Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
S
RETURN TO INDEX S Phase
MS = Phase of the CELL CYCLE following G1 and preceding G2 when the entire DNA content of the nucleus is replicated. It is achieved by bidirectional replication at multiple sites along each chromosome.
UI = D016196
S-Adenosylhomocysteine
MS = 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.
UI = D012435
S-Adenosylmethionine
MS = Physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in treatment of chronic liver disease. (From Merck, 11th ed)
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D012436
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine
MS = A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.
UI = D026423
S-Nitrosoglutathione
MS = A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.
UI = D026422
S-Nitrosothiols
MS = A group of organic sulfur-containing nitrites, alkyl thionitrites. S-Nitrosothiols include compounds such as S-NITROSO-N-ACETYLPENICILLAMINE and S-NITROSOGLUTATHIONE.
UI = D026403
S100 Proteins
MS = A family of highly acidic calcium-binding proteins found in large concentration in the brain and believed to be glial in origin. They are also found in other organs in the body. They have in common the EF-hand motif (EF-HAND MOTIFS) found on a number of calcium binding proteins. The name of this family derives from the property of being soluble in a 100% saturated ammonium sulfate solution.
UI = D009418
Saccades
MS = An abrupt voluntary shift in ocular fixation from one point to another, as occurs in reading.
UI = D012438
Saccharin
MS = Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D012439
Saccharomyces
MS = A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycetaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES.
AN = there are many species but check Dorland for those wrongly called Saccharomyces
UI = D012440
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
MS = A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.
AN = when brewer's yeast or baker's yeast is the source of matter in enzyme or other metabolic studies use this heading; when given for therapy, use YEAST, DRIED; DF: SACCH CEREV
UI = D012441
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
MS = Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.
AN = coordinate IM with specific protein (IM)
UI = D029701
Saccharomycetales
MS = An order of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota that multiply by budding. They include the telomorphic ascomycetous yeasts which are found in a very wide range of habitats.
UI = D004718
Saccharomycopsis
MS = Yeast-like ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycopsidaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES, isolated from the stomach of rabbits and some other animals.
UI = D012442
Saccharopine Dehydrogenases
MS = A collection of enzymes that use either NAD+ (EC 1.5.1.7) or NADP+ (EC 1.5.1.8) as an acceptor to form L-LYSINE or NAD+ (EC 1.5.1.9) or NADP+ (EC 1.5.1.10) as an acceptor to form L-GLUTAMATE. Deficiency of this enzyme causes HYPERLYSINEMIAS. EC 1.5.1.
AN = /defic: consider also HYPERLYSINEMIAS
UI = D012443
Saccharopolyspora
MS = A genus of gram-positive bacteria whose spores are round to oval and covered by a sheath.
AN = a gram-pos bacterium
UI = D016930
Saccharum
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031786
Saccule and Utricle
MS = Two membranous sacs within the vestibule of the inner ear. The smaller, the saccule, lies near the opening of the scala vestibuli. The larger, the utricle, is in the superoposterior part of the vestibule. Both receive filaments from the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE.
AN = DF: SACCULE
UI = D012444
Sacrococcygeal Region
AN = not a substitute for the bones SACRUM & COCCYX; this is merely locational & usually NIM
UI = D012445
Sacroiliac Joint
MS = The immovable joint formed by the lateral surfaces of the SACRUM and ILIUM.
AN = sacroiliitis (note spelling): coord IM with ARTHRITIS or specific indention (IM)
UI = D012446
Sacrum
AN = a bone of the spine; do not confuse with LUMBOSACRAL REGION or SACROCOCCYGEAL REGION, both locational: use term in the text; coord IM with specific disease (IM)
UI = D012447
Sadism
MS = A condition in which there is a derivation of pleasure from inflicting pain, discomfort or humiliation on another person or persons. The sexual significance of sadistic wishes or behavior may be conscious or unconscious.
UI = D012448
Safe Sex
MS = Sex behavior that prevents or decreases the spread of sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy.
UI = D021841
Safety
MS = Freedom from exposure to danger and protection from the occurrence or risk of injury or loss. It suggests optimal precautions in the workplace, on the street, in the home, etc., and includes personal safety as well as the safety of property.
AN = IM in unspecified circumstances ("the economics of safety" = SAFETY /econ) or specified circumstances ("safety in coal mines" = SAFETY (IM) + COAL MINING (IM)); CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY & EQUIPMENT SAFETY are also available
UI = D012449
Safety Management
MS = The development of systems to prevent accidents, injuries, and other adverse occurrences in an institutional setting. The concept includes prevention or reduction of adverse events or incidents involving employees, patients, or facilities. Examples include plans to reduce injuries from falls or plans for fire safety to promote a safe institutional environment.
UI = D017751
Safflower Oil
MS = An oily liquid extracted from the seeds of the safflower, Carthamus tinctorius. It is used as a dietary supplement in the management of HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. It is used also in cooking, as a salad oil, and as a vehicle for medicines, paints, varnishes, etc. (Dorland, 28th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = an unsaturated fat
UI = D012450
Safrole
MS = Constituent of several essential oils, notably sassafras. It has been used as a topical antiseptic and it is carcinogenic to the liver so it is no longer used as a flavoring agent in foods.
UI = D012451
Sagittal Sinus Thrombosis
MS = Infectious or noninfectious venous thrombosis of the sagittal sinus. Spontaneous and secondary forms occur. Associated conditions include DEHYDRATION; SEPSIS; THROMBOPHILIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES. Affected individuals may present with or develop HEADACHE; neck pain; PAPILLEDEMA; SEIZURES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; venous CEREBRAL INFARCTION; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; hemiparesis; and other focal neurologic deficits. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p612)
UI = D020225
Sagittaria
MS = A plant genus of the family ALISMATACEAE that grows in salty marshes and is used for phytoremediation of oil spills. The unisexual flowers have 3 sepals and 3 petals. Members contain trifoliones (DITERPENES).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D034903
Saguinus
MS = A genus of CALLITRICHINAE consisting of 22 species and found in Panama as well as South America. Species seen most frequently in the literature are S. oedipus (cotton-top marmoset), S. nigricollis, and S. fusicollis.
AN = New World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
UI = D012452
SAIDS Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent SAIDS; (SIMIAN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME); and containing inactivated SIV or type D retroviruses or some of their component antigens.
AN = coord IM with specific SAIDS virus (IM or NIM) if pertinent
UI = D018449
Saimiri
MS = A genus of the family CEBIDAE consisting of four species: S. boliviensis, S. orstedii (red-backed squirrel monkey), S. sciureus (common squirrel monkey), and S. ustus. They inhabit tropical rain forests in Central and South America. S. sciureus is used extensively in research studies.
AN = New World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
UI = D012453
Saimirinae
MS = A subfamily of CEBIDAE inhabiting the forests of Central and South America. This subfamily of New World monkeys consists of one genus, the SAIMIRI or squirrel monkeys.
AN = New World monkeys; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
UI = D016648
Saint Kitts and Nevis
MS = An independent federation of the Leeward Islands in the West Indies, consisting of Saint Christopher, Nevis, and Sombrero. Its capital is Basseterre. It was discovered by Columbus in 1493, settled by the British in 1625, the first of the Leeward Islands to be colonized by them. It was held jointly by the French and English 1628-1713, but returned to Great Britain by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. It was held by the French 1782-83. Under the British for the next 200 years, it gained its independence in 1983. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1045; Embassy, telephone 202-686-2636)
AN = an independent federation in the West Indies
UI = D019437
Saint Lucia
MS = An independent state in the West Indies. Its capital is Castries. It was probably discovered by Columbus in 1502 and first settled by the English in 1605. Contended for by the French and English in the 17th century, it was regarded as neutral in 1748 but changed hands many times in the wars of the 19th century. It became a self-governing state in association with Great Britain in 1967 and achieved independence in 1979. Columbus named it for the day on which he discovered it, the feast of St. Lucy, a Sicilian virgin martyr. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1051 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p477)
AN = an island in the West Indies
UI = D019431
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
MS = A self-governing state of the Windward Islands in the West Indies, comprising Saint Vincent and the northern islets of the Grenadines. Its capital is Kingstown. It is one of the original homes of the Carib Indians supposed to have been sighted by Columbus in 1498. It was in English hands from 1627 till held by the French 1779-83. Saint Vincent subsequently became a British possession and, with other nearby British territories, was administered by the Governor of the Windward Islands till 1959. It attained a measure of independence in 1969 but achieved full independence as Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 1979. Saint Vincent was the 4th century Spanish martyr on whose feast day Columbus discovered the island. Grenadines is derived from the Spanish kingdom of Granada. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1054 & The Europa World Year Book 1993, p2441)
AN = self-governing islands in the West Indies; do not confuse X ref GRENADINES with GRENADA, also in the West Indies; DF: ST VINCENT
UI = D019436
Saints
MS = Persons officially recognized or acknowledged as pre-eminent for consecration, holiness, and piety, especially through canonization by a branch of the Christian church. (From Webster, 3d ed)
AN = IM; coord with RELIGION AND MEDICINE (IM) if pertinent + specific med aspect (IM); TN H: form of Saint names as subject name
UI = D018597
Salamandra
MS = A genus of European newts in the Salamandridae family. The two species of this genus are Salamandra salamandra (European "fire" salamander) and Salamandra atra (European alpine salamander).
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D012454
Salamandridae
MS = A family of Urodela consisting of 15 living genera and about 42 species and occurring in North America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D012455
Salaries and Fringe Benefits
MS = The remuneration paid or benefits granted to an employee.
