Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
N
RETURN TO INDEX N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
MS = An N-methylated indoleamine derivative, a serotonergic hallucinogen found in several plants, especially Prestonia amazonica (Apocynaceae) and in mammalian brain, blood, and urine. It apparently acts as an agonist at some types of serotonin receptors and an antagonist at others.
UI = D004130
N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase
MS = An arylsulfatase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the 4-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. A deficiency of this enzyme is responsible for the inherited lysosomal disease, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS VI). EC 3.1.6.12.
UI = D020051
N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine from a nucleoside diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.
UI = D017350
N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from a nucleoside diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.
UI = D017351
N-Acetylhexosaminyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of N-acetylhexosaminyl groups to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.
UI = D017349
N-Acetyllactosamine Synthase
MS = The A protein of the lactose synthase complex. In the presence of the B protein (LACTALBUMIN) specificity is changed from N-acetylglucosamine to glucose. EC 2.4.1.90.
UI = D009237
N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase
MS = An autolytic enzyme bound to the surface of bacterial cell walls. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain cell wall glycopeptides, particularly peptidoglycan. EC 3.5.1.28.
UI = D009238
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid
MS = An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518)
AN = do not confuse with N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACIDS see SIALIC ACIDS; do not confuse X ref SIALIC ACID with SIALIC ACIDS
UI = D019158
N-Acylneuraminate Cytidylyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that forms CMP-acylneuraminic acids, which donate the N-acylneuraminic acid residues to the terminal sugar residue of a ganglioside or glycoprotein. EC 2.7.7.43.
UI = D000216
N-Formylmethionine
MS = Effective in the initiation of protein synthesis. The initiating methionine residue enters the ribosome as N-formylmethionyl tRNA. This process occurs in Escherichia coli and other bacteria as well as in the mitochondria of eucaryotic cells.
UI = D009239
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine
MS = N-Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.
AN = DF: FMLP
UI = D009240
N-glycosyl Hydrolases
MS = A class of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond of nitrogen-linked sugars.
UI = D009699
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
MS = An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.
AN = street drug Ecstasy goes here; DF: note short X ref
UI = D018817
N-Methylaspartate
MS = An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).
AN = a glutamate agonist; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D016202
N-Methylscopolamine
MS = A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
UI = D019832
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine
MS = Carcinogenic nitrosamine that may be formed from preservatives in meats during their preparation or in the liver during metabolism.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D009242
N-substituted Glycine
MS = AMINO ACIDS composed of GLYCINE substituted at the nitrogen rather than the usual carbon position, resulting in the loss of HYDROGEN BONDING donors. Polymers of these are called PEPTOIDS.
UI = D034442
Na(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. Sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane ATPase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients. EC 3.6.1.37.
AN = DF: NA K ATPASE
UI = D000254
NAD
MS = A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a coenzyme; NAD or NADP probably correct for indexing of pyridine nucleotides
UI = D009243
NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)
MS = A flavoprotein that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of NADH or NADPH by various quinones and oxidation-reduction dyes. The enzyme is inhibited by dicoumarol, capsaicin, and caffeine. EC 1.6.99.2.
UI = D016660
NAD(P)H-Flavin Oxidoreductase
MS = An enzyme that utilizes NADH or NADPH to reduce FLAVINS. It is involved in a number of biological processes that require reduced flavin for their functions such as bacterial BIOLUMINESCENCE.
UI = D038181
NAD+ Nucleosidase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to NICOTINAMIDE and ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE. Some are extracellular (ectoenzymes).The enzyme from some sources also catalyses the hydrolysis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP).
UI = D009244
NADH Dehydrogenase
MS = A flavoprotein containing iron. Cytochrome c may act as receptor. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD and reduced acceptor. EC 1.6.99.3
AN = do not confuse with NADPH DEHYDROGENASE; do not confuse X ref NADH CYTOCHROME C REDUCTASE with NADPH CYTOCHROME C REDUCTASE
UI = D009245
NADH Tetrazolium Reductase
MS = Catalyzes the reduction of tetrazolium compounds in the presence of NADH.
UI = D009246
NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases
MS = A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p100) EC 1.6.
UI = D009247
Nadolol
MS = A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for migraine and for tremor.
UI = D009248
NADP
MS = Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a coenzyme; NADP or NAD probably correct for indexing of pyridine nucleotides
UI = D009249
NADP Transhydrogenase
MS = An enzyme present in the mitochondrial membrane of animals and in microorganisms. In the presence of energy (ATP) it catalyzes reversibly the reduction of NAD by NADPH to yield NADP and NADH. This reaction permits the utilization of the reducing properties of NADPH by the respiratory chain and in the reverse direction it allows the reduction of NADP for biosynthetic purposes. EC 1.6.1.1.
UI = D009250
NADPH Dehydrogenase
MS = A flavoprotein that reversibly oxidizes NADPH to NADP and a reduced acceptor. EC 1.6.99.1.
AN = do not confuse with NADH DEHYDROGENASE
UI = D009252
NADPH Oxidase
MS = A plasma membrane-associated enzyme complex that catalyzes the univalent reduction of oxygen using NADPH as an electron donor. The superoxide anion formed acts as an oxidant in the phagocyte microbicidal system, proceeding through a series of electron transfer reactions that form the respiratory burst. Various genetic defects in the system result in chronic granulomatous disease (GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC). (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 1.6.-.
UI = D019255
NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase
MS = A flavoprotein that catalyzes the reduction of heme-thiolate-dependent monooxygenases and is part of the microsomal hydroxylating system. EC 1.6.2.4.
UI = D009251
Nadroparin
MS = A heparin fraction with a mean molecular weight of 4500 daltons. It is isolated from porcine mucosal heparin and used as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = a low-molec weight heparin fraction
UI = D017762
Naegleria
MS = A free-living soil amoeba pathogenic to humans and animals. It occurs also in water and sewage. The most commonly found species in man is NAEGLERI FOWLERI which is the pathogen for primary amebic meningoencephalitis in primates.
AN = pathogenic ameba in soil, water & sewage; infection: coord IM with AMEBIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D009253
Naegleria fowleri
MS = A species of parasitic protozoa having both an ameboid and flagellate stage in its life cycle. Infection with this pathogen produces primary amebic meningoencephalitis.
AN = pathogenic ameba causing meningoencephalitis; infection: coord IM with AMEBIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D016848
Nafarelin
MS = This GONADORELIN analog has been used in the treatment of central precocious puberty and endometriosis.
UI = D017274
Nafcillin
MS = A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.
UI = D009254
Nafenopin
MS = A peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.
UI = D009255
Nafoxidine
MS = An estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer.
UI = D009256
Nafronyl
MS = A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enchance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.
UI = D009257
Nail Biting
MS = Common form of habitual body manipulation which is an expression of tension.
UI = D009259
Nail Diseases
MS = Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.
AN = primates only; neopl: coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D009260
Nail-Patella Syndrome
MS = A syndrome of multiple abnormalities characterized by the absence or hypoplasia of the patella and congenital nail dystrophy. It is a genetically determined autosomal dominant trait.
AN = nail, patella & other abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D009261
Nails
MS = The thin, horny plates that cover the dorsal surfaces of the distal phlanges of the fingers and toes of primates.
AN = primates only: use HOOF AND CLAW for other vertebrates: Manual 21.58; /abnorm permitted but consider NAILS, MALFORMED
UI = D009262
Nails, Ingrown
MS = Excessive lateral nail growth into the nail fold. Because the lateral margin of the nail acts as a foreign body, inflammation and granulation may result. It is caused by improperly fitting shoes and by improper trimming of the nail.
UI = D009263
Nails, Malformed
MS = Deformities in nail structure or appearance, including hypertrophy, splitting, clubbing, furrowing, etc.
AN = consider also NAILS /abnorm
UI = D009264
Nairobi Sheep Disease
MS = An arbovirus infection of sheep and goats transmitted by ticks. It is characterized by high fever and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis.
AN = caused by a nairovirus; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL
UI = D009265
Nairobi sheep disease virus
MS = A species of NAIROVIRUS, transmitted by the ixodid ticks and producing a lethal gastroenteritis in sheep and goats. Though a major veterinary pathogen, its effect on humans has not been firmly established.
AN = infection = NAIROBI SHEEP DISEASE
UI = D029281
Nairovirus
MS = A genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE named after NAIROBI SHEEP DISEASE, an acute, hemorrhagic, tick-borne, gastroenteritis affecting sheep and goats. The type species is Dugbe virus. Some viruses in this genus are capable of causing severe and fatal disease in humans.
AN = infection = NAIROBI SHEEP DISEASE or HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, CRIMEAN or if not so specified, coord IM with BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016855
Nalbuphine
MS = A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at kappa opioid receptors and an antagonist or partial agonist at mu opioid receptors.
UI = D009266
Naled
MS = An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D009267
Nalidixic Acid
MS = A synthetic 1,8-naphthyridine antimicrobial agent with a limited bacteriocidal spectrum. It is an inhibitor of the A subunit of bacterial DNA gyrase.
UI = D009268
Nalorphine
MS = A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.
UI = D009269
Naloxone
MS = A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.
UI = D009270
Naltrexone
MS = Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.
UI = D009271
Names
MS = Personal names, given or surname, as cultural characteristics, as ethnological or religious patterns, as indications of the geographic distribution of families and inbreeding, etc. Analysis of isonymy, the quality of having the same or similar names, is useful in the study of population genetics. NAMES is used also for the history of names or name changes of corporate bodies, such as medical societies, universities, hospitals, government agencies, etc.
AN = for articles & books on personal given or surnames; history of names & name changes of agencies, societies, organizations, universities, medical schools, hospitals & other corporate bodies go here (NIM) + specific body if in MeSH as main heading (IM) or GOVERNMENT AGENCIES; SOCIETIES; UNIVERSITIES; HOSPITALS or other generic heading if specific corporate body is not in MeSH (IM); no qualif
UI = D009275
Namibia
MS = A republic in southern Africa, south of ANGOLA and west of BOTSWANA. Its capital is Windhoek. It was a region not much visited before the middle of the 19th century although the Portuguese landed at one of its harbors in 1486. Namibia was annexed by Germany in 1885. As the former German colony of South West Africa, it was mandated to South Africa 1920-1966, and made a direct dependent of the United Nations 1966. Its name was changed from South West Africa to Namibia in 1968. The name is from Nama, the Hottentot people who inhabit it; its origin is unknown. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1144 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p369)
AN = a republic in southern Africa
UI = D009276
Nandrolone
MS = A steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1189)
AN = an anabolic steroid
UI = D009277
Nanotechnology
MS = The development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and construct structures in the nanoscale size range or smaller.
UI = D036103
Nanotubes, Carbon
MS = Nanometer-sized tubes composed mainly of CARBON. Such nanotubes are used as probes for high-resolution structural and chemical imaging of biomolecules with ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY.
AN = distinguish from protein MICROTUBULES and from nanotubes made other chemicals such as peptides, boron, etc
UI = D037742
Nanovirus
MS = Unassigned genus of plant-infecting viruses containing multiple circular single-stranded DNA molecules. The type species is Subterranean clover stunt virus.
AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM) if pertinent
UI = D025682
Naphazoline
MS = An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.
UI = D009278
Naphthacenes
MS = Polycyclic four-ring hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar and found as contaminants in commercial anthracene preparations.
AN = aromatic hydrocarbons
UI = D009279
Naphthaleneacetic Acids
MS = Naphthalene derivatives containing the -CH2CCO2H radical at the 1-position, the 2-position, or both. Compounds are used as plant growth regulators to delay sprouting, exert weed control, thin fruit, etc.
UI = D009280
Naphthalenes
MS = Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics.
AN = aromatic hydrocarbons
UI = D009281
Naphthalenesulfonates
MS = A class of organic compounds that contains a naphthalene moiety linked to a sulfonic acid salt or ester.
UI = D009282
Naphthol AS D Esterase
MS = Hydrolytic enzyme activity used as a histocytochemical test for the presence of esterases in tissue. Substrate used is 3-hydroxy-4'-nitro-2-naphthanilide chloroacetate (naphthol AS-D).
UI = D009283
Naphthols
MS = Naphthalene derivatives carrying one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups at any ring position. They are often used in dyes and pigments, as antioxidants for rubber, fats, and oils, as insecticides, in pharmaceuticals, and in numerous other applications.
UI = D009284
Naphthoquinones
MS = Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.
UI = D009285
Naphthylvinylpyridine
MS = 4(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine hydrochloride. Cholinesterase inhibitor. Synonym: YuB 25.
AN = a cholinesterase inhib
UI = D009286
Naphthyridines
UI = D009287
Naproxen
MS = An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.
UI = D009288
Narcissism
MS = A psychoanalytic term meaning self-love.
AN = no qualif
UI = D009289
Narcissus
MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. Members contain ungiminorine and LECTINS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031427
Narcolepsy
MS = A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)
UI = D009290
Narcotherapy
MS = Intravenous injections of sodium amytal or sodium pentothal to induce a state in which the patient is more relaxed and communicative. Narcosuggestion, narcosynthesis, and narcoanalysis are therapeutic processes using these drug adjuncts.
AN = a psychother technique using adjuvant sodium amytal or pentothal; DF: NARCOTHER
UI = D009291
Narcotic Antagonists
MS = Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: NARCOTIC ANTAG
UI = D009292
Narcotics
MS = Originally, agents that caused somnolence or induced sleep; now, any derivative, natural or synthetic, of opium or morphine or any substance that has their effects. Narcotics have potent analgesic effects associated with significant changes in mood and behavior, and with the potential for dependence and tolerance following repeated administration. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; addiction to NARCOTICS = OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS;
UI = D009294
Nardostachys
MS = A plant genus of the family VALERIANACEAE. Nardostachysin, nardostachin, nardosinone, valeranone, and patchoulene have been found in this genus. Nardostachys jatamansi is classified by some as Valeriana jatamansi.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032404
Narration
MS = The act, process, or an instance of narrating, i.e., telling a story. In the context of MEDICINE or ETHICS, narration includes relating the particular and the personal in the life story of an individual.
AN = do not use for personal narrations
UI = D033262
Nasal Bone
MS = Either of two small elongated rectangular bones that together form the bridge of the nose.
AN = /abnorm permitted for congen deform but acquired deform = NOSE DEFORMITIES, ACQUIRED; /surg: consider also RHINOPLASTY; fractures: coord NASAL BONE /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM); neopl: coord IM + NOSE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D009295
Nasal Cavity
MS = The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx.
AN = /abnorm permitted for congen deform but acquired deform = NOSE DEFORMITIES, ACQUIRED; neopl: coord IM + NOSE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); inflammation = RHINITIS; /secret = NASAL MUCOSA /secret
UI = D009296
Nasal Decongestants
MS = Drugs designed to treat inflammation of the nasal passages, generally the result of an infection (more often than not the common cold) or an allergy related condition, e.g., hay fever. The inflammation involves swelling of the mucous membrane that lines the nasal passages and results in inordinate mucus production. The primary class of nasal decongestants are vasoconstrictor agents. (From PharmAssist, The Family Guide to Health and Medicine, 1993)
UI = D014663
Nasal Lavage Fluid
MS = Fluid obtained by irrigation or washout of the nasal cavity and NASAL MUCOSA. The resulting fluid is used in cytologic and immunologic assays of the nasal mucosa such as with the NASAL PROVOCATION TEST in the diagnosis of nasal hypersensitivity.
UI = D017817
Nasal Mucosa
MS = The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity.
AN = inflammation = RHINITIS
UI = D009297
Nasal Obstruction
MS = Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be in the nasal vestibule, fossae, or other areas of the nasal cavity.
AN = may be anywhere in the nasal passages or cavity
UI = D015508
Nasal Polyps
MS = Focal accumulations of edema fluid in the nasal mucosa accompanied by hyperplasia of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be neoplasms, foci of inflammation, degenerative lesions, or malformations.
AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D009298
Nasal Provocation Tests
MS = Application of allergens to the nasal mucosa. Interpretation includes observation of nasal symptoms, rhinoscopy, and rhinomanometry. Nasal provocaton tests are used in the diagnosis of nasal hypersensitivity, including hay fever.
AN = diag of nasal allergy; DF: NP TESTS
UI = D009299
Nasal Septum
MS = The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts.
UI = D009300
Nasolacrimal Duct
UI = D009301
Nasopharyngeal Diseases
MS = General or unspecified diseases of the nasopharynx.
AN = inflamm dis = NASOPHARYNGITIS
UI = D009302
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D009303
Nasopharyngitis
MS = Inflammation of the nasopharynx.
AN = inflamm of nasopharynx, not nose & pharynx
UI = D009304
Nasopharynx
MS = The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate.
AN = inflammation = NASOPHARYNGITIS
UI = D009305
Nasturtium
MS = A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE. Nasturtium is also used as a common name for TROPAEOLUM. The common name of watercress is also used for RORIPPA & TROPAEOLUM. This is the most popular of the edible cresses, is a hardy creeping perennial plant, native to Europe but extensively naturalized elsewhere in moist places.
AN = NASTURTIUM, GARDEN see TROPAEOLUM is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031223
Natal Teeth
MS = Predeciduous teeth present at birth. They may be well formed and normal or may represent hornified epithelial structures without roots. They are found on the gingivae over the crest of the ridge and arise from accessory buds of the dental lamina ahead of the deciduous buds or from buds of the accessory dental lamina. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
AN = "predeciduous teeth present at birth"
UI = D009306
Natamycin
MS = Amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically.
AN = do not use /biosyn unless by living matter
UI = D010866
National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)
MS = A United States organization of distinguished scientists and engineers established for the purpose of investigating and reporting upon any subject of art or science as requested by any department of government. The National Research Council organized by NAS serves as the principal operating agency to stimulate and support research.
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NON-US GOVT SUP; DF: NAS NRC CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D009307
National Center for Health Care Technology
MS = A center in the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE which coordinates and administers a program of research, demonstrations, and evaluations of medical technologies and assessments of health care technology.
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: NCHCT CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D009308
National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.)
MS = A center in the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE which is primarily concerned with the collection, analysis, and dissemination of health statistics on vital events and health activities to reflect the health status of people, health needs, and health resources.
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: NCHS CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D009309
National Health Insurance, United States
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: NATL HEALTH INSUR US
UI = D009310
National Health Planning Information Center
MS = A center in the HEALTH RESOURCES ADMINISTRATION Division of Planning Methods and Technology which provides access to current information on health planning and resources development.
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D009312
National Health Programs
MS = Components of a national health care system which administer specific services, e.g., national health insurance.
AN = specify country
UI = D009313
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
MS = An institute of the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION which is responsible for assuring safe and healthful working conditions and for developing standards of safety and health. Research activities are carried out pertinent to these goals.
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: NIOSH CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D009314
National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.)
MS = A component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH concerned with research, overall planning, promoting, and administering mental health programs and research.
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: NIMH CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D009315
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
MS = An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to health and medical research.
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCES, NIH is available: see note there; research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: NIH CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D009316
National Library of Medicine (U.S.)
MS = An agency of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH concerned with overall planning, promoting, and administering programs pertaining to various aspects of documentation and library services in the field of medicine.
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: NLM CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D009317
National Practitioner Data Bank
MS = A databank established by the Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986 authorizing the Department of Health and Human Services to collect and release information on the professional competence and conduct of physicians, dentists, nurses, and other health care practitioners. The data include adverse actions on physicians' malpractice, licensure, hospital privileges, concealing of pertinent information, and the like.
