Infection in man has been reported with CNS involvement but without myocarditis.

AN = infection: coord IM with CARDIOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: EMCV

UI = D004686

 

Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform

MS = A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cattle associated with abnormal prion proteins in the brain. Affected animals develop excitability and salivation followed by ATAXIA. This disorder has been associated with consumption of SCRAPIE infected ruminant derived protein. This condition may be transmitted to humans, where it is referred to as variant or new variant CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME. (Vet Rec 1998 Jul 25;143(41):101-5)

AN = if transmitted to man, coord IM (with probably /transm) with specific brain or other neurol dis in text (IM); if transmitted to another species of animal, coord IM (with probably /transm) with animal/dis precoord (IM) + specific animal IM or NIM; DF ENCEPH BOVINE SPONGIFORM

UI = D016643

 

Enchondromatosis

MS = Benign growths of cartilage in the metaphyses of several bones.

AN = non-neoplastic; do not confuse X ref OLLIER'S DISEASE with Ollier's disease as Ollier-Klippel-Trenaunay disease ( = KLIPPEL-TRENAUNAY DISEASE)

UI = D004687

 

Encopresis

MS = Incontinence of feces not due to organic defect or illness.

AN = of psychol origin: differentiate from FECAL INCONTINENCE, of organic origin

UI = D004688

 

Encyclopedias

MS = Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

AN = do not confuse with Publication Type ENCYCLOPEDIAS; no qualif

UI = D004690

 

Encyclopedias [Publication Type]

MS = Works containing informational articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

AN = publication type only; for encyclopedias as a subject, index under main heading ENCYCLOPEDIAS

UI = D019500

 

Endarterectomy

MS = Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called ATHERECTOMY.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D004691

 

Endarterectomy, Carotid

MS = The excision of the thickened, atheromatous tunica intima of a carotid artery.

AN = specify CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL or CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL (IM or NIM) if pertinent

UI = D016894

 

Endarteritis

MS = Inflammation of the tunica intima of an artery. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = inflamm of the intima of an artery

UI = D004692

 

Endemic Diseases

MS = The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. It includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. A holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holendemic disease). A hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed, p53, 78, 80)

AN = note category; do not confuse with epidemic dis ( = EPIDEMICS see DISEASE OUTBREAKS); IM; coord IM with specific dis /epidemiol (IM) & specify geog; DF: ENDEMIC DIS

UI = D019353

 

Endocardial Cushion Defects

MS = A spectrum of septal defects associated with persistence of the embryonic atrioventricular canal due to incomplete growth and fusion of the endocardial cushion.

AN = a heart septal defect; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D004694

 

Endocardial Fibroelastosis

MS = A condition characterized by hypertrophy of the wall of the left ventricle and conversion of the endocardium into a thick fibroelastic coat, with the capacity of the ventricle sometimes reduced, but often increased. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = thickening of endocardium with left ventric hypertrophy

UI = D004695

 

Endocarditis

MS = Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = inflamm of endocardium but read MeSH definition; rheumatic endocarditis: index under RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE (IM) + ENDOCARDITIS (IM)

UI = D004696

 

Endocarditis, Bacterial

AN = coord with specific bacterium /infections heading (IM) if pertinent; DF: ENDOCARDITIS BACT

UI = D004697

 

Endocarditis, Subacute Bacterial

MS = Infection of the endocardium caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This condition does not produce metastatic foci and if untreated may take up to a year to be fatal.

AN = coord with specific bacterium /infections heading (IM); DF: ENDOCARDITIS SUBACUTE BACT

UI = D004698

 

Endocardium

MS = The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells.

AN = inflammation = ENDOCARDITIS & its specifics

UI = D004699

 

Endocrine Cells of Gut

MS = Cells found throughout the lining of the gastrointestinal tract that contain regulatory peptide hormones and/or biogenic amines. The substances are located in secretory granules and act in an endocrine or paracrine manner. Some of these substances are also found in neurons in the gut. There are at least 15 different types of endocrine cells of the gut. Some take up amine precursors and have been called APUD CELLS. However, most endocrine cells of the gut apparently have endodermal rather than neuroectodermal origin, so the relationship with APUD cells is not clear.

AN = "endocrine cells" of Russian literature probably goes here

UI = D019858

 

Endocrine Diseases

AN = GEN; /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, ENDOCRINE; hormonal defic: TN 194; endocr defic: probably a defic state from Cat C19; Manual 23.25.3

UI = D004700

 

Endocrine Gland Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the endocrine glands in general or unspecified.

AN = GEN: prefer specific precoord; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D004701

 

Endocrine Glands

MS = Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions.

AN = GEN: prefer specific; /physiol or /secret: consider also HORMONES; /surg: consider also ENDOCRINE SURGICAL PROCEDURES; endocr defic: probably a defic state from Cat C19: Manual 23.25.3; "endocrine cells" in Russian literature is probably ENDOCRINE CELLS OF GUT

UI = D004702

 

Endocrine Surgical Procedures

MS = Surgery performed on any endocrine gland.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also ENDOCRINE GLANDS /surg or /surg with specific endocrine glands; also ENDOCRINE DISEASES /surg or /surg with specific endocrine dis; DF: ENDOCRINE SURG PROCEDURES

UI = D013507

 

Endocrine System

MS = The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, included are the CHROMAFFIN SYSTEM and the NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS.

AN = avoid: too general; prefer ENDOCRINE GLANDS, CHROMAFFIN SYSTEM or NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS & their specifics

UI = D004703

 

Endocrinology

MS = A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: ENDOCRINOL

UI = D004704

 

Endocytosis

MS = Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

UI = D004705

 

Endodeoxyribonucleases

MS = A group of enzymes catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. They include members of EC 3.1.21.-, EC 3.1.22.-, EC 3.1.23.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), EC 3.1.24.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), and EC 3.1.25.-.

UI = D004706

 

Endoderm

MS = The inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.

AN = A 11 qualif; ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMOR is also available: see note there

UI = D004707

 

Endodermal Sinus Tumor

MS = An unusual and aggressive tumor of germ-cell origin that reproduces the extraembryonic structures of the early embryo. It is the most common malignant germ cell tumor found in children. It is characterized by a labyrinthine glandular pattern of flat epithelial cells and rounded papillary processes with a central capillary (Schiller-Duval body). The tumor is rarely bilateral. Before the use of combination chemotherapy, the tumor was almost invariably fatal. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1189)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018240

 

Endodontics

MS = A dental specialty concerned with the maintenance of the dental pulp in a state of health and the treatment of the pulp cavity (pulp chamber and pulp canal).

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; ENDODONTICS = the specialty, ROOT CANAL THERAPY = the patient

UI = D004708

 

Endogenous Retroviruses

MS = Retroviruses that have integrated into the germline (PROVIRUSES) that have lost infectious capability but retained the capability to transpose.

UI = D020077

 

Endolimax

MS = A genus of ameboid protozoa found in the intestines of vertebrates and invertebrates.

AN = infection: coord IM with AMEBIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D004709

 

Endolymph

MS = The lymph fluid found in the membranous labyrinth of the ear. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = a labyrinthine fluid; do not use for "endolymphatic injections" ( = INJECTIONS, ENDOLYMPHATIC see INJECTIONS, INTRALYMPHATIC)

UI = D004710

 

Endolymphatic Duct

MS = Duct connecting the endolymphatic sac with the membranous labyrinth.

UI = D004711

 

Endolymphatic Hydrops

MS = An accumulation of endolymph in the inner ear resulting in deafness and tinnitus, and sometimes vertigo (MENIERE'S DISEASE). Induced experimentally, it often serves as an animal model for Meniere's disease. (From Dorland, 27th ed.)

AN = endolymphatic refers to the endolymph of the inner ear; note see related

UI = D018159

 

Endolymphatic Sac

MS = The blind pouch at the end of the endolymphatic duct.

UI = D004712

 

Endolymphatic Shunt

MS = Surgical fistulization of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear with mastoid, subarachnoid or cochlear shunt. This procedure is used in the treatment of Meniere's disease.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D004713

 

Endometrial Hyperplasia

MS = Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.

UI = D004714

 

Endometrial Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D016889

 

Endometrial Stromal Tumors

MS = Neoplasms of the endometrial stroma that sometimes involve the MYOMETRIUM. These tumors contain cells that may closely or remotely resemble the normal stromal cells. Endometrial stromal neoplasms are divided into three categories: (1) benign stromal nodules; (2) low-grade stromal sarcoma, or endolymphatic stromal myosis; and (3) malignant endometrial stromal sarcoma (SARCOMA, ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL).

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D036821

 

Endometriosis

MS = A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.

AN = non-neoplastic & nothing to do with "endometrial carcinoma" ( = ENDOMETRIAL NEOPLASMS); coord IM with specific precoord organ/dis term (IM)

UI = D004715

 

Endometritis

MS = Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.

AN = uterine inflamm goes here

UI = D004716

 

Endometrium

MS = The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing EMBRYO.

AN = inflammation = ENDOMETRITIS

UI = D004717

 

Endomyocardial Fibrosis

MS = A disease characterized by thickening of the endocardium, and frequently the inner third of the myocardium. The left ventricle is most frequently involved. Cardiomegaly and congestive heart failure may also be present.

UI = D004719

 

Endonucleases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-.

UI = D004720

 

Endopeptidase K

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of keratin, and of other proteins with subtilisin-like specificity. It hydrolyses peptide amides. Endopeptidase K is from the mold Tritirachium album Limber. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.21.64.

UI = D019286

 

Endopeptidases

MS = A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES, EC 3.4.21; CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES, EC 3.4.22; ASPARTIC ENDOPEPTIDASES, EC 3.4.23, METALLOENDOPEPTIDASES, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-.

UI = D010450

 

Endophthalmitis

MS = Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis.

AN = a type of suppurative uveitis; restrict to endophthalmitis as a disease entity, not as a coord for inflamm of specific internal parts of the eye: these are available as -ITIS terms in C11; ophthalmitis goes here; PANOPHTHALMITIS is also available: inflamm of all struct of the eye

UI = D009877

 

Endoplasmic Reticulum

MS = A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D004721

 

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough

MS = A type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where polyribosomes are present on the cytoplasmic surfaces of the ER membranes. This form of ER is prominent in cells specialized for protein secretion and its principal function is to segregate proteins destined for export or intracellular utilization.

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH is also available

UI = D018870

 

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth

MS = A type of endoplasmic reticulum lacking associated ribosomes on the membrane surface. It exhibits a wide range of specialized metabolic functions including supplying enzymes for steroid synthesis, detoxification, and glycogen breakdown. In muscle cells, smooth endoplasmic reticulum is called SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle = SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH is also available

UI = D018871

 

Endoribonucleases

MS = A family of enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.26.-, EC 3.1.27.-, EC 3.1.30.-, and EC 3.1.31.-.

UI = D004722

 

Endorphins

MS = One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D004723

 

Endoscopes

MS = Instruments for the visual examination of interior structures of the body. There are rigid endoscopes and flexible fiberoptic endoscopes for various types of viewing in ENDOSCOPY.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

UI = D019723

 

Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal

MS = Instruments for the visual examination of the interior of the gastrointestinal tract.

UI = D020776

 

Endoscopy

MS = Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument along either natural body pathways such as the digestive tract, or through keyhole incisions to examine the interior parts of the body. With advances in imaging, endoscope, and miniaturization of endosurgical equipment, surgery can be performed durging endoscopy.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

UI = D004724

 

Endoscopy, Digestive System

MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract.

AN = GEN only: prefer specifics but note 3-organ X ref; /instrum permitted but consider ENDOSCOPES, GASTROINTESTINAL or specifics

UI = D016145

 

Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal

MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the gastrointestinal tract.

AN = GEN only: prefer specifics

UI = D016099

 

Endosomes

MS = Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.

AN = cytoplasmic vesicles; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D011992

 

Endosonography

MS = Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope. In endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. An audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected or processed echo signals, which pass through the electronics of the instrument, into a form that the technologist can evaluate. The procedure should not be confused with ENDOSCOPY which employs a special instrument called an endoscope. The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously.

AN = ultrasonogr of hollow organs: endo- = within, not with endoscopy; coord IM with organ or dis /ultrasonogr; do not index under ENDOSCOPY or specific endoscopic technique unless also discussed in article; DF: ENDOSONOGR

UI = D019160

 

Endospore-Forming Bacteria

MS = A group of rods or cocci whose taxonomic affinities are uncertain. They form endospores, thick-walled bodies formed within the vegetative cells of certain bacteria, able to withstand adverse environmental conditions for prolonged periods.

AN = avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; DF: ENDOSPORE FORMING BACT

UI = D004725

 

Endosulfan

MS = A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61)

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D004726

 

Endothelial Growth Factors

MS = These growth factors are soluble mitogens secreted by a variety of organs. The factors are a mixture of two single chain polypeptides which have affinity to heparin. Their molecular weight are organ and species dependent. They have mitogenic and chemotactic effects and can stimulate endothelial cells to grow and synthesize DNA. The factors are related to both the basic and acidic FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS but have different amino acid sequences.

UI = D016228

 

Endothelin-1

MS = A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)

AN = /drug eff permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D019332

 

Endothelin-2

MS = A 21-amino acid peptide produced predominantly within the kidney and intestine, with smaller amounts produced in the myocardium, placenta, and uterus, but the cells of origin are not clear. Endothelin-2 has no unique physiologic functions, as compared with endothelin-1. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)

AN = /drug eff permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D019333

 

Endothelin-3

MS = A 21-amino acid peptide that circulates in the plasma, but its source is not known. Endothelin-3 has been found in high concentrations in the brain and may regulate important functions in neurons and astrocytes, such as proliferation and development. It also is found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the lung and kidney. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)

AN = /drug eff permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D019334

 

Endothelins

MS = 21-Amino-acid peptides produced by vascular endothelial cells and functioning as potent vasoconstrictors. The endothelin family consists of three members, ENDOTHELIN-1; ENDOTHELIN-2; and ENDOTHELIN-3. All three peptides contain 21 amino acids, but vary in amino acid composition. The three peptides produce vasoconstrictor and pressor responses in various parts of the body. However, the quantitative profiles of the pharmacological activities are considerably different among the three isopeptides.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /drug eff permitted

UI = D016232

 

Endothelium

MS = A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR), lymph vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, LYMPHATIC), and the serous cavities of the body.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; usually NIM with specific organ IM

UI = D004727

 

Endothelium, Corneal

MS = Single layer of large flattened cells covering the surface of the cornea.

AN = do not confuse with EPITHELIUM, CORNEAL; do not confuse X ref ANTERIOR CHAMBER EPITHELIUM with ANTERIOR CORNEAL EPITHELIUM see EPITHELIUM, CORNEAL

UI = D004728

 

Endothelium, Lymphatic

MS = Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces.

UI = D004729

 

Endothelium, Vascular

MS = Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries.

UI = D004730

 

Endotoxemia

MS = A condition characterized by the presence of endotoxins in the blood. If endotoxemia is the result of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, shock may occur.

AN = coord IM with specific bact/infect heading (IM) or specific bacterium (IM) if precoord bact/infect heading is not in MeSH; do not use /blood to cover -emia

UI = D019446

 

Endotoxins

MS = Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord IM with specific bacterium (IM with no qualif) but do not coord with BACTERIAL TOXINS

UI = D004731

 

Endpoint Determination

MS = Establishment of the level of a quantifiable effect indicative of a biologic process. The evaluation is frequently to detect the degree of toxic or therapeutic effect.

UI = D023381

 

Endrin

MS = An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D004732

 

Enema

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; barium enema: coord with BARIUM SULFATE /diag use, not BARIUM

UI = D004733

 

Energy Intake

MS = Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.

AN = "total no. of calories taken in daily"

UI = D002149

 

Energy Metabolism

UI = D004734

 

Energy Transfer

MS = The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). In biochemistry, this concept generally refers to the transfer of groups from compounds that contain energy-rich bonding arrangements to compounds that have relatively energy-poor bonding characteristics via thermodynamically permissible enzymatic reactions. This principle is a major premise of the interaction between energy-producing and energy-utilizing metabolic pathways in living cells. (From Devlin, Textbook of biochemistry with clinical correlations, 3d ed, p246)

UI = D004735

 

Energy-Generating Resources

MS = Natural energy sources of power supply.

UI = D004736

 

Enflurane

MS = An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.

UI = D004737

 

Engineering

MS = The practical application of physical, mechanical, and mathematical principles. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D004738

 

England

AN = LONDON is also available

UI = D004739

 

English Abstract

AN = check tag only for Eng Abst of foreign articles only; do not confuse with author abstracts (Field 22); policy: Manual 16.10+ CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only

UI = D004740

 

Engraving and Engravings

AN = DF: ENGRAVING

UI = D004741

 

Enhancer Elements (Genetics)

MS = Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.

AN = DF: ENHANCER ELEMENTS

UI = D004742

 

Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-

MS = An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the mu opioid receptor. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.

UI = D020875

 

Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-

MS = A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the delta opiate receptor (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, DELTA). It possesses antinociceptive activity.

UI = D020881

 

Enkephalin, Leucine

MS = Tyrosylglycylglycylphenylalanylleucine. Endogenous pentapeptide with morphine-like activity. The amino acid in position 5 is leucine.

AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: LEU ENKEPHALIN

UI = D004743

 

Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine

MS = A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.

AN = DF: DADLE

UI = D016308

 

Enkephalin, Methionine

MS = Endogenous pentapeptide with morphine-like activity. The amino acid in position 5 is methionine.

AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: ENKEPHALIN MET or MET ENKEPHALIN

UI = D004744

 

Enkephalins

MS = One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D004745

 

Enophthalmos

MS = Recession of the eyeball into the orbit.

AN = recession of eye into orbit: do not confuse with EXOPHTHALMOS, protrusion

UI = D015841

 

Enoplida

MS = An order of nematodes of the subclass ADENOPHOREA. Its organisms commonly have a cylindrical esophagus. The superfamilies of this order are DIOCTOPHYMATOIDEA; MERMITHOIDEA; and TRICHUROIDEA.

AN = an order of nematodes; infection = ENOPLIDA INFECTIONS

UI = D017158

 

Enoplida Infections

MS = Infections with nematodes of the order ENOPLIDA.

AN = nematode infect

UI = D017189

 

Enoxacin

MS = A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent (FLUOROQUINOLONES) structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.

UI = D015365

 

Enoxaparin

MS = Low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, having a 4-enopyranosuronate sodium structure at the non-reducing end of the chain. It is prepared by depolymerization of the benzylic ester of porcine mucosal heparin. Therapeutically, it is used as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D017984

 

Enoximone

MS = 1,3-Dihydro-4-methyl-5-(4-(methylthio)benzoyl)-2H-imidazol-2-one. A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with congestive heart failure.