AN = DF: SALARIES
UI = D012456
Salicaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Salicales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. The leaves are alternate and simple. Staminate (male) flowers consist of from one to many stamens. Pistillate (female) flowers consist of a one-chambered ovary with several to many ovules (potential silky seeds).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029629
Salicylamides
MS = Amides of salicylic acid.
UI = D012457
Salicylanilides
MS = 2-Hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamides. N-phenyl substituted salicylamides. Derivatives have been used as fungicides, anti-mildew agents and topical antifungal agents. In concentrated form may cause irritation of skin and mucous membranes.
AN = antifungals
UI = D012458
Salicylates
MS = The salts, esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.
UI = D012459
Salicylic Acid
MS = A compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves, and also prepared synthetically. It has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions. Its salts, the salicylates, are used as analgesics. (From Dorland's, 28th ed)
AN = SALICYLIC ACIDS is also available
UI = D020156
Salicylic Acids
MS = Derivatives and salts of SALICYLIC ACID.
AN = SALICYLIC ACID is also available
UI = D012461
Saline Solution, Hypertonic
MS = Hypertonic sodium chloride solution. A solution having an osmotic pressure greater than that of physiologic salt solution (0.9 g NaCl in 100 ml purified water).
AN = NIM, no qualif; when IM, use D25-26 qualif; DF: SALINE SOL HYPERTONIC
UI = D012462
Saliva
MS = The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SALIVARY GLANDS and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains MUCINS, water, organic salts, and ptylin.
AN = TN 169: relation to SALIVATION & SALIVARY GLANDS; "salivary IMMUNOGLOBULIN A": index SALIVA (IM) + IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY (IM)
UI = D012463
Saliva, Artificial
MS = A solution used for irrigating the mouth in xerostomia and as a substitute for saliva.
AN = D25-D26 qualif
UI = D012464
Salivary Calculi
MS = The presence of calculi in a salivary duct or gland.
AN = chem composition of calculi: use/chem; /ultrastruc permitted
UI = D020792
Salivary Duct Calculi
MS = Presence of small calculi in the terminal salivary ducts (salivary sand), or stones (larger calculi) found in the larger ducts.
AN = chem composition of calculi: use /chem; /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific precoord salivary gland dis term (IM); do not confuse with SALIVARY GLAND CALCULI
UI = D012465
Salivary Ducts
MS = Any of the ducts which transport saliva. Salivary ducts include the parotid duct, the major and minor sublingual ducts, and the submandibular duct.
AN = dis of salivary ducts: coord IM with SALIVARY GLAND DISEASES (IM); dis of ducts of a specific salivary gland: coord IM with specific salivary gland disease (IM) or specific salivary gland (IM) and SALIVARY GLAND DISEASES (IM); /radiogr = SIALOGRAPHY & do not add SALIVARY DUCTS unless particularly discussed
UI = D018987
Salivary Gland Calculi
MS = Calculi occurring in a salivary gland. Most salivary gland calculi occur in the submandibular gland, but can also occur in the parotid gland and in the sublingual and minor salivary glands.
AN = chem composition of calculi: use /chem; /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific precoord salivary gland dis term (IM); do not confuse with SALIVARY DUCT CALCULI
UI = D015494
Salivary Gland Diseases
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; inflamm dis = SIALADENITIS; tuberc sialadenitis or tuberc of salivary glands = SIALADENITIS (IM) + TUBERCULOSIS, ORAL (IM)
UI = D012466
Salivary Gland Fistula
MS = A fistula between a salivary duct or gland and the cutaneous surface of the oral cavity.
AN = fistula policy: Manual 23.19+; coord IM with specific salivary gland or precoord salivary gland dis (IM)
UI = D012467
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.
AN = GEN: prefer specific precoord; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D012468
Salivary Glands
AN = GEN; /secret: see also SALIVATION; TN 169: relation to SALIVA & SALIVATION; inflammation = SIALADENITIS; tuberc of salivary glands or tuberc sialadenitis = SIALADENITIS (IM) + TUBERCULOSIS, ORAL (IM)
UI = D012469
Salivary Glands, Minor
MS = Accessory salivary glands located in the lip, cheek, tongue, floor of mouth, palate and intramaxillary.
AN = diseases: coord NIM with SALIVARY GLAND DISEASES (IM)
UI = D012470
Salivary Proteins
MS = Proteins found in saliva and the salivary glands. These proteins show some enzymatic activity, but their composition varies in different individuals.
AN = in saliva & salivary glands; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; do not confuse with SIALOPROTEINS, a type of glycoprotein
UI = D012471
Salivation
MS = The secretion of saliva which serves to moisten and soften food and keep the mouth moist. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = TN 169: relation to SALIVA & SALIVARY GLANDS
UI = D012472
Salix
MS = A plant genus of the family SALICACEAE. Members contain salicin, which yields SALICYLIC ACID.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032108
Salmine
UI = D012473
Salmo salar
MS = A commercially important species of SALMON in the family SALMONIDAE, order SALMONIFORMES, which occurs in the North Atlantic.
UI = D020317
Salmon
MS = Fish of the genera ONCORHYNCHUS and Salmo in the family SALMONIDAE. They are anadromous game fish, frequenting the coastal waters of both the North Atlantic and Pacific. They are known for their gameness as a sport fish and for the quality of their flesh as a table fish. (Webster, 3d ed).
AN = genera Oncorhynchus and Salmo may be either salmon or trout; check text; canned salmon = SALMON (IM) + FOOD PRESERVATION (IM)
UI = D012474
Salmonella
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection = SALMONELLA INFECTIONS or its specifics: see notes on species terms for various infections
UI = D012475
Salmonella arizonae
MS = Gram-negative rods widely distributed in lizards and snakes, and implicated in enteric, bone, and joint infections in man.
AN = infection: coord IM with SALMONELLA INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D012476
Salmonella enterica
MS = A subgenus of Salmonella containing several medically important serotypes. The habitat for the majority of strains is warm-blooded animals.
UI = D019779
Salmonella enteritidis
MS = A serotype of Salmonella enterica which is an etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in man and other animals.
AN = infection: coord IM with SALMONELLA INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D012477
Salmonella Food Poisoning
MS = Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.
UI = D012478
Salmonella Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.
AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN or unspecified; see notes on specific species terms; SALMONELLA INFECTIONS, ANIMAL & SALMONELLA FOOD POISONING are available
UI = D012480
Salmonella Infections, Animal
MS = Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.
AN = exper or vet; don't forget to check tag ANIMAL
UI = D012481
Salmonella paratyphi A
MS = A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA that causes mild PARATYPHOID FEVER in humans.
AN = infection: coord IM with PARATYPHOID FEVER (IM)
UI = D012482
Salmonella paratyphi B
MS = A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA which is an agent of PARATYPHOID FEVER in humans.
AN = infection: coord IM with PARATYPHOID FEVER (IM)
UI = D012484
Salmonella paratyphi C
MS = A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA which is an agent of PARATYPHOID FEVER in Asia, Africa, and southern Europe.
AN = infection: coord IM with PARATYPHOID FEVER (IM)
UI = D012479
Salmonella Phages
MS = Viruses whose host is Salmonella. A frequently encountered Salmonella phage is BACTERIOPHAGE P22.
AN = coord IM with specific Salmonella (NIM)
UI = D012483
Salmonella typhi
MS = A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA which is the etiologic agent of TYPHOID FEVER.
AN = infection = TYPHOID FEVER
UI = D012485
Salmonella typhimurium
MS = A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes PARATYPHOID FEVER.
AN = infection: consider SALMONELLA FOOD POISONING (IM) or SALMONELLA INFECTIONS (IM) + SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM (IM)
UI = D012486
Salmonella Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with SALMONELLA. This includes vaccines used to prevent TYPHOID FEVER or PARATYPHOID FEVER; (TYPHOID-PARATYPHOID VACCINES), and vaccines used to prevent nontyphoid salmonellosis.
AN = coord IM with specific Salmonella species /immunol (IM) but note TYPHOID-PARATYPHOID VACCINES is also available
UI = D022562
Salmonidae
MS = A family of anadromous fish comprising SALMON, TROUT, whitefish, and graylings. They are the most important food and game fishes. Their habitat is the northern Atlantic and Pacific, both marine and inland, and the Great Lakes. (Nelson: Fishes of the World, 1976, p97)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer SALMON & TROUT but check text for genera Oncorhynchus & Salmo: some are salmon, some are trout
UI = D012487
Salmoniformes
MS = An order of fish comprising salmons, trouts, whitefish, graylings, and other families. They are both marine and freshwater fish, found in all oceans and are quite numerous in the Northern Hemisphere. (From Nelson: Fishes of the World)
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specific families or specific genera
UI = D017858
Salpingitis
MS = Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)
UI = D012488
Salpingostomy
MS = Formation of an artificial opening in a fallopian tube.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D012489
Salsola
MS = A plant genus of the family CHENOPODIACEAE. The extract may be called lochein. Tumbleweed may occasionally refer to AMARANTHUS.
AN = other 'thistle' plants are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031248
Salsoline Alkaloids
MS = Tetrahydroisoquinolinol alkaloids in both dextro and levo forms, originally from Salsola richteri; may be hypotensive due to inhibition of certain brain enzymes; may be formed de novo in brain from dopamine during alcoholism.