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM) CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D016749
National Socialism
MS = The doctrines and policies of the Nazis or the National Social German Workers party, which ruled Germany under Adolf Hitler from 1933-1945. These doctrines and policies included racist nationalism, expansionism, and state control of the economy. (from Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. and American Heritage College Dictionary, 3d ed.)
AN = specify geog
UI = D028683
Natriuresis
AN = differentiate from SODIUM /urine in that in natriuresis emphasis is on the physiol process of urinary excretion of sodium; NATRIURETIC HORMONE is available
UI = D009318
Natriuretic Hormone
MS = A low-molecular weight substance, possibly from the hypothalamus, which is released due to plasma volume expansion. It causes natriuresis in part by inhibiting sodium potassium ATPase. The development of hypertension may be the consequence of an abnormality in volume regulation induced by a defect in the renal response to the natriuretic effect of the natriuretic hormone. Do not confuse with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR or cardionatrin which is a different, well characterized hormone.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D009319
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain
MS = A natriuretic peptide that is stored mainly in cardiac ventricular myocardium and may be responsive to changes in ventricular filling pressures. It has been shown to cause natriuresis and vasodilation. (Heart Disease: a Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 5th ed, p414)
UI = D020097
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type
MS = A 22-amino acid peptide that is a member of the natriuretic peptide family. It is from endothelial and renal cell origin with selective cardiovascular actions. (Hypertension 1997;30(2 Pt 1):184)
UI = D020098
Natronobacterium
MS = A genus of rod-shaped, extremely halophilic HALOBACTERIACEAE which grows in alkaline conditions. They are strictly aerobic and some strains are motile. Natronobacterium is found in soda lakes, alkaline salterns, and soda soils.
AN = a genus of Halobacteriaceae; natrono- refers to its presence in soda lakes & soda soils; DF: NATRONOBACT
UI = D019633
Natronococcus
MS = A genus of coccoid, extremely halophilic HALOBACTERIACEAE which grows in alkaline conditions. They are nonmotile and strictly aerobic and are found in soda lakes, alkaline salterns, and soda soils.
AN = a genus of Halobacteriaceae; natrono- refers to its presence in soda lakes & soda soils
UI = D019634
Natural Childbirth
MS = Labor and delivery without medical intervention, usually involving RELAXATION TECHNIQUES.
AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D009321
Natural Disasters
MS = Sudden calamitous events producing great material damage, loss, and distress. They are the result of natural phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, etc.
UI = D009322
Natural History
MS = A former branch of knowledge embracing the study, description, and classification of natural objects (as animals, plants, and minerals) and thus including the modern sciences of zoology, botany, and mineralogy insofar as they existed at that time. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries it was much used for the generalized pursuit of certain areas of science. (Webster, 3d ed; from Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)
AN = restrict to the hist science: not for the "natural history" or natural course or develop of a dis; DF: NATURAL HIST
UI = D019021
Natural Language Processing
MS = Computer processing of a language with rules that reflect and describe current usage rather than prescribed usage.
AN = IM; no qualif
UI = D009323
Natural Sciences
MS = The sciences dealing with processes observable in nature.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D010811
Nature
MS = The system of all phenomena in space and time; the totality of physical reality. It is both a scientific and philosophic concept appearing in all historic eras. (Webster 2d; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)
AN = restrict to Nature as an abstract or philosophical concept, as "von Humboldt's Views of Nature" or "the laws of nature"; not for "the nature of science" or "the nature of psychoanalytic theory"; no qualif
UI = D019368
Naturopathy
MS = A drugless system of therapy, making use of physical forces such as air, light, water, heat, massage, etc. Treatments are often diet- and nutrition-oriented with attention given to the patient's personal history and lifestyle. (From Cassileth, Alternative Medicine Handbook, 1998, p329)
UI = D009324
Nausea
MS = An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.
AN = /chem ind: consider also EMETICS; /drug ther: consider also ANTIEMETICS
UI = D009325
Naval Medicine
MS = The practice of medicine concerned with conditions affecting the health of individuals associated with the marine environment.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; Manual 28.8 & 34.15; use as coord for physiol, psychol & dis of nautical personnel whether of national navy, merchant marine or liner: read MeSH definition; DF: NAVAL MED
UI = D009326
Near Drowning
MS = Non-fatal immersion or submersion in water. The subject is resuscitable.
AN = only Cat C qualif if pertinent
UI = D015701
Nebramycin
MS = A complex of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius.
AN = an aminoglycoside antibiotic
UI = D009328
Nebraska
UI = D009329
Nebulizers and Vaporizers
MS = Devices that cause a liquid or solid to be converted into an aerosol (spray) or a vapor. It is used in drug administration by inhalation, humidification of ambient air, and in certain analytical instruments.
UI = D009330
Necator
MS = A genus of intestinal parasite worms which includes one of the most important hookworms of man, NECATOR AMERICANUS. The only other known species, N. suillus, has been recovered from pigs.
AN = a genus of intestinal hookworm found in man & pig; infection = NECATORIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D009331
Necator americanus
MS = A common parasite of humans in the moist tropics and subtropics. These organisms attach to villi in the small intestine and suck blood causing diarrhea, anorexia, and anemia.
AN = a species of intestinal hookworm; coord IM with NECATORIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D017221
Necatoriasis
MS = Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus NECATOR. The resulting anemia from this condition is less severe than that from ANCYLOSTOMIASIS.
AN = hookworm infect; human & animal
UI = D009332
Neck
AN = as a region & for soft parts but note that NECK MUSCLES is also available; bones = CERVICAL VERTEBRAE; "cervical lymph nodes" = LYMPH NODES (IM) + NECK (NIM); "pterygium colli": index under NECK /abnorm; "neck dissection" probably refers to dissection of lymph nodes in cancer: index under LYMPH NODE EXCISION (IM) + NECK (NIM) for general or unspecified or RADICAL NECK DISSECTION if so specified
UI = D009333
Neck Dissection
MS = Dissection in the neck to remove all disease tissues including cervical LYMPH NODES and to leave an adequate margin of normal tissue. This type of surgery is usually used in tumors or cervical metastases in the head and neck. The prototype of neck dissection is the radical neck dissection described by Crile in 1906.
AN = usually for cancer; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D037981
Neck Injuries
MS = General or unspecified injuries to the neck. It includes injuries to the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues of the neck.
AN = GEN or unspecified; restrict to inj of soft tissue; inj of cervical vertebrae = CERVICAL VERTEBRAE /inj; coord IM with specific inj (IM); DF: NECK INJ
UI = D019838
Neck Muscles
MS = The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus).
AN = restrict to muscles of the neck as specified by MeSH definition: do not use for or include muscles of organs located in the neck, as the larynx (LARYNGEAL MUSCLES) or pharynx (PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES); /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D009334
Neck Pain
MS = Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.
UI = D019547
Necrobiosis Lipoidica
MS = A degenerative disease of the dermal connective tissue characterized by the development of erythematous papules or nodules in the pretibial area. The papules form plaques covered with telangiectatic vessels. More than half of the affected patients have diabetes.
AN = a skin dis; also called "necrosis lipoidica diabeticorum" so do not index also under DIABETES MELLITUS unless particularly discussed
UI = D009335
Necrobiotic Disorders
MS = A group of disorders characterized by swelling, basophilia, and distortion of collagen bundles in the dermis.
AN = a group of collagen dis affecting the "collagen bundles in the dermis"; NECROBIOSIS LIPOIDICA with or without diabetes mellitus is also available
UI = D017441
Necrosis
MS = A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately CELL DEATH.
AN = IM for general or for necrotic process; NIM as coord for /pathol, with no qualif; bone necrosis = OSTEONECROSIS or OSTEORADIONECROSIS; DENTAL PULP NECROSIS; FEMUR HEAD NECROSIS; KIDNEY CORTEX NECROSIS; KIDNEY PAPILLARY NECROSIS & KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS, ACUTE are also available; radionecrosis: coord NIM with RADIATION INJURIES (IM) + organ /pathol (IM)
UI = D009336
Necturus
MS = A genus of the Proteidae family with five recognized species, which inhabit the Atlantic and Gulf drainages.
AN = NIM as exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D009337
Necturus maculosus
MS = A neotenic aquatic species of mudpuppy (Necturus) occurring from Manitoba to Louisiana and Texas.
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D009338
Nedocromil
MS = A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with asthma, including eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, monocytes, and platelets.
UI = D017835
Needle Sharing
MS = Usage of a single needle among two or more people for injecting drugs. Needle sharing is a high-risk behavior for contracting infectious disease.
AN = by intravenous drug users
UI = D016485
Needle-Exchange Programs
MS = Organized services for exchange of sterile needles and syringes used for injections as a potential means of reducing the transmission of infectious diseases.
AN = to prevent spread of infect among drug users
UI = D018671
Needles
MS = Sharp instruments used for puncturing or suturing.
AN = disinfection of needles by Clorox (a household bleach) as by intravenous drug users is indexed under NEEDLES + DISINFECTION + SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
UI = D009339
Needlestick Injuries
MS = Penetrating stab wounds caused by needles. They are of special concern to health care workers since such injuries put them at risk for developing infectious disease.
AN = IM; coord with organ/inj or precoord inj term (IM)
UI = D016602
Needs Assessment
MS = Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed.
UI = D020380
Nefopam
MS = Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26)
UI = D009340
Negative Staining
MS = The technique of washing tissue specimens with a concentrated solution of a heavy metal salt and letting it dry. The specimen will be covered with a very thin layer of the metal salt, being excluded in areas where an adsorbed macromolecule is present. The macromolecules allow electrons from the beam of an electron microscope to pass much more readily than the heavy metal; thus, a reversed or negative image of the molecule is created.
UI = D016624
Negativism
MS = State of mind or behavior characterized by extreme skepticism and persistent opposition or resistance to outside suggestions or advice. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
AN = no qualif
UI = D009341
Negotiating
MS = The process of bargaining in order to arrive at an agreement or compromise on a matter of importance to the parties involved. It also applies to the hearing and determination of a case by a third party chosen by the parties in controversy, as well as the interposing of a third party to reconcile the parties in controversy.
AN = not restricted to labor unions: used also for interpersonal communications, personnel management, business transactions, etc.
UI = D017008
Negroid Race
MS = A major racial group distinguished by classification according to physical features. This group is largely those with origins in the western, central, and southern parts of Africa. (From Winick: Dictionary of Anthropology, 1972)
AN = for genetic, physical & physiol aspects of race; differentiate from BLACKS, cultural, social, sociol, psychol, etc.; IM; specify geog if pertinent; includes Andamanese, Afr Bushmen, Half-Hamites, Hottentots, Melanesians, Negrillos, Negritos, Papuans, Pygmies, Semangs; policy on race: Manual 30.6.4-30.6.7
UI = D009342
Neisseria
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, coccoid bacteria whose organisms are part of the normal flora of the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and genitourinary tract. Some species are primary pathogens for humans.
UI = D009343
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria primarily found in purulent venereal discharges. It is the causative agent of GONORRHEA.
AN = infection = GONORRHEA
UI = D009344
Neisseria meningitidis
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA. It is a commensal and pathogen only of humans, and can be carried asymptomatically in the NASOPHARYNX. When found in cerebrospinal fluid it is the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis (MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL). It is also found in venereal discharges and blood. There are at least 13 serogroups based on antigenic differences in the capsular polysaccharides; the ones causing most meningitis infections being A, B, C, Y, and W-135. Each serogroup can be further classifed by serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype.
AN = specific serogroups are also available; infection: probably MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL or, if not meningitis, MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
UI = D009345
Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A
MS = Strains of Neisseria meningitidis responsible for most outbreaks of meningococcal disease in Western Europe and the United States in the first half of the 20th century. They continue to be a major cause of disease in Asia and Africa, and especially localized epidemics in Sub-Sahara Africa.
AN = infection: coord IM with MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL (IM) or, if not meningitis, MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D038381
Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B
MS = Strains of Neisseria meningitidis which are the most common ones causing infections or disease in infants. Serogroup B strains are isolated most frequently in sporadic cases, and are less common in outbreaks and epidemics.
AN = infection: coord IM with MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL (IM) or, if not meningitis, MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D038541
Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup C
MS = Strains of Neisseria meningitidis responsible for most sporadic cases in teenagers and almost all outbreaks of disease in this age group. These strains are less common in infants.
AN = infection: coord IM with MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL (IM) or, if not meningitis, MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D038542
Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup W-135
MS = Strains of Neisseria meningitidis found mostly in Africa.
AN = infection: coord IM with MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL (IM) or, if not meningitis, MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D038582
Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup Y
MS = Strains of Neisseria meningitidis which, in the United States, causes disease in mostly adults and the elderly. Serogroup Y strains are associated with PNEUMONIA.
AN = infection: coord IM with MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL (IM) or, if not meningitis, MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D038581
Neisseriaceae
MS = A family of gram-negative, parasitic bacteria including several important pathogens of man.
UI = D009346
Neisseriaceae Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the family NEISSERIACEAE.
AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; DF: NEISSERIACEAE INFECT
UI = D016870
Nelfinavir
MS = A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.
UI = D019888
Nelson Syndrome
MS = A syndrome characterized by increased skin pigmentation, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum levels of ACTH following adrenalectomy for CUSHING SYNDROME. The cause of this syndrome is expansion of an underlying ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, p81)
UI = D009347
Nelumbo
MS = A plant genus of the family NELUMBONACEAE. The common name of lotus is also for LOTUS and NYMPHAEA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031653
Nelumbonaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Nymphaeales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are aquatic plants.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031652
Nematoda
MS = A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection = NEMATODE INFECTIONS; /drug eff: consider also ANTINEMATODAL AGENTS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D009348
Nematode Infections
MS = Infections by nematodes, general or unspecified.
AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; /drug ther: consider also ANTINEMATODAL AGENTS
UI = D009349
Nematospiroides
MS = A genus of nematodes found mainly in mice. Its organisms are used in biomedical research.
AN = a genus of nematode found in mice; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D017184
Nematospiroides dubius
MS = A species of intestinal nematode parasites which occur most commonly in mice. Infection is by ingesting larvae. This particular species is used extensively in immunological research.
AN = a species of nematode; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D009351
Neoadjuvant Therapy
MS = Preliminary cancer therapy (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone/endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, hyperthermia, etc.) that precedes a necessary second modality of treatment.
UI = D020360
Neocallimasticales
MS = An order of fungi in the phylum CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA comprising anaerobic chytrids that inhabit the rumen and cecum of herbivorous animals. Genera (all in the lone family Neocallimasticaceae) include NEOCALLIMASTIX, Orpinomyces, Piromonas, PIROMYCES, and Sphaeromonas.
UI = D020085
Neocallimastix
MS = A genus of fungi in the family Neocallimasticaceae, order NEOCALLIMASTICALES. They contain polyflagellate zoospores and grow on a range of simple and complex carbohydrates in the rumen of sheep and cattle.
UI = D020088
Neocortex
MS = The largest portion of the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is composed of NEURONS arranged in six layers.
UI = D019579
Neodymium
MS = Neodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.
AN = a rare earth element; Nd-142; Nd-143, 145, 146, 148, 150 = NEODYMIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Nd-138-141, 144, 147, 149, 151 = NEODYMIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D009354
Neomycin
MS = Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis.
UI = D009355
Neon
MS = Neon. A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.
AN = a rare gas; Ne-20; Ne-21, 22 = NEON (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Ne-17-19, 23, 24 = NEON (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D009356
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
MS = Fetal and neonatal addiction and withdrawal as a result of the mother's dependence on drugs during pregnancy. Withdrawal or abstinence symptoms develop shortly after birth. Symptoms exhibited are loud, high-pitched crying, sweating, yawning and gastrointestinal disturbances.
AN = substance-withdrawal symptoms in inf born of an addicted mother; do not use /congen; coord IM with specific substance /adv eff (IM) + check tag INFANT, NEWBORN
UI = D009357
Neonatal Nursing
MS = The nursing specialty that deals with the care of newborn infants during the first four weeks after birth.
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; check also tag INFANT, NEWBORN
UI = D017283
Neonatal Screening
MS = The identification of selected parameters in newborn infants by various tests, examinations, or other procedures. Screening may be performed by clinical or laboratory measures. A screening test is designed to sort out healthy neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN) from those not well, but the screening test is not intended as a diagnostic device, rather instead as epidemiologic.
AN = check tag INFANT, NEWBORN
UI = D015997
Neonatology
MS = A subspecialty of Pediatrics concerned with the newborn infant.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; differentiate from INFANT, NEWBORN, the physiol, psychol or social entity; differentiate from PERINATOLOGY: NEONATOLOGY is newborn inf only, PERINATOLOGY covers fetus & infant; DF: NEONATOL
UI = D009359
Neoplasm Circulating Cells
MS = Exfoliate neoplastic cells circulating in the blood and associated with metastasizing tumors.
AN = IM; qualif permitted; DF: NEOPL CIRC CELLS
UI = D009360
Neoplasm Invasiveness
MS = Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.
AN = IM for GEN only or for invasive process; when IM for GEN only, qualif permitted; NIM with no qualif + neopl terms /pathol (IM); do not use for specific histologically invasive tumors (e.g., invasive fibroma = FIBROMATOSIS, AGGRESSIVE in Tumor Key & not also NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS); DF: NEOPL INVASIVENESS
UI = D009361
Neoplasm Metastasis
MS = The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
AN = GEN only for metastatic process or neoplasm metast in general; when IM for GEN only, qualif permitted; unlikely as NIM coord: prefer /second with organ/neopl & histol type for metastatic neopl; policy on metastasis & /second: Manual 19.8.65, 24.3.1, 24.4.1.3+; do not confuse with NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS (Manual 24.4.1.1+), LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION (Manual 24.4.1.2), NEOPLASMS, SECOND PRIMARY (Manual 24.4.1.7) or NEOPLASM, RESIDUAL; DF: NEOPL METASTASIS
UI = D009362
Neoplasm Proteins
MS = Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterised and are used as tumor markers (TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
AN = IM & coord with specific protein (IM) + specific histol type (IM) + specific organ/neoplasms term (IM); Manual 24.4.4.4
UI = D009363
Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
MS = The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.
AN = IM; differentiate from NEOPLASMS, MULTIPLE PRIMARY (Manual 24.4.1.5 - 24.4.1.6) and NEOPLASMS, SECOND PRIMARY (Manual 24.4.1.7); do not confuse with NEOPLASM, RESIDUAL; DF: NEOPL RECURRENCE LOCAL
UI = D009364
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous
MS = Disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy.
AN = IM; must be spontaneous: for regression or remission after ther, use REMISSION INDUCTION; Manual 24.4.1.9; DF: NEOPL REGRESSION SPONTANEOUS
UI = D009365
Neoplasm Seeding
MS = The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.
AN = includes seeding by surg, biopsy, palpation, etc.; IM; no qualif; Manual 24.4.1.11; DF: NEOPL SEEDING
UI = D009366
Neoplasm Staging
MS = Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
AN = = degree of spread of neopl (do not confuse with "grading" which = degree of malignancy); staging is given in roman numerals, grading in arabic; Manual 24.4.1.12+; usually NIM with no qualif + neopl terms /pathol (IM); IM as technique & general only & when IM, qualif permitted; relation to /pathol & differentiation from classification: TN 214; DF: NEOPL STAGING
UI = D009367
Neoplasm Transplantation
MS = Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.