UI = D017335

 

Enoyl-CoA Hydratase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the hydration of unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA to yield beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA. It plays a role in the oxidation of fatty acids and in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis, has broad specificity, and is most active with crotonyl-CoA. EC 4.2.1.17.

UI = D004746

 

Enprostil

MS = A synthetic PGE2 analog that has an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion, a mucoprotective effect, and a postprandial lowering effect on gastrin. It has been shown to be efficient and safe in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers.

UI = D016620

 

Entamoeba

MS = A genus of ameboid protozoa characterized by the presence of beaded chromatin on the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. Its organisms are parasitic in invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans.

AN = infection = ENTAMOEBIASIS but see note there; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D004747

 

Entamoeba histolytica

MS = A species of parasitic protozoa causing ENTAMOEBIASIS and amebic dysentery (DYSENTERY, AMEBIC). Characteristics include a single nucleus containing a small central karyosome and peripheral chromatin that is finely and regularly beaded.

AN = infection = ENTAMOEBIASIS but see note there; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D004748

 

Entamoebiasis

MS = Infection with amoebae of the genus ENTAMOEBA. Infection with E. histolytica causes DYSENTERY, AMEBIC and LIVER ABSCESS, AMEBIC.

AN = amebic infect

UI = D004749

 

Enteral Nutrition

MS = Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with dis /ther (IM), not dis /diet ther; do not confuse with PARENTERAL NUTRITION or PARENTERAL NUTRITION, TOTAL; "includes oral feeding, sip feeding & tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy & jejunostomy tubes"

UI = D004750

 

Enteric Nervous System

MS = Two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. (From Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p766)

AN = a major division of the autonomic nerv syst

UI = D017615

 

Enteritis

AN = "inflammation of small intestine" only, GEN or unspecified; jejunitis: coord JEJUNAL DISEASES (IM) + ENTERITIS (NIM)

UI = D004751

 

Enteritis, Transmissible, of Turkeys

MS = An acute, highly contagious virus disease of turkeys characterized by chilling, anorexia, decreased water intake, diarrhea, dehydration and weight loss. The infectious agent is a CORONAVIRUS.

AN = don't forget TURKEYS (NIM); POULT ENTERITIS MORTALITY SYNDROME is also available

UI = D004753

 

Enterobacter

MS = Gram-negative gas-producing rods found in feces of man and other animals, sewage, soil, water, and dairy products.

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM); not X ref AEROBACTER but AEROBACTER AEROGENES see ENTERBACTER AEROGENES is available

UI = D004754

 

Enterobacter aerogenes

MS = Gram-negative, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature. Both motile and non-motile strains exist. The species is closely related to KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE and is frequently associated with nosocomial infections

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D021902

 

Enterobacter cloacae

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in water, sewage, soil, meat, hospital environments, and on the skin and in the intestinal tract of man and animals as a commensal.

AN = nosocomial; infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016972

 

Enterobacteriaceae

MS = A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.

AN = infection = ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS

UI = D004755

 

Enterobacteriaceae Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.

AN = gram-neg bact infect

UI = D004756

 

Enterobactin

MS = An iron-binding cyclic trimer of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine. It is produced by E. coli and other enteric bacteria.

AN = a siderophore

UI = D004758

 

Enterobiasis

MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus ENTEROBIUS; E. vermicularis, the pinworm of man, causes a crawling sensation and pruritus. This condition results in scratching the area, occasionally causing scarification.

AN = nematode infect caused by Enterobius

UI = D017229

 

Enterobius

MS = A genus of intestinal nematode worms which includes the pinworm or threadworm Enterobius vermicularis.

AN = a genus of nematodes; infection = ENTEROBIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D004757

 

Enterochromaffin Cells

MS = Group of basal granular cells of the gut whose granules stain readily with silver and chromium salts. The cells secrete serotonin, substance P, and enkephalins. There are three types: gastric (antral mucosa), duodenal, and intestinal.

AN = A 11 qualif

UI = D004759

 

Enterochromaffin-like Cells

MS = Irregular-shaped argyrophilic cells which produce histamine, chromogranin A/pancreastatin, and an as yet unidentified peptide hormone. They are the predominant endocrine cell type of the oxyntic (acid-producing) mucosa of the stomach. ECL cells respond to gastrin by releasing their secretory products and this source of histamine acts as the positive paracrine stimulator of the release of hydrochloric acid from the parietal cell.

UI = D019861

 

Enterococcus

MS = A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS, it is now recognized as a separate genus.

AN = "normal flora of the intestinal tract"; usually non-pathogenic

UI = D016983

 

Enterococcus faecalis

MS = A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens and the human intestinal tract. Most strains are nonhemolytic.

AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); do not confuse with ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM

UI = D013293

 

Enterococcus faecium

MS = A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Unlike ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS, this species may produce an alpha-hemolytic reaction on blood agar and is unable to utilize pyruvic acid as an energy source.

AN = normal intestinal flora; do not confuse with ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016984

 

Enterocolitis

MS = Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel.

AN = "inflammation of...small & large" intestines; see also note on ENTERITIS

UI = D004760

 

Enterocolitis, Necrotizing

MS = Extensive ulceration and necrosis of the ileum and colon in infants caused by PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA. A similar disease is seen in neutropenic patients with cancer.

UI = D020345

 

Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous

MS = Acute inflammation of the small and large intestinal mucosa with formation of pseudomembranous plaques over superficial ulceration. It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE is often implicated.

AN = note X ref CLOSTRIDIUM ENTEROCOLITIS, often caused by CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE: for organism other than C. difficile coord with organism (IM) but not also CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS

UI = D004761

 

Enterocytes

MS = Terminally differentiated cells comprising the majority of the external surface of the intestinal epithelium (see INTESTINAL MUCOSA). Unlike GOBLET CELLS, they do not produce or secrete mucins, nor do they secrete cryptdins as do the PANETH CELLS.

UI = D020895

 

Enterocytozoon

MS = A genus of parasitic protozoa in the family Enterocytozoonidae, which infects humans. Enterocytozoon bieneusi has been found in the intestines of patients with AIDS.

AN = infection: coord IM with MICROSPORIDIOSIS (IM); coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent

UI = D021862

 

Enteroglucagon

MS = Glucagon-like polypeptide secreted in the intestinal tract. It does not share a common receptor site with pancreatic glucagon. The peptide has glycogenolytic activity.

AN = "glucagon-like", not pancreatic glucagon; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D004763

 

Enterohepatic Circulation

MS = Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile.

AN = a metab concept, not a hemodynamic circ concept; bile-to-intestines-to-portal circ-to-liver-to-bile; DF: ENTEROHEPATIC CIRC

UI = D004764

 

Enteropeptidase

MS = A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts TRYPSINOGEN into its active form TRYPSIN by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9.

UI = D004765

 

Enterosorption

MS = Adsorption of substances from the gastrointestinal tract onto an orally administered sorbent medium like activated charcoal. This technique is used to eliminate toxic and some biologically active substances and serves to modify the lipid and amino acid spectrum of the intestinal contents.

AN = a type of sorption detoxification: do not use Dorland: read MeSH definition; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D016061

 

Enterostomy

MS = Creation of an artificial external opening or fistula in the intestines.

AN = GEN only: prefer specific intestinal -ostomy; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D004766

 

Enterotoxemia

MS = Disease caused by the liberation of exotoxins of CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS in the intestines of sheep, goats, cattle, foals, and piglets. Type B enterotoxemia in lambs is lamb dysentery; type C enterotoxemia in mature sheep produces "struck", and in calves, lambs and piglets it produces hemorrhagic enterotoxemia; type D enterotoxemia in sheep and goats is pulpy-kidney disease or overeating disease.

AN = Clostridium infect; animal only; check tag ANIMAL; coord IM with precoord animal/dis term (IM) + animal (NIM) or with animal (IM) in absence of precoord

UI = D004767

 

Enterotoxins

MS = Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord IM with specific bacterium (IM or NIM)

UI = D004768

 

Enterovirus

MS = A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus".

AN = note X ref COXSACKIEVIRUSES: GEN only, prefer specific COXSACKIEVIRUS terms; infection = ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS or COXSACKIEVIRUS INFECTIONS, follow text

UI = D004770

 

Enterovirus A, Human

MS = A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and containing 10 serotypes, mostly coxsackieviruses.

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D029821

 

Enterovirus B, Human

MS = A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and containing 36 serotypes. It is comprised of all the echoviruses and a few coxsackieviruses, including all of those previously named coxsackievirus B.

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D029822

 

Enterovirus C, Human

MS = A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and containing 11 serotypes, all coxsackieviruses.

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) or COXSACKIEVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM), follow text

UI = D030015

 

Enterovirus D, Human

MS = A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and consisting of 2 serotypes: Human enterovirus 68 and Human enterovirus 70.

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D030016

 

Enterovirus Infections

AN = caused by a picornavirus

UI = D004769

 

Enterovirus, Bovine

MS = A species in the family ENTEROVIRUS infecting cattle.

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D029650

 

Enteroviruses, Porcine

MS = Species of ENTEROVIRUS causing mild to severe neurological diseases among pigs especially in Eastern Europe. Mild strains are also present in Canada, U.S., and Australia. Specific species include Porcine enterovirus A and Porcine enterovirus B.

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D004771

 

Entomobirnavirus

MS = A genus of RNA viruses of the family BIRNAVIRIDAE infecting fruitflies. Transmission is horizontal and there are no known vectors. Drosophila melanogaster is the natural host and the type species is Drosophila X virus.

AN = a genus of the family Birnaviridae; infection: coord IM with BIRNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D019203

 

Entomology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: ENTOMOL

UI = D004772

 

Entomophthora

MS = A genus of fungi in the family Entomophthoraceae, order Entomorphthorales. They are primarily parasites of insects and spiders, but have been found to cause mycotic infections of the nose in man and horses.

AN = infection: coord IM with ZYGOMYCOSIS (IM)

UI = D004773

 

Entomophthorales

MS = An order of fungi comprising mostly insect pathogens, though some infect mammals including humans. Strict host specificity make these fungi a focus of many biological control studies.

AN = infection: coord IM with ZYGOMYCOSIS (IM)

UI = D020091

 

Entomopoxvirinae

MS = A subfamily of POXVIRIDAE comprising poxviruses infecting insects including members of COLEOPTERA, DIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA, and ORTHOPTERA.

AN = coord IM with specific insect /virol (IM)

UI = D017996

 

Entopeduncular Nucleus

MS = A portion of the nucleus of ansa lenticularis located medial to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, along the course of the ansa lenticularis and the inferior thalamic peduncle or as a separate nucleus within the internal capsule adjacent to the medial GLOBUS PALLIDUS (NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc. washington.edu/neuronames/ (September 28, 1998)). In non-primates, the entopeduncular nucleus is analogous to both the medial globus pallidus and the entopeduncular nucleus of human.

AN = for non-primates medial globus pallidus is ENTOPEDUNCULAR NUCLEUS

UI = D020392

 

Entorhinal Cortex

MS = The cytoarchitecturally well-defined area of multilaminate cerebral cortex on the medial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus, immediately caudal to the olfactory cortex of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the hippocampus, the so-called PERFORANT PATHWAY. (Stedman, 25th ed)

UI = D018728

 

Entrepreneurship

MS = The organization, management, and assumption of risks of a business or enterprise, usually implying an element of change or challenge and a new opportunity.

AN = use qualif discreetly

UI = D016520

 

Entropion

MS = The turning inward (inversion) of the edge of the eyelid, with the tarsal cartilage turned inward toward the eyeball. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = inversion of eyelid: do not confuse with ECTROPION, eversion

UI = D004774

 

Entropy

MS = The measure of that part of the heat or energy of a system which is not available to perform work. Entropy increases in all natural (spontaneous and irreversible) processes. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = a principle of thermodynamics wherein "heat or energy of a system is not available to perform work"; no qualif

UI = D019277

 

Enuresis

MS = Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting; nocturnal enuresis). (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D004775

 

Enviomycin

MS = 1-(L-threo-3,6-Diamino-4-hydroxyhexanoic acid)-6-(L-2-(2- amino-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-pyrimidinyl)glycine)viomycin. Cyclic basic peptide related to VIOMYCIN. It is isolated from an induced mutant of Streptomyces griseoverticillatus var. tuberacticus and acts as an antitubercular agent with less ototoxicity than tuberactinomycin.

AN = a peptide antituberc antibiotic

UI = D004776

 

Environment

MS = The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.

AN = no qualif; DF: ENVIR

UI = D004777

 

Environment and Public Health

MS = Natural and man-made environments and their impact on public health.

AN = not used for indexing; CATALOG: do not use

UI = D004778

 

Environment Design

MS = The structuring of the environment to permit or promote specific patterns of behavior.

AN = DF: ENVIR DESIGN

UI = D004779

 

Environment, Controlled

MS = A state in which the environs of hospitals, laboratories, domestic and animal housing, work places, spacecraft, and other surroundings are under technological control with regard to air conditioning, heating, lighting, humidity, ventilation, and other ambient features. The concept includes control of atmospheric composition. (From Jane's Aerospace Dictionary, 3d ed)

AN = no qualif; DF: ENVIR CONTROLLED

UI = D004780

 

Environmental Exposure

MS = The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.

AN = may or may not result in a disease; coord IM with specific substance (IM); DF: ENVIR EXPOSURE

UI = D004781

 

Environmental Health

MS = The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.

AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: ENVIR HEALTH

UI = D004782

 

Environmental Illness

MS = A polysymptomatic condition believed by clinical ecologists to result from immune dysregulation induced by common foods, allergens, and chemicals, resulting in various physical and mental disorders. The medical community has remained largely skeptical of the existence of this "disease", given the plethora of symptoms attributed to environmental illness, the lack of reproducible laboratory abnormalities, and the use of unproven therapies to treat the condition. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific disease (IM) or source of illness (IM); also available are MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY; PERSIAN GULF SYNDROME & SICK BUILDING SYNDROME; not for diseases caused by environmental pollution: index under specific dis (IM) + ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (IM) or specific envir pollut (IM); DF: ENVIR ILLNESS

UI = D018876

 

Environmental Medicine

MS = Medical specialty concerned with environmental factors that may impinge upon human disease, and development of methods for the detection, prevention, and control of environmentally related disease.

AN = SPEC dealing with envir factors in human dis; SPEC qualif; DF: ENVIR MED

UI = D019550

 

Environmental Microbiology

MS = The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; coord with specific microbe (IM); DF: ENVIR MICROBIOL

UI = D004783

 

Environmental Monitoring

MS = The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment or workplace by measuring the amounts of these toxicants in the bodies of people and animals in that environment, among other methods. It also includes the measurement of ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE. Levels in humans and animals are used as indicators of toxic levels of undesirable chemicals.

AN = DF: ENVIR MONITORING

UI = D004784

 

Environmental Pollutants

MS = Substances which pollute the environment. Use for environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.

AN = specify pollutant if pertinent (IM or NIM); in addition to AIR POLLUTANTS; RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS; SOIL POLLUTANTS & WATER POLLUTANTS & their specifics, CARCINOGENS, ENVIRONMENTAL is also available; DF: ENVIR POLLUTANTS

UI = D004785

 

Environmental Pollutants, Noxae, and Pesticides

MS = Substances capable of producing a harmful or deadly effect on living organisms as well as the environment.

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D004786

 

Environmental Pollution

AN = IM; coord with source of pollution (IM); specify geog if pertinent; DF: ENVIR POLLUTION

UI = D004787

 

Enzootic Bovine Leukosis

MS = A lymphoid neoplastic disease in cattle caused by the bovine leukemia virus. Enzootic bovine leukosis may take the form of lymphosarcoma, malignant lymphoma, or leukemia but the presence of malignant cells in the blood is not a consistent finding.

AN = a specific dis caused by BOVINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS (see LEUKEMIA VIRUS, BOVINE): do not confuse with the general group BLV INFECTIONS see DELTARETROVIRUS INFECTIONS; don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL

UI = D016583

 

Enzyme Activation

MS = Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1) activation by ions (activators); 2) activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3) conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

AN = IM for general only; NIM with specific enzyme (IM); "enzyme reactivation": coord IM with specific enzyme /metab (IM) + ENZYME REACTIVATORS (IM) if discussed (see note there)

UI = D004789

 

Enzyme Activators

MS = Compounds or factors that act on a specific enzyme to increase its activity.

UI = D020536

 

Enzyme Induction

MS = An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

AN = IM for general only; NIM with specific enzyme /biosyn (IM)

UI = D004790

 

Enzyme Inhibitors

MS = Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

AN = GEN only; prefer /antag with specific enzyme; DF: ENZYME INHIB

UI = D004791

 

Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique

MS = An immunoenzyme test for the presence of drugs and other substances in urine and blood. The test uses enzyme linked antibodies that react only with the particular drug for which the sample is being tested.

AN = DF: EMIT

UI = D017248

 

Enzyme Precursors

MS = Physiologically inactive substances that can be converted to active enzymes.

AN = IM; coord with specific enzyme (IM); zymogen granules: index under ZYMOGEN GRANULES see SECRETORY VESICLES (IM) + ENZYME PRECURSORS (IM) + specific enzyme (IM)

UI = D004792

 

Enzyme Reactivators

MS = Compounds which restore enzymatic activity by removing an inhibitory group bound to the reactive site of the enzyme.

AN = coord IM with specific enzyme (IM) but CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS is available for reactivators of CHOLINESTERASES & ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (see note there)

UI = D004793

 

Enzyme Repression

MS = The interference in synthesis of an enzyme due to the elevated level of an effector substance, usually a metabolite, whose presence would cause depression of the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

AN = IM for general only; NIM with specific enzyme /biosyn (IM)

UI = D004794

 

Enzyme Stability

MS = The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

AN = IM for general only; NIM with specific enzyme (IM)

UI = D004795

 

Enzyme Tests

AN = IM; see Manual 25.19.4 & 26.8 for definition; coord with specific enzyme (with pertinent qualif) (IM) + disease /diag (IM), not disease /enzymol

UI = D004796

 

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

MS = An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

AN = NIM; IMMUNOSORBENTS is also available

UI = D004797

 

Enzymes

MS = Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however catalytic RNA (RNA, CATALYTIC) and catalytic DNA (DNA, CATALYTIC) molecules have also been identified.