AN = /biosyn permitted
UI = D012490
Salt Gland
MS = A compound tubular gland, located around the eyes and nasal passages in marine animals and birds, the physiology of which figures in water-electrolyte balance. The Pekin duck serves as a common research animal in salt gland studies. A rectal gland or rectal salt gland in the dogfish shark is attached at the junction of the intestine and cloaca and aids the kidneys in removing excess salts from the blood. (Storer, Usinger, Stebbins & Nybakken: General Zoology, 6th ed, p658)
AN = in marine animals & birds only; X ref RECTAL GLAND is found in sharks, rays & skates & is used often in marine electrolyte studies
UI = D012491
Salts
MS = Substances produced from the reaction between acids and bases; compounds consisting of a metal (positive) and nonmetal (negative) radical. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = note plural: not for "salt" referring to common salt (SODIUM CHLORIDE) or TABLE SALT see SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY; GEN; NIM; Manual 25.5.5.2
UI = D012492
Salvadoraceae
MS = A plant family of the order Celastrales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida, a small family growing in the tropics. Members contain piperidine alkaloids and GLUCOSINOLATES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032121
Salvage Therapy
MS = A therapeutic approach, involving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery, after initial regimens have failed to lead to improvement in a patient's condition. Salvage therapy is most often used for neoplastic diseases.
AN = after failure of other types of ther; usually in cancer ther; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; Manual 24.4.2.2.2
UI = D016879
Salvia
MS = A genus in the mint family (LAMIACEAE).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027544
Salvia miltiorrhiza
MS = A plant species which is known as an Oriental traditional medicinal plant.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027561
Salvia officinalis
MS = A plant species of the Salvia genus known as a spice and medicinal plant.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027543
Samarium
MS = Samarium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.
AN = a rare earth metal; Sm-152; Sm-144, 150, 154 = SAMARIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Sm-142, 143, 145-149, 151, 153, 155-157 = SAMARIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D012493
Sambucus
MS = A plant genus in the family CAPRIFOLIACEAE best known for Elderberries.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027923
Sambucus nigra
MS = A plant species in the genus SAMBUCUS, known for the elderberry fruit. The plant is also a source of Sambucus nigra lectins and ribosome-inactivating protein.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027924
Samoa
MS = A group of islands in the southwest central Pacific, divided into AMERICAN SAMOA and the INDEPENDENT STATE OF SAMOA (Western Samoa). First European contact was made in 1722 by Jacob Roggeveen, a Dutchman. In 1768 they were named Navigators Islands by Louis de Bougainville. The present name may derive from that of a local chieftain or from a local word meaning place of the moa, a now-extinct island bird. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1061 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p481)
AN = an island group in Polynesia; AMERICAN SAMOA & INDEPENDENT STATE OF SAMOA are also available
UI = D018947
Sample Size
MS = The number of units (persons, animals, patients, specified circumstances, etc.) in a population to be studied. The sample size should be big enough to have a high likelihood of detecting a true difference between two groups. (From Wassertheil-Smoller, Biostatistics and Epidemiology, 1990, p95)
AN = NIM with specific population or circumstances sampled (IM); no qualif; not restricted to epidemiology
UI = D018401
Sampling Studies
MS = Studies in which a number of subjects are selected from all subjects in a defined population. Conclusions based on sample results may be attributed only to the population sampled.
AN = NIM with specific study IM; no qualif; epidemiological & statist only: not for blood samples, soil samples, water samples, air samples, etc.
UI = D012494
San Francisco
UI = D012495
San Marino
UI = D012496
Sandfly fever Naples virus
MS = A species in the genus PHLEBOVIRUS causing PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER, an influenza-like illness. Related serotypes include Toscana virus and Tehran virus.
AN = do not confuse with SANDFLY FEVER SICILIAN VIRUS see PHLEBOVIRUS; infection: coord IM with PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER (IM) or if not so specified coord with BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D029301
Sandhoff Disease
MS = An autosomal inherited disease caused by deficiency of the enzymes hexosaminidase A & B (see BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASE) which leads to an accumulation of GM2 ganglioside and the sphingolipid globoside in neurons and other organs. Clinical manifestations resemble TAY-SACHS DISEASE, but the disease is not limited to Askenazi Jews and may feature hepatosplenomegaly. The infantile form presents in the first 4 months of life with psychomotor delay, hypotonia followed by spasticity, and cherry red spots in the macula. Rare juvenile and adult forms have been reported. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p92)
UI = D012497
Sanguinaria
MS = A plant genus of the family PAPAVERACEAE. S. canadensis is the source of sanguinarine extract used in MOUTHWASHES.
AN = X ref REDROOT: REDROOT PIGWEED see AMARANTHUS is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031681
Sanguisorba
MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE. Members contain sanguiin.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031993
Sanicula
MS = A plant genus of the family Apiaceae. Commonly called snakeroot but that name is used for many other plants such as ASARUM; ARISTOLOCHIA; and Polygala.
AN = do not confuse with other snakeroots such as ASARUM; ARISTOLOCHIA; and Polygala; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D030005
Sanitary Engineering
MS = A branch of engineering concerned with the design, construction, and maintenance of environmental facilities conducive to public health, such as water supply and waste disposal.
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif
UI = D012498
Sanitation
MS = The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D012499
Sansevieria
MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE that contains steroidal saponins.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031444
Santalaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Santalales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are parasites that form connections (haustoria) to their hosts to obtain water and nutrients. The one-seeded fruit may be surrounded by a brightly colored nut-like structure.
AN = X ref Toadflax, Bastard: Toadflax see LINARIA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029630
Santalum
MS = A plant genus of the family SANTALACEAE which is the source of sandalwood oil.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032123
Santonin
MS = Anthelminic isolated from the dried unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia maritima and other species of Artemisia found principally in Russian and Chinese Turkestan and the Southern Ural region. (From Merck, 11th ed.)
UI = D012500
Saphenous Vein
MS = The vein which drains the foot and leg.
UI = D012501
Sapindaceae
MS = The soapberry plant family of the order Sapindales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Some members contain SAPONINS.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029631
Sapindus
MS = A plant genus of the family SAPINDACEAE that contain SAPONINS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032127
Sapium
MS = A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE that contains bukittinggine and PHORBOL ESTERS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031287
Sapogenins
MS = The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.
UI = D012502
Saponaria
MS = A plant species of the family CARYOPHYLLACEAE. It is a source of SAPONINS. The common name "Soapwort" is also used with VACCARIA. The common name of "Bouncing Bet" is occasionally used with VIOLA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029750
Saponins
MS = Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions.
AN = glycosides found in plants
UI = D012503
Sapotaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida that are tropical trees which have elongate latex cells. Several members bear sweet edible fruits and produce triterpenoid saponins.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029632
Sapporo-like Viruses
MS = A genus of the family CALICIVIRIDAE associated with worldwide sporadic outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans. The first recorded outbreak was in human infants in Sapporo, Japan in 1977. The genus is comprised of a single species, Sapporo virus, containing multiple strains.
AN = infection: coord IM with CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS + probably GASTROENTERITIS (IM)
UI = D029341
Saquinavir
MS = An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases.
UI = D019258
Saralasin
MS = An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II.
UI = D012504
Sarcina
MS = A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria whose organisms divide in three perpendicular planes and occur in packets of eight or more cells. It has been isolated from soil, grains, and clinical specimens.
AN = in air, water, soil, mud
UI = D012505
Sarcocystidae
MS = A family of parasitic PROTOZOA in the order EIMERIIDAE. They form tissue-cysts in their intermediate hosts, ultimately leading to pathogenesis in the final hosts that includes various mammals (including humans) and birds. The most important genera include NEOSPORA; SARCOCYSTIS; and TOXOPLASMA.
AN = infection: coord IM with COCCIDIOSIS (IM); drug eff: consider COCCIDIOSTATS; coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent
UI = D021745
Sarcocystis
MS = A genus of protozoa found in reptiles, birds, and mammals, including humans. This heteroxenous parasite produces muscle cysts in intermediate hosts such as domestic herbivores (cattle, sheep, pigs) and rodents. Final hosts are predators such as dogs, cats, and man.
AN = infection = SARCOCYSTOSIS; /drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D012522
Sarcocystosis
MS = Infection of the striated muscle of mammals by parasites of the genus SARCOCYSTIS. Disease symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and paralysis are produced by sarcocystin, a toxin produced by the organism.
AN = /drug ther: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS
UI = D012523
Sarcodina
MS = A subphylum of protozoa characterized by the ability to alter their body shape. Its organisms acquire food by pseudopodia of various types, or by locomotive protoplasmic flow without the production of discrete pseudopodia. Flagella, when present, are usually restricted to developmental or other temporary stages.
AN = a subphylum of protozoa
UI = D012506
Sarcodina Infections
MS = Infections with protozoa of the subphylum SARCODINA.
AN = protozoan infect; GEN or unspecified; most common infect is AMEBIASIS or its specifics
UI = D016775
Sarcoidosis
MS = An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.
AN = coord IM with organ/dis precoord (IM); sarcoidosis of heart: coord IM with MYOCARDIAL DISEASES (IM), not HEART DISEASES
UI = D012507
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
MS = Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)
AN = DF: SARCOIDOSIS PULM
UI = D017565
Sarcolemma
MS = The excitable plasma membrane of a muscle cell. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D012508
Sarcoma
MS = A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); SARCOMA, EXPERIMENTAL is also available
UI = D012509
Sarcoma 180
AN = exper neopl; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL
UI = D012510
Sarcoma 37
AN = exper neopl; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL
UI = D012511
Sarcoma Virus, Woolly Monkey
MS = A species of GAMMARETROVIRUS producing tumors in primates. Originally isolated from a fibrosarcoma in a woolly monkey, WMSV is a replication-defective v-onc virus which carries the sis oncogene. In order to propagate, WMSV requires a replication-competent helper virus.
AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: SSV
UI = D012842
Sarcoma Viruses, Avian
MS = Group of alpharetroviruses (ALPHARETROVIRUS) producing sarcomata and other tumors in chickens and other fowl and also in pigeons, ducks, and RATS.