AN = NIM; Manual 24.5.4; DF: NEOPL TRANSPL
UI = D009368
Neoplasm, Residual
MS = Remnant of a tumor or cancer after primary, potentially curative therapy. (Dr. Daniel Masys, written communication)
AN = IM for GEN only; when IM for GEN only, qualif permitted; as NIM coord, no qualif; DF: NEOPL RESIDUAL
UI = D018365
Neoplasms
MS = New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics; policy: Manual section 24; /chem ind permitted but consider also CARCINOGENS; /class: consider also NEOPLASM STAGING (see note there) but "grading" = /pathol; /etiol: consider also ONCOGENIC VIRUSES; /vet: Manual 24.6+ or TN 136; TN 135: MeSH terms for neoplasms classed by tissue; /drug ther: consider also ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS & its specifics; /genet: consider also GENES, SUPPRESSOR, TUMOR; /immunol: consider also TUMOR ESCAPE; consider also ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM & ANTIBODIES, NEOPLASM; /microbiol: consider also ONCOGENIC VIRUSES; /nurs = the patient, ONCOLOGIC NURSING = the oncologic specialty; /prev: consider also ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS; /radiother = the patient, RADIATION ONCOLOGY = the specialty; consider also BRACHYTHERAPY; /second = NEOPLASM METASTASIS but do not confuse with NEOPLASMS, SECOND PRIMARY; familial: consider also NEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, HEREDITARY; metastatic cancer of unknown origin: index under NEOPLASM METASTASIS; Tumor Key: TN Suppl
UI = D009369
Neoplasms by Histologic Type
MS = A collective term for the various histological types of NEOPLASMS. It is more likely to be used by searchers than by indexers and catalogers.
AN = to collect neopl by histol type; not used for indexing; policy: Manual section 24; also TN Suppl: Tumor Key for human & corresponding vet tumors (does not contain exper tumors); TN 135: correct use of tissue type terms; restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL HISTOL TYPE CATALOG: do not use
UI = D009370
Neoplasms by Site
MS = A collective term for precoordinated organ/neoplasm headings locating neoplasms by organ, as BRAIN NEOPLASMS; DUODENAL NEOPLASMS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; etc.
AN = to collect neopl located by organ; not used for indexing; policy: Manual section 24; DF: NEOPL SITE CATALOG: do not use
UI = D009371
Neoplasms, Adipose Tissue
MS = Neoplasms composed of fatty tissue or connective tissue made up of fat cells in a meshwork of areolar tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in adipose tissue.
AN = neoplasms composed of adipose or soft tissue, NOT neoplasms located in adipose or soft tissue: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL ADIPOSE TISSUE
UI = D018205
Neoplasms, Adnexal and Skin Appendage
MS = Neoplasms composed of sebaceous or sweat gland tissue or tissue of other skin appendages. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the sebaceous or sweat glands or in the other skin appendages.
AN = neopl composed of sebaceous or sweat gland tissue or tissue of skin appendages, NOT neopl located in these sites; indexing policy: Manual section 24; also TN Suppl: Tumor Key for human & corresponding vet tumors (does not contain exper tumors); TN 135: correct use of tissue type terms; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL ADNEXAL SKIN APPENDAGE
UI = D018294
Neoplasms, Basal Cell
MS = Neoplasms composed of cells from the deepest layer of the epidermis. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the stratum basale.
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL BASAL CELL
UI = D018295
Neoplasms, Bone Tissue
MS = Neoplasms composed of bony tissue, whether normal or of a soft tissue which has become ossified. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in bones.
AN = neoplasms composed of bone tissue, NOT neoplasms located in bones ( = BONE NEOPLASMS): TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL BONE TISSUE
UI = D018213
Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed
MS = Neoplasms composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue.
AN = neopl composed of more than one type of neopl tissue; indexing policy: Manual section 24; also TN Suppl: Tumor Key for human & corresponding vet tumors (does not contain exper tumors); TN 135: correct use of tissue type terms; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL COMPLEX MIXED
UI = D018193
Neoplasms, Connective and Soft Tissue
MS = Neoplasms developing from some structure of the connective and subcutaneous tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective or soft tissue.
AN = neopl composed of connective or soft tissue, NOT neopl located in these sites; indexing policy: Manual section 24; also TN Suppl: Tumor Key for human & corresponding vet tumors (does not contain exper tumors); TN 135: correct use of tissue type terms; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); NEOPLASMS, CONNECTIVE TISSUE is available for neopl composed of connective tissue but SOFT TISSUE NEOPLASMS is available for neopl located in soft tissue (see note there); DF: NEOPL CONNECTIVE SOFT TISSUE
UI = D018204
Neoplasms, Connective Tissue
MS = Neoplasms composed of connective tissue, including elastic, mucous, reticular, osseous, and cartilaginous tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective tissue.
AN = neoplasms composed of connective tissue, NOT neoplasms located in connective tissue: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL CONNECTIVE TISSUE
UI = D009372
Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous
MS = Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.
AN = neopl containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum; indexing policy: Manual section 24; also TN Suppl: Tumor Key for human & corresponding vet tumors (does not contain exper tumors); TN 135: correct use of tissue type terms; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL CYSTIC MUCINOUS SEROUS
UI = D018297
Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary
MS = Neoplasms, usually carcinoma, located within the center of an organ or within small lobes, and in the case of the breast, intraductally. The emphasis of the name is on the location of the neoplastic tissue rather than on its histological type. Most cancers of this type are located in the breast.
AN = name refers to anatomical site within organ; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; indexing policy: Manual section 24; also TN Suppl: Tumor Key for human & corresponding vet tumors (does not contain exper tumors); TN 135: correct use of tissue type terms; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL DUCTAL LOBULAR MEDULLARY
UI = D018299
Neoplasms, Experimental
AN = IM GEN only; do not use as coord for cancer in animals; policy: Manual 24.5+; /chem ind: Manual 24.5.6+; "spontaneous": Manual 24.5.5; DF: NEOPL EXPER
UI = D009374
Neoplasms, Fibroepithelial
MS = Neoplasms composed of fibrous and epithelial tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in fibrous tissue or epithelium.
AN = neoplasms composed of fibrous & epithelial elements, NOT neoplasms located in fibrous or epithelial tissue: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL FIBROEPITHELIAL
UI = D018225
Neoplasms, Fibrous Tissue
MS = Neoplasms composed of fibrous tissue, the ordinary connective tissue of the body, made up largely of yellow or white fibers. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in fibrous tissue.
AN = neoplasms composed of fibrous tissue, NOT neoplasms located in fibrous tissue: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL FIBROUS TISSUE
UI = D018218
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
MS = Neoplasms composed of primordial germ cells of embryonic gonads or of elements of the germ layers of the embryo. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or fetus.
AN = neoplasms composed of germ cells or embryonic tissue, NOT neoplasms located in germ cells or embryonic tissue; do not confuse with GERM CELL TUMOR see GERMINOMA; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL GERM CELL
UI = D009373
Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial
MS = Neoplasms composed of glandular tissue, an aggregation of epithelial cells that elaborate secretions, and of any type of epithelium itself. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the various glands or in epithelial tissue.
AN = neoplasms composed of glandular & epithelial tissue, NOT neoplasms located in various glands or epithelium: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D009375
Neoplasms, Gonadal Tissue
MS = Neoplasms composed of ovarian or testicular tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the ovaries or testes.
AN = neoplasms composed of gonadal tissue, NOT neoplasms located in the ovaries or testes: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL GONADAL TISSUE
UI = D018309
Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent
MS = Certain tumors that 1) arise in organs that are normally dependent on specific hormones and 2) are stimulated or caused to regress by manipulation of the endocrine environment.
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; /drug ther: consider also ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM) + histol type (IM) + specific hormone (IM)
UI = D009376
Neoplasms, Mesothelial
MS = Neoplasms composed of tissue of the mesothelium, the layer of flat cells, derived from the mesoderm, which lines the body cavity of the embryo. In the adult it forms the simple squamous epithelium which covers all true serous membranes (peritoneum, pericardium, pleura). The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in these organs. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = neoplasms composed of mesothelium, NOT neoplasms located in the mesothelium: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL MESOTHELIAL
UI = D018301
Neoplasms, Multiple Primary
MS = Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously. The neoplasms are histologically different and may be found in the same or different sites.
AN = 2 or more neopl, histologically different, at same or different sites occurring simultaneously: do not confuse with NEOPLASMS, SECOND PRIMARY (a neopl following an earlier neopl but not its metastasis); coord with each specific histol type (IM) & each precoord organ/neopl term (IM); do not use /compl with specific multiple neopl terms to show multiplicity; differentiate from NEOPLASM METASTASIS & NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL: Manual 24.4.1.5, 24.4.1.6; MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA & its specifics are also available; DF: NEOPL MULTIPLE PRIMARY
UI = D009378
Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue
MS = Neoplasms composed of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, or smooth. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in muscles.
AN = neoplasms composed of muscle tissue, NOT neoplasms located in muscles: TN 135; /blood supply /chem /secret /second /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL MUSCLE TISSUE
UI = D009379
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue
MS = Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.
AN = neoplasms composed of nerve tissue, NOT neoplasms located in the nervous system or nerves ( = NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS): TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D009380
Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial
MS = Neoplasms composed of neuroepithelial cells, which have the capacity to differentiate into NEURONS, oligodendrocytes, and ASTROCYTES. The majority of craniospinal tumors are of neuroepithelial origin. (From Dev Biol 1998 Aug 1;200(1):1-5)
AN = neoplasms composed of neural epithelium, NOT neoplasms located in the neural epithelium or neuroepithelium; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5; DF: NEOPL NEUROEPITHELIAL
UI = D018302
Neoplasms, Post-Traumatic
MS = Tumors, cancer or other neoplasms caused by or resulting from trauma or other non-radiation injuries.
AN = IM; coord with specific histol type (IM) + organ/neopl term (IM); Manual 24.4.3.3; neopl after radiation inj = NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED; DF: NEOPL POST TRAUMATIC
UI = D017169
Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced
MS = Tumors, cancer or other neoplasms produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.
AN = IM; coord with specific histol type (IM) + organ/neopl term (IM); Manual 24.4.3.2+; DF: NEOPL RAD IND
UI = D009381
Neoplasms, Second Primary
MS = Abnormal growths of tissue that follow a previous neoplasm but are not metastases of the latter. The second neoplasm may have the same or different histological type and can occur in the same or different organs as the previous neoplasm but in all cases arises from an independent oncogenic event. The development of the second neoplasm may or may not be related to the treatment for the previous neoplasm since genetic risk or predisposing factors may actually be the cause.
AN = a 2d or more neopl of same or different histol type at same or different sites: do not confuse with NEOPLASMS, MULTIPLE PRIMARY (see note there); often follows ther (note X refs); IM; coord with each specific histol type (IM) & each precoord organ/neopl term (IM); do not use /compl with specific multiple neopl terms to show multiplicity; Manual 24.4.1.7; differentiate from NEOPLASM METASTASIS (Manual 24.4.1.3+) & NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL: Manual 24.4.1.5
UI = D016609
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell
MS = Neoplasms composed of squamous cells of the epithelium. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: NEOPL SQUAMOUS CELL
UI = D018307
Neoplasms, Unknown Primary
MS = Metastases in which the tissue of origin is unknown.
AN = IM; do not use /second; coord IM with organ/neopl term with /second (IM) + histol type /second (IM); Manual 24.4.1.8
UI = D009382
Neoplasms, Vascular Tissue
MS = Neoplasms composed of vascular tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in blood vessels.
AN = neoplasms composed of vascular tissue, NOT neoplasms located in vascular tissue ( = VASCULAR NEOPLASMS): TN 135; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5
UI = D009383
Neoplastic Endocrine-Like Syndromes
MS = Endocrine syndromes due to hormone production by neoplasms of non-endocrine tissue, or by other than the usual endocrine tissues. They are often the first indication of a previously undetected neoplasm.
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term with /secret (IM) + histol type of neopl /secret (IM) + specific hormone /secret (IM) but ACTH SYNDROME, ECTOPIC is available
UI = D009384
Neoplastic Processes
MS = The pathological mechanisms and forms taken by tissue during degeneration into a neoplasm and its subsequent activity.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; for neopl process in general, coord NIM when precoord organ/neopl (with /pathol) or histol type (with /pathol) is IM; DF: NEOPL PROCESSES
UI = D009385
Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary
MS = The condition of a pattern of malignancies within a family, but not every individual's necessarily having the same neoplasm. Characteristically the tumor tends to occur at an earlier than average age, individuals may have more than one primary tumor, the tumors may be multicentric, usually more than 25 percent of the individuals in direct lineal descent from the proband are affected, and the cancer predisposition in these families behaves as an autosomal dominant trait with about 60 percent penetrance.
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; coord IM with specific hereditary organ/neopl term (IM) or specific hereditary histol type (IM)
UI = D009386
Neoprene
MS = An oil-resistant synthetic rubber made by the polymerization of chloroprene.
UI = D009387
Neopterin
MS = A pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin.
UI = D019798
Neorickettsia
MS = Genus of gram-negative, intracytoplasmic bacteria that are found primarily in VACUOLES of MONOCYTES in the BLOOD and MACROPHAGES of lymphoid or other tissues of DOGS; HORSES, and humans. (From Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. (2001) 51:2145-2165)
AN = infection: coord IM with ANAPLASMATACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D041102
Neorickettsia risticii
MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus NEORICKETTSIA, family ANAPLASMATACEAE.
AN = infection: coord IM with ANAPLASMATACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D041103
Neorickettsia sennetsu
MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus NEORICKETTSIA, family ANAPLASMATACEAE, causing Sennetsu fever and found in the FAR EAST and SOUTHEAST ASIA.
AN = infection: coord IM with ANAPLASMATACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D041101
Neospora
MS = A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass COCCIDIA. Its species are parasitic in dogs, cattle, goats, and sheep, among others. N. caninum, a species that mainly infects dogs, is intracellular in neural and other cells of the body, multiplies by endodyogeny, has no parasitophorous vacuole, and has numerous rhoptries. It is known to cause lesions in many tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord as well as abortion in the expectant mother.
AN = a protozoon: do not confuse with NEUROSPORA, a fungus; infection: coord IM with COCCIDIOSIS (IM); /drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D018688
Neostigmine
MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.
UI = D009388
Neostriatum
MS = The phylogenetically newer part of the CORPUS STRIATUM consisting of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and PUTAMEN. It is often called simply the striatum.
AN = the newer part of the corpus striatum, hence neo-; also called "striatum"
UI = D017072
Neovascularization, Pathologic
MS = A pathologic process consisting in proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.
AN = note category: a pathol process; do not confuse with NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC, a physiol phenomenon; coord IM or NIM with organ /blood supply (IM); DF: NEOVASC PATHOL
UI = D009389
Neovascularization, Physiologic
MS = The development of new BLOOD VESSELS in restoration of BLOOD CIRCULATION during the healing process.
AN = do not confuse with NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; coord IM or NIM with organ /blood supply (IM); do not confuse with COLLATERAL CIRCULATION: physiol neovasc is formation of new blood vessels in tissue, collat circ is circ through secondary channels after obstruct of principal vessel supplying a part; DF: NEOVASC PHYSIOL
UI = D018919
Nepal
UI = D009390
Nepeta
MS = A genus of the LAMIACEAE family. It is known for its mild calming effect and for the way cats are attracted to the aroma.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027521
Nephelometry and Turbidimetry
MS = Chemical analysis based on the phenomenon whereby light, passing through a medium with dispersed particles of a different refractive index from that of the medium, is attenuated in intensity by scattering. In turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted through the medium, the unscattered light, is measured. In nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light is measured, usually, but not necessarily, at right angles to the incident light beam.
AN = NIM; DF: NEPHELOMETRY
UI = D009391
Nephrectomy
MS = Excision of a kidney. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D009392
Nephritis
MS = Inflammation of the kidney. It is a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = inflamm of kidney; familial: consider also NEPHRITIS, HEREDITARY
UI = D009393
Nephritis, Hereditary
MS = Hereditary disease characterized initially by hematuria and slowly progressing to renal insufficiency. It is sometimes associated with perceptual deafness and/or congenital ocular defects.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D009394
Nephritis, Interstitial
MS = Diffuse or local inflammation and edema of the interstitial tissue of the kidney, including the tubules.
UI = D009395
Nephroblastoma
MS = A malignant kidney tumor made up of three cell types: blastemal, stromal, and epithelial, but not all present in every case.
AN = coord IM with KIDNEY NEOPLASMS (IM); /genet: consider also GENES, WILMS TUMOR
UI = D009396
Nephrocalcinosis
MS = A condition characterized by precipitation of calcium phosphate in the tubules of the kidney, with resultant renal insufficiency. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = calcium phosphate deposition in kidney tubules
UI = D009397
Nephrology
MS = A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney.
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; DF: NEPHROL
UI = D009398
Nephroma, Mesoblastic
MS = A malignant tumor of the kidney characterized by spindled myofibroblastic cells arranged in sheets or bundles with a tendency to infiltrate into the adjoining normal kidney and through the capsule into the perirenal tissues. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2208)
AN = coord IM with KIDNEY NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018201
Nephrons
MS = The functional units of the kidney, consisting of the glomerulus and the attached tubule.
UI = D009399
Nephropidae
MS = Family of large marine CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA. These are called clawed lobsters because they bear pincers on the first three pairs of legs. The American lobster and Cape lobster in the genus Homarus are commonly used for food.
AN = as animal & food; unspecified lobster as food probably goes here and is coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM)
UI = D008121
Nephrosclerosis
MS = Hardening of the kidney due to overgrowth and contraction of interstitial connective tissue. It is due to renovascular disease. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = hardening of the kidney
UI = D009400
Nephrosis
MS = Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component.
AN = in this kidney dis, emphasis is on degen of tubules; do not diagnose: use term of text; LOWER NEPHRON NEPHROSIS see KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS, ACUTE is also available
UI = D009401
Nephrosis, Lipoid
MS = Glomerular disease causing heavy proteinuria characterized by absence of obvious histologic glomerular changes on light microscopy. It is also called minimal change glomerular disease and minimal lesion glomerulonephritis.
UI = D009402
Nephrostomy, Percutaneous
MS = The insertion of a catheter through the skin and body wall into the kidney pelvis, mainly to provide urine drainage where the ureter is not functional. It is used also to remove or dissolve renal calculi and to diagnose ureteral obstruction.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; X ref NEPHROLITHOTOMY, PERCUTANEOUS is not a substitute for LITHOTRIPSY: coord NEPHROSTOMY, PERCUTANEOUS + LITHOTRIPSY for lithotripsy of urinary calculi by percutaneous nephrolithotomy
UI = D009403
Nephrotic Syndrome
MS = Clinical association of heavy PROTEINURIA, HYPOALBUMINEMIA, and generalized EDEMA.
UI = D009404
Nepovirus
MS = A genus of polyhedral plant viruses of the family COMOVIRIDAE causing ringspots and spotting on leaves or sometimes symptomless infection. Transmission occurs by seeds, soil nematodes, or experimentally by mechanical inoculation. Tobacco ringspot virus is the type species.
AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol
UI = D017860
Neprilysin
MS = Enzyme that is a major constituent of kidney brush-border membranes and is also present to a lesser degree in the brain and other tissues. It preferentially catalyzes cleavage at the amino group of hydrophobic residues of the B-chain of insulin as well as opioid peptides and other biologically active peptides. The enzyme is inhibited primarily by EDTA, phosphoramidon, and thiorphan and is reactivated by zinc. Neprilysin is identical to common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA Antigen), an important marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia. There is no relationship with CALLA PLANT.
UI = D015260
Neptune
MS = The eighth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its two natural satellites are Nereid and Triton.
AN = 8th planet from sun with 2 moons; no qualif
UI = D018541
Neptunium
MS = Neptunium. A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, atomic number 93, and atomic weight 237.