AN = GEN only: avoid; prefer /enzymol: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.30; /defic permitted but specific enzyme /defic is more likely; /diag use: very unlikely: probably incorrect for ENZYME TESTS; Manual 23.25.1; policy: Manual 25.19+; index enzyme substrate as NIM without qualif; SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY, restricted to enzymes, is also available; "enzyme activation" = ENZYME ACTIVATION; "enzyme reactivation": coord ENZYME ACTIVATION (IM) + specific enzyme /metab (IM) + ENZYME REACTIVATORS (IM) if discussed (see note there)

UI = D004798

 

Enzymes, Coenzymes, and Enzyme Inhibitors

MS = Biological catalysts, their cofactors, and inhibitors.

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D004799

 

Enzymes, Immobilized

MS = Enzymes which are immobilized on or in a variety of water-soluble or water-insoluble matrices with little or no loss of their catalytic activity. Since they can be reused continuously, immobilized enzymes have found wide application in the industrial, medical and research fields.

UI = D004800

 

Eosine I Bluish

MS = A red fluorescein dye used as a histologic stain. It may be cytotoxic, mutagenic, and inhibit certain mitochondrial functions.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D010697

 

Eosine Yellowish-(YS)

MS = A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref

UI = D004801

 

Eosinophilia

MS = Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs.

AN = increase in no. of eosinophils; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; for eosinophilic states (as eosinophilic gastritis, eosinophilic meningitis) coord IM with disease (IM); /chem ind: consider also EOSINOPHILIA-MYALGIA SYNDROME; HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME is also available

UI = D004802

 

Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome

MS = A complex systemic syndrome with inflammatory and autoimmune components that affect the skin, fascia, muscle, nerve, blood vessels, lung, and heart. Diagnostic features generally include EOSPINOPHILIA, myalgia severe enough to limit usual activities of daily living, and the absence of coexisting infectious, autoimmune or other conditions that may induce eosinophilia. Biopsy of affected tissue reveals a microangiopathy associated with diffuse inflammation involving connective tissue. (From Spitzer et al., J Rheumatol Suppl 1996 Oct;46:73-9; Blackburn WD, Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997 Jun;26(6):788-93)

UI = D016603

 

Eosinophilic Granuloma

MS = The most benign clinical form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS-CELL), which involves localized nodular lesions of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, bones, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by eosinophils. The proliferating cell that appears to be responsible for the clinical manifestations is the Langerhans cell.

UI = D004803

 

Eosinophils

MS = Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin.

AN = restrict to leukocytes: not for "eosinophilic", stainable with eosin ( = STAINING AND LABELING + EOSIN); eosinophilic states: see note under EOSINOPHILIA; eosinophil count: coord with LEUKOCYTE COUNT

UI = D004804

 

Ependyma

MS = A thin membrane that lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the SPINAL CORD.

AN = /radiogr: coord with CEREBRAL VENTRICULOGRAPHY

UI = D004805

 

Ependymoma

MS = Gliomas derived from ependymocytes that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. They may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the fourth ventricle and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)

AN = coord IM with precoord CNS/neopl term (IM) + site (IM); for MIXED OLIGODENDROGLIOMA-EPENDYMOMA see OLIGODENDROGLIOMA

UI = D004806

 

Eperythrozoon

MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria whose organisms are obligate parasites of various vertebrate species including rodents, ruminants, and pigs. Some species have been shown to be transmitted by arthropod vectors.

AN = infection = EPERYTHROZOONOSIS

UI = D004807

 

Eperythrozoonosis

MS = Infection with bacteria of the genus EPERYTHROZOON.

AN = rickettsial infect; has nothing to do with ZOONOSES: is the -osis for Eperythrozoon

UI = D004808

 

Ephedra

MS = A plant genus of the family Ephedraceae, order Ephedrales, class Gnetopsida, division Gnetophyta.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029789

 

Ephedra sinica

MS = A plant species of the family Ephedraceae, order Ephedrales, class Gnetopsida, division Gnetophyta. It is a source of EPHEDRINE and other alkaloids.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029790

 

Ephedrine

MS = An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.

UI = D004809

 

Ephemera [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of transient everyday items, usually printed on paper, that are produced for a specific limited use and then often thrown away. (From Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing, 2d ed & The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

AN = publication type only; for ephemera as a subject, index under main heading for specific type of ephemeron such as ADVERTISING; CORRESPONDENCE; PAMPHLETS; etc.

UI = D019502

 

Ephemeral Fever

MS = An Ephemerovirus infection of cattle caused by bovine ephemeral fever virus (EPHEMERAL FEVER VIRUS, BOVINE). It is characterized by respiratory symptoms, increased oropharyngeal secretions and lacrimation, joint pains, tremor, and stiffness.

AN = caused by an Ephemerovirus; animal only; check tag ANIMAL; don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) but do not index under CATTLE DISEASES

UI = D004810

 

Ephemeral Fever Virus, Bovine

MS = The type species of EPHEMEROVIRUS causing disease in cattle. Transmission is by hematophagous arthropods and the virus has been isolated from both culicoides and mosquitoes.

AN = infection = EPHEMERAL FEVER: see note there

UI = D018115

 

Ephemerovirus

MS = A genus of the family RHABDOVIRIDAE which primarily infect cattle. EPHEMERAL FEVER VIRUS, BOVINE is the type species.

AN = a genus of the family Rhabdoviridae, primarily infecting cattle; infection = RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

UI = D019235

 

Ephrin-A1

MS = An ephrin that was originally identified as the product of an early response gene induced by TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR. It is a linked to the CELL MEMBRANE via a GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR and binds EPHA2 RECEPTOR with high affinity. During embryogenesis high levels of ephrin-A1 are expressed in LUNG, KIDNEY, SALIVARY GLANDS and INTESTINE.

UI = D036382

 

Ephrin-A2

MS = A GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR-containing ephrin with a high affinity for the EPHA3 RECEPTOR. Early in embryogenesis it is expressed at high levels in the MESENCEPHALON; SOMITES; branchial arches, and LIMB BUD.

UI = D036383

 

Ephrin-A3

MS = A GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR containing ephrin with a high affinity for the EPHA3 RECEPTOR; EPHA5 RECEPTOR; EPHA6 RECEPTOR; EPHA7 RECEPTOR; and EPHA8 RECEPTOR. It is found primarily in NERVE TISSUE.

UI = D036384

 

Ephrin-A4

MS = A GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR containing ephrin found in variety of adult tissue such as KIDNEY; LUNG; COLON and OVARY. During embryonic development, ephrin-A4 is expressed in the HIPPOCAMPUS and CEREBRAL CORTEX. It binds preferentially to ephA receptors (EPH FAMILY RECEPTORS) with the exception of the EPHA1 RECEPTOR.

UI = D036385

 

Ephrin-A5

MS = A GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR containing ephrin found in developing tectum. It has been shown to mediate the bundling of cortical axons and repel the axonal growth of retinal ganglia axons. It is found in a variety of adult tissues of BRAIN, HEART and KIDNEY.

UI = D036386

 

Ephrin-B1

MS = A transmembrane domain containing ephrin that is specific for EPHB1 RECEPTOR; EPHB2 RECEPTOR and EPHB3 RECEPTOR. It is widely expressed in a variety of developing and adult tissues.

UI = D036387

 

Ephrin-B2

MS = A transmembrane domain containing ephrin that binds with high affinity to EPHB1 RECEPTOR; EPHB3 RECEPTOR, and EPHB4 RECEPTOR. Expression of ephrin-B2 occurs in a variety of adult tissues. During embryogenesis, high levels of ephrin-B2 is seen in the PROSENCEPHALON; RHOMBENCEPHALON; developing SOMITES; LIMB BUD; and bronchial arches (BRONCHIAL REGION).

UI = D036388

 

Ephrin-B3

MS = A transmembrane domain containing ephrin. Although originally found to be specific for the EPHB3 RECEPTOR it has since been shown to bind a variety of EPH FAMILY RECEPTORS. During embryogenesis ephrin-B3 is expressed at high levels in the ventral neural tube. In adult tissues, it is found primarily in the BRAIN and HEART.

UI = D036389

 

Ephrins

MS = Signalling proteins that are ligands for the EPH FAMILY RECEPTORS. They are membrane-bound proteins that are attached to the CELL MEMBRANE either through a GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR or through a transmembrane domain. Many of the ephrins are considered important intercellular signalling molecules that control morphogenic changes during embryogenesis.

UI = D036342

 

Epichlorohydrin

MS = A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.

UI = D004811

 

Epidemiologic Factors

MS = Events, characteristics, or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a change in a health condition or other defined outcome.

AN = IM GEN only; for epidemiol factors of a disease, index only as disease /epidemiol (IM); no qualif; DF: EPIDEMIOL FACTORS

UI = D015981

 

Epidemiologic Measurements

MS = Statistical calculations on the occurrence of disease or other health-related conditions in defined populations.

AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics; DF: EPIDEMIOL MEASUREMENTS

UI = D015991

 

Epidemiologic Methods

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM); specify geog if pertinent; DF: EPIDEMIOL METHODS

UI = D004812

 

Epidemiologic Research Design

MS = The form and structure of analytic studies in epidemiologic and clinical research.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with subject of research (IM)

UI = D015340

 

Epidemiologic Studies

MS = Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; COHORT STUDIES; and CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES.

AN = exam & anal of data leading to epidemiol conclusions: differentiate from EPIDEMIOLOGY, the specialty; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: EPIDEMIOL STUDIES

UI = D016021

 

Epidemiologic Study Characteristics

MS = Types and formulations of studies used in epidemiological and clinical research.

AN = not used for indexing

UI = D016020

 

Epidemiology

MS = Field of medicine concerned with the determination of causes, incidence, and characteristic behavior of disease outbreaks affecting human populations. It includes the interrelationships of host, agent, and environment as related to the distribution and control of disease.

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; prefer /epidemiol with diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.31; do not confuse with TOPOGRAPHY, MEDICAL: epidemiol emphasizes disease outbreaks & disease-related conditions, topography emphasizes geography-related events; DF: EPIDEMIOL

UI = D004813

 

Epidemiology, Molecular

MS = The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; GEN or unspecified; IM; also as an epidemiol application of molec biol (NIM, no qualif); prefer specific epidemiol concept & specific molec or genet concept (IM) as coord with main headings /epidemiol (IM) & /genet (IM), as "molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in France" = RABIES VIRUS /genet (IM) + RNA, VIRAL /genet (NIM) (molec aspect from text) + RABIES /epidemiol (IM) (epidemiol aspect from text) + FRANCE /epidemiol (NIM); DF: EPIDEMIOL MOL

UI = D017720

 

Epidermal Cyst

MS = Intradermal or subcutaneous saclike structure, the wall of which is stratified epithelium containing keratohyalin granules.

AN = non-neoplastic; coord IM with organ/diseases term (IM); /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D004814

 

Epidermal Growth Factor

MS = A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells.

UI = D004815

 

Epidermal Necrolysis, Toxic

MS = An exfoliative disease of skin seen primarily in adults and characterized by flaccid bullae and spreading erythema so that the skin has the appearance of being scalded. It results primarily from a toxic reaction to various drugs, but occasionally occurs as a result of infection, neoplastic conditions, or other exposure.

AN = a toxic reaction to drugs; do not confuse X ref NONSTAPHYLOCOCCAL SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME with STAPHYLOCOCCAL SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME

UI = D004816

 

Epidermis

MS = The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).

UI = D004817

 

Epidermitis, Exudative, of Swine

MS = An acute generalized dermatitis of pigs which occurs from 5 to 35 days of age, characterized by sudden onset, with morbidity of 10 to 90% and mortality of 5 to 90%. The lesions are caused by Staphylococcus hyos but the bacterial agent is unable to penetrate the intact skin. Abrasions on the feet and legs or lacerations on the body frequently precede infection. In acute cases, a vesicular-type virus may be the predisposing factor. The causative organism is inhibited by most antibiotics. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed)

AN = don't forget also SWINE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL

UI = D004818

 

Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis

MS = An autosomal recessive trait with impaired cell-mediated immunity. About 15 human papillomaviruses are implicated in associated infection, four of which lead to skin neoplasms. The disease begins in childhood with red papules and later spreads over the body as gray or yellow scales.

AN = a non-neoplastic tumor virus infect

UI = D004819

 

Epidermolysis Bullosa

MS = Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.

AN = vesiculobullous skin dis; GEN only: prefer specifics; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D004820

 

Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita

MS = Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by trauma-induced, subepidermal blistering with no family history of the disease. Direct immunofluorescence shows IMMUNOGLOBULIN G deposited at the dermo-epidermal junction.

AN = note that this is acquired

UI = D016107

 

Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica

MS = Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D016108

 

Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex

MS = Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance and by serous bullae that heal without scarring.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D016110

 

Epidermolysis Bullosa, Junctional

MS = Form of epidermolysis bullosa having onset at birth or during the neonatal period and transmitted through autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by generalized blister formation, extensive denudation, and separation and cleavage of the basal cell plasma membranes from the basement membrane.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D016109

 

Epidermophyton

MS = A fungal genus which grows in the epidermis and is the cause of TINEA.

AN = infection = EPIDERMOPHYTOSIS see TINEA

UI = D004821

 

Epididymal Secretory Proteins

MS = Proteins secreted by the epididymal epithelium. These proteins are both tissue- and species-specific. They are important molecular agents in the process of sperm maturation.

UI = D030501

 

Epididymis

MS = The convoluted cordlike structure attached to the posterior of the testis. Epididymis consists of the head (caput), the body (corpus), and the tail (cauda). A network of ducts leaving the testis joins into a common epididymal tubule proper which provides the transport, storage, and maturation of SPERMATOZOA.

AN = NIM when used in fat-pad tissue studies; diseases: coord IM with TESTICULAR DISEASES (IM); inflammation = EPIDIDYMITIS

UI = D004822

 

Epididymitis

MS = Inflammation of the epididymis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = inflamm of epididymis

UI = D004823

 

Epidural Abscess

MS = Circumscribed collections of suppurative material occurring in the spinal or intracranial EPIDURAL SPACE. The majority of epidural abscesses occur in the spinal canal and are associated with OSTEOMYELITIS of a vertebral body; ANALGESIA, EPIDURAL; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include local and radicular pain, weakness, sensory loss, URINARY INCONTINENCE, and FECAL INCONTINENCE. Cranial epidural abscesses are usually associated with OSTEOMYELITIS of a cranial bone, SINUSITIS, or OTITIS MEDIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p710 and pp1240-1; J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Aug;65(2):209-12)

AN = coord (IM) with site (IM) + precoord organism infect (IM) + specific CNS infect term (IM)

UI = D020802

 

Epidural Neoplasms

MS = Neoplasms located in the space between the vertebral PERIOSTEUM and DURA MATER surrounding the SPINAL CORD. Tumors in this location are most often metastatic in origin and may cause neurologic deficits by mass effect on the spinal cord or nerve roots or by interfering with blood supply to the spinal cord.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); coord IM with specific vertebrae (NIM) to locate site on spinal cord

UI = D015174

 

Epidural Space

MS = Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal.

AN = NIM: usually locational so few qualif apply

UI = D004824

 

Epigastric Arteries

MS = Inferior and external epigastric arteries arise from external iliac; superficial from femoral; superior from internal thoracic. They supply the abdominal muscles, diaphragm, iliac region, and groin. The inferior epigastric artery is used in coronary artery bypass grafting and myocardial revascularization.

AN = nothing to do with stomach or gastric: read MeSH definition

UI = D019074

 

Epiglottis

MS = Thin leaf-shaped cartilage, covered with mucous membrane, at the root of the tongue, which folds back over the entrance to the larynx, covering it, during the act of swallowing.

AN = inflammation = EPIGLOTTITIS

UI = D004825

 

Epiglottitis

MS = Inflammation of the epiglottis.

AN = inflamm of epiglottis

UI = D004826

 

Epikeratophakia

MS = A procedure that modifies the refractive error of the lens by the transplantation of a donor cornea to the anterior surface of the patient's cornea. The basic indication for epikeratophakia is the incapability of correcting refractive errors with conservative methods, such as glasses, contact lenses, or intraocular lenses.

AN = a type of corneal transpl; epi- refers to transpl to anterior surface; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed

UI = D017391

 

Epilepsia Partialis Continua

MS = A variant of epilepsy characterized by continuous focal jerking of a body part over a period of hours, days, or even years without spreading to other body regions. Contractions may be aggravated by movement and are reduced, but not abolished during sleep. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY demonstrates epileptiform (spike and wave) discharges over the hemisphere opposite to the affected limb in most instances. The repetitive movements may originate from the CEREBRAL CORTEX or from subcortical structures (e.g., BRAIN STEM; BASAL GANGLIA). This condition is associated with Russian Spring and Summer encephalitis (see ENCEPHALITIS, TICK BORNE); Rasmussen syndrome (see ENCEPHALITIS); MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS. (From Brain, 1996 April;119(pt2):393-407; Epilepsia 1993;34;Suppl 1:S29-S36; and Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p319)

UI = D017036

 

Epilepsies, Myoclonic

MS = A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic (i.e., occurring secondary to known disease processes such as infections, hypoxic-ischemic injuries, trauma, etc.).

UI = D004831

 

Epilepsies, Partial

MS = Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)

UI = D004828

 

Epilepsy

MS = A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D004827

 

Epilepsy, Absence

MS = A childhood seizure disorder characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of geneneralized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the seizure. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)

AN = note X ref PETIT MAL EPILEPSY: do not confuse with PETIT MAL STATUS see STATUS EPILEPTICUS

UI = D004832

 

Epilepsy, Benign Neonatal

MS = A condition marked by recurrent seizures that occur during the first 4-6 weeks of life despite an otherwise benign neonatal course. Autosomal dominant familial and sporadic forms have been identified. Seizures generally consist of brief episodes of tonic posturing and other movements, apnea, eye deviations, and blood pressure fluctuations. These tend to remit after the 6th week of life. The risk of developing epilepsy at an older age is moderately increased in the familial form of this disorder. (Neurologia 1996 Feb;11(2):51-5)

UI = D020936

 

Epilepsy, Complex Partial

MS = A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)

AN = do not confuse with EPILEPSY, SIMPLE PARTIAL see EPILEPSIES, PARTIAL

UI = D017029

 

Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe

MS = A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by seizures which arise in the frontal lobe. A variety of clinical syndromes exist depending on the exact location of the seizure focus. Simple or complex motor movements may occur, and most commonly involve the face and upper extremities. Seizures in the anterior frontal regions may be associated with head and eye turning, typically away from the side of origin of the seizure. Frontal lobe seizures may be idiopathic (cryptogenic) or caused by an identifiable disease process such as traumatic injuries, neoplasms, or other macroscopic or microscopic lesions of the frontal lobes (symptomatic frontal lobe seizures). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp318-9)

UI = D017034

 

Epilepsy, Generalized

MS = Recurrent conditions characterized by epileptic seizures which arise diffusely and simultaneously from both hemispheres of the brain. Classification is generally based upon motor manifestations of the seizure (e.g., convulsive, nonconvulsive, akinetic, atonic, etc.) or etiology (e.g., idiopathic, cryptogenic, and symptomatic). (From Mayo Clin Proc, 1996 Apr;71(4):405-14)

AN = "generalized" as opposed to "focal" or partial ( = EPILEPSIES, PARTIAL); prefer specific indentions; note X ref EPILEPSY, TONIC: do not confuse with EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC

UI = D004829

 

Epilepsy, Partial, Motor

MS = A disorder characterized by recurrent localized paroxysmal discharges of cerebral neurons that give rise to seizures that have motor manifestations. The majority of partial motor seizures originate in the FRONTAL LOBE (see also EPILEPSY, FRONTAL LOBE). Motor seizures may manifest as tonic or clonic movements involving the face, one limb or one side of the body. A variety of more complex patterns of movement, including abnormal posturing of extremities, may also occur.