AN = infection: coord IM with SARCOMA, AVIAN (IM) but see note there
UI = D001358
Sarcoma Viruses, Feline
MS = Species of GAMMARETROVIRUS isolated from fibrosarcoma in cats. The viruses are actually recombinant feline leukemia viruses (FeLV) where part of the genome has been replaced by cellular oncogenes. It is unique to individuals and not transmitted naturally to other cats. FeSVs are replication defective and require FeLV to reproduce.
AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: FESV
UI = D005253
Sarcoma Viruses, Murine
MS = A group of replication-defective viruses, in the genus GAMMARETROVIRUS, which are capable of transforming cells, but which replicate and produce tumors only in the presence of Murine leukemia viruses (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE).
AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + SARCOMA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM)
UI = D009053
Sarcoma, Alveolar Soft Part
MS = A variety of sarcoma having a reticulated fibrous stroma enclosing groups of sarcoma cells, which resemble epithelial cells and are enclosed in alveoli walled with connective tissue. It is a rare tumor, usually occurring between 15 and 35 years of age. It appears in the muscles of the extremities in adults and most commonly in the head and neck region of children. Though slow-growing, it commonly metastasizes to the lungs, brain, bones, and lymph nodes. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1365)
AN = "alveolar" has nothing to do with pulm alveoli: it refers to sac-like pathol of soft part; /blood /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018234
Sarcoma, Avian
MS = Connective tissue tumors, affecting primarily fowl, that are usually caused by avian sarcoma viruses.
AN = caused by a retrovirus; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget also BIRDS or POULTRY (NIM) or specific bird or fowl (IM); check tag ANIMAL
UI = D001357
Sarcoma, Clear Cell
MS = A sarcoma of young, often female, adults of the lower extremities and acral regions, intimately bound to tendons as circumscribed but unencapsulated melanin-bearing tumors of neuroectodermal origin. An ultrastructural finding simulates flattened and curved barrel staves, corresponding to the internal structures of premelanosomes. There is a 45-60% mortality in clear cell sarcoma. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018227
Sarcoma, Endometrial Stromal
MS = A highly malignant subset of neoplasms arising from the endometrial stroma. Tumors in this group infiltrate the stroma with a wide range of atypia cells and numerous mitoses. They are capable of widespread metastases (NEOPLASM METASTASIS).
AN = coord IM with ENDOMETRIAL NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018203
Sarcoma, Ewing's
MS = A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. There are conspicuous foci of necrosis in association with irregular masses of small, regular, rounded or ovoid cells with very scanty cytoplasm. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BONE NEOPLASMS (IM) or specific bone/neopl term (IM) or specific bone (IM) + BONE NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D012512
Sarcoma, Experimental
AN = animal only; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM or NIM if relevant); don't forget check tag animal; DF: SARCOMA EXPER
UI = D012513
Sarcoma, Granulocytic
MS = An extramedullary tumor of immature myeloid cells. Granulocytic sarcoma usually occurs with or follows the onset of acute myeloid leukemia (LEUKEMIA, MYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).
UI = D023981
Sarcoma, Kaposi
MS = A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D012514
Sarcoma, Small Cell
MS = A sarcoma characterized by the presence of small cells, cells measuring 9-14 micrometers with a faint or indistinct rim of cytoplasm and an oval-to-elongated nucleus with relatively dense chromatin. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = /blood supply /chem/ second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018228
Sarcoma, Synovial
MS = A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D013584
Sarcoma, Yoshida
AN = exper neopl; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL
UI = D012517
Sarcomastigophora
MS = A phylum of protozoa with a single-type nucleus and locomotion by flagella, pseudopodia, or both types of locomotor organelles. It comprises the subphyla MASTIGOPHORA, Opalinata, and SARCODINA.
AN = a phylum of protozoa; infection = SARCOMASTIGOPHORA INFECTIONS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D016820
Sarcomastigophora Infections
MS = Infections with protozoa of the phylum SARCOMASTIGOPHORA.
AN = protozoan infect; GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D016771
Sarcomeres
MS = The repeating contractile units of the myofibril, delimited by Z bands along its length.
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D012518
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
MS = A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions.
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D012519
Sarcoptes scabiei
MS = A species of mite that causes SCABIES in humans and sarcoptic mange in other animals. Specific variants of S. scabiei exist for humans and animals, but many have the ability to cross species and cause disease.
AN = infestation = SCABIES
UI = D012520
Sarcoptidae
MS = Family of MITES, in the superfamily Sarcoptoidea, order Astigmata. They are slow moving, obligate PARASITES that infect MAMMALS and BIRDS. The species SARCOPTIDAE SCABIEI causes SCABIES.
AN = infestation: coord IM with MITE INFESTATIONS (IM)
UI = D040021
Sarcosine
MS = An amino acid intermediate in the metabolism of choline.
UI = D012521
Sarin
MS = An organophosphorous ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.
UI = D012524
Sasa
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. Folin is the water-soluble extract from Sasa albomarginata. Sasa kurinensis is an ingredient of Sho-ju-sen, a Japanese herbal medicine.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031787
Saskatchewan
MS = A province of Canada, lying between the provinces of Alberta and Manitoba. Its capital is Regina. It is entirely a plains region with prairie in the south and wooded country with many lakes and swamps in the north. The name was taken from the Saskatchewan River from the Cree name Kisiskatchewani Sipi, meaning rapid-flowing river. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1083 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p486)
UI = D012525
Sassafras
MS = A plant genus in the LAURACEAE family. The tree bark has been used medicinally.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027441
Satellite Cells, Perineuronal
MS = The non-neuronal cells that surround the neuronal cell bodies of the GANGLIA. They are distinguished from the perineuronal satellite oligodendrocytes (OLIGODENDROGLIA) found in the central nervous system.
UI = D027161
Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle
MS = Elongated, spindle-shaped, quiescent myoblasts lying in close contact with adult skeletal muscle. They are thought to play a role in muscle repair and regeneration.
UI = D032496
Satellite Communications
MS = Communications using an active or passive satellite to extend the range of radio, television, or other electronic transmission by returning signals to earth from an orbiting satellite.
UI = D017215
Satellite Viruses
MS = Defective viruses which can multiply only by association with a helper virus which complements the defective gene. Satellite viruses may be associated with certain plant viruses, animal viruses, or bacteriophages. They differ from satellite RNA; (RNA, SATELLITE) in that satellite viruses encode their own coat protein.
AN = defective viruses able to multiply only with a helper virus; coord IM with specific virus (IM)
UI = D012526
Satiation
MS = Full gratification of a need or desire followed by a state of relative insensitivity to that particular need or desire.
AN = human & animal
UI = D012527
Satiety Response
MS = Behavioral response associated with the achieving of gratification.
AN = human & animal
UI = D012528
Satureja
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE used to flavor food.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031362
Saturn
MS = The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.
AN = 6th planet from sun with 12 moons; no qualif
UI = D018539
Saudi Arabia
UI = D012529
Saururaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Piperales, subclass Magnoliidae class Magnoliopsida. Members contain sauristolactam, and aristololactam BII.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032134
Saussurea
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE, order Asterales, subclass Asteridae. It is a source of costus root oil and should not be confused with the genus COSTUS.
AN = do not confuse X ref SAUSSUREA COSTUS with COSTUS; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D030441
Saxifragaceae
MS = The saxifrage plant family of the order ROSALES, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. The leaves are alternate and sometimes deeply lobed or form rosettes. The flowers have both male and female parts and 4 or 5 sepals and petals; they are usually in branched clusters. The fruit is a capsule with many seeds.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031995
Saxitoxin
MS = Poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by Gonyaulax species (Dinoflagellate protozoans) and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects; it is neurotoxic and causes respiratory paralysis and other effects in mammals, known as paralytic shellfish poisoning.
AN = from a marine dinoflagellate; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS
UI = D012530
SC-19220
MS = Inhibits the activity of prostaglandins.
UI = D012531
Scabies
MS = A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.
AN = mite infest caused by Sarcoptes scabiei
UI = D012532
Scala Tympani
MS = The lower tube of the cochlea, extending from the round window to the helicotrema and containing perilymph.
UI = D012533
Scalp
MS = The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendonous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).
AN = diseases of skin or hair of scalp = SCALP DERMATOSES; neopl of scalp = SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + SCALP (IM) + HEAD AND NECK NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D012535
Scalp Dermatoses
AN = consider synonym for dermatitis of scalp & do not add DERMATITIS unless one of the specific DERMATITIS terms in MeSH; does not include neopl of scalp: see note on SCALP
UI = D012536
Scandentia
MS = An order of the class MAMMALS that consists of one family, TUPAIIDAE (tree shrews), 5 genera (one of which is TUPAIA), and 16 species. Their recent distribution is from India to the Philippines, southern China to Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Bali, and other islands in those regions.
AN = order of mammals consisting of a single family, TUPAIIDAE, the tree shrews; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D016675
Scandinavia
AN = includes NORWAY; SWEDEN & DENMARK
UI = D012537
Scandium
MS = Scandium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.
AN = a rare earth metal; Sc-45; Sc-40-44, 46-50 = SCANDIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D012538
Scapegoating
MS = Process in which the mechanisms of projection or displacement are utilized in focusing feelings of aggression, hostility, frustration, etc., upon another individual or group; the amount of blame being unwarranted.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012539
Scaphoid Bone
MS = The bone which is located most lateral in the proximal row of CARPAL BONES.
UI = D021361
Scapula
AN = fracture = SCAPULA /inj (IM) + FRACTURES (IM): do not confuse with SHOULDER FRACTURES
UI = D012540
Scarlet Fever
MS = Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present.