AN = naturally radioactive; IM
UI = D009405
Nerium
MS = A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE. It is a very poisonous plant that contains cardioactive agents.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D030007
Nerve Block
MS = Interruption of the conduction of impulses in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic solution. (Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = a form of denervation & conduction anesthesia; differentiate from NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE: see note there; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not use /pharmacol or /ther use with substance to induce block; don't forget AUTONOMIC NERVE BLOCK exists; coord with substance (with no qualif) used to induce the block if particularly discussed
UI = D009407
Nerve Compression Syndromes
MS = Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.
AN = coord IM with specific nerve disease (IM) or specific nerve (IM); cauda equina syndrome: coord IM with CAUDA EQUINA (IM)
UI = D009408
Nerve Crush
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D009409
Nerve Degeneration
MS = Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.
AN = IM as a pathol process; coord with specific neurol dis /pathol (IM) or specific nerve /pathol (IM or NIM) if pertinent
UI = D009410
Nerve Endings
MS = Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include NEUROEFFECTOR JUNCTION(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors (see RECEPTORS, SENSORY) which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.
AN = do not confuse with MOTOR ENDPLATE
UI = D009411
Nerve Fibers
MS = Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the central nervous system.
AN = do not confuse X ref MOSSY FIBERS, CEREBELLAR with MOSSY FIBERS, HIPPOCAMPAL
UI = D009412
Nerve Fibers, Myelinated
MS = A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.
UI = D009413
Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated
MS = A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the unmyelinated nerve fibers are small. The axons to SCHWANN CELLS ratio is greater in the unmyelinated nerve fibers than that in the myelinated fiber (NERVE FIBERS, MYELINATED) which is 1:1. Usually several axons are surrounded by a single Schwann cell in the unmyelinated nerve fibers. Therefore, each unmyelinated fiber is not completely covered by the MYELIN SHEATH formed by the Schwann cell. Unmyelinated nerve fibers conduct impulses at low velocities. They represent the majority of peripheral sensory and autonomic fibers. They are also found in the spinal cord and brain.
UI = D036421
Nerve Growth Factor
MS = NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.
AN = NERVE GROWTH FACTORS is also available
UI = D020932
Nerve Growth Factors
MS = Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.
AN = NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is also available
UI = D009414
Nerve Net
MS = A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.
AN = do not confuse X ref on anat neural networks with NEURAL NETWORKS (COMPUTER)
UI = D009415
Nerve Regeneration
MS = Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.
AN = coord IM with specific nerve /physiol (IM or NIM)
UI = D009416
Nerve Sheath Tumors
MS = Tumors arising from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral nervous system and by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.
AN = neoplasms composed of myelin sheaths, NOT neoplasms located in myelin sheaths: TN 135; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: MPMST
UI = D018317
Nerve Tissue
AN = nerve as tissue: not for specific nerves (see Cat 8) or unspecified nerves ( = NERVOUS SYSTEM); inflammation = NEURITIS
UI = D009417
Nerve Tissue Proteins
AN = IM & coord with specific protein (IM) + specific nerve or nerve tissue (IM); /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D009419
Nerve Transfer
MS = Surgical reinnervation of a denervated peripheral target using a healthy donor nerve and/or its proximal stump. The direct connection is usually made to a healthy postlesional distal portion of a non-functioning nerve or implanted directly into denervated muscle or insensitive skin. Nerve sprouts will grow from the transferred nerve into the denervated elements and establish contact between them and the neurons that formerly controlled another area.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with specific nerve /surg (IM or NIM)
UI = D016067
Nervous System
MS = The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = GEN only; /innerv is available for organs: Manual 19.8.39, 21.7+; for "nerves" but not for a specific nerve nor NERVE TISSUE; NERVOUS SYSTEM /anat as a SPEC = NEUROANATOMY, NERVOUS SYSTEM /chem as a SPEC = NEUROCHEMISTRY, NERVOUS SYSTEM /physiol as a SPEC = NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, NERVOUS SYSTEM /radiogr as a SPEC = NEURORADIOGRAPHY, NERVOUS SYSTEM /surg as a SPEC = NEUROSURGERY;
UI = D009420
Nervous System Diseases
MS = Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, NEUROLOGICAL; inflamm dis = NEURITIS; "diabetic neuropathy" & "diabetic peripheral neuropathy": index only under DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES;/chem ind: consider NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES
UI = D009422
Nervous System Malformations
MS = Structural abnormalities of the central or peripheral nervous system resulting primarily from defects of embryogenesis.
AN = for congen struct abnorm only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics or specific organ/abnorm; DF: NERVOUS SYSTEM ABNORM
UI = D009421
Nervous System Neoplasms
MS = Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms.
AN = GEN: prefer specific precoord; do not confuse with NEOPLASMS, NERVOUS TISSUE (neopl composed of nerve tissue; TN 135); coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D009423
Nervous System Physiology
MS = Functions and activities of the nervous system as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the central nervous system.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOL
UI = D009424
Nested Genes
MS = Genes whose entire sequences are contained within other genes.
AN = for nested primers use NESTED PCR (POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION)
UI = D032041
Nesting Behavior
MS = Animal behavior associated with the nest; includes construction, effects of size and material; behavior of the adult during the nesting period and the effect of the nest on the behavior of the young.
AN = animal only
UI = D009425
Netherlands
UI = D009426
Netherlands Antilles
MS = A Netherlands overseas territory in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. It includes the islands of Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, St. Eustatius, and the southern part of St. Martin. Its capital is Willemstad. Its former names are Curacao, Netherlands West Indies, and Dutch West Indies. Its colonial status was abolished by the Netherlands government in 1954 but it is considered an integral part of the Dutch realm. There is no positive evidence for the name Antilles. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993 & Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p823)
AN = a Netherlands overseas territory in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies
UI = D009427
Netilmicin
MS = Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.
UI = D009428
Netropsin
MS = A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.
UI = D009429
Neural Analyzers
AN = DF: NEURAL ANAL
UI = D009430
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1
MS = A member of the immunoglubulin superfamily of neuronal cell adhesion molecules that is required for proper nervous system development. Neural cell adhesion molecule L1 consists of six Ig domains, five fibronectin domains, a transmembrane region and an intracellular domain. Two splicing variants are known: a neuronal form that contains a four-amino acid RSLE sequence in the cytoplasmic domain, and a non-neuronal form that lacks the RSLE sequence. Mutations in the L1 gene result in L1 disease. Neural cell adhesion molecule L1 is predominantly expressed during development in neurons and Schwann cells; involved in cell adhesion, neuronal migration, axonal growth and pathfinding, and myelination.
UI = D039842
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules
MS = Cell adhesion molecule involved in a diverse range of contact-mediated interactions among neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and myotubes. It is widely but transiently expressed in many tissues early in embryogenesis. Four main isoforms exist, including CD56; (ANTIGENS, CD56); but there are many other variants resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, pp115-119)
AN = NCAM: note X ref NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULE but do not confuse this X ref with NEURONAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES see CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, NEURONAL
UI = D019006
Neural Conduction
AN = along a single nerve; differentiate from NEURAL TRANSMISSION (between nerves)
UI = D009431
Neural Crest
MS = A strip of specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonal neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms a column of isolated cells along the dorsal aspect of the neural tube. Most of the cranial and all of the spinal sensory ganglion cells arise by differentiation of neural crest cells.
UI = D009432
Neural Inhibition
UI = D009433
Neural Networks (Computer)
MS = A computer architecture, implementable in either hardware or software, modeled after biological neural networks. Like the biological system in which the processing capability is a result of the interconnection strengths between arrays of nonlinear processing nodes, computerized neural networks, often called perceptrons or multilayer connectionist models, consist of neuron-like units. A homogeneous group of units makes up a layer. These networks are good at pattern recognition. They are adaptive, performing tasks by example, and thus are better for decision-making than are linear learning machines or cluster analysis. They do not require explicit programming.
AN = no qualif; do not confuse with NEURAL NETWORKS (ANATOMIC) see NERVE NET
UI = D016571
Neural Pathways
MS = Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.
AN = = "neural tracts"; coord NIM with origin (IM) + termination (IM)
UI = D009434
Neural Tube Defects
MS = Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)
AN = do not confuse X ref MYELODYSPLASIA with MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES, a defect of bone marrow formation
UI = D009436
Neuralgia
MS = Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.
AN = coord IM with specific nerve (IM) if pertinent
UI = D009437
Neuraminic Acids
UI = D009438
Neuraminidase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.18.
UI = D009439
Neurasthenia
MS = A mental disorder characterized by chronic fatigue and concomitant physiologic symptoms.
AN = remember also NEUROCIRCULATORY ASTHENIA exists
UI = D009440
Neuregulin-1
MS = A peptide factor originally identified by its ability to stimulate the phosphorylation the erbB-2 receptor (RECEPTOR, ERBB-2). It is a ligand for the erbB-3 receptor (RECEPTOR, ERBB-3) and the erbB-4 receptor. Variant forms of NEUREGULIN-1 occur through alternative splicing of its mRNA.
AN = do not confuse X ref GLIAL GROWTH FACTOR with GLIA MATURATION FACTOR
UI = D020890
Neuregulins
MS = A family of peptides originally found as factors that stimulate the phosphorylation of the erbB-2 receptor (RECEPTORS, ERBB-2). Multiple variant forms of NEUREGULINS occur due to alternative splicing of their mRNAs. The NEUREGULINS include products from the three known genes (NGR1; NGR2 and NGR3).
AN = GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D020880
Neurilemma
MS = The nerve husk. The outermost part of the MYELIN SHEATH covering a myelinated nerve fiber (NERVE FIBERS, MYELINATED) or a bundle of unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED).
UI = D009441
Neurilemmoma
MS = A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)
AN = benign or malignant; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); ameloblastic neurilemmoma goes under ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
UI = D009442
Neurites
MS = In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.
AN = do not confuse with the French "nevrite" or other vernac "nevrit-" which means "neuritis"
UI = D016501
Neuritis
MS = A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.
AN = coord IM with specific nerve disease or specific nerve (IM); do not confuse with NEURITES, a hairlike projection of a neuron & in French & other foreign titles do not confuse "neurite" referring to a neurite (i.e., NEURITES) with "nevrite" meaning neuritis; neuritis of optic nerve = OPTIC NEURITIS; retrobulbar neuritis = OPTIC NEURITIS; SMON (subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy) is indexed OPTIC NEURITIS (IM) + MYELITIS (IM) + SYNDROME (NIM)
UI = D009443
Neuritis, Experimental Allergic
MS = An experimental animal demyelinating disease model of GUILLAINE-BARRE SYNDROME. In the most frequently used protocol, animals are injected with a peripheral nerve tissue protein homogenate. After approximately 2 weeks the animals develop a neuropathy secondary to a T cell-mediated autoimmune response directed towards the MYELIN P2 PROTEIN in peripheral nerves. Pathologic findings include a perivascular accumulation of macrophages and T lymphocytes in the peripheral nervous system, similar to that seen in the Guillaine-Barre syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1314; J Neuroimmunol 1998 Apr 1;84(1):40-52)
AN = DF: NEURITIS EXPER ALLERGIC
UI = D009444
Neuroanatomy
MS = Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline.
AN = SPEC only, SPEC qualif; not for NERVOUS SYSTEM /anat
UI = D009445
Neuroaspergillosis
MS = Infections of the nervous system caused by fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS, most commonly ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS. Aspergillus infections may occur in immunocompetent hosts, but are more prevalent in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. The organism may spread to the nervous system from focal infections in the lung, mastoid region, sinuses, inner ear, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and heart. Sinus infections may be locally invasive and enter the intracranial compartment, producing MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; cranial neuropathies; and abscesses in the frontal lobes of the brain. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch 27, pp62-3)
AN = coord IM with species (IM) and specific site/dis term (IM) if pertinent
UI = D020953
Neuroaxonal Dystrophies
MS = A nonspecific term referring both to the pathologic finding of swelling of distal portions of axons in the brain and to disorders which feature this finding. Neuroaxonal dystrophy is seen in various genetic diseases, vitamin deficiencies, and aging. Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by arrested psychomotor development at 6 months to 2 years of age, ataxia, brain stem dysfunction, and quadriparesis. Juvenile and adult forms also occur. Pathologic findings include brain atrophy and widespread accumulation of axonal spheroids throughout the neuroaxis, peripheral nerves, and dental pulp. (From Davis & Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p927)
UI = D019150
Neurobehavioral Manifestations
MS = Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information.
AN = not used for indexing
UI = D019954
Neurobiology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NEUROBIOL
UI = D009446
Neuroblastoma
MS = A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignacy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); for NEUROBLASTOMA, RETINAL see RETINOBLASTOMA
UI = D009447
Neurochemistry
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; not for NERVE TISSUE /chem
UI = D009448
Neurocirculatory Asthenia
MS = A clinical syndrome characterized by palpitation, shortness of breath, labored breathing, subjective complaints of effort and discomfort, all following slight exertion. Other symptoms may be dizziness, tremulousness, sweating, and insomnia. Neurocirculatory asthenia is most typically seen as a form of anxiety disorder.
AN = remember NEURASTHENIA also exists
UI = D009449
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
MS = A group of disorders characterized by ectodermal-based malformations and neoplastic growths in the skin, nervous system, and other organs.
AN = for neurocutaneous melanosis, coord with MELANOSIS
UI = D020752
Neurocysticercosis
MS = Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50)
AN = coord IM with specific site/dis term (IM) if pertinent
UI = D020019
Neurocytoma
MS = A benign brain tumor composed of neural elements which most often arise from the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM and the walls of the lateral ventricles. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy evaluations may reveal expression of neuron specific enolase and synaptophysin and cells containing microtubuli, neurosecretory granules, and presynaptic vesicles. (From Acta Med Port 1994 Feb;7(2):113-9)
AN = coord IM with specific precoord brain/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018306
Neurodegenerative Diseases
MS = Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /genet: consider also HEREDODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS, NERVOUS SYSTEM
UI = D019636
Neurodermatitis
MS = An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.
AN = eczematous skin dis with intense itching
UI = D009450
Neuroectodermal Tumor, Melanotic
MS = A benign, rapidly growing, deeply pigmented tumor of the jaw and occasionally of other sites, consisting of an infiltrating mass of cells arranged in an alveolar pattern, and occurring almost exclusively in infants. Its source of origin is in dispute, the various theories giving rise to its several names. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D017600
Neuroectodermal Tumors
MS = Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells.
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D017599
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive
MS = A group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. Use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE, PERIPHERAL). This term is also occasionally used as a synonym for MEDULLOBLASTOMA. In general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2059)
AN = coord IM with BRAIN NEOPLASMS (IM) or specific precoord organ/neopl term (IM); do not confuse with MEDULLOBLASTOMA
UI = D018242
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral
MS = A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with Ewing's Sarcoma (SARCOMA, EWING'S). They may arise from the chest wall, skin, orbit, kidney, and other structures and tend to be locally invasive or metastasize, although relatively benign forms may occur. Characteristic histologic features include a tendency to form Homer-Wright rosettes and to stain positively with neuron-specific enolase and vimentin. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2113; J Clin Oncol 1998 Mar;16(3):1150-7)
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018241
Neuroeffector Junction
MS = The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells.
AN = a synapse between a neuron & an effector cell
UI = D009451
Neuroendocrine Tumors
MS = Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via apud cells), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018358
Neuroendocrinology
MS = The study of the anatomical and functional relationships between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
AN = SPEC only, SPEC qualif; not for coord of NERVOUS SYSTEM + ENDOCRINE GLANDS nor for ENDOCRINE GLANDS /innerv; DF: NEUROENDOCRINOL
UI = D009452
Neurofibrillary Tangles
MS = Abnormal structures located in various parts of the brain and composed of dense arrays of paired helical filaments (neurofilaments and microtubules). These double helical stacks of transverse subunits are twisted into left-handed ribbon-like filaments that likely incorporate the following proteins: (1) the intermediate filaments: medium- and high-molecular-weight neurofilaments; (2) the microtubule-associated proteins map-2 and tau; (3) actin; and (4) UBIQUITINS. As one of the hallmarks of ALZHEIMER DISEASE, the neurofibrillary tangles eventually occupy the whole of the cytoplasm in certain classes of cell in the neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and diencephalon. The number of these tangles, as seen in post mortem histology, correlates with the degree of dementia during life. Some studies suggest that tangle antigens leak into the systemic circulation both in the course of normal aging and in cases of Alzheimer disease.
AN = "one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer disease"; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D016874
Neurofibrils
MS = The delicate interlacing threads, formed by aggregations of neurofilaments and neurotubules, coursing through the cytoplasm of the body of a neuron and extending from one dendrite into another or into the axon.
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; do not confuse with NERVE FIBERS
UI = D009454
Neurofibroma
MS = A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)
AN = solitary; multiple = NEUROFIBROMATOSES but see MeSH definition; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D009455
Neurofibroma, Plexiform
MS = A type of neurofibroma manifesting as a diffuse overgrowth of subcutaneous tissue, usually involving the face, scalp, neck, and chest but occasionally occurring in the abdomen or pelvis. The tumors tend to progress, and may extend along nerve roots to eventually involve the spinal roots and spinal cord. This process is almost always a manifestion of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016; J Pediatr 1997 Nov;131(5):678-82)
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018318
Neurofibromatoses
MS = A group of disorders characterized by an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with high rates of spontaneous mutation and multiple neurofibromas or neurilemmomas. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1 (generalized neurofibromatosis) accounts for approximately 95% of cases, although multiple additional subtypes (e.g., NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2, neurofibromatosis 3, etc.) have been described. (From Neurochirurgie 1998 Nov;44(4):267-72)
AN = multiple neurofibromas; specifics are available
UI = D017253
Neurofibromatosis 1
MS = An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic neural crest. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18)
AN = do not confuse with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM) if relevant
UI = D009456
Neurofibromatosis 2
MS = An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (NEURILEMMOMA) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to mutations of the NF2 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life.
AN = do not confuse with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1; coord IM with precoord/neopl term (IM) if relevant
UI = D016518
Neurofibromin 1
MS = A protein found most abundantly in the nervous system. Defects or deficiencies in this protein are associated with NEUROFIBROMATISIS 1, Watson syndrome, and LEOPARD syndrome. Mutations in the gene (GENE, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) affect two known functions: regulation of ras-GTPase and tumor suppression.
UI = D025542
Neurofibromin 2
MS = A membrane protein homologous to the ERM (Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin) family of cytoskeleton-associated proteins which regulate physical properties of membranes. Alterations in neurofibromin 2 are the cause of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2.
UI = D025581
Neurofibrosarcoma
MS = A malignant tumor that arises from small cutaneous nerves, is locally aggressive, and has a potential for metastasis. Characteristic histopathologic features include proliferating atypical spindle cells with slender wavy and pointed nuclei, hypocellular areas, and areas featuring organized whorls of fibroblastic proliferation. The most common primary sites are the extremities, retroperitoneum, and trunk. These tumors tend to present in childhood, often in association with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1662; Mayo Clin Proc 1990 Feb;65(2):164-72)
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018319
Neurofilament Proteins
MS = Type III intermediate filament proteins that assemble into neurofilaments, the major cytoskeletal element in nerve axons and dendrites. They consist of three distinct polypeptides, the neurofilament triplet. Types I, II, and IV intermediate filament proteins form other cytoskeletal elements such as keratins and lamins. It appears that the metabolism of neurofilaments is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease, as indicated by the presence of neurofilament epitopes in the neurofibrillary tangles, as well as by the severe reduction of the expression of the gene for the light neurofilament subunit of the neurofilament triplet in brains of Alzheimer's patients. (Can J Neurol Sci 1990 Aug;17(3):302)
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D016900
Neurogenic Inflammation
MS = Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.