UI = D020938

 

Epilepsy, Partial, Sensory

MS = A disorder characterized by recurrent focal onset seizures which have sensory (i.e., olfactory, visual, tactile, gustatory, or auditory) manifestations. Partial seizures that feature alterations of consciousness are referred to as complex partial seizures (EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL).

UI = D020937

 

Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic

MS = Recurrent seizures causally related to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Seizure onset may be immediate but is typically delayed for several days after the injury and may not occur for up to two years. The majority of seizures have a focal onset that correlates clinically with the site of brain injury. Cerebral cortex injuries caused by a penetrating foreign object (CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, PENETRATING) are more likely than closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED) to be associated with epilepsy. Concussive convulsions are nonepileptic phenomena that occur immediately after head injury and are characterized by tonic and clonic movements. (From Rev Neurol 1998 Feb;26(150):256-261; Sports Med 1998 Feb;25(2):131-6)

AN = coord IM with specific type of epilepsy (IM or NIM)

UI = D004834

 

Epilepsy, Reflex

MS = A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)

AN = coord with stimulus which precipitates the seizures/adv eff if permitted

UI = D020195

 

Epilepsy, Rolandic

MS = An autosomal dominant inherited partial epilepsy syndrome with onset between age 3 and 13 years. Seizures are characterized by PARESTHESIA and tonic or clonic activity of the lower face associated with drooling and dysarthria. The episodes tend to occur at night and may become secondarily generalized. In most cases, affected children are neurologically and developmentally normal. The electroencephalogram shows characteristic high-voltage sharp waves over the central temporal regions, which are more prominent during drowsiness and sleep. In general, seizures do not continue beyond mid-adolescence. (From Epilepsia 1998 39;Suppl 4:S32-S41)

UI = D019305

 

Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe

MS = A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiolgy as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321)

UI = D004833

 

Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic

MS = A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)

AN = do not confuse with EPILEPSY, TONIC see EPILEPSY, GENERALIZED

UI = D004830

 

Epilobium

MS = A plant genus of the family ONAGRACEAE. The common name of fireweed is also used with other plants.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031666

 

Epimedium

MS = A plant genus of the family BERBERIDACEAE which is used in DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL. Members contain flavonol glycosides including epimedins, icariin and noricariin.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D034181

 

Epimestrol

MS = A synthetic steroid with estrogenic activity.

UI = D004836

 

Epinephrine

MS = The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D004837

 

Epiphyses

MS = The head of a long bone that is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united.

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; NIM with specific long bone IM; DIAPHYSES (shaft of long bones) is also available

UI = D004838

 

Epiphyses, Slipped

UI = D004839

 

Epiretinal Membrane

MS = A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) retinal pigment epithelial cells. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the fovea centralis. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with retinal holes, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)

AN = note category: a retinal dis

UI = D019773

 

Epirizole

MS = 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.

AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent

UI = D004840

 

Epirubicin

MS = An anthracycline antibiotic which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA. Clinical studies indicate activity in breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, ovarian cancer, soft-tissue sarcomas, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, small-cell lung cancer and acute leukemia. It is equal in activity to doxorubicin but exhibits less acute toxicities and less cardiotoxicity.

UI = D015251

 

Episiotomy

MS = An incision of the posterior vaginal wall and a portion of the pudenda which enlarges the vaginal introitus to facilitate delivery and prevent lacerations.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D004841

 

Episode of Care

MS = An interval of care by a health care facility or provider for a specific medical problem or condition. It may be continuous or it may consist of a series of intervals marked by one or more brief separations from care, and can also identify the sequence of care (e.g., emergency, inpatient, outpatient), thus serving as one measure of health care provided.

AN = may be one instance of care, a series of episodes or a sequence of care: read MeSH definition; no qualif

UI = D017050

 

Epispadias

MS = Congenital absence of the upper wall of the urethra.

AN = urethral abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D004842

 

Epistasis, Genetic

MS = A form of gene interaction whereby one gene interferes with the phenotypic expression of another nonallelic gene or genes. Genes whose expression is altered by nonallelic genes are said to be "hypostatic" or to exhibit "hypostasis".

AN = no qualif

UI = D004843

 

Epistaxis

MS = Bleeding from the nose.

UI = D004844

 

Epitestosterone

MS = 17 alpha-Hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3-one. A naturally occurring stereoisomer of testosterone with androgenic activity.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D004845

 

Epithalamus

MS = The dorsal posterior subdivision of the diencephalon. The epithalamus is generally considered to include the habenular nuclei (HABENULA) and associated fiber bundles, the PINEAL BODY, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle. The anterior and posterior paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus are included with the THALAMIC NUCLEI although they develop from the same pronuclear mass as the epithalamic nuclei and are sometimes considered part of the epithalamus.

UI = D019261

 

Epithelial Attachment

AN = do not confuse with "periodontal attachment" as in PERIODONTAL ATTACHMENT LOSS

UI = D004846

 

Epithelial Cells

MS = Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body.

AN = do not confuse with EPITHELIOID CELLS (type of macrophage)

UI = D004847

 

Epithelioid Cells

MS = Characteristic cells of granulomatous hypersensitivity. They appear as large, flattened cells with increased endoplasmic reticulum. They are believed to be activated macrophages that have differentiated as a result of prolonged antigenic stimulation. Further differentiation or fusion of epithelioid cells is thought to produce multinucleated giant cells (GIANT CELLS).

AN = a type of macrophage; A 11 qualif; do not confuse with EPITHELIAL CELLS

UI = D015622

 

Epithelium

MS = One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

AN = usually NIM with specific organ IM

UI = D004848

 

Epithelium, Corneal

MS = Stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the CORNEA. It is smooth and contains many free nerve endings.

AN = do not confuse with ENDOTHELIUM, CORNEAL; do not confuse X ref ANTERIOR CORNEAL EPITHELIUM with ANTERIOR CHAMBER EPITHELIUM see ENDOTHELIUM, CORNEAL

UI = D019573

 

Epitope Mapping

MS = Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.

UI = D018604

 

Epitopes

MS = Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

AN = X ref ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS: do not confuse with genetic determinants ( = GENES or specific)

UI = D000939

 

Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte

MS = Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the B-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the B-cell receptor are located on the surface of the antigen.

AN = sites on antigens recognized by B-lymphocytes; DF: note short X ref

UI = D018985

 

Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte

MS = Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.

AN = sites on antigens recognized by T-lymphocytes; DF: note short X ref

UI = D018984

 

Epoetin Alfa

MS = This recombinant erythropoetin, a 165-amino acid glycoprotein (about 62% protein and 38% carbohydrate), regulates red blood cell production. Epoetin alfa is produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells into which the human erythropoetin gene has been inserted. (USP Dictionary of USAN and International Drug Names, 1996).

AN = /drug eff permitted

UI = D019322

 

Eponyms

AN = IM; no qualif

UI = D004850

 

Epoprostenol

MS = A prostaglandin that is a powerful vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation. It is biosynthesized enzymatically from PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES in human vascular tissue. The sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension (HYPOTENSION, PUMONARY).

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGX or PGI

UI = D011464

 

Epothilones

MS = A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).

UI = D034261

 

Epoxide Hydrolases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze reversibly the formation of an epoxide or arene oxide from a glycol or aromatic diol, respectively. EC 3.3.2.3.

UI = D004851

 

Epoxy Compounds

AN = DF: EPOXY CPDS

UI = D004852

 

Epoxy Resins

MS = Organic compounds containing an epoxide group and characterized by strength and thermosetting properties. Epoxy resins are often used as dental materials.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D004853

 

epsilon Proteobacteria

MS = A group of proteobacteria consisting of chemoorganotrophs usually associated with the digestive system of humans and animals.

AN = DF: EPSILON PROTEOBACT

UI = D020565

 

epsilon-Crystallins

MS = A group of crystallins that have been found in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINS) of DUCKS and CROCODILES. They are inactivated forms of the B chain subunit of lactate dehydrogenase.

UI = D038221

 

Epsilonretrovirus

MS = A genus in the family RETROVIRIDAE infecting fish. Species include Walleye dermal sarcoma virus, Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus 1, and Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus 2.

AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS if pertinent + FISH DISEASES (IM) (see note there)

UI = D030283

 

Epstein-Barr Virus Infections

MS = Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).

UI = D020031

 

Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens

MS = Nuclear antigens encoded by Epstein-Barr virus genes. At least six nuclear antigens have been identified but their mechanism of action and role in B-cell transformation is still unknown.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D019309

 

Equatorial Guinea

MS = A republic in central Africa, north of GABON and bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Its capital is Malabo. Equatorial Guinea was discovered by the Portuguese in 1491 and ceded to Spain in 1778. The country gained independence in 1968. Equatorial refers to its location near the equator in the broad region long known as Guinea (from the Tuareg aginaw, black people). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p375 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p173, 222)

AN = a republic in central Africa; formerly Spanish Guinea; do not confuse with GUINEA (formerly French Guinea) or GUINEA-BISSAU (formerly Portuguese Guinea); in titles & translations spell Río Muni with accent

UI = D016703

 

Equidae

MS = A family of hoofed MAMMALS consisting of HORSES, donkeys, and zebras. Members of this family are strict herbivores and can be classified as either browsers or grazers depending on how they feed.

UI = D018397

 

Equilenin

MS = 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10),6,8-pentaen-17-one. A naturally occurring steroid with estrogenic activity obtained from the urine of pregnant mares.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; do not confuse with EQUILIN

UI = D004855

 

Equilibrative Nucleoside Transport Proteins

MS = A class of sodium-independent nucleoside transporters that mediate the facilitative transport of NUCLEOSIDES.

UI = D033705

 

Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1

MS = A subtype of equilibrative nucleoside transporter proteins that is sensitive to inhibition by 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine.

UI = D033721

 

Equilibrative-Nucleoside Transporter 2

MS = A subtype of equilibrative nucleoside transporter proteins that is insensitive to inhibition by 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine.

UI = D033722

 

Equilibrium

MS = A state of being evenly balanced or the harmonious performance of function. Its physiological application is in the biomechanical responses of the musculoskeletal system during standing, walking, sitting, and other movements. Stability and equilibrium are related to the mathematics of the center of gravity of the body.

AN = an aspect of musculoskeletal physiol; not for equilibrium in chem reactions ( = CHEMISTRY); disord of equilibrium: coord IM with SENSATION DISORDERS (IM)

UI = D004856

 

Equilin

MS = 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)7-tetraen-17-one. A naturally occurring steroid with estrogenic activity obtained from the urine of pregnant mares.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; do not confuse with EQUILENIN

UI = D004857

 

Equine Infectious Anemia

MS = Viral disease of horses caused by the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV; INFECTIOUS ANEMIA VIRUS, EQUINE). It is characterized by intermittent fever, weakness, and anemia. Chronic infection consists of acute episodes with remissions.

AN = caused by a lentivirus; don't forget also HORSES (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DGF: note short X ref

UI = D004859

 

Equinus Deformity

MS = Plantar declination of the foot.

AN = do not confuse with EQUINOVARUS see CLUBFOOT

UI = D004863

 

Equipment and Supplies

MS = Expendable and nonexpendable equipment, supplies, apparatus, and instruments that are used in diagnostic, surgical, therapeutic, scientific, and experimental procedures.

AN = GEN only: prefer /instrum: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.40; when GEN & IM, Manual 26.24+; DF: EQUIPMENT

UI = D004864

 

Equipment and Supplies, Hospital

MS = Any materials used in providing care specifically in the hospital.

AN = covers wide range from furnaces to surgical dressings; DF: EQUIPMENT HOSP

UI = D004865

 

Equipment Contamination

MS = The presence of an infectious agent on instruments, prostheses, or other inanimate articles.

UI = D004866

 

Equipment Design

AN = NIM; coord with specific equip (IM) or specific techn /instrum (IM)

UI = D004867

 

Equipment Failure

MS = Failure of equipment to perform up to standards. The failure may be due to defects or improper use.

AN = NIM; coord with specific equip (IM) or specific techn /instrum (IM)

UI = D004868

 

Equipment Failure Analysis

MS = Determination of reliability and maintainability of equipment.

AN = NIM; coord with specific equip (IM) or specific techn /instrum (IM)

UI = D019544

 

Equipment Reuse

MS = Further or repeated use of equipment, instruments, devices, or materials. It includes additional use regardless of the original intent of the producer as to disposability or durability. It does not include the repeated use of fluids or solutions.

AN = NIM; coord with specific equip (IM) or specific techn /instrum (IM)

UI = D017743

 

Equipment Safety

MS = Freedom of equipment from actual or potential hazards.

AN = NIM; coord with specific equip (IM) or specific techn /instrum (IM)

UI = D004869

 

Equisetum

MS = The only living genus of the order Equisetales, class Equisetopsida (Sphenopsida), division Equisetophyta (Sphenophyta); distantly related to ferns. It grows in moist places. The hollow, jointed, ridged stems contain SILICATES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D020829

 

Erabutoxins

MS = Toxins isolated from the venom of Laticauda semifasciata, a sea snake (Hydrophid); immunogenic, basic polypeptides of 62 amino acids, folded by four disulfide bonds, block neuromuscular end-plates irreversibly, thus causing paralysis and severe muscle damage; they are similar to Elapid neurotoxins.

AN = toxins from venom of a sea snake; /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS

UI = D004870

 

Eragrostis

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031750

 

Erbium

MS = Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.

AN = a rare earth metal; Er-166; Er-162, 164, 167, 168, 170 = ERBIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Er-158-161, 163, 165, 169, 171, 172 = ERBIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

UI = D004871

 

Erdheim-Chester Disease

MS = A rare form of non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL) with onset in middle age. The systemic disease is characterized by infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, an inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the bone marrow, and a generalized sclerosis of the long bones.

UI = D031249

 

Ergocalciferols

MS = Vitamin D2 analogs or derivatives. The compounds are used chiefly as oral antirachitic vitamins.

AN = D vitamins; /defic permitted but coord IM with VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY (IM)

UI = D004872

 

Ergolines

MS = A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.

UI = D004873

 

Ergoloid Mesylates

MS = A mixture of the mesylates (methane sulfonates) of DIHYDROERGOCORNINE, DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE, and the alpha- and beta-isomers of DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. The substance produces a generalized peripheral vasodilation and a fall in arterial pressure and has been used to treat symptoms of mild to moderate impairment of mental function in the elderly.

UI = D004877

 

Ergometry

MS = Any method of measuring the amount of work done by an organism, usually during EXERTION. Ergometry also includes measures of power. Some instruments used in these determinations include the hand crank and the bicycle ergometer.

UI = D016552

 

Ergonovine

MS = An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and vascular smooth muscle contractile properties.

UI = D004874

 

Ergosterol

AN = a D vitamin

UI = D004875

 

Ergot Alkaloids

MS = Alkaloids originally isolated from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea (Hypocreaceae). They include compounds that are structurally related to ergoline (ERGOLINES) and ERGOTAMINE (ERGOTAMINES). Many of the ergot alkaloids act as alpha-adrenergic antagonists.

UI = D004876

 

Ergotamine

MS = A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is an alpha-1 selective adrenergic agonist and is commonly used in the treatment of MIGRAINE.

UI = D004878

 

Ergotamines

MS = A series of structurally-related alkaloids containing the ergotaman backbone structure.

UI = D004879

 

Ergothioneine

MS = A naturally occuring metabolite of HISTIDINE that has antioxidant properties.

UI = D004880

 

Ergotism

MS = Poisoning caused by ingesting ergotized grain or by the misdirected or excessive use of ergot as a medicine.

AN = pois from eating ergot-tainted grain or ergot admin as ther agent

UI = D004881

 

Ericaceae

MS = The heath plant family of the order Ericales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida that are generally shrubs or small trees. Leaves are alternate, simple, and leathery; flowers are symmetrical with a 4- or 5-parted corolla of partly fused petals.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029791

 

Eriobotrya

MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE that is the source of an edible fruit. Members contain TRITERPENES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031983

 

Eriocaulaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Commelinales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D039262

 

Eriodictyon

MS = A plant genus of the family HYDROPHYLLACEAE that has a characteristic strong smell.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031322

 

Eriogonum

MS = A plant genus of the family POLYGONACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031803

 

Eritrea

MS = A country of eastern Africa, west of the Red Sea. In ancient times, it formed a part of many kingdoms at different periods. Its capital is Asmara. Under Italian rule from 1869 to 1890 and under the British as a protectorate until 1952, it was federated with Ethiopia in 1952 and was made one of its provinces in 1962. In 1991 Eritrea was established as a de facto independent state and became fully independent in 1993. The name Eritrea alludes to its location near the Red Sea since it comes from the Greek erythros, red. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, p376 & Information Section, Embassy of Eritrea, Washington, D.C., 1995; from Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p174)

AN = a country of eastern Africa, formerly a province of Ethiopia

UI = D019017

 

Erotica

MS = Literary or artistic items having an erotic theme. It refers especially to books treating sexual love in a sensuous or voluptuous manner. (Webster, 3d ed)

AN = only /hist /legis /psychol

UI = D004882

 

Erucic Acids

MS = cis-13-Docosenoic Acids. 22-Carbon monounsaturated, monocarboxylic acids.

UI = D004883

 

Eructation

MS = The ejection of gas or air through the mouth from the stomach.

UI = D004884

 

Erwinia

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are associated with plants as pathogens, saprophytes, or as constituents of the epiphytic flora.