AN = strep infect; also called scarlatina
UI = D012541
Scattering, Radiation
MS = The process in which energy is removed from a beam of light or other electromagnetic radiation and emitted without appreciable change in wavelength. May be considered as the change in direction of a particle or photon owing to a collision with another particle or system.
AN = NIM; no qualif; includes light scattering (coord with LIGHT (NIM) )
UI = D012542
Scedosporium
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus previously called Monosporium. Teleomorphs include PSEUDALLESCHERIA.
AN = infection: coord IM with probably MADUROMYCOSIS (IM) or other mycosis (IM)
UI = D021681
Scent Glands
MS = Exocrine glands in animals which secrete scents which either repel or attract other animals, e.g. perianal glands of skunks, anal glands of weasels, musk glands of foxes, ventral glands of wood rats, and dorsal glands of peccaries.
AN = animal only; includes skunk perianal glands, weasel anal glands, fox musk glands, wood rat ventral glands, peccary dorsal glands
UI = D012543
Sch-23390
MS = A dopamine D1 receptor antagonist that has no effect or only very limited effect on dopamine D2 receptors. The compound has tranquilizing effects, inhibits conditioned avoidance response, impairs memory acquisition, produces dose-dependent catalepsy, blocks central serotonin receptors, and reduces the lethal effects of cocaine.
AN = SCH stands for Schering (a pharmaceut co)
UI = D016191
Scheuermann's Disease
MS = Osteochondrosis of the vertebral epiphyses in children.
AN = a spinal osteochondritis in children
UI = D012544
Schiff Bases
MS = Condensation products of aromatic amines and aldehydes forming azomethines substituted on the N atom, containing the general formula R-N:CHR. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = IM general only; an imine: do not confuse with Schiff reagent nor PERIODIC ACID-SCHIFF REACTION
UI = D012545
Schilling Test
MS = A diagnostic test in which vitamin B12 is tagged with radioactive cobalt, taken orally, and gastrointestinal absorption is determined via measurement of the amount of radioactivity in a 24-hour urine collection.
UI = D012546
Schisandra
MS = A plant genus of the family SCHISANDRACEAE. Members contain schisandrins (Russian) which are also called gomisins (Japanese) or wuweizins (Chinese). The compounds in this genus are very similar to those in the related KADSURA and medicinal usage is very similar. It is sometimes adulterated with KADSURA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032141
Schisandraceae
MS = A plant family of the order Illiciales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029633
Schistosoma
MS = A genus of trematode flukes belonging to the family Schistosomatidae. There are over a dozen species. These parasites are found in man and other mammals. Snails are the intermediate hosts.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /drug eff: consider also SCHISTOSOMICIDES; infection = SCHISTOSOMIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D012547
Schistosoma haematobium
MS = A species of trematode blood flukes of the family Schistosomatidae which occurs at different stages in development in veins of the pulmonary and hepatic system and finally the bladder lumen. This parasite causes urinary schistosomiasis.
AN = infection = SCHISTOSOMIASIS HAEMATOBIA; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D012548
Schistosoma japonicum
MS = A species of trematode blood flukes belonging to the family Schistosomatidae whose distribution is confined to areas of the Far East. The intermediate host is a snail. It occurs in man and other mammals.
AN = infection = SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D012549
Schistosoma mansoni
MS = A species of trematode blood flukes of the family Schistosomatidae. It is common in the Nile delta. The intermediate host is the planorbid snail. This parasite causes schistosomiasis mansoni and intestinal bilharziasis.
AN = infection = SCHISTOSOMIASIS MANSONI; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D012550
Schistosomatidae
MS = A family of blood flukes of the class Trematoda which is found in animals and man. It Includes the genera Heterobilharzia, Schistosomatium, Schistosoma, Ornithobilharzia, Bilharziella, Trichobilharzia, Pseudobilharzia, and Austrobilharzia.
AN = a family of trematodes; infection: coord IM with TREMATODE INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D012551
Schistosomiasis
MS = Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States. (Merck Manual, 15th ed)
AN = trematode infect; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /drug ther: consider also SCHISTOSOMICIDES
UI = D012552
Schistosomiasis haematobia
MS = Schistosomiasis caused by SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in Africa and parts of the Middle East, and affects the urinary tract.
AN = for X ref SCHISTOSOMIASIS, URINARY do not coord with URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS; in titles & translations do not capitalize haematobia
UI = D012553
Schistosomiasis japonica
MS = Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum. It is endemic in the Far East and affects the bowel, liver, and spleen,
AN = in titles and translations do not capitalize japonica
UI = D012554
Schistosomiasis mansoni
MS = Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.
AN = for X ref SCHISTOSOMIASIS, INTESTINAL do not coord with INTESTINAL DISEASES, PARASITIC; in titles & translations do not capitalize mansoni
UI = D012555
Schistosomicides
MS = Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.
AN = -cidal or -static; consider also SCHISTOSOMA /drug eff & SCHISTOSOMIASIS /drug ther or pertinent specifics
UI = D012556
Schizoid Personality Disorder
MS = A personality disorder manifested by a profound defect in the ability to form social relationships, no desire for social involvement, and an indifference to praise or criticism.
UI = D012557
Schizophrenia
MS = A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, hallucinations, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D012559
Schizophrenia and Disorders with Psychotic Features
MS = Marked disorders of thought (delusions, hallucinations, or other thought disorder accompanied by disordered affect or behavior), and deterioration from a previous level of functioning.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D019967
Schizophrenia, Catatonic
MS = A type of schizophrenia characterized by abnormality of motor behavior which may involve particular forms of stupor, rigidity, excitement or inappropriate posture.
AN = /psychol permitted but consider SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY (IM) if catatonic aspect is less relevant (NIM)
UI = D012560
Schizophrenia, Childhood
MS = An obsolete concept, historically used for childhood mental disorders thought to be a form of schizophrenia.
AN = obsolete concept, historical; do not use for schizophrenia in a child; /psychol permitted but consider SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY (IM) if juvenile aspect is less relevant (NIM)
UI = D012561
Schizophrenia, Disorganized
MS = A type of schizophrenia characterized by frequent incoherence; marked loosening of associations, or grossly disorganized behavior and flat or grossly inappropriate affect that does not meet the criteria for the catatonic type; associated features include extreme social withdrawal, grimacing, mannerisms, mirror gazing, inappropriate giggling, and other odd behavior. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /psychol permitted but consider SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY (IM) if hebephrenic aspect is less relevant (NIM)
UI = D012562
Schizophrenia, Paranoid
MS = A chronic form of schizophrenia characterized primarily by the presence of persecutory or grandiose delusions, often associated with hallucination.
AN = /psychol permitted but consider SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY (IM) if paranoid aspect is less relevant (NIM)
UI = D012563
Schizophrenic Language
MS = The artificial language of schizophrenic patients - neologisms (words of the patient's own making with new meanings).
AN = no qualif; any language concept in schizophrenia; coord IM with specific language term (IM) + specific type of schizophrenia if relevant (IM or NIM)
UI = D012564
Schizophrenic Psychology
MS = Study of mental processes and behavior of schizophrenics.
AN = no qualif; any mental process in schizophrenia; coord IM with specific psychol term (IM) + specific type of schizophrenia if relevant (IM or NIM); DF: SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOL
UI = D012565
Schizophyllum
MS = A genus of fleshy shelf basidiomycetous fungi, family Schizophyllaceae, order APHYLLOPHORALES, growing on woody substrata. It is pathogenic in humans.
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOSES (IM) or specific mycosis (IM)
UI = D012567
Schizopyrenida
MS = An order of ameboid protozoa commonly having a monopodial cylindrically shaped body. Nuclear division is promitotic and most species have a temporary flagellate stage.
AN = an order of protozoa
UI = D016847
Schizosaccharomyces
MS = A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.
UI = D012568
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins
MS = Proteins obtained from the species Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.
AN = coord IM with specific protein (IM)
UI = D029702
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
MS = A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia.
UI = D012569
Schnitzler Syndrome
MS = An extremely rare condition manifested as monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN M dysproteinemia without features of lymphoproliferative disease, but with chronic urticaria, fever of unknown origin, disabling bone pain, hyperostosis, and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
UI = D019873
School Admission Criteria
MS = Requirements for the selection of students for admission to academic institutions.
AN = few qualif apply
UI = D012570
School Dentistry
MS = Preventive dental services provided for students in primary and secondary schools.
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif
UI = D012571
School Health Services
MS = Preventive health services provided for students. It excludes college or university students.
AN = for high school & under; do not confuse with STUDENT HEALTH SERVICES for univ; specify geog; DF: SCHOOL HEALTH SERV
UI = D012572
School Nursing
MS = Health and nursing care given to primary and secondary school students by a registered nurse.
AN = do not confuse with SCHOOLS, NURSING; SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D012573
Schools
MS = Educational institutions.
AN = policy: Manual 30.7.3, 30.8; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D012574
Schools, Dental
MS = Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of dentistry.
AN = Manual 30.7.3, 30.8; specify geog if pertinent; DF: SCHOOLS DENT
UI = D012575
Schools, Health Occupations
MS = Schools which offer training in the area of health.
AN = Manual 30.7.3, 30.8; specify geog if pertinent; DF: SCHOOLS HEALTH OCCUP
UI = D012576
Schools, Medical
MS = Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of medicine.
AN = includes Faculté de Médecine, Facultad de Medicina; "College of Physicians" = SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), under US Dept of Defense, goes here + UNITED STATES; Manual 30.7.3, 30.8; specify geog if pertinent; DF: SCHOOLS MED
UI = D012577
Schools, Nursery
MS = Schools for children usually under five years of age.