UI = D020078
Neuroglia
MS = The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
UI = D009457
Neuroimmunomodulation
MS = Influences of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, autonomic and peripheral nervous systems) upon the immune system, principally by biochemical (i.e., neurotransmitters, receptors, etc.) and by direct neural routes. This is a two-way information transfer system.
AN = eff of nervous system on immune system; DF: NEUROIMMUNOMOD
UI = D015213
Neurokinin A
MS = A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.
UI = D015288
Neurokinin B
MS = A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BLADDER and UTERUS.
UI = D015287
Neuroleptanalgesia
MS = A form of analgesia accompanied by general quiescence and psychic indifference to environmental stimuli, without loss of consciousness, and produced by the combined administration of a major tranquilizer (neuroleptic) and a narcotic.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D009458
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
MS = A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)
AN = caused by tranquilizing agents so do not use /chem ind
UI = D009459
Neuroleukin
MS = Neuronal growth factor and lymphokine product of lectin-stimulated T-cells which induces immunoglobulin secretion. Its amino acid sequence is partially homologous to the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120, which may explain, in part, the pathogenesis of AIDS dementia complex.
AN = a growth substance; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /rad eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D015782
Neurolinguistic Programming
MS = A set of models of how communication impacts and is impacted by subjective experience. Techniques are generated from these models by sequencing of various aspects of the models in order to change someone's internal representations. Neurolinguistic programming is concerned with the patterns or programming created by the interactions among the brain, language, and the body, that produce both effective and ineffective behavior.
UI = D020557
Neurologic Examination
AN = NIM; DF: NEUROL EXAM
UI = D009460
Neurologic Manifestations
MS = Clinical signs and symptoms caused by nervous system injury or dysfunction.
AN = not used for indexing since 1989; prior to 1989 used for neurol manifest of non-neural diseases
UI = D009461
Neurology
MS = A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NEUROL
UI = D009462
Neuroma
MS = A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D009463
Neuroma, Acoustic
MS = A schwannoma that arises from the vestibular division of the vestibulocochlear nerve and tends to present in the fifth or sixth decade of life. Clinical manifestations include loss of hearing, headache, vertigo, facial pain, tinnitus, and facial weakness. Bilateral acoustic neuromas are associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p673)
UI = D009464
Neuromuscular Agents
MS = Drugs used for their actions on skeletal muscle. Included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL). Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders are ANTI-DYSKINESIA AGENTS.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION /drug eff & MUSCLES, SKELETAL /drug eff
UI = D009465
Neuromuscular Blockade
MS = The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.
AN = to produce muscle relaxation during surg & in various exper procedures; differentiate from NERVE BLOCK: read MeSH definitions
UI = D019148
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
MS = Drugs that interrupt transmission of nerve impulses at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. They can be of two types, competitive, stabilizing blockers (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS) or noncompetitive, depolarizing agents (NEUROMUSCULAR DEPOLARIZING AGENTS). Both prevent acetylcholine from triggering the muscle contraction and they are used as anesthesia adjuvants, as relaxants during electroshock, in convulsive states, etc.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION /drug eff
UI = D009466
Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents
MS = Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction by causing sustained depolarization of the motor end plate. These agents are primarily used as adjuvants in surgical anesthesia to cause skeletal muscle relaxation.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION /drug eff
UI = D009467
Neuromuscular Diseases
MS = A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLEHYPOTONIA.
AN = GEN; do not confuse xref AMYOTONIA CONGENITA with MYOTONIA CONGENITA
UI = D009468
Neuromuscular Junction
MS = The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.
AN = /drug eff: consider also NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS or NEUROMUSCULAR DEPOLARIZING AGENTS; neuromusc transm = NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION /physiol + NEURAL TRANSMISSION; dis = NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISEASES
UI = D009469
Neuromuscular Junction Diseases
MS = Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE activity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions.
UI = D020511
Neuromuscular Manifestations
MS = Signs and symptoms associated with diseases of the muscle, neuromuscular junction, or peripheral nerves.
AN = not used for indexing
UI = D020879
Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents
MS = Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; note X ref CURARE-LIKE AGENTS: consider also CURARE; DF: note short X ref
UI = D003473
Neuromyelitis Optica
MS = A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS in combination with acute MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE. Demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions form in one or both optic nerves and in the spinal cord. The onset of optic neuritis and myelitis may be simultaneous or separated by several months. (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996 Apr;60(4):382-387)
UI = D009471
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis
MS = An inherited degenerative disease characterized by neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions which stain positively for ceroid and lipofuscin. Affected individuals develop retinal degeneration, seizures, myoclonus, ataxia, rigidity, and progressive dementia. Clinically there are four subtypes, divided by age of onset of symptoms: infantile (Santavuori-Haltia type), late infantile (Jansky-Bielschowsky type), juvenile (Spielmeyer-Vogt type), and adult (Kuf's disease). The late infantile and juvenile forms may both also be referred to as Batten Disease and Batten-Mayou Disease. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p957)
UI = D009472
Neuronal Plasticity
MS = The capacity of the nervous system to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.
UI = D009473
Neuronavigation
MS = Intraoperative computer-assisted 3D navigation and guidance system generally used in neurosurgery for tracking surgical tools and localize them with respect to the patient's 3D anatomy. The pre-operative diagnostic scan is used as a reference and is transferred onto the operative field during surgery.
UI = D038361
Neurons
MS = The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
AN = do not use as a substitute or synonym for BRAIN /cytol
UI = D009474
Neurons, Afferent
MS = Neurons which convey sensory information centrally from the periphery.
AN = note X ref: do not confuse with NEURONS, EFFERENT which activate muscle & secretory cells; A 11 qualif
UI = D009475
Neurons, Efferent
MS = Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.
AN = activate musc & secretory cells: do not confuse with NEURONS, AFFERENT which are sensory neurons; A 11 qualif
UI = D009476
Neuropeptide Y
MS = A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.
AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D009478
Neuropeptides
MS = Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.
AN = neurotransmitters; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D009479
Neuropharmacology
MS = The branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of drugs upon various parts of the nervous system.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif: not for NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff; DF: NEUROPHARMACOL
UI = D009480
Neurophysins
MS = A group of small, soluble proteins secreted by the hypothalamus. They serve as binding proteins for oxytocin and vasopressin during their transport to the posterior pituitary. They are secreted with the hormones but have no known functions other than serving as a carrier.
AN = neurotransmitter proteins secreted by the hypothalamus; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D009481
Neurophysiology
MS = The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system.
AN = SPEC only: not for NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY;DF: NEUROPHYSIOL
UI = D009482
Neuropil
MS = A dense intricate feltwork of interwoven fine glial processes, fibrils, synaptic terminals, axons, and dendrites interspersed among the nerve cells in the gray matter of the central nervous system.
AN = a dense "felt" of interwoven neuronal components & neuroglia in the CNS; do not confuse with NEUROPIL THREADS, abnormal neuronal structures: read MeSH definitions; A 11 qualif
UI = D019581
Neuropil Threads
MS = Abnormal structures located chiefly in distal dendrites and, along with NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES and SENILE PLAQUES, constitute the three morphological hallmarks of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. Neuropil threads are made up of straight and paired helical filaments which consist of abnormally phosphorylated microtubule-associated tau proteins. It has been suggested that the threads have a major role in the cognitive impairment seen in Alzheimer disease.
AN = abnormal neuronal structures: do not confuse with NEUROPIL, a "felt" of interwoven neuronal components & neuroglia: read MeSH definitions; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D019600
Neuropilin-1
MS = Dimeric cell surface receptor involved in angiogenesis (NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL) and axonal guidance. Neuropilin-1 is a 140 kD tramsmembrane protein that binds CLASS 3 SEMAPHORINS, and several other growth factors. Neuropilin-1 forms complexes with plexins or VEGF RECEPTORS, and binding affinity and specificity are determined by the composition of the neuropilin dimer and the identity of other receptors complexed with it. Neuropilin-1 is expressed in distinct patterns during neural development, complementary to those described for NEUROPILIN-2.
UI = D039942
Neuropilin-2
MS = Transmembrane receptor for CLASS 3 SEMAPHORINS and several vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms. Neuropilin-2 functions either as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with NEUROPILIN-1. The binding affinity of neuropilin-2 varies for different class 3 semaphorin isoforms and is dependent on the composition of the dimer. The protein also forms receptor complexes with plexins and with VEGF RECEPTORS, which alters the binding characteristics of the receptor.
UI = D039943
Neuropilins
MS = Neuropilins are 140 kD vertebrate cell surface receptors that bind neuronal guidance molecules during neural development and axonal outgrowth, and modulate VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. NEUROPILIN-1 and NEUROPILIN-2 differ in their binding specificities, and are distributed complementarily in regions of the developing nervous system. Neuropilins are receptors for secreted CLASS 3 SEMAPHORINS as well as for vascular endothelial growth factors, and may form hetero- or homodimers. They may also interact synergistically with plexins and with VEGF RECEPTORS to form receptor complexes with distinct affinities and specificities. Neuropilin binding specificity is determined by CUB and coagulation-factor-like domains in the extracellular portion of the molecule, while a MAM domain is essential for SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.
UI = D039921
Neuroprotective Agents
MS = Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; prevent brain & spinal cord damage in neurol dis
UI = D018696
Neuropsychological Tests
MS = Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
AN = DF: NEUROPSYCHOL TESTS
UI = D009483
Neuropsychology
MS = A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology.
AN = SPEC: not for coord of NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES /psychol; IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; DF: NEUROPSYCHOL
UI = D009484
Neuroradiography
MS = Radiography of the central nervous system.
AN = GEN or technical only: not coord for specific nerve /radiogr; NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: NEURORADIOGR
UI = D009485
Neuroschistosomiasis
MS = SCHISTOSOMIASIS of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges caused by infections with trematodes of the genus SCHISTOSOMA (primarily SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM; SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI; and SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM in humans). S. japonicum infections of the nervous system may cause an acute meningoencephalitis or a chronic encephalopathy. S. mansoni and S. haematobium nervous system infections are associated with acute transverse myelitis involving the lower portions of the spinal cord. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp61-2)
AN = coord IM with precoord organism/infection (IM) and specific site/dis term (IM) if pertinent
UI = D020818
Neurosciences
MS = The scientific disciplines concerned with the embryology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, etc., of the nervous sytem.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D009488
Neurosecretion
UI = D009489
Neurosecretory Systems
MS = A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system.
AN = /secret = probably /physiol or NEUROSECRETION
UI = D009490
Neurospora
MS = A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Sordariaceae, order SORDARIALES, comprising bread molds. They are capable of converting tryptophan to nicotinic acid and are used extensively in genetic and enzyme research. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = an ascomycete much used in genetic & enzyme research; do not confuse with NEOSPORA, a protozoon
UI = D009491
Neurospora crassa
MS = A species of ascomycetous fungi of the family Sordariaceae, order SORDIRIALES, much used in biochemical, genetic, and physiologic studies.
AN = do not confuse with NEOSPORA, a protozoan; DF: N CRASSA
UI = D009492
Neurosurgery
MS = A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D009493
Neurosurgical Procedures
MS = Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
UI = D019635
Neurosyphilis
MS = Infections of the central nervous system caused by TREPONEMA PALLIDUM which present with a variety of clinical syndromes. The initial phase of infection usually causes a mild or asymptomatic meningeal reaction. The meningovascular form may present acutely as BRAIN INFARCTION. The infection may also remain subclinical for several years. Late syndromes include general paresis; TABES DORSALIS; meningeal syphilis; syphilitic OPTIC ATROPHY; and spinal syphilis. General paresis is characterized by progressive DEMENTIA; DYSARTHRIA; TREMOR; MYOCLONUS; SEIZURES; and Argyll-Robertson pupils. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp722-8)
UI = D009494
Neurotensin
MS = A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter.
AN = a neurotransmitter isolated from the hypothalamus; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D009496
Neurothekeoma
MS = A benign myxoma of cutaneous nerve sheath origin. Theke is from the Greek theke, sheath. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = a nerve sheath tumor: Greek neuro-, nerve + theke, sheath; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018321
Neurotic Disorders
MS = Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.
UI = D009497
Neurotoxicity Syndromes
MS = Neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method. This includes conditions caused by biologic, chemical, and pharmaceutical agents.
UI = D020258
Neurotoxins
MS = Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord IM with toxin or venom heading which is the source of the neurotoxin (e.g., SEA SNAKE VENOMS) (IM or NIM) but note that COBRA NEUROTOXINS is available; do not use for neurotoxicity of various chemicals & drugs ( = NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff or specific nerv syst term /drug eff or nervous system dis heading /chem ind + Cat D term /adv eff-pois-tox)
UI = D009498
Neurotransmitter Agents
MS = Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; consider also SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION /drug eff
UI = D018377
Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors
MS = Drugs that inhibit the transport of neurotransmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. For many transmitters, uptake determines the time course of transmitter action so inhibiting uptake prolongs the activity of the transmitter. Blocking uptake may also deplete available transmitter stores. Many clinically important drugs are uptake inhibitors although the indirect reactions of the brain rather than the acute block of uptake itself is often responsible for the therapeutic effects.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; coord IM with specific neurotransmitters /physiol (IM); DF: NEUROTRANSM UPTAKE INHIB
UI = D014179
Neurotransmitters
MS = Endogenous signaling molecules secreted by neurons that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, neurohormones, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: NEUROTRANSM
UI = D009487
Neurotransmitters and Neurotransmitter Agents
MS = A collective grouping for neurotransmitters and substances that act on the neurotransmitter system.
AN = not used for indexing; NEUROTRANSMITTERS & NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS are available CATALOG: do not use
UI = D018371
Neurotrophin 3
MS = A neurotrophic factor involved in regulating the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons. It is closely homologous to nerve growth factor beta and BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR.
UI = D020933
Neutral Glycosphingolipids
MS = A subclass of GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS containing one or more sugars within their head group connected directly to a ceramide moiety. They consist of monoglycosyl-, and oligoglycosylsphingoids and monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylceramides.
UI = D020383
Neutral Red
MS = A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D009499
Neutralization Tests
MS = Titration of an antiserum by testing a series of dilutions of virus or immune serum to a given end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).
AN = a titrimetric technique used in serodiag; NIM
UI = D009500
Neutron Activation Analysis
MS = Activation analysis in which the specimen is bombarded with neutrons. Identification is made by measuring the resulting radioisotopes. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANAL
UI = D009501
Neutron Capture Therapy
MS = A technique for the treatment of neoplasms in which an isotope is introduced into target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with disease /radiother (IM); DF: NCT
UI = D017247
Neutron Diffraction
MS = The scattering of NEUTRONS by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. It is useful in CRYSTALLOGRAPHY and POWDER DIFFRACTION.
UI = D033363
Neutrons
MS = Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay.
AN = elementary particles; IM; FAST NEUTRONS is available
UI = D009502
Neutropenia
MS = A decrease in the number of neutrophilic leukocytes in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = decrease in no. of neutrophils
UI = D009503
Neutrophil Activation
MS = The process in which the neutrophil is stimulated by diverse substances, resulting in degranulation and/or generation of reactive oxygen products, and culminating in the destruction of invading pathogens. The stimulatory substances, including opsonized particles, immune complexes, and chemotactic factors, bind to specific cell-surface receptors on the neutrophil.
UI = D018375
Neutrophil Collagenase
MS = A member of the MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES that cleaves triple-helical collagens types I, II, and III. EC 3.4.24.34.
UI = D020784
Neutrophil Infiltration
MS = The diffusion or accumulation of neutrophils in tissues or cells in response to a wide variety of substances released at the sites of inflammatory reactions.
UI = D020556
Neutrophils
MS = Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
AN = A 11 qualif; decrease in no. = NEUTROPENIA; neutrophil chemotaxis: coord NIM with CHEMOTAXIS, LEUKOCYTE (IM); note X ref LE CELLS: do not coord with LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC unless disease is particularly discussed (see note there)
UI = D009504
Nevada
UI = D009505
Nevi and Melanomas
MS = A collective term for the various types of nevi and melanomas.
AN = not used for indexing; policy: Manual section 24; also TN Suppl:Tumor Key for human & corresponding vet tumors (does not contain exper tumors); DF: NEVI MELANOMAS
UI = D018326
Nevirapine
MS = A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV infection and AIDS.
UI = D019829
Nevus
MS = A circumscribed stable malformation of the skin and occasionally of the oral mucosa, which is not due to external causes and therefore presumed to be of hereditary origin. The excess (or deficiency) of tissue may involve epidermal, connective tissue, adnexal, nervous, or vascular elements. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant; BASAL CELL NEVUS SYNDROME & DYSPLASTIC NEVUS SYNDROME are also available
UI = D009506
Nevus of Ota
MS = A macular lesion on the side of the face, involving the conjunctiva and lids, as well as the adjacent facial skin, sclera, ocular muscles, and periosteum. Histological features vary from those of a mongolian spot to those of a blue nevus.
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant
UI = D009507
Nevus, Blue
MS = Usually a benign tumor, that commonly presents as a solitary blue nodule with spindled melanocytes covered by smooth skin. Several variants have been identified, one variant being malignant. The blue color is caused by large, densely packed melanocytes deep in the dermis of the nevus. In children, they usually occur on the buttocks and lumbar area. Malignant blue nevi are more commonly found on the scalp.
AN = coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant
UI = D018329
Nevus, Epithelioid and Spindle Cell
MS = A benign compound nevus occurring most often in children before puberty, composed of spindle and epithelioid cells located mainly in the dermis, sometimes in association with large atypical cells and multinucleate cells, and having a close histopathological resemblance to malignant melanoma. The tumor presents as a smooth to slightly scaly, round to oval, raised, firm papule or nodule, ranging in color from pink-tan to purplish red, often with surface telangiectasia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant
UI = D018332
Nevus, Intradermal
MS = A nevus in which nests of melanocytes are found in the dermis, but not at the epidermal-dermal junction. Benign pigmented nevi in adults are most commonly intradermal. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if permitted
UI = D018330
Nevus, Pigmented
MS = A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant
UI = D009508
Nevus, Spindle Cell
MS = A form of pigmented nevus showing intense melanocytic activity around the dermo-epidermal junction. Large numbers of spindle-shaped melanocytes proliferate downward toward the dermis and usually a large amount of pigment is present. It was first described in 1976 and the bulk of patients reported have been young females with the lesions presenting on the thighs. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, 1992, p185)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant
UI = D018331
New Brunswick
MS = A province of eastern Canada, one of the Maritime Provinces with NOVA SCOTIA; PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND; and sometimes NEWFOUNDLAND. Its capital is Fredericton. It was named in honor of King George III, of the House of Hanover, also called Brunswick. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p828 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p375)
AN = a province of eastern Canada
UI = D009509
New Caledonia
MS = A group of islands in Melanesia constituting a French overseas territory. The group includes New Caledonia (the main island), Ile des Pins, Loyalty Island, and several other islet groups. The capital is Noumea. It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1774 and visited by various navigators, explorers, and traders from 1792 to 1840. Occupied by the French in 1853, it was set up as a penal colony 1864-94. In 1946 it was made a French overseas territory. It was named by Captain Cook with the 5th and 6th century A.D. Latin name for Scotland, Caledonia. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p830 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p375)
AN = an island group in Melanesia
UI = D009510
New England
MS = The geographic area of New England in general and when the specific state or states are not indicated. States usually included in this region are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.