AN = in plants; rarely infects humans but if so, coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D004885

 

Erwinia carotovora

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that causes rotting, particularly of storage tissues, of a wide variety of plants and causes a vascular disease of carrot and potato plants.

UI = D016973

 

Erwinia chrysanthemi

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that causes vascular wilts on a wide range of plant species.

UI = D016974

 

Eryngium

MS = A plant genus of the family APIACEAE. Members contain SAPONINS.

AN = Holly see ILEX is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031049

 

Erysimum

MS = A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE. Some members contain CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032601

 

Erysipelas

MS = An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.

AN = Strep skin dis; do not confuse with ERYSIPELOID, caused by Erysipelothrix; do not confuse with SWINE ERYSIPELAS, also an Erysipelothrix infection

UI = D004886

 

Erysipeloid

MS = An infection caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that is almost wholly restricted to persons who in their occupation handle infected fish, shellfish, poultry, or meat. Three forms of this condition exist: a mild localized form manifested by local swelling and redness of the skin; a diffuse form that might present with fever; and a rare systemic form associated with endocarditis.

AN = caused by the bacterium Erysipelothrix; do not confuse with ERYSIPELAS, caused by a Streptococcus

UI = D004887

 

Erysipelothrix

MS = A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that has a tendency to form long filaments. Its organisms are widely distributed in nature and are parasitic on mammals, birds, and fish.

AN = infection = ERYSIPELOTHRIX INFECTIONS

UI = D004888

 

Erysipelothrix Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus ERYSIPELOTHRIX.

AN = gram-pos bact infect; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL

UI = D004889

 

Erythema

MS = Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; redness of the skin from various causes: do not confuse with ERYTHRODERMA see DERMATITIS, EXFOLIATIVE & do not make diagnoses: use the word of the text; prickly heat: index under MILIARIA

UI = D004890

 

Erythema Chronicum Migrans

MS = A deep type of gyrate erythema that follows a bite by an ixodid tick; it is a stage-1 manifestation of LYME DISEASE. The site of the bite is characterized by a red papule that expands peripherally as a nonscaling, palpable band that clears centrally. This condition is often associated with systemic symptoms such as chills, fever, headache, malaise, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, backache, and stiff neck.

AN = from a tick bite; "stage-1 manifestation of LYME DISEASE"

UI = D015787

 

Erythema Induratum

MS = A type of panniculitis characterized histologically by the presence of granulomas, vasculitis, and necrosis. It is traditionally considered to be the tuberculous counterpart of nodular vasculitis, but is now known to occur without tuberculous precedent. It is seen most commonly in adolescent and menopausal women, is initiated or exacerbated by cold weather, and typically presents as one or more recurrent erythrocyanotic nodules or plaques on the calves. The nodules may progress to form indurations, ulcerations, and scars.

AN = a form of cutaneous tuberc

UI = D004891

 

Erythema Infectiosum

MS = Contagious infection with human B19 Parvovirus most commonly seen in school age children and characterized by fever, headache, and rashes of the face, trunk, and extremities. It is often confused with rubella.

AN = caused by Parvovirus B19 but do not index under PARVOVIRUS B19, HUMAN unless particularly discussed

UI = D016731

 

Erythema Multiforme

MS = A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.

UI = D004892

 

Erythema Nodosum

MS = An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.

AN = a drug eruption with inflamm nodules; erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) = ERYTHEMA NODOSUM (IM) + LEPROSY, LEPROMATOUS (IM)

UI = D004893

 

Erythrasma

MS = A chronic bacterial infection of major folds of the skin, caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum.

AN = bact skin dis caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum

UI = D004894

 

Erythrina

MS = A genus of leguminous shrubs or trees, mainly tropical, yielding certain alkaloids, lectins, and other useful compounds.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D004895

 

Erythritol

MS = A four-carbon sugar that is found in algae, fungi, and lichens. It is twice as sweet as sucrose and can be used as a coronary vasodilator.

UI = D004896

 

Erythrityl Tetranitrate

MS = A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1020)

UI = D004897

 

Erythroblastosis Virus, Avian

MS = A species of ALPHARETROVIRUS causing progressive anemia and weakness in domestic and wild fowl.

AN = infection: coord IM with AVIAN LEUKOSIS (IM)

UI = D004898

 

Erythroblastosis, Fetal

MS = Hemolytic anemia of the fetus or newborn infant, caused by the transplacental transmission of maternally formed antibody, usually secondary to an incompatibility between the blood group of the mother and that of her offspring. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a blood group incompatibility; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; erythroblastosis, non-fetal may be ERYTHREMIC MYELOSIS but be careful; do not confuse with HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN

UI = D004899

 

Erythroblasts

MS = Immature, nucleated erythrocytes occupying the stage of ERYTHROPOIESIS that follows formation of ERYTHROID PROGENITOR CELLS and precedes formation of RETICULOCYTES. Popularly called normoblasts.

AN = A 11 qualif

UI = D004900

 

Erythrocebus

MS = a genus of Old World monkeys of the family CERCOPITHECINAE that inhabit the forests and savannas of Africa. It contains only one species, ERYTHROCEBUS PATAS, also known as the patas monkey or red monkey.

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D016669

 

Erythrocebus patas

MS = A species of the genus ERYTHROCEBUS, subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE. It inhabits the flat open arid country of Africa. It is also known as the patas monkey or the red monkey.

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D004901

 

Erythrocruorins

MS = High molecular weight (1,500,000 to 3,000,000) hemoglobins found in the plasma of many polychete and oligochete annelid worms and various mollusks. They bind one mole of oxygen per heme and function as oxygen carriers.

AN = in plasma of various annelids & mollusks

UI = D004902

 

Erythrocyte Aggregation

MS = Aggregation of erythrocytes probably resulting from changes in the negative surface charge (zeta potential) of the cells caused by the dielectric effect of proteins in the surrounding plasma, especially asymmetric macromolecules like fibrinogen and gamma-globulin.

AN = coord with disease /blood, not disease /physiopathol

UI = D004903

 

Erythrocyte Aggregation, Intravascular

MS = The massing or clumping of erythrocytes in intact blood vessels in response to injury or in certain diseases, interfering with adequate blood flow. It is also called sludging of blood and intravascular agglutination. (Dorland, 24th ed)

AN = do not confuse with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION; DF: ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION INTRAVASC

UI = D004904

 

Erythrocyte Aging

MS = Senescence of the red blood cell. Lacking the organelles that make protein synthesis possible, the mature erythrocyte is incapable of self-repair, reproduction, and carrying out certain functions performed by other cells. This limits the average life span of an erythrocyte to 120 days.

AN = coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol

UI = D004905

 

Erythrocyte Count

MS = A count of the number of red blood cells per unit volume in a sample of venous blood.

AN = NIM; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol

UI = D004906

 

Erythrocyte Deformability

MS = Ability of erythrocytes to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature.

AN = note category: "ability of erythrocytes to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature"; do not confuse with ERYTHROCYTES, ABNORMAL: deformability is a normal desirable characteristic of erythrocytes; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol

UI = D004907

 

Erythrocyte Inclusions

MS = Pathologic inclusions occurring in erythrocytes.

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol

UI = D004908

 

Erythrocyte Indices

MS = Quantification of size and cell hemoglobin content or concentration of the erythrocyte, usually derived from erythrocyte count, blood hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit. Includes the mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Use also for cell diameter and thickness.

AN = emphasis here is on determinative techniques; do not confuse with ERYTHROCYTES /cytol where emphasis is on structure; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol

UI = D004909

 

Erythrocyte Membrane

MS = The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis.

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D004910

 

Erythrocyte Transfusion

MS = The transfer of erythrocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; for transfusion back to donor, coord IM with BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS (NIM)

UI = D017707

 

Erythrocyte Volume

MS = Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique.

AN = restrict to total amt of circulating erythrocytes: do not use for size of individual erythrocytes (use ERYTHROCYTES /cytol); ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME, PACKED & ERYTHROCYTE INDICES are also available; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol

UI = D004911

 

Erythrocytes

MS = Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen.

AN = vertebrates only; for invertebrates index under HEMOCYTES; A 11 qualif; /cytol: consider also ERYTHROCYTE INDICES & its X refs; /pathol permitted: do not equate with ERYTHROCYTES, ABNORMAL; nucleated erythrocytes in circulating blood = ERYTHROCYTES /pathol; ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY is available: see definition there; erythrocyte antibodies: index BLOOD GROUPS /immunol + ISOANTIBODIES & do not index under ERYTHROCYTES

UI = D004912

 

Erythrocytes, Abnormal

AN = = abnorm of size & shape; do not equate with ERYTHROCYTES /pathol; do not confuse with ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY which is the "ability of erythrocytes to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature"; A 11 qualif; coord with disease /blood, not /compl

UI = D004913

 

Erythroid Progenitor Cells

MS = Committed, erythroid stem cells derived from myeloid stem cells. The progenitor cells develop in two phases: erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) followed by erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E); BFU-E differentiate into CFU-E on stimulation by erythropoietin, and then further differentiate into erythroblasts when stimulated by other factors.

AN = A 11 qualif

UI = D015672

 

Erythromelalgia

MS = Disease marked by paroxysmal, bilateral vasodilatation, particularly of the extremities, with burning pain, and increased skin temperature and redness.

AN = painful burning & redness of limbs

UI = D004916

 

Erythromycin

MS = A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.

UI = D004917

 

Erythromycin Estolate

MS = A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.

UI = D004918

 

Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate

MS = A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.

UI = D015643

 

Erythroplasia

MS = A condition of the mucous membrane characterized by erythematous papular lesions. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = precancerous dis of the mucous membranes

UI = D004919

 

Erythropoiesis

MS = The production of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES). In humans, erythrocytes are produced by the yolk sac in the first trimester; by the liver in the second trimester; by the bone marrow in the third trimester and after birth. In normal individuals, the erythrocyte count in the peripheral blood remains relatively constant implying a balance between the rate of erythrocyte production and rate of destruction.

UI = D004920

 

Erythropoietin

MS = Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D004921

 

Erythropoietin, Recombinant

MS = ERYTHROPOIETIN prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

AN = "prepared by recombinant DNA technol"; /drug eff permitted

UI = D019321

 

Erythrosine

MS = A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.

AN = do not confuse with Erythrocin, a brand of ERYTHROMYCIN

UI = D004923

 

Erythrovirus

MS = A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, and containing the type species PARVOVIRUS B19, HUMAN.

AN = infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D019218

 

Erythroxylaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Linales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the coca plant.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D030921

 

Escape Reaction

MS = Innate response elicited by sensory stimuli associated with a threatening situation, or actual confrontation with an enemy.

AN = human & animal

UI = D004924

 

Escherichia

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens.

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D004925

 

Escherichia coli

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections.

AN = not for "coliform bacillus" ( = COLIFORM BACILLI see ENTEROBACTERIACEAE); infection = ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS

UI = D004926

 

Escherichia coli Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.

AN = gram-neg bact infect; DF: E COLI INFECTIONS or E COLI INFECT

UI = D004927

 

Escherichia coli O157

MS = A verocytotoxin-producing serogroup belonging to the O subfamily of Escherichia coli which has been shown to cause severe food-borne disease. Recently, a strain from this serogroup, serotype H7 which produces Shiga-like toxins, has been linked to human disease outbreaks resulting from contamination of foods from bovine origin. This serogroup causes hemorrhagic and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME and predominantly hemorrhagic diarrhea and GASTROENTERITIS in children.

AN = infection: coord IM with ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS (IM); consider also HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; in titles & translations use O157 (the letter O), not 0157 (the number zero)

UI = D019453

 

Escherichia coli Proteins

MS = Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

UI = D029968

 

Escherichia coli Vaccines

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat both enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections.

UI = D022361

 

Eschscholzia

MS = A plant genus of the family PAPAVERACEAE that contains benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031675

 

Escin

MS = Saponin occurring in the seed of the horse chestnut tree. Inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.

UI = D004928

 

Esculin

UI = D004929

 

Eskimos

MS = An ethnic group of the Mongoloid racial stock inhabiting primarily arctic areas.

AN = IM; Eskimos are of the MONGOLOID RACE; specify geog if pertinent; as ethnic group: Manual 30.6.1-.4, 34.7

UI = D004930

 

Esocidae

MS = A family of freshwater fish of the order ESOCIFORMES, comprising the pikes, inhabiting the waters of the Northern Hemisphere. There is one genus, Esox, with five species: northern pike, grass pickerel, chain pickerel, muskellunge, and Amur pike.

UI = D017859

 

Esociformes

MS = An order of fishes native to North America and Northern Eurasia, consisting of two familes: ESOCIDAE (pikes) and UMBRIDAE (mudminnows).

UI = D023661

 

Esophageal Achalasia

MS = Disorder of lower esophagogastric motility due to failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax with swallowing. It is sometimes caused by degeneration of the ganglion cells of the myenteric plexus or of the vagal motor nuclei.

AN = failure of esophageal sphincter to relax; X ref CARDIOSPASM refers to spasm of the cardia, not the heart; not for esophageal spasm ( = ESOPHAGEAL SPASM, DIFFUSE)

UI = D004931

 

Esophageal and Gastric Varices

MS = Submucosal varices of the lower esophagus or gastric fundus mucosa, frequently caused by the development of portal collateral vessels consequent to portal hypertension.

AN = do not specify esophageal or gastric aspect unless particularly discussed; hemorrhaging esophageal or gastric varices: coord IM with HEMORRHAGE, GASTROINTESTINAL (IM)

UI = D004932

 

Esophageal Atresia

MS = Congenital failure of the full esophageal lumen to develop that commonly occurs with TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA. Symptoms include excessive salivation, gagging, cyanosis, and dyspnea.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D004933

 

Esophageal Cyst

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D004934

 

Esophageal Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = ESOPHAGITIS; hemorrhage: coord IM with HEMORRHAGE, GASTROINTESTINAL (NIM); motility disord = ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY DISORDERS or specific; esophageal varix or varices = ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES & see note there

UI = D004935

 

Esophageal Fistula

MS = Abnormal passage communicating with the esophagus.

AN = fistula policy: Manual 23.19+; ESOPHAGOTRACHEAL FISTULA see TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA is also available

UI = D004937

 

Esophageal Motility Disorders

MS = Disorders affecting the motor function of the upper or lower esophageal sphincters, the esophageal body, or a combination of these parts. The failure of the sphincters to maintain a tonic pressure may result in the impeding of the passage of food, regurgitation of food, or reflux of gastric acid into the esophagus.

UI = D015154

 

Esophageal Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the esophagus.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D004938

 

Esophageal Perforation

MS = An opening or hole in the esophagus as the result of an injury or pathological process. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = caused by dis or inj; esophageal rupture does not go here: index ESOPHAGUS /inj (IM) + RUPTURE (NIM) or ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES (IM) + RUPTURE, SPONTANEOUS (NIM)

UI = D004939

 

Esophageal Spasm, Diffuse

MS = A motor disorder of the esophagus characterized by chest pain and dysphagia. Pathogenesis is unclear. Strong, nonpropulsive contractions of the esophagus evoked by deglutition occur, especially in the elderly.

AN = "diffuse" need not be used by author: note X ref; DF: ESOPHAGEAL SPASM

UI = D015155

 

Esophageal Stenosis

MS = Stricture of the esophagus.

AN = caustic stenosis is indexed ESOPHAGEAL STENOSIS /chem ind + BURNS, CHEMICAL

UI = D004940

 

Esophagectomy

MS = Excision of part (partial) or all (total) of the esophagus. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = includes partial & total; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D016629

 

Esophagitis

MS = Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma.

AN = ESOPHAGITIS, PEPTIC is also available

UI = D004941

 

Esophagitis, Peptic

MS = Inflammation of the esophagus caused by reflux of gastric juice and/or stomach and duodenal contents.

AN = inflamm of esophagus from gastric reflux

UI = D004942

 

Esophagogastric Junction

AN = diseases: coord IM with ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS or ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS (IM) depending on text

UI = D004943

 

Esophagoplasty

MS = A plastic operation on the esophagus. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D004944

 

Esophagoscopes

MS = Endoscopes for examining the interior of the esophagus.

UI = D020701

 

Esophagoscopy

MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the esophagus.

UI = D004945

 

Esophagostomy

MS = Surgical formation of an external opening (stoma) into the esophagus.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D004946

 

Esophagus

AN = /blood supply: ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES is available: see note there; /surg: consider also ESOPHAGECTOMY, ESOPHAGOPLASTY or ESOPHAGOSTOMY; inflammation = ESOPHAGITIS; hemorrhage = ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES (IM) + GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE (NIM); rupture: index under ESOPHAGUS /inj (IM) + RUPTURE (NIM) or ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES (IM) + RUPTURE, SPONTANEOUS (NIM); esophageal spasm = ESOPHAGEAL SPASM see ESOPHAGEAL SPASM, DIFFUSE; esophageal stricture = ESOPHAGEAL STENOSIS; peristalsis of the esophagus = ESOPHAGUS /physiol (IM) + PERISTALSIS (NIM); esophageal intubation = ESOPHAGUS (IM) + INTUBATION (IM); esophageal obturator airway = ESOPHAGUS (IM) + INTUBATION /instrum (IM)

UI = D004947

 

Esotropia

MS = A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.

AN = do not confuse with EXOTROPIA, eye turning outward

UI = D004948

 

Essays [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of collections of papers or interpretive literary compositions not previously published.

UI = D020474

 

Essential Tremor

MS = A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)

UI = D020329

 

Estazolam

MS = A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than diazepam or nitrazepam.

UI = D004949

 

Esterases

UI = D004950

 

Esterification

MS = The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes.

AN = almost never IM

UI = D004951

 

Esters

AN = NIM; avoid qualif

UI = D004952

 

Estetrol

MS = Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,15 alpha,16 alpha,17 beta-tetrol. A metabolite of estradiol in man, with estrogenic properties.

UI = D004953

 

Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory

MS = A malignant olfactory neuroblastoma arising from the olfactory epithelium of the superior nasal cavity and cribriform plate. It is uncommon (3% of nasal tumors) and rarely is associated with the production of excess hormones (e.g., SIADH, Cushing Syndrome). It has a high propensity for multiple local recurrences and bony metastases. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3rd ed, p1245; J Laryngol Otol 1998 Jul;112(7):628-33)

AN = coord IM with NASAL CAVITY (IM) + NOSE NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018304

 

Esthetics

MS = The branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of the beautiful. It includes beauty, esthetic experience, esthetic judgment, esthetic aspects of medicine, etc.