AN = IM
UI = D012578
Schools, Nursing
MS = Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of nursing.
AN = do not confuse with SCHOOL NURSING; Manual 30.7.3, 30.8; specify geog if pertinent; DF: SCHOOLS NURS
UI = D012579
Schools, Pharmacy
MS = Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of pharmacy.
AN = Manual 30.7.3, 30.8; specify geog if pertinent; DF: SCHOOLS PHARM
UI = D012580
Schools, Public Health
MS = Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of public health.
AN = Manual 30.7.3, 30.8; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D012581
Schools, Veterinary
MS = Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of veterinary medicine.
AN = Manual 30.7.3, 30.8; specify geog if pertinent; DF: SCHOOLS VET
UI = D012582
Schwann Cells
MS = Neuroglial cells of the peripheral nervous system which form the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons.
AN = cells of peripheral nerves; A 11 qualif
UI = D012583
Sciatic Nerve
MS = A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
AN = dis = SCIATIC NEUROPATHY (IM); neopl = SCIATIC NEUROPATHY (IM) + PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D012584
Sciatic Neuropathy
MS = Disease or damage involving the SCIATIC NERVE, which divides into the PERONEAL NERVE and TIBIAL NERVE (see also PERONEAL NEUROPATHIES and TIBIAL NEUROPATHY). Clinical manifestations may include SCIATICA or pain localized to the hip, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of posterior thigh muscles and muscles innervated by the peroneal and tibial nerves, and sensory loss involving the lateral and posterior thigh, posterior and lateral leg, and sole of the foot. The sciatic nerve may be affected by trauma; ISCHEMIA; COLLAGEN DISEASES; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1363)
UI = D020426
Sciatica
MS = A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the L4, L5, S1 or S2 SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.
AN = do not confuse with BACK PAIN or LUMBAGO see LOW BACK PAIN: use term of text; "lombo-sciatique" in French texts is indexed here (IM) + LOW BACK PAIN (IM)
UI = D012585
Science
MS = The systematic observation of natural phenomena for the purpose of discovering laws governing those phenomena. The body of knowledge accummulated by such means. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D012586
Scientific Integrity Review [Publication Type]
MS = Work consisting of reports by the United States Office of Research Integrity, identifying questionable research published in articles or books. Notification of the questionable data is carried in the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts.
AN = publication type only; for reports of questionable data identified by the UNITED STATES OFFICE OF RESEARCH INTEGRITY and carried in the NIH Guide to Grants and Contracts; not a review article; for scientific integrity as a subject, consider main heading SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT
UI = D016426
Scientific Misconduct
MS = Intentional falsification of scientific data by presentation of fraudulent or incomplete or uncorroborated findings as scientific fact.
AN = PROFESSIONAL MISCONDUCT is also available
UI = D015871
Scilla
MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. Members contain the cardiotonic PROSCILLARIDIN. The common name of squill is also used for URGINEA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031445
Scimitar Syndrome
MS = Anomalous venous drainage of the right lung into the inferior vena cava, with hypoplasia of the right lung. The scimitar-shaped radiographic shadow of the anomalous vein gives the syndrome its name.
AN = lung abnorm named from shape of x-ray shadow; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D012587
Scintillation Counting
MS = Detection and counting of scintillations produced in a fluorescent material by ionizing radiation.
UI = D012588
Sciuridae
MS = A family of the order Rodentia which contains 49 genera. Some of the more common genera are MARMOTA, which includes the marmot and woodchuck; Sciurus, the gray squirrel, S. carolinensis, and the fox squirrel, S. niger; Tamias, the eastern and western chipmunk; and Tamiasciurus, the red squirrel. The flying squirrels, except the scaly-tailed Anomaluridae, also belong to this family.
AN = in addition to X refs, includes WOODCHUCKS see MARMOTA; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D012589
Sclera
MS = The white, opaque, fibrous, outer tunic of the eyeball, covering it entirely excepting the segment covered anteriorly by the cornea. It is essentially avascular but contains apertures for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It receives the tendons of insertion of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the canal of Schlemm. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
AN = the outer coat of the eyeball; inflammation = SCLERITIS; neopl = SCLERAL DISEASES (IM) + EYE NEOPLASMS (IM); blue sclera = SCLERA /abnorm
UI = D012590
Scleral Buckling
MS = An operation for retinal detachment which reduces the size of the globe by indenting the sclera so that it approximates the retina.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D012591
Scleral Diseases
MS = General disorders of the sclera or white of the eye. They may include anatomic, embryologic, degenerative, or pigmentation defects.
AN = inflamm dis = SCLERITIS
UI = D015422
Scleredema Adultorum
MS = A diffuse, non-pitting induration of the skin of unknown etiology that occurs most commonly in association with diabetes mellitus, predominantly in females. It typically begins on the face or head and spreads to other areas of the body, sometimes involving noncutaneous tissues. Often it is preceded by any of various infections, notably staphylococcal infections. The condition resolves spontaneously, usually within two years of onset. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = induration of skin in diabetes
UI = D012592
Sclerema Neonatorum
MS = A severe, sometimes fatal, disorder of adipose tissue occurring chiefly in preterm or debilitated infants suffering from an underlying illness and manifested by a diffuse, nonpitting induration of the affected tissue. The skin becomes cold, yellowish, mottled, and inflexible.
AN = a skin abnorm; adipose tissue dis in preterm or debilitated inf; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D012593
Scleritis
MS = Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.
AN = inflamm of sclera; note X ref EPISCLERITIS
UI = D015423
Scleroderma, Circumscribed
MS = A chronic, localized hardening and thickening of the skin. Lesions may be categorized as morphea (guttate, profunda, pansclerotic) or linear (with or without melorheostosis or hemiatrophy). It is twice as common in women as in men. The condition is characterized by skin ischemia, lymphocytic infiltrates, swollen collagen bundles, and thickening of the dermis with reduction of subcutaneous fat.
AN = localized hardening & thickening of the skin
UI = D012594
Scleroderma, Systemic
MS = A chronic, progressive dermatosis characterized by boardlike hardening and immobility of the affected skin, with visceral involvement, especially of lungs, esophagus, kidneys and heart. It may be accompanied by calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, and telangiectasis (CREST syndrome). It includes acrosclerosis and sclerodactyly.
UI = D012595
Scleroplasty
MS = Plastic surgery of the sclera. This procedure is used frequently to prevent blindness and poor vision in children with myopia.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D016639
Scleroproteins
MS = Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
UI = D012596
Sclerosing Solutions
MS = Chemical agents injected into veins to cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels. They are used in the treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage.
AN = D25-26 qualif; coord /ther use with dis /ther, not dis /drug ther; DF: SCLEROSING SOL
UI = D012597
Sclerosis
MS = A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.
AN = NIM as pathol process with no qualif: coord with Cat A term /pathol (IM)
UI = D012598
Sclerostomy
MS = Surgical formation of an external opening in the sclera, primarily in the treatment of glaucoma.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D012599
Sclerotherapy
MS = Treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels.
AN = coord IM with dis /ther (IM), not /drug ther
UI = D015911
Scoliosis
MS = An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a type of spinal curvature
UI = D012600
Scolymus
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE with a name that is similar to CYNARA SCOLYMUS. Members contain taraxasteryl acetate.
AN = other 'thistle' plants are also available; do not confuse with CYNARA SCOLYMUS; COMMON SALSIFY see TRAGOPOGON is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031185
Scoparia
MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Members contain thyrsiflorin and other scopadulane (labdane) type DITERPENES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036721
Scopolamine
MS = An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
UI = D012601
Scopolamine Derivatives
MS = Analogs or derivatives of scopolamine.
UI = D012602
Scopoletin
MS = Plant growth factor derived from the root of Scopolia carniolica or Scopolia japonica.
UI = D012603
Scopolia
MS = A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE after which the compound SCOPOLAMINE got its name.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032603
Scorpion Venoms
MS = Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted
UI = D012604
Scorpions
MS = Arthropods of the order Scorpiones, of which 1500 to 2000 species have been described. The most common live in tropical or subtropical areas. They are noctural and feed principally on insects and other arthropods. They are large arachnids but do not attack man spontaneously. They have a venomous sting. Their medical significance varies considerably and is dependent on their habits and venom potency rather than on their size. At most, the sting is equivalent to that of a hornet but certain species possess a highly toxic venom potentially fatal to humans. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, p417; Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p503)
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; scorpion sting: coord NIM with ARACHNIDISM (IM); several genera: Androctonus, Buthus, Centruoides, Leiurus, Nebo, Tityus
UI = D012605
Scorzonera
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. INULIN and SESQUITERPENES have been found in it.
AN = Common Salsify = TRAGOPOGON is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031186
Scotland
UI = D012606
Scotoma
MS = A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.
AN = differentiate from physiol blind spot ( = BLIND SPOT)
UI = D012607
Scrapie
MS = A fatal disease of the nervous system in sheep and goats, characterized by pruritus, debility, and locomotor incoordination. It is caused by proteinaceous infectious particles called PRIONS.
AN = a prion dis; usually animal: check tag ANIMAL; if in sheep, coord IM with SHEEP (NIM) but do not index under SHEEP DISEASES; if in goats, coord IM with GOAT DISEASES (IM) & GOATS (NIM)
UI = D012608
Screw Worm Infection
MS = Infection with larvae of the blow fly Cochliomyia hominivorax (Callitroga americanum), a common cause of disease in livestock in the southern and southwestern U.S.A.