AN = includes Conn, Maine, Mass, NH, RI, & Vt; specify as needed but use NEW ENGLAND when text uses the term CATALOG: use for 4 or more states
UI = D009511
New Guinea
MS = Originally an island of the Malay Archipelago, the second largest island in the world. It divided, West New Guinea becoming part of Indonesia and East New Guinea becoming Papua New Guinea.
AN = East New Guinea is a part of Papua New Guinea & West New Guinea is part of Indonesia
UI = D009512
New Hampshire
UI = D009513
New Jersey
UI = D009515
New Mexico
UI = D009516
New South Wales
MS = A state in southeastern Australia. Its capital is Sydney. It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770 and first settled at Botany Bay by marines and convicts in 1788. It was named by Captain Cook who thought its coastline resembled that of South Wales. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p840 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p377)
AN = a state of Australia
UI = D009517
New York
AN = = state; NEW YORK CITY is also available
UI = D009518
New York City
UI = D009519
New Zealand
MS = A group of islands in the southwest Pacific. Its capital is Wellington. It was discovered by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642 and cirumnavigated by Cook in 1769. Colonized in 1840 by the New Zealand Company, it became a British crown colony in 1840 until 1907 when colonial status was terminated. New Zealand is a partly anglicized form of the original Dutch name Nieuw Zeeland, new sea land, possibly with reference to the Dutch province of Zeeland. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p842 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p378)
AN = Maori are Polynesians (Caucasoid race) native to New Zealand; Australasia refers to Australia, New Zealand or both: check text
UI = D009520
Newcastle Disease
MS = An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by a Paramyxovirus (NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS). It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.
AN = don't forget also BIRDS (NIM) or POULTRY (NIM) or specific bird or fowl (IM) & check tag ANIMAL
UI = D009521
Newcastle disease virus
MS = The most well known avian RESPIROVIRUS in the genus RUBULAVIRUS and the cause of a highly infectious pneumoencephalitis in fowl. It is also reported to cause CONJUNCTIVITIS in humans. Transmission is by droplet inhalation or ingestion of contaminated water or food.
AN = infection = NEWCASTLE DISEASE
UI = D009522
Newfoundland
MS = An island in the Atlantic Ocean, off the east coast of Canada, constituting with Labrador on the mainland, a province of Canada. The name describing a land just discovered was recorded by John Cabot in 1497. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p831 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p376)
AN = a province of Canada
UI = D009523
News [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of an announcement or statement of recent or current events of new data and matters of interest in the field of medicine or science. In some publications, such as "Nature" or "Science," the news reports are substantively written and herald medical and scientific data of vital or controversial importance.
AN = publication type only; for news items indexed from journals; appears in titles within brackets & in translations within parentheses; Manual 14.5.1.9; do not confuse with the Publication Type NEWSPAPER ARTICLE for news indexed from newspapers
UI = D016433
Newspaper Article [Publication Type]
MS = Work consisting of a news item appearing in a general-interest newspaper or other general news periodical, containing information of current and timely interest in the field of medicine or science. This publication type should not be confused with NEWS [PUBLICATION TYPE], reserved for news reports published in various medical or other scientific journals, such as "Nature".
AN = publication type only; for items indexed from newspapers: do not confuse with the Publication Type NEWS used for news items indexed from journals
UI = D018431
Newspapers
MS = Publications printed and distributed daily, weekly, or at some other regular and usually short interval, containing news, articles of opinion (as editorials and letters), features, advertising, and announcements of current interest. (Webster's 3d ed)
AN = med newspapers: do not coord with MEDICINE; do not confuse with NEWSLETTERS see PERIODICALS; do not confuse with Publication Types NEWS or NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
UI = D009524
NF-kappa B
MS = Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.
AN = DF: NFKB
UI = D016328
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
MS = A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D019331
Niacin
MS = A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.
AN = /defic: consider also PELLGRA; /ther use: coord with disease /drug ther, not /diet ther
UI = D009525
Niacinamide
MS = An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and PELLAGRA. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake.
AN = a B vitamin; /defic = probably PELLAGRA; /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther
UI = D009536
Nialamide
MS = An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.
UI = D009526
Nicaragua
UI = D009527
Nicarbazin
MS = An equimolar complex of 4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide and 2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. A coccidiostat for poultry.
UI = D009528
Nicardipine
MS = A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.
UI = D009529
Nicergoline
MS = An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It has been suggested to ameliorate cognitive deficits in cerebrovascular disease.
UI = D009530
Niceritrol
MS = An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.
UI = D009531
Nickel
MS = Nickel. A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease.
AN = a trace element; Ni-58; Ni-60-62, 64 = NICKEL (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Ni-56, 57, 59, 63, 65-67 = NICKEL (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D009532
Niclofolan
MS = Proposed fasciolacide. Synonyms: Dertil; Bilevon; Bay 9015.
UI = D009533
Niclosamide
MS = An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48)
UI = D009534
Nicorandil
MS = A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.
UI = D020108
Nicotinamidase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of nicotinamide to nicotinate and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.19.
UI = D009535
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide
MS = 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: NMN
UI = D009537
Nicotinamide-Nucleotide Adenylyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the transfer of the adenylyl moiety of ATP to the phosphoryl group of NMN to form NAD+ and pyrophosphate. The enzyme is found predominantly in the nuclei and catalyzes the final reaction in the major pathway for the biosynthesis of NAD in mammals. EC 2.7.7.1.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D009612
Nicotine
MS = Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.
AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant
UI = D009538
Nicotinic Acids
MS = 2-, 3-, or 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acids. Pyridine derivatives substituted with a carboxy group at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position. The 3-carboxy derivative (NIACIN) is active as a vitamin.
AN = B vitamins; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic = PELLAGRA; /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther
UI = D009539
Nicotinic Agonists
MS = Drugs that bind to and activate nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC). Nicotinic agonists act at postganglionic nicotinic receptors, at neuroeffector junctions in the peripheral nervous system, and at nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system. Agents that function as neuromuscular depolarizing blocking agents are included here because they activate nicotinic receptors, although they are used clinically to block nicotinic transmission.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: NICOTINIC AGON or NICOTINIC AG
UI = D018722
Nicotinic Antagonists
MS = Drugs that bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) and block the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. Nicotinic antagonists block synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia, the skeletal neuromuscular junction, and at central nervous system nicotinic synapses.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: NICOTINIC ANTAG
UI = D018733
Nicotinyl Alcohol
MS = A direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. It is used in vasospasm and threatened gangrene.
UI = D009540
Nictitating Membrane
MS = A fold of the mucous membrane of the CONJUNCTIVA in many animals. At rest, it is hidden in the medial canthus. It can extend to cover part or all of the cornea to help clean the CORNEA.
AN = ptosis of X ref THIRD EYELID: coord IM with EYELID DISEASES /vet (IM), not BLEPHAROPTOSIS
UI = D009541
Nidovirales
MS = An order comprising two families of eukaryotic viruses possessing linear, nonsegmented, positive sense RNA genomes. The families are CORONAVIRIDAE and ARTERIVIRIDAE.
AN = infection: coord IM with RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D028381
Nidovirales Infections
MS = Infections with viruses of the order NIDOVIRALES. The concept includes ARTERIVIRUS INFECTIONS and CORONAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D030341
Niemann-Pick Diseases
MS = A group of diseases marked by autosomal recessive inheritance and accumulation of sphingomyelin in cells of the RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM. They are divided into 5 subtypes: A-E. Type A (classic infantile form) is caused by a deficiency of SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE and presents at age 6-12 months with progressive hepatosplenomegaly and neurologic deterioration. Type B (non-neuronopathic form) presents in childhood with hepatosplenomegaly and pulmonary infiltrates. Type C (chronic neuronopathic form) is caused by defective intracellular cholesterol transport and is divided into severe infantile, late infantile, juvenile, and neonatal hepatitis forms. Type D (Nova Scotian Variant) is phenotypically similar to type C. Type E is an adult non-neuronopathic form. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp101-4)
UI = D009542
Nifedipine
MS = A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.
UI = D009543
Niflumic Acid
MS = An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
UI = D009544
Nifuratel
MS = Local antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that may also be given orally.
UI = D009545
Nifurtimox
MS = Possibly effective against parasites. Synonyms: Lampit; Bayer 2502.
UI = D009547
Nigella
MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031844
Nigella damascena
MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. The name is similar to giant fennel (FERULA), true fennel (FOENICULUM), and dog fennel (ANTHEMIS).
AN = X ref Fennel, Wild: other fennel terms are also available; check text and MeSH; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031861
Nigella sativa
MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE that contains alpha-hederin, a triterpene saponin in the seeds, and is the source of black seed oil.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031881
Niger
MS = A republic in western Africa, north of NIGERIA and west of CHAD. Its capital is Niamey. It was first explored by the Europeans in the late 18th century. It became part of the French sphere of influence in the latter part of the 19th century and was formally constituted as part of French West Africa in 1904. Nigeria gained independence in 1960. The country took its name from the river Niger flowing through it. The river's name came from the Tuareg egereou n-igereouen, river of rivers, the second part of the name giving the modern European form Niger. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p847 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p379)
AN = a republic in western Africa; do not confuse with NIGERIA, another western Africa republic to its south
UI = D009548
Nigeria
MS = A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Lagos. From the time it was visited in the 18th and 19th centuries by many European explorers, figuring in its administrative history were Great Britain, the native king, Sierra Leone, and the Gold Coast colony. Nigeria gained independence in 1960, becoming a republic in 1961. Nigeria derives its name from the Niger River which flows through it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p848 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p379)
AN = a republic in western Africa; do not confuse with NIGER, another western Africa republic to its north; Biafra goes here
UI = D009549
Nigericin
MS = A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D009550
Night Blindness
MS = Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D009755
Night Care
MS = Institutional night care of patients.
AN = institutional care only
UI = D009551
Night Terrors
MS = A disorder characterized by incomplete arousals from sleep associated with behavior suggesting extreme fright. This condition primarily affects children and young adults and the individual generally has no recall of the event. Episodes tend to occur during stage III or IV. SOMNAMBULISM is frequently associated with this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p391)
UI = D020184
Nikethamide
MS = A CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)
UI = D009552
Nimodipine
MS = A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.
UI = D009553
Nimorazole
MS = An antitrichomonal agent which is effective either topically or orally and whose urinary metabolites are also trichomonicidal.
UI = D009554
Nimustine
MS = Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.
UI = D015376
Ninhydrin
MS = 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.
AN = a reagent; D25-26 qualif
UI = D009555
Niobium
MS = Niobium. A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = Nb-93; synonym: Columbium (Cb); Nb-88-92, 94-101 = NIOBIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D009556
Nipecotic Acids
UI = D009557
Nipples
MS = The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands.
AN = human & animal, male & female; for cow use UDDER; teat use UDDER; diseases: coord IM with BREAST DISEASES (NIM)
UI = D009558
Nippostrongylus
MS = A genus of intestinal nematode parasites belonging to the superfamily HELIGMOSOMATOIDEA, which commonly occurs in rats but has been experimentally transmitted to other rodents and rabbits. Infection is usually through the skin.
AN = a genus of nematodes; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D009559
Niridazole
MS = An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.
UI = D009560
Nisin
MS = A 34-amino acid polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptococcus lactis. It has been used as a food preservative in canned fruits and vegetables, and cheese.
AN = a peptide antibiotic
UI = D009561
Nisoldipine
MS = A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.
UI = D015737
Nissl Bodies
MS = Subcellular structures found in nerve cell bodies and DENDRITES. They consist of granular endoplasmic reticulum (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH) and RIBOSOMES.
UI = D009562
Nitracrine
MS = Acridine antineoplastic agent used in mammary and ovarian tumors. It inhibits RNA synthesis.
UI = D009564
Nitrate Reductases
AN = do not confuse with NITRITE REDUCTASES
UI = D009565
Nitrates
MS = Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.
AN = /physiol permitted for micro-organisms only
UI = D009566
Nitrazepam
MS = A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.
UI = D009567
Nitrendipine
MS = A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.
UI = D009568
Nitrergic Neurons
MS = Nerve cells where transmission is mediated by NITRIC OXIDE.
UI = D026602
Nitric Acid
MS = Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = do not confuse with NITROUS ACID
UI = D017942
Nitric Oxide
MS = A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP.
UI = D009569
Nitric Oxide Donors
MS = A diverse group of agents, with unique chemical structures and biochemical requirements, which generate NITRIC OXIDE. These compounds have been used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and the management of acute myocardial infarction, acute and chronic congestive heart failure, and surgical control of blood pressure. (Adv Pharmacol 1995;34:361-81)
UI = D020030
Nitric-Oxide Synthase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine, NADPH, and oxygen to citrulline, nitric oxide, and NADP+. The enzyme found in brain, but not that induced in lung or liver by endotoxin, requires calcium. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.14.13.39.
UI = D019001
Nitriles
MS = Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE.
AN = organic cpds having -CN radical: differentiate from CYANIDES which are inorganic with -CN
UI = D009570
Nitrilotriacetic Acid
MS = A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)
UI = D009571
Nitrite Reductases
MS = A group of enzymes that oxidize diverse nitrogenous substances to yield nitrite. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.
AN = do not confuse with NITRATE REDUCTASES
UI = D009572
Nitrites
MS = Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D009573
Nitro Compounds
AN = DF: NITRO CPDS
UI = D009574
Nitroanisole O-Demethylase
MS = Oxidative enzyme which transforms p-nitroanisole into p-nitrophenol.
UI = D009575
Nitroarginine
MS = An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6)
AN = an enzyme inhib
UI = D019335
Nitrobacter
MS = A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that oxidizes nitrites to nitrates. Its organisms occur in aerobic environments where organic matter is being mineralized, including soil, fresh water, and sea water.
UI = D009576
Nitrobacteraceae
MS = A family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria which derive energy from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite or nitrite to nitrate. Its organisms are commonly found in soil and fresh water.
UI = D009577
Nitrobenzenes
UI = D009578
Nitrobenzoates
MS = Benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more nitro groups.
UI = D009579
Nitroblue Tetrazolium
MS = Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: NITRO BT
UI = D009580
Nitrofurans
AN = urinary anti-infectives
UI = D009581
Nitrofurantoin
MS = A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.
UI = D009582
Nitrofurazone
MS = A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial wounds, burns, ulcers, and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of trypanosomiasis.
UI = D009583
Nitrogen
MS = An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
AN = N-14; /physiol permitted
UI = D009584
Nitrogen Compounds
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: NITROGEN CPDS
UI = D017672
Nitrogen Dioxide
MS = Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.
AN = a highly poisonous gas
UI = D009585
Nitrogen Fixation
MS = Ability of certain bacteria, fungi, and blue-green algae to convert free atmospheric nitrogen to biologically usable forms (ammonia, nitrates, amino groups, etc.)
AN = by bacteria, fungi & blue-green algae
UI = D009586
Nitrogen Isotopes
MS = Stable nitrogen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element nitrogen, but differ in atomic weight. N-15 is a stable nitrogen isotope.
AN = N-15; NIM
UI = D009587
Nitrogen Mustard Compounds
MS = A group of alkylating agents derived from mustard gas, with the sulfur replaced by nitrogen. They were formerly used as toxicants and vesicants, but now function as antineoplastic agents. These compounds are also powerful mutagens, teratogens, immunosuppressants, and carcinogens.
AN = alkyating antineoplastics; do not confuse with NITROGEN MUSTARD, a specific chemical; DF: NITROGEN MUSTARD CPDS
UI = D009588
Nitrogen Oxides
MS = Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NO = NITRIC OXIDE, N2O = NITROUS OXIDE, NO2 = NITROGEN DIOXIDE
UI = D009589
Nitrogen Radioisotopes
MS = Unstable isotopes of nitrogen that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. N atoms with atomic weights 12, 13, 16, 17, and 18 are radioactive nitrogen isotopes.
AN = N-12, 13, 16, 17, 18; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
UI = D009590
Nitrogenase
MS = An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.
UI = D009591
Nitrogenous Group Transferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of nitrogenous groups, primarily amino groups, from a donor, generally an amino acid, to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxoacid. EC 2.6.
AN = DF: N GROUP TRANSFERASES
UI = D019884
Nitroglycerin
MS = A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium.
UI = D005996
Nitrohydroxyiodophenylacetate
MS = Also called 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetate. A haptenic determinant that can be radiolabeled and used as salts and derivatives for investigations of immunogenic specificity studies.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref
UI = D009592
Nitroimidazoles
UI = D009593
Nitromifene
MS = A non-steroidal estrogen antagonist (as the 1:1 citrate) most commonly used as a research tool in animal studies.
UI = D009594
Nitroparaffins
UI = D009595
Nitrophenols
UI = D009596
Nitrophenylgalactosides
MS = Includes ortho-, meta-, and para-nitrophenylgalactosides.
UI = D009598
Nitroprusside
MS = A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D009599
Nitroquinolines
MS = Quinolines substituted in any position by one or more nitro groups.
UI = D009600
Nitroreductases
MS = Enzymes which reduce nitro groups. A variety of compounds can act as acceptors. If NADH or NADPH are the acceptors, the enzymes are classified as EC 1.6.6.- .
UI = D009601
Nitrosamines
MS = A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties.
AN = carcinogens
UI = D009602
Nitrosation
MS = Conversion into nitroso compounds. An example is the reaction of nitrites with amino compounds to form carcinogenic N-nitrosamines.
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic nitrosation: coord NIM with NITRATES (IM) + substrate (NIM)
UI = D015538
Nitroso Compounds
AN = DF: NITROSO CPDS
UI = D009603
Nitrosoguanidines
UI = D009604
Nitrosomethylurethane
MS = An alkylating carcinogen that produces gastrointestinal and probably lung and nervous system tumors.
AN = D26-26 qualif
UI = D009605
Nitrosomonas
MS = A genus of gram-negative, ellipsoidal or rod-shaped bacteria whose major source of energy and reducing power is from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Its species occur in soils, oceans, lakes, rivers, and sewage disposal systems.
AN = in soil
UI = D009606
Nitrosourea Compounds
AN = DF: NITROSOUREA CPDS
UI = D009607
Nitrous Acid
MS = Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = do not confuse with NITRIC ACID
UI = D009608
Nitrous Oxide
MS = Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.
AN = an inhalation anesthetic & nonnarcotic analgesic
UI = D009609
Nitrovin
MS = An antibacterial growth promoter used in animal feeds.
UI = D009610
Nitroxinil
MS = Proposed anthelmintic for fasciola and liver fluke infestations.
UI = D009611
Nizatidine
MS = A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.
UI = D016567
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level
MS = The highest dosage administered that does not produce toxic effects. The NOAEL will depend on how closely dosages are spaced (lowest-observed-adverse-effect level and no-observed-effect level) and the number of animals examined. The ultimate objective is usually to determine not the "safe" dosage in laboratory animals but the "safe" dosage for humans. Therefore, the extrapolation most often required of toxicologists is from high-dosage studies in laboratory animals to low doses in humans. (Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 4th ed)
AN = NIM; coord with specific drug /tox (IM); DF: note short X refs
UI = D019055
Nobel Prize
AN = no qualif; a single prize is given for medicine & physiol but do not coord with either MEDICINE or PHYSIOLOGY
UI = D009613
Nobelium
MS = Nobelium. A man-made radioactive element of the actinide metal series. It has the atomic symbol No, atomic number 102, and atomic weight 259.
AN = man-made radioactive element; IM
UI = D009614
Noble Gases
MS = Elements that constitute group 18 (formerly the zero group) of the periodic table. They are gases that generally do not react chemically.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D005741
Nocardia
MS = A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria whose species are widely distributed and are abundant in soil. Some strains are pathogenic opportunists for man and animals.