UI = D004954

 

Esthetics, Dental

MS = Skills, techniques, standards, and principles used to improve the art and symmetry of the teeth and face to improve the appearance as well as the function of the teeth, mouth, and face. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p108)

AN = includes teeth, mouth or face; DF: ESTHETICS DENT

UI = D004955

 

Estivation

MS = In certain living species, a period of dormancy during the summer months marked by decreased metabolism.

AN = animal only; a natural physiol process; summer dormancy corresponding to HIBERNATION, winter dormancy

UI = D004956

 

Estonia

UI = D004957

 

Estradiol

MS = The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex.

UI = D004958

 

Estradiol Antagonists

MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or action of estradiol.

AN = DF: ESTRADIOL ANTAG

UI = D004959

 

Estradiol Dehydrogenases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of estradiol at the 17-hydroxyl group in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+ to yield estrone and NADH or NADPH. The 17-hydroxyl group can be in the alpha- or beta-configuration. EC 1.1.1.62

UI = D004960

 

Estramustine

MS = A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.

UI = D004961

 

Estranes

MS = A group of compounds forming the nucleus of the estrogenic steroid family.

AN = do not confuse with ESTRENES

UI = D004962

 

Estrenes

MS = Unsaturated derivatives of the ESTRANES with methyl groups at carbon-13, with no carbon at carbon-10, and with no more than one carbon at carbon-17. They must contain one or more double bonds.

AN = do not confuse with ESTRANES

UI = D004963

 

Estriol

MS = A metabolite of ESTRADIOL and usually the predominant estrogenic metabolite in urine. During pregnancy, large amounts of estriol are produced by the placenta. It has also been obtained from plant sources. The 16 beta-isomer has also been isolated from the urine of pregnant women.

AN = /physiol permitted

UI = D004964

 

Estrogen Antagonists

MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the action or biosynthesis of estrogen.

AN = DF: ESTROGEN ANTAG; do not confuse with ANTIESTROGENS see ESTROGEN RECEPT MODULATORS

UI = D004965

 

Estrogen Receptor Modulators

MS = Substances that possess antiestrogenic actions but can also produce estrogenic effects as well. They act as complete or partial agonist or as antagonist. They can be either steroidal or nonsteroidal in structure.

AN = do not confuse with SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS

UI = D020847

 

Estrogen Replacement Therapy

MS = The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, DYSPAREUNIA, and progressive development of OSTEOPOROSIS. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy.

AN = coord IM with specific estrogen (IM or NIM) and also specific progestational agent (IM or NIM) if pertinent; check tag FEMALE; DF: ESTROGEN REPLACE

UI = D015914

 

Estrogens

MS = A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics and control of the cyclical changes in the reproductive cycle. They are also required for pregnancy maintenance and have an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and water retention.

AN = /defic: consider also HYPOGONADISM & other gonadal disorders in Cat C19; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to ESTROGENS, SYNTHETIC; for antagonists consider ANTIESTROGENS or ESTROGEN ANTAGONISTS

UI = D004967

 

Estrogens, Catechol

MS = 2- or 4-Hydroxyestrogens. Substances that are physiologically active in mammals, especially in the control of gonadotropin secretion. Physiological activity can be ascribed to either an estrogenic action or interaction with the catecholaminergic system.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D002393

 

Estrogens, Conjugated

MS = An amorphous preparation containing water-soluble, conjugated forms of mixed estrogens obtained either wholly or partly from the urine of pregnant mares or synthetically from ESTRONE and EQUILIN. The principal estrogen present is sodium estrone sulfate. The total estrogenic potency of the preparation is expressed in terms of an equivalent quantity of sodium estrone sulfate. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

UI = D004966

 

Estrogens, Non-Steroidal

MS = Non-steroidal compounds with estrogenic activity.

UI = D004968

 

Estrogens, Synthetic

MS = Compounds obtained by chemical synthesis which possess estrogenic activity, but differ in structure from naturally occurring estrogens.

AN = /antag permitted: do not confuse with ESTROGENS /chem syn; DF: ESTROGENS SYN

UI = D004969

 

Estrone

MS = A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).

AN = /physiol permitted

UI = D004970

 

Estrous Cycle

MS = The period of cyclic physiological and behavior changes in non-primate female mammals that exhibit ESTRUS. The estrous cycle generally consists of 4 or 5 distinct periods corresponding to the endocrine status (PROESTRUS, ESTRUS, METESTRUS, DIESTRUS, and ANESTRUS).

AN = non-primate mammals only; humans & other primates, use MENSTRUAL CYCLE

UI = D030762

 

Estrus

MS = The period in the ESTROUS CYCLE associated with maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in non-primate female mammals.

AN = non-primate mammals only

UI = D004971

 

Estrus Detection

MS = Methods for recognizing the state of ESTRUS.

AN = animal only

UI = D004972

 

Estrus Synchronization

MS = Occurrence or induction of ESTRUS in all of the females in a group at the same time, applies only to non-primate mammals with ESTROUS CYCLE.

AN = non-primate mammals only

UI = D004973

 

Etanidazole

MS = A nitroimidazole that sensitizes hypoxic tumor cells that are normally resistant to radiation therapy.

UI = D017341

 

Etazolate

MS = A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.

UI = D004974

 

Ethacridine

MS = A topically applied anti-infective agent.

UI = D004975

 

Ethacrynic Acid

MS = A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracelluar fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.

UI = D004976

 

Ethambutol

MS = An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863)

UI = D004977

 

Ethamoxytriphetol

MS = A non-steroidal estrogen antagonist.

UI = D004978

 

Ethamsylate

MS = Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.

UI = D004979

 

Ethane

UI = D004980

 

Ethanol

MS = A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.

AN = for "alcohol" unspecified; /antag: consider also ALCOHOL DETERRENTS; ethanol production by organisms = /metab; /pois: for acute alcohol pois, acute alcoholic intox, binge drinking, but ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION is available for drunkenness & ALCOHOLISM for chronic alcohol intox; consider also ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; hypophysectomy by alcohol injection = HYPOPHYSECTOMY, CHEMICAL & do not index under ETHANOL unless particularly discussed; "abstinence from alcohol" = TEMPERANCE

UI = D000431

 

Ethanolamine

MS = A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases.

AN = ETHANOLAMINES also available

UI = D019856

 

Ethanolamine Ammonia-Lyase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of ethanolamine to acetaldehyde. EC 4.3.1.7.

UI = D004981

 

Ethanolaminephosphotransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the transfer of phosphoethanolamine from CDP-ethanolamine to diacylglycerol to yield phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin) and CMP. The enzyme is found in the endoplasmic reticulum. EC 2.7.8.1.

UI = D004982

 

Ethanolamines

MS = AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the ETHANOLAMINE; (-NH2CH2CHOH) group and its derivatives.

AN = ETHANOLAMINE is also available

UI = D004983

 

Ethchlorvynol

MS = A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of insomnia. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.

UI = D004984

 

Ethenoadenosine Triphosphate

MS = 1,N-6-Ethenoadenosine triphosphate. A fluorescent analog of adenosine triphosphate.

AN = "a fluorescent analog of ATP"

UI = D004985

 

Ether, Ethyl

MS = A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.

UI = D004986

 

Ethers

AN = do not confuse with ETHER see ETHER, ETHYL

UI = D004987

 

Ethers, Cyclic

MS = Compounds of the general formula R-O-R arranged in a ring or crown formation.

UI = D004988

 

Ethical Analysis

MS = The use of systematic methods of ethical examination, such as CASUISTRY or ETHICAL THEORY, in reasoning about moral problems.

UI = D026689

 

Ethical Relativism

MS = The philosophical view that conceptions of truth and moral values are not absolute but are relative to the persons or groups holding them. (from American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed)

UI = D028781

 

Ethical Review

MS = A formal process of examination of patient care or research proposals for conformity with ethical standards. The review is usually conducted by an organized clinical or research ethics committee (CLINICAL ETHICS COMMITTEES or RESEARCH ETHICS COMMITTEES), sometimes by a subset of such a committee, an ad hoc group, or an individual ethicist (ETHICISTS).

UI = D026724

 

Ethical Theory

MS = A philosophically coherent set of propositions (for example, utilitarianism) which attempts to provide general norms for the guidance and evaluation of moral conduct. (from Beauchamp and Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 4th ed)

UI = D028663

 

Ethicists

MS = Persons trained in philosophical or theological ethics who work in clinical, research, public policy, or other settings where they bring their expertise to bear on the analysis of ethical dilemmas in policies or cases. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

UI = D026822

 

Ethics

MS = The philosophy or code pertaining to what is ideal in human character and conduct. Also, the field of study dealing with the principles of morality.

UI = D004989

 

Ethics Committees

MS = Committees established by professional societies, health facilities, or other institutions to consider decisions that have bioethical implications. The role of these committees may include consultation, education, mediation, and/or review of policies and practices. Committees that consider the ethical dimensions of patient care are ETHICS COMMITTEES, CLINICAL; committees established to protect the welfare of research subjects are ETHICS COMMITTEES, RESEARCH.

UI = D017041

 

Ethics Committees, Clinical

MS = Hospital or other institutional ethics committees established to consider the ethical dimensions of patient care. Distinguish from ETHICS COMMITTEES, RESEARCH, which are established to monitor the welfare of patients or healthy volunteers participating in research studies.

AN = distinguish from ETHICS COMMITTEES, RESEARCH

UI = D028741

 

Ethics Committees, Research

MS = Hospital or other institutional committees established to protect the welfare of research subjects. Federal regulations (the "Common Rule" (45 CFR 46)) mandate the use of these committees to monitor federally-funded biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects.

AN = coord with geographic term

UI = D028744

 

Ethics Consultation

MS = Services provided by an individual ethicist (ETHICISTS) or an ethics team or committee (ETHICS COMMITTEES, CLINICAL) to address the ethical issues involved in a specific clinical case. The central purpose is to improve the process and outcomes of patients' care by helping to identify, analyze, and resolve ethical problems.

UI = D033061

 

Ethics, Business

MS = The moral obligations governing the conduct of commercial or industrial enterprises.

UI = D040861

 

Ethics, Clinical

MS = The identification, analysis, and resolution of moral problems that arise in the care of patients. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

AN = ETHICS, MEDICAL is available for ethics in relation to the physician. Do not use routinely; reserve for discussions of clinical ethics as a topic in its own right

UI = D026690

 

Ethics, Dental

MS = The principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the dentist, relations with patients and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the dentist in patient care and interpersonal relations with patient families. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: ETHICS DENT

UI = D004990

 

Ethics, Institutional

MS = The moral and ethical obligations or responsibilities of institutions.

AN = coord IM with type of institution (IM); specify geog if pertinent

UI = D004991

 

Ethics, Medical

MS = The principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the physician, relations with patients and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the physician in patient care and interpersonal relations with patient families. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = restrict to ethics in relation to the physician; ETHICS, CLINICAL is available for ethics in relation to patient care; BIOETHICS and BIOETHICAL ISSUES are also available; specify geog if pertinent; DF: ETHICS MED

UI = D004992

 

Ethics, Nursing

MS = The principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of nurses themselves, their patients, and their fellow practitioners, as well as their actions in the care of patients and in relations with their families.

AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: ETHICS NURS

UI = D004993

 

Ethics, Pharmacy

MS = The principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the pharmacist, relations with patients and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the pharmacist in health care and interpersonal relations with patient families. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: ETHICS PHARM

UI = D004994

 

Ethics, Professional

MS = The principles of proper conduct concerning the rights and duties of the professional, relations with patients or consumers and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the professional and interpersonal relations with patient or consumer families. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D004995

 

Ethics, Research

MS = The moral obligations governing the conduct of research. Used for discussions of research ethics as a general topic.

AN = do not use routinely for ethical issues in research, for which prefer specific topics; reserve for discussions of research ethics as a topic in its own right

UI = D032984

 

Ethidium

MS = A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.

UI = D004996

 

Ethinyl Estradiol

MS = A semisynthetic estrogen with high oral estrogenic potency. It is often used as the estrogenic component in oral contraceptives.

UI = D004997

 

Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination

MS = Ethinyl Estradiol and Norgestrel given in fixed proportions. It has proved to be an effective contraceptive.

AN = DF: EEN COMBINATION

UI = D019304

 

Ethiodized Oil

MS = Ethyl ester of iodinated fatty acid of poppyseed oil. It contains 37% organically bound iodine and has been used as a diagnostic aid (radiopaque medium) and as an antineoplastic agent when part of the iodine is 131-I. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = contrast media; D25-26 qualif

UI = D004998

 

Ethionamide

MS = A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis. It also may be used for treatment of leprosy. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p868)

UI = D005000

 

Ethionine

MS = 2-Amino-4-(ethylthio)butyric acid. An antimetabolite and methionine antagonist that interferes with amino acid incorporation into proteins and with cellular ATP utilization. It also produces liver neoplasms.

AN = a carcinogen & antimetabolite; /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted

UI = D005001

 

Ethiopia

MS = An independent state in eastern Africa, east of SUDAN and bounded on the north by the Red Sea. Its capital is Addis Ababa. It is an ancient country, being, from early times, under the sway of the ancient Egyptians, Jews, Christians, and Moslems. In modern times it has been governed by Italy, Great Britain, France. It gained independence in 1941. In 1952 it became federated with ERITREA. The name is from the Greek aithi- (burn) + opsis (appearance), with reference to the dark skin of the natives. The indigenous name of the country is Abyssinia (from an Amharic root hbs, meaning mixed, with reference to the mixed black and white races inhabiting the country); its biblical name Cush comes from the name of the son of Ham with reference to the country of his descendants, possibly also from an Ethiopian word meaning dark-faced. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p380 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p4, 134, 176)

AN = a country in eastern Africa on the Red Sea

UI = D005002

 

Ethisterone

MS = 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.

UI = D005003

 

Ethmoid Bone

AN = fractures: coord ETHMOID BONE /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM); neopl: coord IM with SKULL NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D005004

 

Ethmoid Sinus

MS = Numerous small thin-walled spaces or air cells in the ethmoid bone, where they form an ethmoidal labyrinth.

AN = inflammation or sinusitis = ETHMOID SINUSITIS; fractures: coord ETHMOID SINUS /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PARANASAL SINUS NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D005005

 

Ethmoid Sinusitis

MS = Inflammation of the ethmoid sinus. It may present itself as an acute (associated with viral rhinitis) or chronic (associated with allergic or hyperplastic sinusitis) condition.

UI = D015521

 

Ethnic Groups

MS = A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships.

AN = IM; do not confuse ethnicity with race ( = RACIAL STOCKS); policy: Manual 30.6.1-30.6.7; specify geog: Manual 36.8; with /hist: Manual 34.7; with /psychol: Manual 30.9 but consider also ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY; don't forget /ethnol is available with Cat Z

UI = D005006

 

Ethnobotany

MS = The plant lore and agricultural customs of a people. In the field of medicine, the emphasis is on traditional medicine and the existence and medicinal uses of plants and their constituents, both historically and in modern times.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; specify geog or ethnic group if pertinent; coord NIM with specific plant (IM) for ethnobotany aspects of the plant

UI = D019448

 

Ethnology

MS = The comparative and theoretical study of culture, often synonymous with cultural anthropology.

AN = do not confuse with ETHOLOGY, the study of animal behavior; prefer /ethnol: Manual 19.7+; IM as SPEC; SPEC qualif; Manual 30.6; don't forget /ethnol with Cat Z: Manual 19.8.32; note other categories with /ethnology; DF: ETHNOL

UI = D005007

 

Ethnopharmacology

MS = The study of the actions and properties of drugs, usually derived from medicinal plants, indigenous to a population or ethnic group.

AN = SPEC; specify geog or ethnic group if pertinent; coord NIM with specific drug or plant (IM) for ethnopharmacologic aspects of the drug or plant

UI = D020834

 

Ethnopsychology

MS = Comparative psychology of races and peoples.

AN = IM, GEN only; SPEC qualif; for psychol of specific ethnic group, index under ethnic group or race /psychol (IM), as "psychol of Italo-Americans" = ETHNIC GROUPS /psychol (IM) + ITALY /ethnol (NIM) + UNITED STATES (NIM); Manual 27.15; DF: ETHNOPSYCHOL

UI = D005008

 

Ethoglucid

MS = Alkylating antineoplastic agent used especially in bladder neoplasms. It is toxic to hair follicles, gastro-intestinal tract, and vasculature.

UI = D005009

 

Ethology

MS = The discipline pertaining to the study of animal behavior.

AN = "the study of animal behavior"; do not confuse with ETHNOLOGY; SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: ETHOL

UI = D005010

 

Ethopabate

MS = An inhibitor of folate metabolism. It is used as a coccidiostat in poultry.

UI = D005011

 

Ethosuximide

MS = An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.

UI = D005013

 

Ethoxyquin

MS = Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.

UI = D005015

 

Ethoxzolamide

MS = A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.

UI = D005016

 

Ethyl Biscoumacetate

MS = A courmarin that is used as an anticoagulant. It has actions similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p226)

UI = D005017

 

Ethyl Chloride

MS = A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.

UI = D005018

 

Ethyl Ethers

AN = do not confuse with ETHER see ETHER, ETHYL

UI = D005019

 

Ethyl Methanesulfonate

MS = An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.

UI = D005020

 

Ethylamines

UI = D005021

 

Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide

MS = Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.

UI = D005022

 

Ethylene Chlorohydrin

MS = Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration.

UI = D005023

 

Ethylene Dibromide

MS = An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.

UI = D015946

 

Ethylene Dichlorides

MS = Toxic, chlorinated, saturated hydrocarbons. Include both the 1,1- and 1,2-dichloro isomers. The latter is considerably more toxic. It has a sweet taste, ethereal odor and has been used as a fumigant and intoxicant among sniffers. Has many household and industrial uses.

AN = do not confuse with DICHLOROETHYLENES

UI = D005025

 

Ethylene Glycol

MS = A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.

AN = ETHYLENE GLYCOLS also available

UI = D019855

 

Ethylene Glycols

MS = An ethylene compound with two hydroxy groups (-OH) located on adjacent carbons. They are viscous and colorless liquids. Some are used as anesthetics or hypnotics. However, the class is best known for their use as a coolant or antifreeze.

AN = ETHYLENE GLYCOL is also available

UI = D005026

 

Ethylene Oxide

MS = A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794)

UI = D005027

 

Ethylenebis(dithiocarbamates)

MS = A class of thiocarbamate derivatives whose salts possess fungicidal activity.

AN = an antifungal

UI = D005028

 

Ethylenediamines

UI = D005029

 

Ethylenes

MS = Derivatives of ethylene, a simple organic gas of biological origin with many industrial and biological use.