AN = caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax ( = DIPTERA)
UI = D012610
Scrophularia
MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Members contain iridoids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032266
Scrophulariaceae
MS = The figwort plant family of the order Scrophulariales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is characterized by bisexual flowers with tubular corollas (fused petals) that are bilaterally symmetrical (two-lips) and have four stamens in most, two of which are usually shorter.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028083
Scrotum
UI = D012611
Scrub Typhus
MS = An acute infectious disease caused by ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI. It is limited to eastern and southeastern Asia, India, northern Australia, and the adjacent islands. Characteristics include the formation of a primary cutaneous lesion at the site of the bite of an infected mite, fever lasting about two weeks, and a maculopapular rash.
AN = caused by ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI
UI = D012612
Sculpture
UI = D012613
Scurvy
MS = A condition due to deficiency of ASCORBIC ACID (vitamin C) in the diet and marked by weakness, anemia, spongy gums, a tendency to mucocutaneous hemorrhages and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D012614
Scutellaria
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE used in folk medicine as a nervine.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031363
Scutellaria baicalensis
MS = A plant species of the genus SCUTELLARIA, family LAMIACEAE, that contains skullcapflavone and is used in CHINESE HERBAL DRUGS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031364
Scyphozoa
MS = The class of true jellyfish, in the phylum CNIDARIA. They are mostly free-swimming marine organisms that go through five stages in their life cycle and exhibit two body forms: polyp and medusa.
AN = do not confuse the genus Aurelia with the species Paramecium aurelia
UI = D037401
Sea Anemones
MS = The order Actiniaria, in the class ANTHOZOA, comprised of large, solitary polyps. All species are carnivorous.
UI = D012615
Sea Bream
MS = A species of PERCIFORMES commonly used in saline aquaculture.
UI = D021541
Sea Cucumbers
MS = A class of Echinodermata characterized by long, slender bodies.
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D012616
Sea Nettle, East Coast
MS = Species of jellyfish, in the family Pelagiidae, order Semaeostomeae, class SCYPHOZOA. Their painful sting is caused by a venom toxic to humans.
UI = D037441
Sea Urchins
MS = Somewhat flattened, globular echinoderms of the class Echinoidea, having thin, brittle shells of calcareous plates.
AN = sea urchin eggs = OVUM (IM) + SEA URCHINS (NIM) if merely test organism
UI = D012617
Sea-Blue Histiocyte Syndrome
MS = Rare disorder consisting of splenomegaly, mild purpura secondary to thrombocytopenia, and occasionally, hepatic cirrhosis associated with the appearance of numerous histiocytes in the spleen and bone marrow which stain a sea-blue color.
UI = D012618
Seafood
MS = Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) SHELLFISH and FISH PRODUCTS are more specific types of SEAFOOD.
AN = "marine fish & shellfish used as food"; coord IM with specific fish or shellfish (IM)
UI = D017747
Seals
AN = IM; qualif permitted
UI = D012620
Seasonal Affective Disorder
MS = A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.
AN = "seasonal" refers usually to winter; DF: SAD
UI = D016574
Seasons
AN = no qualif
UI = D012621
Seat Belts
MS = Restraining belts fastened to the frame of automobiles, aircraft, or other vehicles, and strapped around the person occupying the seat in the car or plane, intended to prevent the person from being thrown forward or out of the vehicle in case of sudden deceleration.
UI = D012622
Seawater
UI = D012623
Seaweed
MS = A marine alga (kelp, dulse, rockweed) widely distributed in the ocean, occurring from the tide level to considerable depths, free-floating or anchored. Many are of economic importance as food, fertilizer, agar, potash, or source of iodine. (From Webster, 3d ed)
AN = coord with specific alga if pertinent
UI = D012624
Sebaceous Gland Diseases
MS = Diseases of the sebaceous glands such as sebaceous hyperplasia and sebaceous cell carcinoma (SEBACEOUS GLAND NEOPLASMS).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: SEBACEOUS GLAND DIS
UI = D012625
Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D012626
Sebaceous Glands
MS = Small, sacculated organs found within the DERMIS. Each gland has a single duct that emerges from a cluster of oval alveoli. Each alveolus consists of a transparent BASEMENT MEMBRANE enclosing epithelial cells. The ducts from most sebaceous glands open into a HAIR FOLLICLE, but some open on the general surface of the SKIN. Sebaceous glands secrete SEBUM.
UI = D012627
Sebum
MS = The oily substance secreted by SEBACEOUS GLANDS. It is composed of KERATIN, fat, and cellular debris.
UI = D012629
Secale cereale
MS = A hardy grain crop, rye, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (CLAVICEPS), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with TRITICUM is TRITICALE, another grain.
AN = do not confuse X ref SECALE with Secale cornutum ( = ERGOT FUNGUS see CLAVICEPS) nor X ref RYE with RYE GRASS see LOLIUM; the rye-wheat hybrid Triticale is TRITICALE see CEREALS; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D012434
Secernentea
MS = A subclass of nematodes characterized by numerous caudal papillae and an excretory system possessing lateral canals.
AN = a subclass of nematodes; infection = SECERNENTEA INFECTIONS
UI = D017161
Secernentea Infections
MS = Infections with nematodes of the subclass SECERNENTEA.
AN = nematode infect
UI = D017190
Secobarbital
MS = A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.
UI = D012631
Second Messenger Systems
MS = Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system.
AN = a metab concept; IM; coord with substance acting as the second messenger (IM) with /physiol or /antag as applicable; DF: SECOND MESSENGERS
UI = D015290
Second-Look Surgery
MS = A followup operation to examine the outcome of the previous surgery and other treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
UI = D024162
Secosteroids
MS = Steroids in which fission of one or more ring structures and concomitant addition of a hydrogen atom at each terminal group has occurred.
UI = D012632
Secretin
MS = A hormone of the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D012633
Secretory Component
MS = A glycoprotein found in a variety of external secretions (tears, bile, colostrum) usually complexed to secreted polymeric immunoglobulins (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A or, less frequently IMMUNOGLOBULIN M). It is derived, by proteolytic cleavage, from the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (RECEPTORS, POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN) and probably functions to protect the immunoglobulins from proteolysis in the secretions. (From Rosen et al., The Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)
AN = an immunoglobulin fragment
UI = D012635
Secretory Rate
MS = The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period of time; usually applies to those substances which are formed by glandular tissues and are released by them into biological fluids, e.g., secretory rate of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex, secretory rate of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.
AN = NIM; restrict to secretion of endogenous substances (see MeSH definition)
UI = D012636
Secretory Vesicles
MS = Vesicles derived from the GOLGI APPARATUS containing material to be released at the cell surface.
AN = for zymogen granules coord with ENZYME PRECURSORS + specific enzyme
UI = D022142
Secularism
MS = Indifference to, or rejection of, RELIGION or religious considerations. (From Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)
UI = D035621
Securidaca
MS = A plant genus of the family POLYGALACEAE that contains securiosides and indole alkaloids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031802
Security Measures
MS = Regulations to assure protection of property and equipment.
AN = med or non-med contexts
UI = D012637
Sedatives, Barbiturate
MS = Those derivatives of barbituric or thiobarbituric acid that are used as hypnotics or sedatives. The structural class of all such derivatives, regardless of use, is BARBITURATES.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018731
Sedatives, Nonbarbiturate
MS = Compounds with diverse chemical and pharmacological properties that have in common the ability to allay excitement and anxiety and at higher concentrations induce sleep.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D012638
Sedum
MS = A plant genus of the family CRASSULACEAE. Some species in this genus are called stonecrop which is also a common name for RHODIOLA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031963
Seedling
MS = Very young plant after GERMINATION of SEEDS.
AN = coord with specific plant
UI = D036226
Seeds
MS = The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; for seed of specific plants, coord IM with plant (IM), as sunflower seeds = SEEDS (IM) + HELIANTHUS (IM); coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)
UI = D012639
SEER Program
MS = A cancer registry mandated under the National Cancer Act of 1971 to operate and maintain a population-based cancer reporting system, reporting periodically estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program is a continuing project of the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health. Among its goals, in addition to assembling and reporting cancer statistics, are the monitoring of annual cancer incident trends and the promoting of studies designed to identify factors amenable to cancer control interventions. (From National Cancer Institute, NIH Publication No. 91-3074, October 1990)
AN = a cancer surveillance program of Nat Cancer Inst; X ref explains acronym; IM CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D018426
Seizures
MS = Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."
AN = unspecified seizures: note specifics; audiogenic or acoustic seizures = REFLEX EPILEPSY, AUDIOGENIC SEIZURES; FEBRILE is also available
UI = D012640
Seizures, Febrile
MS = Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)
UI = D003294
Selaginellaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Selaginellales, class Lycopodiopsida, division Lycopodiophyta, subkingdon Tracheobionta. Members contain bilobetin. The rarely used common name of resurrection plant is mainly used with CRATEROSTIGMA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032503
Selectins
MS = Family of cell adhesion molecules consisting of a lectin-like domain, an epidermal growth factor-like domain, and a variable number of domains that encode proteins homologous to complement-binding proteins. Selectins mediate the binding of leukocytes to the vascular endothelium. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = cell adhesion molecules; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D019087
Selection (Genetics)
MS = Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.
AN = DF: SELECTION
UI = D012641
Selection Bias
MS = The introduction of error due to systematic differences in the characteristics between those selected and those not selected for a given study. In sampling bias, error is the result of failure to ensure that all members of the reference population have a known chance of selection in the sample.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM) or specific non-disease term /statist; no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D015983
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
MS = A structurally diverse group of compounds distinguished from ESTROGENS by their ability to bind and activate the estrogen receptor, but act as either an estrogen agonist or antagonist depending on the tissue type and hormonal milieu. They are classified as either first generation because they demonstrate estrogen agonist properties in the ENDOMETRIUM or second generation based on their patterns of tissue specificity. (Horm Res 1997;48:155-63)
AN = do not confuse with ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS
UI = D020845
Selegiline
MS = A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase. It is used in newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease. It may slow progression of the clinical disease and delay the requirement for levodopa therapy. It also may be given with levodopa upon onset of disability. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p385) The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.