AN = infection = NOCARDIA INFECTIONS
UI = D009615
Nocardia asteroides
MS = A species of bacterium of the family NOCARDIACEAE, producing pulmonary infections in man.
AN = infection: coord IM with NOCARDIA INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D009616
Nocardia Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus NOCARDIA.
AN = gram-pos bact infect
UI = D009617
Nocardiaceae
MS = A family of gram-positive, aerobic actinomycetes found in soil and animal tissue. Some species are the cause of infection in man and animals.
AN = in soil, animals & man
UI = D009618
Nociceptors
MS = Peripheral receptors for pain. Nociceptors include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. All nociceptors are free nerve endings.
AN = sensory receptors for pain; DF: NOCICEPT
UI = D009619
Nocodazole
MS = Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules.
UI = D015739
Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome
MS = Excessive periodic leg movements during sleep that cause micro-arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. This condition induces a state of relative sleep deprivation which manifests as excessive daytime hypersomnolence. The movements are characterized by repetitive contractions of the tibialis anterior muscle, extension of the toe, and intermittent flexion of the hip, knee and ankle. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p387)
UI = D020189
Nocturnal Paroxysmal Dystonia
MS = A parasomnia characterized by paroxysmal episodes of choreoathetotic, ballistic, dystonic movements, and semipurposeful activity. The episodes occur during non-rapid eye movement sleep and typically recur several times per night. (Neurology 1992 Jul;42(7 Suppl 6):61-67; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p391)
UI = D020183
Nodaviridae
MS = A family of RNA viruses infecting insects and fish. There are two genera: Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus.
AN = infection: coord IM with RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + FISH DISEASES (IM) (see note there); in insects: coord IM with specific insect /virol
UI = D030381
Nodose Ganglion
MS = The inferior (caudal) ganglion of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. The unipolar nodose ganglion cells are sensory cells with central projections to the medulla and peripheral processes traveling in various branches of the vagus nerve.
AN = a ganglion of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve; neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D009620
Nogalamycin
MS = An antineoplastic agent from a Streptomyces nogalater variant. It is a cytolytic antibiotic that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by binding to DNA.
UI = D009621
Noise
AN = restrict to noise as a type of sound: do not use for "noise" as artifacts or interference with data in various techniques or electrical interference ( = ELECTRICITY); /adv eff: consider also HEARING LOSS, NOISE-INDUCED/
UI = D009622
Noise, Occupational
MS = Noise present in occupational, industrial, and factory situations.
AN = coord IM with specific occupation (IM) if pertinent; consider also HEARING LOSS, NOISE-INDUCED; DF: NOISE OCCUP
UI = D009623
Noise, Transportation
MS = Noise associated with transportation, particularly aircraft and automobiles.
AN = coord IM with specific mode of transport (AIRCRAFT; AUTOMOBILES; RAILROADS; etc.) (IM); consider also HEARING LOSS, NOISE-INDUCED
UI = D009624
Noma
MS = A severe gangrenous process occurring predominantly in debilitated and malnourished children, especially in underdeveloped countries. It typically begins as a small vesicle or ulcer on the gingiva that rapidly becomes necrotic and spreads to produce extensive destruction of the buccal and labial mucosa and tissues of the face, which may result in severe disfigurement and even death. Various bacteria have been implicated in the etiology. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = severe gangrene of gingiva often spreading to face
UI = D009625
Nomifensine
MS = An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266)
UI = D009627
Non-Fibrillar Collagens
MS = A family of structurally-related short-chain collagens that do not form large fibril bundles.
AN = precusors: coord IM with PROCOLLAGEN (IM)
UI = D024041
Nonachlazine
MS = Coronary vasodilator with a novel mechanism of action; proposed as antianginal agent.
UI = D009628
Nondirective Therapy
MS = A procedure in which the therapist refrains from directing the client, but instead reflects back to the client what the latter has said, sometimes restating the client's remark.
AN = a psychother technique; DF: NONDIRECTIVE THER
UI = D009629
Nondisjunction, Genetic
MS = The failure of homologous CHROMOSOMES or CHROMATIDS to segregate during MITOSIS or MEIOSIS with the result that one daughter cell has both of a pair of parental chromosomes or chromatids and the other has none.
UI = D009630
Nonheme Iron Proteins
MS = Proteins, usually acting in oxidation-reduction reactions, containing iron but no porphyrin groups. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1993, pG-10)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D019159
Nonlinear Dynamics
MS = The study of systems which respond disproportionately (nonlinearly) to initial conditions or perturbing stimuli. Nonlinear systems may exhibit "chaos" which is classically characterized as sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Chaotic systems, while distinguished from more ordered periodic systems, are not random. When their behavior over time is appropriately displayed (in "phase space"), constraints are evident which are described by "strange attractors". Phase space representations of chaotic systems, or strange attractors, usually reveal fractal (FRACTALS) self-similarity across time scales. Natural, including biological, systems often display nonlinear dynamics and chaos.
AN = a math principle applied to theoret models
UI = D017711
Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIA
MS = A nonmuscle isoform of myosin type II found predominantly in platelets, lymphocytes, neutrophils and brush border enterocytes.
UI = D024507
Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB
MS = A nonmuscle isoform of myosin type II found predominantly in neuronal tissue.
UI = D024501
Nonodontogenic Cysts
MS = Cysts formed from epithelial inclusions in the lines of fusion of the embryonic processes which form the jaws. They include nasopalatine or incisive canal cyst, incisive papilla cyst, globulomaxillary cyst, median palatal cyst, median alveolar cyst, median mandibular cyst, and nasoalveolar cyst.
AN = non-neoplastic; of jaw; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM)
UI = D009631
Nonoxynol
MS = Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D017137
Nonsuppressible Insulin-Like Activity
MS = A blood protein (NSILA) which mimics the biological activity of insulin in serum, but is not suppressed by insulin antibodies. During acid-ethanol extraction of Cohn fraction III, 10% of the activity is found in the supernatant (NSILA-S) and the remaining activity in the precipitate (NSILA-P). The latter is a large molecular compound, much less stable than the soluble fraction. NSILA-S is a more potent growth factor than insulin and exhibits sulfation activity.
AN = note category; a blood protein mimicking blood insulin
UI = D009632
Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation
MS = Human experimentation that is not intended to benefit the subjects on whom it is performed. Phase I drug studies (CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I) and research involving healthy volunteers are examples of nontherapeutic human experimentation.
AN = use only when the issue of nontherapeutic research is discussed, including its ethical, legal, psychological, or social implications
UI = D033281
Nonverbal Communication
MS = Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language.
AN = human only; for animals use ANIMAL COMMUNICATION or VOCALIZATION, ANIMAL; consider also MANUAL COMMUNICATION & SIGN LANGUAGE
UI = D009633
Noonan Syndrome
MS = A multifaceted disorder that is characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, CRYPTORCHIDISM, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS), and some degree of MENTAL RETARDATION. The phenotype resembles that of TURNER SYNDROME; however, Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal sex chromosome constitution (46,XX and 46,XY). Nevertheless, familial studies suggest that the trait is inherited as an autosomal dominant.
UI = D009634
Nootropic Agents
MS = Drugs used to specifically facilitate learning or memory, particularly to prevent the cognitive deficits associated with dementias. These drugs act by a variety of mechanisms. While no potent nootropic drugs have yet been accepted for general use, several are being actively investigated.
AN = CNS agents; from Greek nous, mind; GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
UI = D018697
Norandrostanes
MS = Androstanes in which ring contractions have occurred or which are lacking carbon-18. Compounds with any degree of unsaturation are included. Androstanes which are lacking carbon-19 are ESTRANES.
UI = D009635
Norbornanes
AN = includes norbornenes
UI = D009636
Nordazepam
MS = An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.
UI = D003708
Nordefrin
MS = A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.
UI = D008771
Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid
MS = A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.
AN = DF: NDGA
UI = D009637
Norepinephrine
MS = Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.
UI = D009638
Norethandrolone
MS = A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.
UI = D009639
Norethindrone
MS = A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception.
UI = D009640
Norethynodrel
MS = A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and endometriosis. As a contraceptive, it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.
UI = D009641
Norfenfluramine
MS = A FENFLURAMINE analog that inhibits serotonin uptake and may provoke release of serotonin. It is used as an appetite depressant and an experimental tool in animal studies.
UI = D009642
Norfloxacin
MS = A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA-gyrase.
UI = D009643
Norgestrel
MS = A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive,ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.
UI = D009644
Norgestrienone
MS = A synthetic steroid with progestational and contraceptive activities.
UI = D009645
Norleucine
MS = An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.
UI = D009646
Normal Distribution
MS = Continuous frequency distribution of infinite range. Its properties are as follows: 1) continuous, symmetrical distribution with both tails extending to infinity; 2) arithmetic mean, mode, and median identical; and 3) shape completely determined by the mean and standard deviation.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D016011
Normetanephrine
MS = A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.
UI = D009647
Norpregnadienes
MS = Pregnadienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19.
UI = D009649
Norpregnanes
MS = Pregnanes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19. Unsaturation in the steroid ring system is not included.
AN = do not confuse with NORPREGNENES
UI = D009650
Norpregnatrienes
MS = Pregnatrienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19.
UI = D009651
Norpregnenes
MS = Pregnenes with one double bond or more than three double bonds which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19..
AN = do not confuse with NORPREGNANES
UI = D009652
Norprogesterones
MS = Progesterones which have undergone ring contraction or which are lacking carbon 18 or 19.
UI = D009653
Norsteroids
MS = Steroids which have undergone contraction in ring size or reduction in side chains.
UI = D009654
North America
AN = includes Mexico
UI = D009656
North Carolina
UI = D009657
North Dakota
UI = D009658
North Sea
AN = no qualif
UI = D009659
Northern Ireland
AN = capital, Belfast; differentiate from IRELAND (Irish Free State, Eire)
UI = D009660
Northern Territory
MS = A territory in north central Australia, east of the state of Queensland. Its capital is Darwin. Originally a part of New South Wales, it was annexed to South Australia in 1863, entered the Commonwealth as part of it in 190l, transferred to the Commonwealth in 1911, divided in 1927, but was reestablished in 1931. It was granted self government within the Commonwealth of Australia in 1978. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p864)
AN = a territory of Australia; do not confuse with NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, a division of Canada
UI = D015876
Northwest Territories
MS = A federally administered division of Canada. Its capital is Yellowknife. The former northern and eastern-most parts of the Territory comprise the new territory of Nunavut, effective April 1, 1999.
AN = a division of northwestern Canada; do not confuse with NORTHERN TERRITORY in Australia
UI = D015873
Northwestern United States
MS = The geographic area of the northwestern region of the United States. The states usually included in this region are Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming.
AN = includes Idaho, Mont, Ore, Wash, Wyo; specify as needed but use NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES when text uses the term; do not confuse with PACIFIC STATES: see note there; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: use for 4 or more states
UI = D015205
Nortriptyline
MS = A metabolite of AMITRYPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.
UI = D009661
Nortropanes
UI = D009662
Norwalk virus
MS = A species in the genus NORWALK-LIKE VIRUSES, first isolated in 1968 from the stools of school children in Norwalk, Ohio, who were suffering from gastroenteritis. The virions are non-enveloped spherical particles containing a single protein.
AN = infection: coord IM with CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + probably GASTROENTERITIS (IM)
UI = D009663
Norwalk-like Viruses
MS = A genus in the family CALICIVIRIDAE, associated with epidemic gastroenteritis in humans. The type species, NORWALK VIRUS, has many of strains.
AN = infection: coord IM with CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS + probably GASTROENTERITIS (IM)
UI = D029322
Norway
UI = D009664
Noscapine
MS = A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.
UI = D009665
Nose
MS = A specialized structure that serves as an organ of the sense of smell as well as part of the respiratory system; the term includes both the external nose and the nasal cavity.
AN = "nose" unspecified as NASAL BONE or NASAL CAVITY; /abnorm permitted for congen deform but acquired deform = NOSE DEFORMITIES, ACQUIRED; /secret = NASAL MUCOSA /secret; /surg: consider also RHINOPLASTY
UI = D009666
Nose Deformities, Acquired
MS = Deformities of the nose acquired after birth from injury or disease.
AN = = deformities acquired from inj or dis; congenital deformities = NOSE /abnorm & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D009667
Nose Diseases
MS = Disorders of the nose, general or unspecified.
AN = inflamm dis = RHINITIS
UI = D009668
Nose Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the NOSE.
AN = soft or bony tissue; coord IM with specific site in nose (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D009669
Nosema
MS = A genus of parasitic protozoa in the family Nosematidae. Some species are pathogenic for invertebrates of economic importance while others are being researched for possible roles in controlling pest insects. They are also pathogenic in humans.
AN = note NOSEMA CUNICULI see ENCEPHALITOZOON CUNICULI and NOSEMA CORNEUM see VITTAFORMA; infection: coord IM with MICROSPORIDIOSIS (IM); coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent
UI = D016818
Nostrums
AN = a quack or secret remedy; D25-26 qualif; do not confuse with PATENT MEDICINES or DRUGS, NON-PRESCRIPTION
UI = D009671
Notochord
MS = The rod-shaped body, composed of cells derived from the mesoblast and defining the primitive axis of the embryo. In lower vertebrates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, but in higher vertebrates it is replaced by the vertebral column.
AN = read MeSH definition
UI = D009672
Notophthalmus
MS = A genus of newts of the Salamandridae family found in North America in areas east of the 100th meridian. A common species is NOTOPHTHALMUS VIRIDESCENS.
AN = a genus of newts
UI = D019185
Notophthalmus viridescens
MS = A species of newt in the Salamandridae family in which the larvae transform into terrestrial eft stage and later into an aquatic adult. They occur from Canada to southern United States. Viridescens refers to the greenish color often found in this species.
AN = a species of newt; NIM as exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D009673
Nova Scotia
MS = A province of eastern Canada, one of the Maritime Provinces with NEW BRUNSWICK; PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND; and sometimes NEWFOUNDLAND. Its capital is Halifax. The territory was granted in 1621 by James I to the Scotsman Sir William Alexander and was called Nova Scotia, the Latin for New Scotland. The territory had earlier belonged to the French, under the name of Acadia. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p871 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p384)
AN = a province of eastern Canada
UI = D009674
Novirhabdovirus
MS = A genus in the family RHABDOVIRIDAE, infecting numerous species of fish with broad geographic distribution. The type species is INFECTIOUS HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS VIRUS.
AN = infection: coord IM with RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D029141
Novobiocin
MS = An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189)
UI = D009675
Noxae
MS = Agents capable of exerting a harmful effect on the body.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D009676
Noxythiolin
MS = Local antibacterial that probably acts by releasing formaldehyde in aqueous solutions. It is used for irrigation of infected body cavities - bladder, peritoneum, etc. and as a spray for burns.
UI = D009677
Nuclear Cap-Binding Protein Complex
MS = A heterodimeric protein complex of RNA cap-binding proteins, which binds with high affinity to the 5' MRNA CAP STRUCTURE in the NUCLEUS. The complex contains two subunits, one of 80 kD molecular weight and another of 20 kD molecular weight.
UI = D039502
Nuclear Energy
MS = Energy released by nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.
AN = nuclear power plants: see note & X ref at POWER PLANTS
UI = D009678
Nuclear Envelope
MS = The membrane system of the CELL NUCLEUS that surrounds the nucleoplasm. It consists of two concentric membranes separated by the perinuclear space. The structures of the envelope where it opens to the cytoplasm are called the nuclear pores (NUCLEAR PORE).
UI = D009685
Nuclear Family
MS = A family composed of spouses and their children.
AN = parents & children: does not include grandparents
UI = D009679
Nuclear Fission
MS = Nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of a heavy atom such as uranium or plutonium is split into two approximately equal parts by a neutron, charged particle, or photon.
AN = no qualif; do not confuse with NUCLEAR FUSION
UI = D009680
Nuclear Fusion
MS = Thermonuclear reaction in which the nuclei of an element of low atomic weight unite under extremely high temperature and pressure to form a nucleus of a heavier atom.
AN = no qualif; do not confuse with NUCLEAR FISSION
UI = D009681
Nuclear Lamina
MS = A lattice of fibrils which covers the entire inner surface of the nuclear envelope and interlinks nuclear pores (NUCLEAR PORE).
UI = D034881
Nuclear Localization Signal
MS = Short, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified as nuclear import signals for some proteins. These sequences are believed to interact with specific receptors at nuclear pores.
UI = D019913
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
MS = NMR spectroscopy on small- to medium-size biological macromolecules. This is often used for structural investigation of proteins and nucleic acids, and often involves more than one isotope.
UI = D019906
Nuclear Matrix
MS = The fibrogranular network of residual structural elements within which are immersed both chromatin and ribonucleoproteins. It extends throughout the nuclear interior from the nucleolus to the nuclear pore complexes along the nuclear periphery.
AN = NIM; IM only if point of article irrespective of identity of cell (NIM); A 11 qualif except /cytol /transpl; /genet permitted
UI = D015530
Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins
MS = A broad category of nuclear proteins that are components of or participate in the formation of the NUCLEAR MATRIX.
UI = D034521
Nuclear Medicine
MS = A specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative use of radioactive compounds in a pharmaceutical form.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NUCLEAR MED
UI = D009683
Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital
MS = Hospital department responsible for the administration and management of nuclear medicine services.
AN = restrict to radioisotope diag & ther serv: do not confuse with RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, HOSPITAL (x-ray & radiocobalt only); DF: NUCLEAR MED DEP
UI = D009684
Nuclear Physics
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D009686
Nuclear Pore
MS = An opening through the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE formed by the nuclear pore complex which transports nuclear proteins or RNA into or out of the CELL NUCLEUS and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel.
UI = D022022
Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins
MS = Proteins that form the structure of the NUCLEAR PORE. They are involved in active, facilitated and passive transport of molecules in and out of the CELL NUCLEUS.
UI = D028861
Nuclear Proteins
MS = Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.
AN = proteins in the cell nucleus: do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS (proteins conjugated with nucleic acids)
UI = D009687
Nuclear Reactors
MS = Devices containing fissionable material in sufficient quantity and so arranged as to be capable of maintaining a controlled, self-sustaining nuclear fission chain reaction. They are also known as atomic piles, atomic reactors, fission reactors, and nuclear piles, although such names are deprecated. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = RADIONUCLIDE GENERATORS is also available; nuclear power plants does not go here: see note & X ref at POWER PLANTS
UI = D009688
Nuclear Warfare
MS = Warfare involving the use of nuclear weapons.
UI = D009689
Nuclease Protection Assays
MS = Techniques for measuring specific nucleic acid interaction with another nucleic acid or with a protein by digestion of the non-interacting nucleic acid by various nucleases. After all non-interacting regions are eliminated by nuclease digestion, the protected nucleic acid that remains is analyzed. DNA FOOTPRINTING utilizes this technique to analyze the DNA contact sites of DNA-BINDING PROTEINS.
UI = D023282
Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
MS = Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one orginal template.
UI = D021141
Nucleic Acid Conformation
MS = The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
AN = coord with DNA or RNA or specific
UI = D009690
Nucleic Acid Denaturation
MS = Disorganization of secondary structures of nucleic acids through cleavage of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic linkages. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.
AN = IM general only; coord NIM with DNA or RNA or specific (IM)
UI = D009691
Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes
MS = Double-stranded nucleic acid molecules (DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA) which contain regions of nucleotide mismatches (non-complementary). In vivo, these heteroduplexes can result from mutation or genetic recombination; in vitro, they are formed by nucleic acid hybridization. Electron microscopic analysis of the resulting heteroduplexes facilitates the mapping of regions of base sequence homology of nucleic acids.