UI = D005030

 

Ethylenethiourea

MS = A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause thyroid hyperplasia.

UI = D005031

 

Ethylestrenol

MS = An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.

UI = D005032

 

Ethylketocyclazocine

MS = A kappa opioid receptor agonist. The compound has analgesic action and shows positive inotropic effects on the electrically stimulated left atrium. It also affects various types of behavior in mammals such as locomotion, rearing, and grooming.

UI = D016314

 

Ethylmaleimide

MS = A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.

UI = D005033

 

Ethylmercuric Chloride

MS = A highly toxic compound used as a fungicide for treating seeds.

UI = D005034

 

Ethylmercury Compounds

MS = Organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to an ethyl group.

AN = indust fungicides; DF: ETHYLMERCURY CPDS

UI = D005035

 

Ethylmorphine

MS = A narcotic analgesic and antitussive. It is metabolized in the liver by ETHYLMORPHINE-N-DEMETHYLASE and used as an indicator of liver function.

UI = D005036

 

Ethylmorphine-N-Demethylase

MS = A drug-metabolizing enzyme of the hepatic microsomal oxidase system which catalyzes the oxidation of the N-methyl group of ethylmorphine with the formation of formaldehyde.

UI = D005037

 

Ethylnitrosourea

MS = A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.

AN = D25-D26 qualif

UI = D005038

 

Ethynodiol Diacetate

MS = A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive.

UI = D005040

 

Etidocaine

MS = A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.

UI = D005041

 

Etidronic Acid

MS = A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.

UI = D012968

 

Etilefrine

MS = An adrenergic agonist that appears to interact with beta-2 and some alpha adrenergic receptors. It has been used as a vasoconstrictor agent.

UI = D005039

 

Etimizol

MS = A xanthine-related, putative nootropic drug.

UI = D005042

 

Etiocholanolone

MS = 3-alpha-Hydroxy-5-beta-androstan-17 one. A ketosteroid of mainly human origin; causes fever, immunostimulation and leukocytosis; used to evaluate adrenal cortex function, bone marrow performance and in neoplastic disease for immunostimulation. Synonym: 5-isoandrosterone.

AN = a 17-ketosteroid

UI = D005043

 

Etioporphyrins

MS = Porphyrins with four methyl and four ethyl side chains attached to the pyrrole rings.

AN = pigments

UI = D005044

 

Etodolac

MS = A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with potent analgesic and antiarthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, ankylosing SPONDYLITIS, and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).

UI = D017308

 

Etomidate

MS = Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.

UI = D005045

 

Etoposide

MS = A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.

UI = D005047

 

Etorphine

MS = A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.

UI = D005048

 

Etretinate

MS = An oral retinoid used in the treatment of keratotic genodermatosis, lichen planus, and psoriasis. Beneficial effects have also been claimed in the prophylaxis of epithelial neoplasia. The compound may be teratogenic.

UI = D005050

 

Eubacterium

MS = A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria found in cavities of man and animals, animal and plant products, infections of soft tissue, and soil. Some species may be pathogenic. No endospores are produced.

AN = for genus Eubacterium only: not for Eubacteria, the kingdom of all prokaryotes not classified as Archaea

UI = D005051

 

Eucalyptus

MS = A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections.

AN = chiefly Australian

UI = D005052

 

Euchromatin

MS = Chromosome regions that are loosely packaged and more accessible to RNA polymerases than HETEROCHROMATIN. These regions also stain differentially in CHROMOSOME BANDING preparations.

UI = D022041

 

Eucoccidiida

MS = An order of parasitic PROTOZOA found in blood cells and epithelial cells of vertebrates and invertebrates. Life cycles involve both sexual and asexual phases.

AN = infection: coord IM with COCCIDIOSIS (IM); /drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent

UI = D016783

 

Eucommiaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Eucommiales, subclass Hamamelidae, class Magnoliopsida (some botanists have classified this in the order Hamamelidales or Urticales). Eucomia is an elmlike tree of central and eastern China. Leaves are alternate; deciduous flowers are solitary and unisexual and lack petals and sepals. The male flowers have 6 to 10 stamens and female flowers have one ovary of two carpels, one of which aborts during development so the fruit (a dry, winged structure) contains only one seed. The latex is a source of RUBBER. Tochu tea is an aqueous extract of Eucommia ulmoides leaves and a popular beverage in Japan. (Mutat Res 1997 Jan 15;388(1):7-20).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031283

 

Eugenics

UI = D005053

 

Eugenol

UI = D005054

 

Euglena

MS = An organism considered both a protozoon (Dorland, 27th ed) and an alga (Bold, Introduction to the Algae, 2d ed, p292). Characteristics include a pellicle usually marked by spiral or longitudinal striations. Most are found in stagnant water.

AN = "considered both a protozoon & an alga"; in stagnant water

UI = D005055

 

Euglena gracilis

MS = An organism considered both a protozoon (Dorland, 27th ed) and an alga (Bold, Introduction to the Algae, 2d ed, p292). It is a flagellate organism commonly found in stagnant water.

AN = "considered both a protozoon & an alga"

UI = D005056

 

Euglenida

MS = An order of plantlike, flagellate protozoa commonly found in freshwater. Characteristics include one or two flagella emerging from an anterior invagination of the cell and chloroplasts absent in many genera.

AN = an order of freshwater protozoa

UI = D016822

 

Eukaryotic Cells

MS = Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.

AN = A 11 qualif with discretion

UI = D005057

 

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-1

MS = A eukaryotic initiation factor that binds to 40S ribosomal subunits. Although initially considered a "non-essential" factor for eukaryotic transcription initiation, eukaryotic initiation factor-1 is now thought to play an important role in localizing RIBOSOMES at the initiation codon of MRNA.

UI = D015977

 

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2

MS = Eukaryotic initiation factor of protein synthesis. In higher eukaryotes the factor consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. As initiation proceeds, eIF-2 forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAi and GTP.

UI = D015852

 

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2B

MS = A guanine nucleotide exchange factor that acts to restore EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2 to its GTP bound form.

UI = D020717

 

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3

MS = A multisubunit eukaryotic initiation factor that contains at least 8 distinct polypeptides. It plays a role in recycling of ribosomal subunits to the site of transcription initiation by promoting the dissociation of non-translating ribosomal subunits. It also is involved in promoting the binding of a ternary complex of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2; GTP; and INITIATOR TRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit.

UI = D039621

 

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4A

MS = A component of eukaryotic initiation factor 4F that as an RNA helicase involved in unwinding the secondary structure of the 5' UNTRANSLATED REGION of MRNA. The unwinding facilitates the binding of the 40S ribosomal subunit.

UI = D039601

 

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E

MS = A peptide initiation factor that binds specifically to the 5' MRNA CAP STRUCTURE of MRNA in the CYTOPLASM. It is a component of the trimeric complex EIF4F.

UI = D039561

 

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4F

MS = A trimeric peptide initiation factor complex that associates with the 5' MRNA CAP STRUCTURE of RNA and plays an essential role in MRNA TRANSLATION. It is composed of EUKAYROTIC INITIATION FACTOR 4A; EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR 4E and EUKAYROTIC INITIATION FACTOR 4G.

UI = D039562

 

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4G

MS = A component of eukaryotic initiation factor-4F that is involved in multiple protein interactions at the site of translation initiation. Thus it may serve a role in bringing together various initiation factors at the site of translation initiation.

UI = D039603

 

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-5

MS = A eukayotic initiation factor that interacts with the 40S initiation complex and promotes the hydrolysis of the bound GTP. The hydrolysis of GTP causes the release of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2 and EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-3 from the 40S subunit and the subsequent joining of the 60S ribosomal subunit to the 40S complex to form the functional 80S initiation complex

UI = D040061

 

Eukaryotic Initiation Factors

MS = Peptide initiation factors from eukaryotic organisms. Over twelve factors are involved in PEPTIDE CHAIN INITIATION in eukaryotic cells. Many of these factors play a role in controlling the rate of MRNA TRANSLATION.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D039642

 

Eulogies [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of speeches or writings in praise of a person or thing, especially a set oration in honor of a deceased person. They differ from FUNERAL SERMONS [PUBLICATION TYPE] which are delivered at ceremonies for the deceased prior to their burial or cremation. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

AN = publication type only; do not confuse with Publication Type FUNERAL SERMONS for eulogies delivered at funeral services

UI = D019504

 

Eumycetozoea

MS = A class of protozoa comprising myxamoebae having filiform subpseudopodia. Aerial fruiting bodies are produced and the presence of a stalk tube in the fruiting body is observed in some species.

AN = a class of protozoa

UI = D016836

 

Eunuchism

MS = The condition of being a eunuch or of having undeveloped sexual organs in which testicular hormones are not produced. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = = eunuchoidism; male only; HYPOGONADISM in males permitted: do not interpret as EUNUCHISM: use terminol of author; check tags HUMAN and MALE

UI = D005058

 

Euonymus

MS = A plant genus of the family CELASTRACEAE.

AN = distinguish from BURNINGBUSH (BASSIA); coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029756

 

Eupatorium

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Ingestion has been associated with MILK SICKNESS. The common name of thoroughwort is also used for other plants including CHROMOLAENA; Hebeclinium, and Koanophyllon.

AN = EUPATORIUM REBAUDIANUM see STEVIA; EUPATORIUM ODORATUM see CHROMOLAENA and EUPATORIUM ADENOPHORUM see AGERATINA are also available; for other species check plant taxonomy reference: Manual 22.37; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D036602

 

Euphausiacea

MS = An order of pelagic, shrimplike CRUSTACEA. Many consume ZOOPLANKTON and a few are predacious. Many antarctic species, such as Euphuasia superba, constitute the chief food of other animals.

AN = as animal & food; IM; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM)

UI = D033201

 

Euphorbia

MS = A large plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE, order Euphorbiales, subclass Rosidae. They have a milky sap and a female flower consisting of a single pistil, surrounded by numerous male flowers of one stamen each.

AN = X ref SPURGE: restrict to EUPHORBIA; SPURGE, JAPANESE see PACHYSANDRA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028481

 

Euphorbiaceae

MS = The spurge family of flowering plants, in the order Euphorbiales, contains some 7,500 species in 275 genera. The family consists of annual and perennial herbs and woody shrubs or trees.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D019665

 

Euphoria

MS = An exaggerated feeling of physical and emotional well-being not consonant with apparent stimuli or events; usually of psychologic origin, but also seen in organic brain disease and toxic states.

UI = D005059

 

Euphrasia

MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE having a folk reputation for use with the eyes.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032201

 

Euplotes

MS = A genus of ciliate protozoa having a dorsoventrally flattened body with widely spaced rows of short bristle-like cilia on the dorsal surface.

AN = a genus of ciliate protozoa

UI = D016812

 

Europe

AN = each European country is available as a heading

UI = D005060

 

Europe, Eastern

AN = in translations of historical articles use spelling: People's Republic, not Peoples' nor Peoples

UI = D005061

 

European Union

MS = The collective designation of three organizations with common membership: the European Economic Community (Common Market), the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). It was known as the European Community until 1994. It is primarily an economic union with the principal objectives of free movement of goods, capital, and labor. Professional services, social, medical and paramedical, are subsumed under labor. The constituent countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. (The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1997, p842)

AN = name specific European country if pertinent

UI = D005062

 

Europium

MS = Europium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.

AN = a rare earth metal; Eu-153; Eu-151 = EUROPIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Eu-144-150, 152, 154-160 = EUROPIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

UI = D005063

 

Eurotiales

MS = An order of fungi in the phylum ASCOMYCOTA characterized by the presence of well defined peridia and cleistothecial asci. Notable anamorphs (mitosporic forms) of Eurotiales include PENICILLIUM and ASPERGILLUS.

UI = D032641

 

Euryarchaeota

MS = A kingdom of ARCHAEA comprising the METHANOGENS, extreme halophiles (HALOBACTERIALES), sulfate-reducing species (ARCHAEOGLOBALES), and the thermophiles THERMOCOCCALES and THERMOPLASMALES.

AN = a kingdom of Archaea

UI = D019605

 

Eurycoma

MS = A plant genus of the family SIMAROUBACEAE. Members contain quassinoids. There is Malaysian folk use of plants in this genus for male virility.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D035701

 

Eustachian Tube

AN = "eustachian" is not capitalized in titles or translations

UI = D005064

 

Euthanasia

MS = The act or practice of killing or allowing death from natural causes, for reasons of mercy, i.e., in order to release a person from incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified death. (from Beauchamp and Walters, Contemporary Issues in Bioethics, 5th ed)

AN = HUMAN only; EUTHANASIA, ANIMAL is available for animals; EUTHANASIA, ACTIVE and EUTHANASIA, PASSIVE are also available

UI = D005065

 

Euthanasia, Active

MS = The act or practice of killing for reasons of mercy, i.e., in order to release a person or animal from incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified death. (from Beauchamp and Walters, Contemporary Issues in Bioethics, 5th ed)

AN = human only

UI = D028601

 

Euthanasia, Active, Voluntary

MS = Active euthanasia of a patient at the patient's request and/or with the patient's consent.

UI = D033101

 

Euthanasia, Animal

MS = The killing of ANIMALS for reasons of mercy, to control disease transmission or maintain the health of ANIMAL populations, or for experimental purposes (ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION).

AN = methods of "sacrificing" animals go here if the topic of discussion; for euthanasia of laboratory animals, coordinate with ANIMALS, LABORATORY

UI = D037901

 

Euthanasia, Passive

MS = Failing to prevent death from natural causes, for reasons of mercy by the withdrawal or withholding of life-prolonging treatment.

AN = human only; differentiate X ref ALLOWING TO DIE from RIGHT TO DIE

UI = D005066

 

Euthyroid Sick Syndromes

MS = Abnormalities in thyroid hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, often simulating hypothyroidism, in euthyroid patients suffering some other illness, such as diabetes mellitus or liver cirrhosis.

AN = abnorm thyroid-related hormone levels "in euthyroid patients suffering from some other illness"; differentiate from THYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE SYNDROME where no other dis is present

UI = D005067

 

Eutrophication

MS = Growth of a superabundance of algae and other microscopic plant life usually from an enrichment of a natural body of water by the addition of dissolved nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. It may be natural, induced (water pollution), or controlled (harvesting phytoplankton for food in an aquaculture system).

UI = D005068

 

Evaluation Studies

MS = Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

AN = do not use for evaluation of drugs ( = probably DRUG EVALUATION or DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL or CLINICAL TRIALS terms); do not use for evaluation of patient care ( = probably terms indented under QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE)

UI = D005069

 

Evaluation Studies [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of studies determining the effectiveness or utility of processes, personnel, and equipment.

UI = D023362

 

Evans Blue

MS = An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D005070

 

Event-Related Potentials, P300

MS = A late-appearing component of the event-related potential. P stands for positive voltage potential and 300 represents 300 millisecond poststimulus. Its amplitude increases with unpredictable, unlikely, or highly significant stimuli and thereby constitutes an index of mental activity. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 6th ed)

AN = an evoked potential; DF: P300 COMPONENT

UI = D018913

 

Evidence-Based Medicine

MS = The process of systematically finding, appraising, and using contemporaneous research findings as the basis for clinical decisions. Evidence-based medicine asks questions, finds and appraises the relevant data, and harnesses that information for everyday clinical practice. Evidence-based medicine follows four steps: formulate a clear clinical question from a patient's problem; search the literature for relevant clinical articles; evaluate (critically appraise) the evidence for its validity and usefulness; implement useful findings in clinical practice. The term "evidence based medicine" (no hyphen) was coined at McMaster Medical School in Canada in the 1980's to label this clinical learning strategy, which people at the school had been developing for over a decade. (From BMJ 1995;310:1122)

AN = a type of clinical med; DF: EVIDENCE BASED MED

UI = D019317

 

Evodia

MS = A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE which is used in Chinese medicine (DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL). Evodiamine and other quinazoline alkaloids (QUINAZOLINES) are obtained from the fruit of E. ruticarpa.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032086

 

Evoked Potentials

MS = The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), or visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D005071

 

Evoked Potentials, Auditory

MS = The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by acoustic stimulation or stimulation of the auditory pathways.

AN = IM

UI = D005072

 

Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem

MS = Electrical waves in the cerebral cortex generated by brain stem structures in response to auditory click stimuli. These are found to be abnormal in many patients with cerebellopontine angle lesions, multiple sclerosis, or other demyelinating diseases.

AN = IM; DF: BAEP

UI = D016057

 

Evoked Potentials, Motor

MS = The electrical response evoked in a muscle or motor nerve by electrical or magnetic stimulation. Common methods of stimulation are by transcranial electrical and transcranial magnetic stimulation. It is often used for monitoring during neurosurgery.

AN = IM

UI = D019054

 

Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory

MS = The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by stimulation of afferent pathways from peripheral nerves to cerebrum.

AN = IM

UI = D005073

 

Evoked Potentials, Visual

MS = The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways.

AN = IM

UI = D005074

 

Evolution

MS = The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

AN = Man in the evolutionary process is HOMINIDAE; evolution at molec level of DNA seq is EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR

UI = D005075

 

Evolution, Chemical

MS = Chemical and physical transformation of the biogenic elements from their nucleosynthesis in stars to their incorporation and subsequent modification in planetary bodies and terrestrial biochemistry. It includes the mechanism of incorporation of biogenic elements into complex molecules and molecular systems, leading up to the origin of life.

AN = in both planetary bodies & terrestrial biochem; DF: EVOLUTION CHEM

UI = D019418

 

Evolution, Molecular

MS = Evolution at the molecular level of DNA sequences and proteins. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

AN = "evolution at the molec level of DNA seq and proteins"; DF: EVOLUTION MOL

UI = D019143

 

Evolution, Planetary

MS = Creation and development of bodies within solar systems, includes study of early planetary geology.

AN = creation & develop of planetary bodies

UI = D019419

 

Examination Questions [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of compilations of questions and answers pertaining to a particular subject, used for study and review.

UI = D020475

 

Exanthema

MS = Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.

AN = a skin eruption usually chem- or viral-induced; EXANTHEMA SUBITUM is also available

UI = D005076

 

Exanthema Subitum

MS = An acute, short-lived, viral disease of infants and young children characterized by a high fever at onset that drops to normal after 3-4 days and the concomitant appearance of a macular or maculopapular rash that appears first on the trunk and then spreads to other areas. It is the sixth of the classical exanthematous diseases and is caused by HHV-6; (HERPESVIRUS 6, HUMAN). (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = acute short-lived viral dis of inf & young child caused by human herpesvirus 6

UI = D005077

 

Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood

MS = Repetitive withdrawal of small amounts of blood and replacement with donor blood until a large proportion of the blood volume has been exchanged. Used in treatment of fetal erythroblastosis, hepatic coma, sickle cell anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, septicemia, burns, thrombotic thrombopenic purpura, and fulminant malaria.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse with PLASMA EXCHANGE (removal & replacement of plasma); TN 186: differentiate from BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS; DF: EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION

UI = D005078

 

Excipients

MS = Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D005079

 

Excitatory Amino Acid Agents

MS = Drugs used for their actions on any aspect of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter systems. Included are drugs that act on excitatory amino acid receptors, affect the life cycle of excitatory amino acid transmitters, or affect the survival of neurons using excitatory amino acids.

AN = exogenous: do not confuse with EXCITATORY AMINO ACIDS which are endogenous; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; DF: EAA AGENTS

UI = D018683

 

Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists

MS = Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.

AN = note X ref GLUTAMATE AGONISTS: do not coord with GLUTAMATES; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: EAA AG

UI = D018690

 

Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists

MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: EAA ANTAG

UI = D018691

 

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1

MS = A high affinity glutamate/aspartate transporter found in astrocytes, heart, skeletal muscle and placenta. Its action can be coupled to the co-transport of potassium, sodium or hydrogen ions.

UI = D027341

 

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2

MS = A high affinity glutamate/aspartate transporter found in ASTROCYTES and in the liver. It action can be coupled to the co-transport of potassium, sodium or hydrogen ions.

UI = D027342

 

Excitatory Amino Acids

MS = Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.

AN = neurotransmitters; endogenous: do not confuse with EXCITATORY AMINO ACID AGENTS which are exogenous; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: EXCITATORY AA

UI = D018846

 

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials

MS = The change in potential produced in the membrane of the next neuron when an impulse which has an excitatory influence arrives at the synapse; it is a local change in the direction of depolarization; summation of these potentials can lead to discharge of an impulse by the neuron. (Stedman, 26th ed)

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D019706

 

Exercise

MS = Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.

AN = restrict to humans: for animals use PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, ANIMAL; EXERCISE THERAPY & EXERCISE TEST are also available; /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol /psychol permitted; do not confuse with EXERTION: see MeSH definition; includes body building unless article specifies WEIGHT LIFTING

UI = D015444

 

Exercise Movement Techniques

MS = Physical activities which people can do to benefit their health.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D026241

 

Exercise Test

MS = Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate.

UI = D005080

 

Exercise Therapy

MS = Motion of the body or its parts to relieve symptoms or to improve function, leading to PHYSICAL FITNESS, but not PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING.

AN = "exercise" is not "exercise therapy": use EXERCISE; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D005081

 

Exercise Tolerance

MS = The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an EXERCISE TEST.

UI = D017079

 

Exertion

MS = Expenditure of energy by skeletal muscles. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of oxygen consumption, heat produced, or heart rate. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.

AN = TN 166: exertion as a control state, opposite "at rest"

UI = D005082

 

Exfoliatins

MS = Protein exotoxins from Staphylococcus aureus, phage type II, which cause epidermal necrolysis. They are proteins with a molecular weight of 26,000 to 32,000. They cause a condition variously called scaled skin, Lyell or Ritter syndrome, epidermal exfoliative disease, toxic epidermal necrolysis, etc.

AN = exotoxin from Staph aureus; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

UI = D005083

 

Exfoliation Syndrome

MS = The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)

AN = shedding of pigment from the iris

UI = D017889

 

Exhibitionism

MS = A disorder in which fantasies about or the act of exposing the genitals to an unsuspecting stranger produces sexual excitement with no attempt at further sexual activity with the stranger.

UI = D005084

 

Exhibitions [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of descriptions or catalogs of public displays or items representative of a given subject.

UI = D020476

 

Exhibits

AN = no qualif

UI = D005085

 

Existentialism

MS = Philosophy based on the analysis of the individual's existence in the world which holds that human existence cannot be completely described in scientific terms. Existentialism also stresses the freedom and responsibility of the individual as well as the uniqueness of religious and ethical experiences and the analysis of subjective phenomena such as anxiety, guilt, and suffering. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)

UI = D005086

 

Exobiology

MS = The interdisciplinary science that studies evolutionary biology, including the origin and evolution of the major elements required for life, their processing in the interstellar medium and in protostellar systems. This field also includes the study of chemical evolution and the subsequent interactions between evolving biota and planetary evolution as well as the field of biology that deals with the study of extraterrestrial life.

AN = exo- (from Greek exo, outside) refers to extraterrestrial environ; IM: SPEC with SPEC qualif; for "exobiological aspects of", NIM with no qualif; DF: EXOBIOL

UI = D018559

 

Exocrine Glands

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

UI = D005088

 

Exocytosis

MS = Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the CELL MEMBRANE.

UI = D005089

 

Exodeoxyribonucleases

MS = A family of enzymes that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. It includes members of the class EC 3.1.11 that produce 5'-phosphomonoesters as cleavage products. EC 3.1.-.

UI = D005090

 

Exons

MS = The parts of a genetic transcript remaining after the INTRONS are removed and which are spliced together to become a messenger or structural RNA.

UI = D005091

 

Exonucleases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the release of mononucleotides by the hydrolysis of the terminal bond of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-.

UI = D005092

 

Exopeptidases

MS = A sub-subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that act only near the ends of polypeptide chains. Exopeptidases are further divided into AMINOPEPTIDASES; EC 3.4.11; DIPEPTIDASES; EC 3.4.13; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASES & tripeptidyl peptidases, EC 3.4.14; peptidyl-dipeptidases, EC 3.4.15; CARBOXYPEPTIDASES; EC 3.4.16 - EC 3.4.18, and omega peptidases, EC 3.4.19. EC 3.4.-.

UI = D020689

 

Exophiala

MS = A normally saprophytic mitosporic Chaetothyriales fungal genus. Infections in humans include phaeohyphomycosis, peritonitis, and chromoblastomycosis. Exophiala jeanselmei (previously Phialophora jeanselmei) is an etiological agent of maduromycosis.

AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOSES (IM) or specific mycosis (IM)

UI = D005093

 

Exophthalmos

MS = Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.

AN = protrusion of eye: do not confuse with ENOPHTHALMOS, recession

UI = D005094

 

Exoribonucleases

MS = A family of enzymes that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.13.-, EC 3.1.14.-, EC 3.1.15.-, and EC 3.1.16.-. EC 3.1.-

UI = D005095

 

Exostoses

MS = Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component.

AN = cartilaginous & osteocartilaginous exostoses: index under OSTEOCHONDROMA; EXOSTOSES, MULTIPLE HEREDITARY is also available

UI = D005096

 

Exostoses, Multiple Hereditary

MS = Hereditary disorder transmitted by an autosomal dominant gene and characterized by multiple exostoses (multiple osteochondromas) near the ends of long bones. The genetic abnormality results in a defect in the osteoclastic activity at the metaphyseal ends of the bone during the remodeling process in childhood or early adolescence. The metaphyses develop benign, bony outgrowths often capped by cartilage. A small number undergo neoplastic transformation.

UI = D005097

 

Exotoxins

MS = Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment.

AN = bacterial or fungal toxins; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS: coord IM with source of exotoxin (IM or NIM)

UI = D005098

 

Exotropia

MS = A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction.

AN = do not confuse with ESOTROPIA, eye turning inward

UI = D005099

 

Expectorants

MS = Agents that increase mucous excretion. Mucolytic agents, that is drugs that liquefy mucous secretions, are also included here.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; D25-26 qualif

UI = D005100

 

Expeditions

MS = Usually refers to planned scientific data-gathering excursions.

AN = IM; coord with type of exped & geog destination (IM)

UI = D005101

 

Expert Systems

MS = Computer programs based on knowledge developed from consultation with experts on a problem, and the processing and/or formalizing of this knowledge using these programs in such a manner that the problems may be solved.

AN = IM; restrict to field of computer programs & artificial intelligence

UI = D005103

 

Expert Testimony

MS = Presentation of pertinent data by one with special skill or knowledge representing mastery of a particular subject.

UI = D005104

 

Expiratory Reserve Volume

MS = The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV.

AN = NIM; in texts as ERV

UI = D005105

 

Exploratory Behavior

MS = The tendency to explore or investigate a novel environment. It is considered a motivation not clearly distinguishable from curiosity.

AN = human & animal

UI = D005106

 

Explosions

UI = D005107

 

Expressed Emotion

MS = Frequency and quality of negative emotions, e.g., anger or hostility, expressed by family members or significant others, that often lead to a high relapse rate, especially in schizophrenic patients. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 7th ed)

AN = negative emotions like anger & hostility: coord IM with specific emotion (IM) if relevant

UI = D019260

 

Expressed Sequence Tags

MS = Sequence tags derived from cDNAs. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are partial DNA sequences from clones.

AN = do not confuse with SEQUENCE TAGGED SITES

UI = D020224

 

External Fixators

MS = External devices which hold wires or pins that are placed through one or both cortices of bone in order to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment. These devices allow easy access to wounds, adjustment during the course of healing, and more functional use of the limbs involved.

AN = for fracture fixation

UI = D016267

 

Extinction (Psychology)

MS = The procedure of presenting the conditioned stimulus without reinforcement to an organism previously conditioned. It refers also to the diminution of a conditioned response resulting from this procedure.

AN = DF: EXTINCTION

UI = D005108

 

Extracellular Matrix

MS = A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D005109

 

Extracellular Matrix Proteins

MS = Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS AND LAMININ).

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D016326

 

Extracellular Space

MS = Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances.

AN = do not confuse X ref EXTRACELLULAR FLUID with BODY WATER

UI = D005110

 

Extrachromosomal Inheritance

MS = Vertical transmission of hereditary characters by DNA from cytoplasmic organelles such as MITOCHONDRIA; CHLOROPLASTS; and PLASTIDS or from intracellular parasites such as VIRUSES and PLASMIDS. Mitochondrial inheritance is often referred to as maternal inheritance but should be differentiated from maternal inheritance that is transmitted chromosomally.

UI = D005111

 

Extracorporeal Circulation

MS = Diversion of blood flow through a circuit located outside the body but continuous with the bodily circulation.

AN = "diversion of blood flow through a circuit located outside the body but continuous with the bodily circulation"; GEN & unspecified: prefer specifics; do not confuse with CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS or ASSISTED CIRCULATION; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: EXTRACORPOREAL CIRC

UI = D005112

 

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

MS = Application of a life support system that circulates the blood through an oxygenating system, which may consist of a pump, a membrane oxygenator, and a heat exchanger. Examples of its use are to assist victims of smoke inhalation injury, respiratory failure, and cardiac failure.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; note short X ref

UI = D015199

 

Extraction and Processing Industry

MS = The industry concerned with the removal of raw materials from the Earth's crust and with their conversion into refined products.

AN = indust removal of raw materials from the earth & conversion into refined products

UI = D019652

 

Extraction, Obstetrical

MS = Extraction of the fetus by means of obstetrical instruments.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D005113

 

Extramarital Relations

MS = Voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than the spouse.

AN = no qualif; DF: EXTRAMARITAL RELAT

UI = D005114

 

Extraoral Traction Appliances

MS = Extraoral devices for applying force to the dentition in order to avoid some of the problems in anchorage control met with in intermaxillary traction and to apply force in directions not otherwise possible.

UI = D005115

 

Extrapyramidal Tracts

UI = D005116

 

Extraterrestrial Environment

MS = The environment outside the earth or its atmosphere. The environment may refer to a closed cabin (such as a space shuttle or space station) or to space itself, the moon, or other planets.

AN = no qualif; space itself or the SOLAR SYSTEM; PLANETS other than Earth; DF: EXTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIR

UI = D005118

 

Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials

MS = The escape of diagnostic or therapeutic material from the vessel into which it is introduced into the surrounding tissue or body cavity.

AN = DF: EXTRAVASATION

UI = D005119

 

Extravascular Lung Water

MS = Water present within the lungs; its volume is roughly equal to, or a little less than, the intracellular blood volume of the lungs. Accumulations of extravascular lung water result in pulmonary edema.

AN = DF: EVLW

UI = D015633

 

Extravehicular Activity

MS = Activities by crew members conducted outside the pressurized hull of a spacecraft.

AN = activity of crew members outside a spacecraft; /adv eff /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D018478

 

Extraversion (Psychology)

MS = A state in which attention is largely directed outward from the self.

AN = no qualif; DF: EXTRAVERSION

UI = D005120

 

Extremities

AN = TN 75: extremities of animals; TN 117: joints of animals & table of human, primate & non-primate extremities

UI = D005121

 

Exudates and Transudates

MS = Exudates are fluids, cells, or other cellular substances that are slowly discharged from blood vessels usually from inflamed tissues. Transudates are fluids that pass through a membrane or squeeze through tissue or into the extracellular space of tissues. Transudates are thin and watery and contain few cells or proteins.

AN = breast cyst fluid = FIBROCYSTIC DISEASE OF BREAST (IM) + EXUDATES AND TRANSUDATES with pertinent qualif (NIM); DF: EXUDATES

UI = D005122

 

Eye

AN = inflamm of eye = ENDOPHTHALMITIS (but see note there) or better -ITIS specifics in C11

UI = D005123

 

Eye Abnormalities

MS = Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; these are structural abnorm: EYE DISEASES, HEREDITARY is also available

UI = D005124

 

Eye Banks

MS = Centers for storing various parts of the eye for future use.

UI = D005125

 

Eye Burns

MS = Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.

AN = chem burns of eye = EYE BURNS /chem ind (IM) + BURNS, CHEMICAL (IM)

UI = D005126

 

Eye Color

MS = Color of the iris.

AN = = color of iris, not the color of the eye as in disease

UI = D005127

 

Eye Diseases

AN = GEN; coord IM with specific part of eye (IM); /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, OPHTHALMOLOGICAL

UI = D005128

 

Eye Diseases, Hereditary

MS = Transmission of gene defects or chromosomal aberrations/abnormalities which are expressed in extreme variation in the structure or function of the eye. These may be evident at birth, but may be manifested later with progression of the disorder.

UI = D015785

 

Eye Enucleation

MS = The surgical removal of the eyeball leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.

AN = "removal of eyeball leaving eye musc & remaining orbital contents intact": do not confuse with EYE EVISCERATION ("removal of inner contents of eye, leaving sclera intact"); do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D015353

 

Eye Evisceration

MS = The surgical removal of the inner contents of the eye, leaving the sclera intact. It should be differentiated from ORBIT EVISCERATION which removes the entire contents of the orbit, including eyeball, blood vessels, muscles, fat, nerve supply, and periosteum.

AN = "removal of the inner contents of the eye, leaving the sclera intact": do not confuse with EYE ENUCLEATION ("removal of eyeball leaving eye musc & remaining orbital contents intact") or ORBIT EVISCERATION ("removal of contents of orbit, including eyeball, blood vessels, muscles, fat, nerve supply & periosteum"); do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D017234

 

Eye Foreign Bodies

UI = D005129

 

Eye Hemorrhage

MS = Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.

AN = GEN or unspecified; hemorrh of eye tissue: do not confuse with RETROBULBAR HEMORRHAGE, hemorrh within the orbital cavity behind the eyeball; CHOROIDAL HEMORRHAGE; HYPHEMA; RETINAL HEMORRHAGE & VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE are also available

UI = D005130

 

Eye Infections

MS = Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.

AN = coord IM with specific infect dis (IM); DF: EYE INFECT

UI = D015817

 

Eye Infections, Bacterial

MS = Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.

AN = coord IM with specific bact dis (IM); DF: EYE INFECT BACT

UI = D015818

 

Eye Infections, Fungal

MS = Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.

AN = coord IM with specific fungal dis (IM); DF: EYE INFECT FUNGAL

UI = D015821

 

Eye Infections, Parasitic

MS = Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.

AN = coord IM with specific parasitic dis (IM); DF: EYE INFECT PARASITIC

UI = D015822

 

Eye Infections, Viral

MS = Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.

AN = coord IM with specific viral dis (IM); DF: EYE INFECT VIRAL

UI = D015828

 

Eye Injuries

MS = Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.

AN = GEN or unspecified; consider also /inj with specific parts of eye; EYE INJURIES, PENETRATING & EYE BURNS are also available

UI = D005131

 

Eye Injuries, Penetrating

MS = Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.

UI = D015807

 

Eye Manifestations

MS = Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.

AN = not used for indexing since 1989; prior to 1989 used for eye manifest of non-eye diseases

UI = D005132

 

Eye Movements

MS = Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.

AN = do not equate with nystagmography which can be recording of eye movement (EYE MOVEMENTS or ELECTRONYSTAGMOGRAPHY) in physiol exper or in disease or recording of eye movement in NYSTAGMUS, a specific eye disease (NYSTAGMUS + EYE MOVEMENTS or ELECTRONYSTAGMOGRAPHY)

UI = D005133

 

Eye Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the EYE.

AN = coord IM with specific site in eye (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D005134

 

Eye Protective Devices

MS = Personal devices for protection of the eyes from impact, flying objects, glare, liquids, or injurious radiation.

AN = for physical protection: do not confuse with EYEGLASSES which is for improvement of vision

UI = D005135

 

Eye Proteins

AN = IM; coord with specific protein (IM) & specific part of eye (IM); /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

UI = D005136

 

Eye, Artificial

MS = A ready-made or custom-made prosthesis of glass or plastic shaped and colored to resemble the anterior portion of a normal eye and used for cosmetic reasons. It is attached to the anterior portion of an orbital implant (ORBITAL IMPLANTS) which is placed in the socket of an enucleated or eviscerated eye. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D005137

 

Eyebrows

MS = Curved rows of HAIR located on the upper edges of the eye sockets.

UI = D005138

 

Eyeglasses

MS = A pair of ophthalmic lenses in a frame or mounting which is supported by the nose and ears. The purpose is to aid or improve vision. It does not include goggles or nonprescription sun glasses for which EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available.

AN = prescription lenses to aid vision: do not confuse with EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES

UI = D005139

 

Eyelashes

MS = The hairs which project from the edges of the EYELIDS.

UI = D005140

 

Eyelid Diseases

AN = GEN; many specifics are available; inflamm dis = BLEPHARITIS

UI = D005141

 

Eyelid Neoplasms

MS = Tumors of cancer of the EYELIDS.

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D005142

 

Eyelids

AN = inflammation = BLEPHARITIS; plasty = BLEPHAROPLASTY; ptosis = BLEPHAROPTOSIS; spasm = BLEPHAROSPASM

UI = D005143