AN = coord with specific DNA or RNA or both (IM)
UI = D009692
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
MS = Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503; Dorlands, 28th ed, p781)
AN = IM general only; coord NIM with DNA or RNA or specific (IM); IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION & IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION, FLUORESCENCE are available
UI = D009693
Nucleic Acid Precursors
MS = Use for nucleic acid precursors in general or for which there is no specific heading.
AN = IM; coord with DNA or RNA or specific (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D009694
Nucleic Acid Probes
MS = Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies.
AN = GEN: prefer specific DNA & RNA probes; usually no qualif
UI = D015341
Nucleic Acid Renaturation
MS = The reformation of all, or part of, the native conformation of a nucleic acid molecule after the molecule has undergone denaturation.
AN = IM general only; coord NIM with DNA or RNA or specific (IM)
UI = D009695
Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
MS = Compounds that inhibit cell production of DNA or RNA.
AN = despite X refs, coord IM with DNA /biosyn (IM) or RNA /biosyn (IM) or specific nucleic acid /biosyn (IM); DF: NUCLEIC ACID SYN INHIB
UI = D019384
Nucleic Acids
MS = High molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.
AN = GEN: prefer RNA & DNA whether Priority 1, 2 or 3 article;
UI = D009696
Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides
MS = Complex compounds of high molecular weight occurring in living cells. These are basically of two types, ribonucleic (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA) acids, both of which consist of nucleotides (nucleoside phosphates linked together by phosphate bridges).
AN = not used for indexing; NUCLEIC ACIDS; NUCLEOTIDES; & NUCLEOSIDES are available CATALOG: do not use
UI = D009706
Nucleobase Transport Proteins
MS = Proteins involved in the transport of nucleobases such as PYRIMIDINES and PURINES across membranes.
UI = D033702
Nucleobase, Nucleoside, Nucleotide, and Nucleic Acid Transport Proteins
MS = A broad class of proteins involved in the transport of nucleobases, NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES and NUCLEIC ACIDS across membranes.
AN = GEN only; prefer specifics
UI = D033701
Nucleocapsid
MS = A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a CAPSID plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope.
AN = a protein-nucleic acid complex of a virion
UI = D019251
Nucleocapsid Proteins
MS = Viral proteins found in either the NUCLEOCAPSID or the viral core (VIRAL CORE PROTEINS).
UI = D019590
Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins
MS = Proteins involved in the process of transporting molecules in and out the cell nucleus. Included here are: NUCLEOPORINS, which are membrane proteins that form the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX; KARYOPHERINS, which carry molecules through the nuclear pore complex; and proteins that play a direct role in the transport of karyopherin complexes through the nuclear pore complex.
UI = D029543
Nucleolus Organizer Region
MS = The chromosome region which is active in nucleolus formation and which functions in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA.
UI = D009697
Nucleopolyhedrovirus
MS = A genus of the family BACULOVIRIDAE, subfamily Eubaculovirinae, characterized by the formation of crystalline, polyhedral occlusion bodies in the host cell nucleus. The type species is Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus.
AN = a genus of insect viruses of the family Baculoviridae; coord IM with specific insect /virol (IM)
UI = D017924
Nucleoproteins
MS = Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids.
AN = proteins conjugated with nucleic acids: do not confuse with NUCLEAR PROTEINS (proteins in the cell nucleus)
UI = D009698
Nucleoside Deaminases
MS = Catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleosides with the elimination of ammonia.
AN = do not confuse with NUCLEOTIDE DEAMINASES
UI = D009700
Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugars
UI = D009702
Nucleoside Q
MS = A modified nucleoside which is present in the first position of the anticodon of tRNA-tyrosine, tRNA-histidine, tRNA-asparagine and tRNA-aspartic acid of many organisms. It is believed to play a role in the regulatory function of tRNA. Nucleoside Q can be further modified to nucleoside Q*, which has a mannose or galactose moiety linked to position 4 of its cyclopentenediol moiety.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D009704
Nucleoside Transport Proteins
MS = Proteins involved in the transport of NUCLEOSIDES across cellular membranes.
UI = D033703
Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase
MS = An enzyme that is found in mitochondria and in the soluble cytoplasm of cells. It catalyzes reversible reactions of a nucleoside triphosphate, e.g., ATP, with a nucleoside diphosphate, e.g., UDP, to form ADP and UTP. Many nucleoside diphosphates can act as acceptor, while many ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates can act as donor. EC 2.7.4.6.
UI = D009701
Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversible reactions of a nucleoside triphosphate, e.g., ATP, with a nucleoside monophosphate, e.g., UMP, to form ADP and UDP. Many nucleoside monophosphates can act as acceptor while many ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates can act as donor. EC 2.7.4.4.
UI = D009703
Nucleosides
MS = Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
AN = nucleoside phosphates = NUCLEOTIDES
UI = D009705
Nucleosomes
MS = The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D009707
Nucleotidases
MS = A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-.
UI = D009708
Nucleotide Deaminases
MS = Catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleotides with the elimination of ammonia.
AN = do not confuse with NUCLEOSIDE DEAMINASES
UI = D009709
Nucleotide Mapping
MS = Two-dimensional separation and analysis of nucleotides.
AN = 2-dimensional separation & anal of nucleotides
UI = D009710
Nucleotide Transport Proteins
MS = Proteins involved in the transport of NUCLEOTIDES across cellular membranes.
UI = D033704
Nucleotides
MS = The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
AN = pyridine nucleotides are probably NAD or NADP; /anal: consider also NUCLEOTIDE MAPPING
UI = D009711
Nucleotides, Cyclic
UI = D009712
Nucleotidyltransferases
MS = A class of enzymes that transfers nucleotidyl residues. EC 2.7.7.
UI = D009713
Nucleus Accumbens
MS = Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia.
UI = D009714
Nudism
MS = The practice of living unclothed for reasons of comfort or health.
UI = D009715
Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted
MS = Computer-assisted study of methods for obtaining useful quantitative solutions to problems that have been expressed mathematically.
AN = IM
UI = D009716
Numismatics
MS = Study of coins, tokens, medals, etc. However, it usually refers to medals pertaining to the history of medicine.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; note X ref MEDALS: do not confuse a medal as a piece of metal (usually in the form of a coin) with a medal awarded for an accomplishment ( = AWARDS AND PRIZES); coin collecting as a hobby: coord IM with HOBBIES (IM); indexing policy: TN 245
UI = D009717
Nunavut
MS = A self-governing territory formed from the central and eastern portions of the Northwest Territories. It was officially established April 1, 1999. The capital is Iqaluit.
UI = D020957
Nuphar
MS = A plant genus of the family NYMPHAEACEAE. Members contain sesquiterpene thioalkaloids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031654
Nurse Administrators
MS = Nurses professionally qualified in administration.
AN = do not confuse with HEAD NURSES see NURSING, SUPERVISORY; in British jrnls "matron" goes here but nursing "sisters" go under NURSING, SUPERVISORY
UI = D009718
Nurse Anesthetists
MS = Professional nurses who have completed postgraduate training in the administration of anesthetics and who function under the responsibility of the operating surgeon.
UI = D009719
Nurse Clinicians
MS = Registered nurses who hold Master's degrees in nursing with an emphasis in clinical nursing and who function independently in coordinating plans for patient care.
UI = D009720
Nurse Midwives
MS = Professional nurses who have received postgraduate training in midwifery.
AN = check also tag PREGNANCY
UI = D009721
Nurse Practitioners
MS = Nurses who are specially trained to assume an expanded role in providing medical care under the supervision of a physician.
UI = D009722
Nurse's Role
MS = The expected function of a member of the nursing profession.
UI = D024802
Nurse-Patient Relations
MS = Interaction between the patient and nurse.
AN = no qualif; DF: NURSE PATIENT RELAT
UI = D009723
Nurseries
MS = Facilities which provide care for infants.
AN = in hosp = NURSERIES, HOSPITAL; check also tag INFANT
UI = D009724
Nurseries, Hospital
MS = Hospital facilities which provide care for newborn infants.
AN = check also tag INFANT, NEWBORN
UI = D009725
Nurses
MS = Professionals qualified by education at an accredited school of nursing and licensed by state law to practice nursing. They provide services to patients requiring assistance in recovering or maintaining their physical or mental health.
AN = relation to nurs specialties: Manual 34.11.3
UI = D009726
Nurses' Aides
MS = Allied health personnel who assist the professional nurse in routine duties.
UI = D009728
Nurses' Instruction [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of materials developed for a nursing audience.
UI = D020488
Nurses, Male
MS = Nurses of the male sex.
AN = relation to nurs specialties: Manual 34.11.3; use of check tags: Manual 34.6
UI = D009727
Nursing
MS = The field of nursing care concerned with the promotion, maintenance, and restoration of health.
AN = the nursing profession only: NURSING CARE is for patients; /legislation & jurisprudence = LEGISLATION, NURSING or NURSING (IM) + JURISPRUDENCE (IM); available is /nurs: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.48; DF: NURS
UI = D009729
Nursing Administration Research
MS = Research concerned with establishing costs of nursing care, examining the relationships between nursing services and quality patient care, and viewing problems of nursing service delivery within the broader context of policy analysis and delivery of health services (from a national study, presented at the 1985 Council on Graduate Education for Administration in Nursing (CGEAN) meeting).
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NURS ADMIN RESEARCH
UI = D015401
Nursing Assessment
MS = Evaluation of the nature and extent of nursing problems presented by a patient for the purpose of patient care planning.
AN = to evaluate nature & extent of nurs problems of patient to plan patient care; do not confuse with NURSING AUDIT (to evaluate quality of nurs care); DF: NURS ASSESS
UI = D009730
Nursing Audit
MS = A detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel for evaluating quality of nursing care.
AN = to evaluate quality of nurs care; do not confuse with NURSING ASSESSMENT (to evaluate nurs problems of patient to plan care); DF: NURS AUDIT
UI = D009731
Nursing Care
MS = Care given to patients by nursing service personnel.
AN = GEN & for patients only: NURSING is for the nursing profession; /legislation & jurisprudence = LEGISLATION, NURSING or NURSING (IM) + JURISPRUDENCE (IM); prefer /nursing: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.48; DF: NURS CARE
UI = D009732
Nursing Diagnosis
MS = Conclusions derived from the nursing assessment that establish a health status profile for the patient and from which nursing interventions may be ordered.
AN = based on nurs assessment: see MeSH definition; DF: NURS DIAG
UI = D009733
Nursing Education Research
MS = Investigations into the problems of integrating research findings into nursing curricula, developing problem solving skills, finding approaches to clinical teaching, determining the level of practice by graduates from different basic preparations, etc.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NURS EDUC RESEARCH
UI = D015402
Nursing Evaluation Research
MS = Research carried out by nurses that uses interviews, data collection, observation, surveys, etc., to evaluate nursing, health, clinical, and nursing education programs and curricula, and which also demonstrates the value of such evaluation.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NURS EVALUATION RESEARCH
UI = D015403
Nursing Faculty Practice
MS = Clinical practice by members of the nursing faculty in order to maintain a balance in their nursing activities--clinical, education, and research.
AN = clin practice by nurs faculty to maintain balanced professional activities; DF: NURS FACULTY PRACTICE
UI = D009734
Nursing Homes
MS = Facilities which provide nursing supervision and limited medical care to persons who do not require hospitalization.
AN = nursing homes for the aged: coord IM with HOMES FOR THE AGED (IM); DF: NURS HOMES
UI = D009735
Nursing Methodology Research
MS = Research carried out by nurses concerning techniques and methods to implement projects and to document information, including methods of interviewing patients, collecting data, and forming inferences. The concept includes exploration of methodological issues such as human subjectivity and human experience.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NURS METHODOL RESEARCH
UI = D015404
Nursing Process
MS = The sum total of nursing activities which includes assessment (identifying needs), intervention (ministering to needs), and evaluation (validating the effectiveness of the help given).
AN = "total of nursing care activities"; do not confuse with NURSING (the profession), NURSING CARE (the patient), NURSING SERVICES; DF: NURS PROCESS
UI = D009736
Nursing Records
MS = Data recorded by nurses concerning the nursing care given to the patient, including judgment of the patient's progress.
AN = FORMS AND RECORDS CONTROL, also available, is probably NIM when coord; DF: NURS RECORDS
UI = D009737
Nursing Research
MS = Research carried out by nurses, generally in clinical settings, in the areas of clinical practice, evaluation, nursing education, nursing administration, and methodology.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NURS RESEARCH
UI = D015399
Nursing Service, Hospital
MS = The hospital department which is responsible for the organization and administration of nursing activities.
AN = hosp only: non-hosp nurs serv = NURSING SERVICES; DF: NURS SERV HOSP
UI = D009738
Nursing Services
MS = A general concept referring to the organization and administration of nursing activities.
AN = GEN or unspecified as hosp nurs services ( = NURSING SERVICES, HOSPITAL); IM; DF: NURS SERV
UI = D009739
Nursing Staff
MS = Personnel who provide nursing service to patients in an organized facility, institution, or agency.
AN = other than in hosp; in hosp = NURSING STAFF, HOSPITAL; coord IM with nurs or med milieu (IM); DF: NURS STAFF
UI = D009740
Nursing Staff, Hospital
MS = Personnel who provide nursing service to patients in a hospital.
AN = hosp only: non-hosp nurs staff = NURSING STAFF; DF: NURS STAFF HOSP
UI = D009741
Nursing Theory
MS = Concepts, definitions, and propositions applied to the study of various phenomena which pertain to nursing and nursing research.
AN = no qualif; DF: NURS THEORY
UI = D009742
Nursing, Practical
MS = The practice of nursing by licensed, non-registered persons qualified to provide routine care to the sick.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: NURS PRACTICAL
UI = D009743
Nursing, Private Duty
MS = The practice of nursing by a registered or licensed nurse to care for a specific patient in a health facility or in the home.
AN = IM; coord with specific nurs specialty (IM); DF: NURS PRIVATE DUTY
UI = D009744
Nursing, Supervisory
MS = Administration of nursing services for one or more clinical units.
AN = IM; in British jnls nursing "sisters" go here but "matron" goes under NURSE ADMINISTRATORS; DF: NURS SUPERVISORY
UI = D009745
Nursing, Team
MS = Coordination of nursing services by various nursing care personnel under the leadership of a professional nurse. The team may consist of a professional nurse, nurses' aides, and the practical nurse.
AN = IM; consider also PATIENT CARE TEAM; DF: NURS TEAM
UI = D009746
Nut Hypersensitivity
MS = Allergic reaction to tree nuts that is triggered by the immune system.
AN = PEANUT HYPERSENSITIVITY is also available
UI = D021184
Nutrition
MS = The science of food, the nutrients and other substances contained therein, their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; differentiate from FOOD and DIET; clinical nutrition as a specialty goes here
UI = D009747
Nutrition Assessment
MS = Evaluation and measurement of nutritional variables in order to assess the level of nutrition or the nutritional status of the individual. Nutrition surveys may be used in making the assessment.
AN = no qualif; do not confuse with NUTRITION SURVEYS: survey refers to a population in a given geog area, assessment refers to an individual; DF: NUTRITION ASSESS
UI = D015596
Nutrition Disorders
AN = differentiate from DEFICIENCY DISEASES (results from deficient intake) & METABOLIC DISEASES
UI = D009748
Nutrition Policy
MS = Governmental guidelines and objectives pertaining to public food supply and nutrition including recommendations for healthy diet and changes in food habits to ensure healthy diet.
AN = govt guidelines on public food supply & nutrition
UI = D018673
Nutrition Surveys
MS = A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to the nutritional status of a human population within a given geographic area. Data from these surveys are used in preparing NUTRITION ASSESSMENTs.
AN = no qualif; TN 97: caution against word "survey"; do not confuse with NUTRITION ASSESSMENT: survey refers to a population in a given geog area, assessment refers to an individual
UI = D009749
Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases
MS = A collective term for nutritional disorders (result of poor assimilation or utilization of food) and metabolic disorders (result of poor metabolism or inherited enzyme abnormality).
AN = not used for indexing; CATALOG: do not use
UI = D009750
Nutritional Requirements
AN = no qualif; NIM when specific nutrient is IM; not for nutritional requirements of bacteria, etc. ( = microorganism /growth or /metab or /physiol)
UI = D009751
Nutritional Status
MS = State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients.
AN = restrict to humans & Cat B2
UI = D009752
Nutritional Support
MS = The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include FLUID THERAPY which normalizes body fluids to restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018529
Nutritive Value
MS = An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing.
AN = NIM; coord with specific food (IM); no qualif
UI = D009753
Nuts
MS = Botanically, a type of single-seeded fruit in which the pericarp enclosing the seed is a hard woody shell. In common usage the term is used loosely for any hard, oil-rich kernel. Of those commonly eaten, only hazel, filbert, and chestnut are strictly nuts. Walnuts, pecans, almonds, and coconuts are really drupes. Brazil nuts, pistachios, macadamias, and cashews are really seeds with a hard shell derived from the testa rather than the pericarp.
AN = as seed & food; /adv eff; consider also NUT HYPERSENSITIVITY; PEANUTS see ARACHIS HYPOGAEA is also available
UI = D009754
Nyctaginaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D039281
Nylidrin
MS = A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.
UI = D009756
Nylons
MS = Polymers where the main polymer chain comprises recurring amide groups. These compounds are generally formed from combinations of diamines, diacids, and amino acids and yield fibers, sheeting, or extruded forms used in textiles, gels, filters, sutures, contact lenses, and other biomaterials.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D009757
Nymph
MS = The immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult.
AN = NIM; for metamorphosing arthropods only; do not use /embryol with ref to nymph
UI = D009758
Nymphaea
MS = A plant genus of the family NYMPHAEACEAE. The common name of lotus is also used for LOTUS and NELUMBO.
AN = X ref NYMPHAEA LOTUS: LOTUS is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D030721
Nymphaeaceae
MS = The sour gum plant family of the order Nymphaeales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. All have horizontal or hanging branches and broad alternate leaves, and they are dioecious (male and female flowers on different plants).
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D030702
Nyssa
MS = A plant genus of the family NYSSACEAE (or Cornaceae by some).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031655
Nyssaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Cornales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Some botanical classifications do not recognize this family and place the members in CORNACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D030701
Nystagmus, Congenital
MS = Nystagmus present at birth or caused by lesions sustained in utero or at the time of birth. It is usually pendular, and is associated with ALBINISM and conditions characterized by early loss of central vision. Inheritance patterns may be X-linked, autosomal dominant, or recessive. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p275)
AN = do not use /congen; do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D020417
Nystagmus, Optokinetic
MS = Normal nystagmus produced by looking at objects moving across the field of vision.
UI = D017120
Nystagmus, Pathologic
MS = Involuntary movements of the eye that are divided into two types, jerk and pendular. Jerk nystagmus has a slow phase in one direction followed by a corrective fast phase in the opposite direction, and is usually caused by central or peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Pendular nystagmus features oscillations that are of equal velocity in both directions and this condition is often associated with visual loss early in life. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p272)
AN = do not confuse with NYSTAGMUS, PHYSIOLOGIC; NYSTAGMUS, CONGENITAL is also available
UI = D009759
Nystagmus, Physiologic
MS = Involuntary rhythmical movements of the eyes in the normal person. These can be naturally occurring as in end-position (end-point, end-stage, or deviational) nystagmus or induced by the optokinetic drum (NYSTAGMUS, OPTOKINETIC), caloric test, or a rotating chair.
AN = note category: NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC and NYSTAGMUS, CONGENITAL are available for the disease
UI = D009760
Nystatin
MS = Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.
UI = D009761