UI = D012642
Selenious Acid
MS = A selenium compound used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.
UI = D020887
Selenium
MS = An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.
AN = Se-80; Se-74, 76-78, 82 = SELENIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Se-70-73, 75, 79, 81, 83-85 = SELENIUM RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D012643
Selenium Compounds
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain selenium as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: SELENIUM CPDS
UI = D018036
Selenium Radioisotopes
MS = Unstable isotopes of selenium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Se atoms with atomic weights 70-73, 75, 79, 81, and 83-85 are radioactive selenium isotopes.
AN = Se-70-73, 75, 79, 81, 83-85; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
UI = D012644
Selenocysteine
MS = A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.
UI = D017279
Selenomethionine
MS = Diagnostic aid in pancreas function determination.
AN = for radiolabeled x-refs, coord IM with SELENIUM RADIOISOTOPES (NIM)
UI = D012645
Selenomonas
MS = Curved bacteria, usually crescent-shaped rods, with ends often tapered, occurring singly, in pairs, or short chains. They are non-encapsulated, non-sporing, motile, and ferment glucose. Selenomonas are found mainly in the human buccal cavity, the rumen of herbivores, and the cecum of pigs and several rodents. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D020357
Self Administration
MS = Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal.
AN = NIM; differentiate from SELF MEDICATION & SELF CARE (see note there)
UI = D012646
Self Assessment (Psychology)
MS = Appraisal of one's own personal qualities or traits.
AN = no qualif; DF: SELF ASSESS
UI = D012647
Self Care
MS = Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends.
AN = = care prescribed by MD or generated by person himself & includes care for self, family or friends; differentiate from SELF MEDICATION (medication not prescribed by MD) and SELF ADMINISTRATION (admin of medication prescribed by MD or self admin of substances by exper animals)
UI = D012648
Self Concept
MS = A person's view of himself.
AN = do not confuse with SELF PSYCHOLOGY: see MeSH definition; no qualif
UI = D012649
Self Disclosure
MS = A willingness to reveal information about oneself to others.
AN = "a willingness to reveal information about oneself to others"; no qualif
UI = D012650
Self Efficacy
MS = Cognitive mechanism based on expectations or beliefs about one's ability to perform actions necessary to produce a given effect. It is also a theoretical component of behavior change in various therapeutic treatments. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
UI = D020377
Self Medication
MS = The self administration of medication not prescribed by a physician or in a manner not directed by a physician.
AN = differentiate from SELF ADMINISTRATION & SELF CARE (see note there)
UI = D012651
Self Mutilation
MS = The act of injuring one's own body to the extent of cutting off or permanently destroying a limb or other essential part of a body.
AN = SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR is also available
UI = D012652
Self Psychology
MS = Psychoanalytic theory focusing on interpretation of behavior in reference to self. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Terms, 1994) This elaboration of the psychoanalytic concepts of narcissism and the self, was developed by Heinz Kohut, and stresses the importance of the self-awareness of excessive needs for approval and self-gratification.
AN = psychoanal theory; normal or pathol; do not confuse with SELF CONCEPT; no qualif; DF: SELF PSYCHOL
UI = D019455
Self Stimulation
MS = Stimulation of the brain, which is self-administered. The stimulation may result in negative or positive reinforcement.
AN = human & animal
UI = D012653
Self Tolerance
MS = The normal lack of the ability to produce an immunological response to autologous (self) antigens. A breakdown of self tolerance leads to autoimmune diseases. The ability to recognize the difference between self and non-self is the prime function of the immune system.
AN = a form of immune tolerance
UI = D017634
Self-Care Units
MS = Rooms in health care facilities for patients who require a minimal level of care.
UI = D012654
Self-Evaluation Programs
MS = Educational programs structured in such a manner that the participating professionals, physicians, or students develop an increased awareness of their performance, usually on the basis of self-evaluation questionnaires.
UI = D012655
Self-Examination
MS = The inspection of one's own body, usually for signs of disease (e.g., BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION, testicular self-examination).
AN = coord IM with organ with no qualif (IM) + disease term /diag (IM) if discussed; BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION is also available; DF: SELF EXAM
UI = D016353
Self-Help Devices
MS = Devices, not affixed to the body, designed to help persons having musculoskeletal or neuromuscular disabilities to perform activities involving movement.
UI = D012656
Self-Help Groups
MS = Organizations which provide an environment encouraging social interactions through group activities or individual relationships especially for the purpose of rehabilitating or supporting patients, individuals with common health problems, or the elderly. They include therapeutic social clubs.
UI = D012657
Self-Injurious Behavior
MS = Behavior in which persons hurt or harm themselves without the motive of suicide or of sexual deviation.
AN = SELF MUTILATION is also available; DF: SELF INJ BEHAVIOR
UI = D016728
Self-Sustained Sequence Replication
MS = An isothermal in-vitro nucleotide amplification process. The process involves the concomitant action of a RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE, a ribonuclease (RIBONUCLEASES), and DNA-DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASES to synthesize large quantities of sequence-specific RNA and DNA molecules.
AN = DF:NASBA
UI = D021161
Sella Turcica
MS = A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the PITUITARY GLAND.
UI = D012658
Semantic Differential
MS = Analysis of word concepts by the association of polar adjectives, e.g., good-bad, with the concept, father. The adjectives are usually scaled in 7 steps. The subject's placement of the concept on the adjectival scale indicates the connotative meaning of the concept.
AN = a type of psychol test: do not confuse with SEMANTICS; DF: SEMANTIC DIFFER
UI = D012659
Semantics
MS = The relationships between symbols and their meanings.
AN = hist or psychol study of changes in language & meaning; do not confuse with LINGUISTICS (overall study of LANGUAGE & SPEECH) or NOMENCLATURE (names of things & etymology); no qualif
UI = D012660
Semaphorin-3A
MS = The prototypical and most well-studied member of the semaphorin family. Semaphorin-3A is an axon-repulsive guidance cue for migrating neurons in the developing nervous system. It has so far been found only in vertebrates, and binds to NEUROPILIN-1/plexin complex receptors on growth cones. Like other class 3 semaphorins, it is a secreted protein.
UI = D040121
Semaphorins
MS = A family of proteins that mediate axonal guidance. Semaphorins act as repulsive cues for neuronal GROWTH CONES and bind to receptors on their filopodia. At least 20 different molecules have been described and divided into eight classes based on domain organization and species of origin. Classes 1 and 2 are invertebrate, classes 3-7 are vertebrate, and class V are viral. Semaphorins may be secreted (classes 2, 3, and V), transmembrane (classes 1, 4, 5, and 6), or membrane-anchored (class 7). All semaphorins possess a common 500-amino acid extracellular domain which is critical for receptor binding and specificity, and is also found in plexins and scatter factor receptors. Their C termini are class-specific and may contain additional sequence motifs.
UI = D039961
Semecarpus
MS = A plant genus of the family ANACARDIACEAE that is the source of anacarcin forte. The nut milk extract is cytotoxic.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031023
Semen
MS = The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains SPERMATOZOA and their nutrient plasma.
AN = semen donors: coord SEMEN (IM) + TISSUE DONORS (IM); consider also INSEMINATION, ARTIFICIAL, HOMOLOGOUS (husband) (IM) or INSEMINATION, ARTIFICIAL, HETEROLOGOUS (non-husband) (IM) if pertinent; hemospermia: index under SEMEN (IM) + BLOOD (IM)
UI = D012661
Semen Preservation
MS = The process by which semen is kept viable outside of the organism from which it was derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).
AN = cryopreservation of semen: coord IM with CRYOPRESERVATION (IM)
UI = D012662
Semiaquilegia
MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE that contains griffonilide, lithospermoside, and magnoflorine.
AN = X ref AQUILEGIA ADOXOIDES: AQUILEGIA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031948
Semicarbazides
UI = D012663
Semicarbazones
UI = D012664
Semicircular Canals
MS = Three long canals (anterior, posterior, and lateral) of the labyrinth. They are set at right angles to each other and are situated superior and posterior to the vestibule.
UI = D012665
Semiconductors
AN = NIM
UI = D012666
Semilunar Bone
MS = A carpal bone which is located between the scaphoid and triquelateral bones.
UI = D012667
Seminal Plasma Proteins
MS = Proteins found in SEMEN. Major seminal plasma proteins are secretory proteins from the male sex accessory glands, such as the SEMINAL VESICLES and the PROSTATE. They include the seminal vesicle-specific antigen, an ejaculate clotting protein; and the PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, a protease and an esterase.
UI = D029589
Seminal Vesicle Secretory Proteins
MS = The secretory proteins of the seminal vesicles are proteins and enzymes that are important in the rapid clotting of the ejaculate. The major clotting protein is seminal vesicle-specific antigen. Many of these seminal vesicle proteins are under androgen regulation, and are substrates for the prostatic enzymes, such as the PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, a protease and an esterase.
UI = D029607
Seminal Vesicles
MS = A saclike, glandular diverticulum on each ductus deferens in male vertebrates. It is united with the excretory duct and serves for temporary storage of semen. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D012669
Seminiferous Epithelium
MS = The epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules composed of primary male germ cells (SPERMATOGONIA) and supporting SERTOLI CELLS. As SPERMATOGENESIS proceeds, the developing germ cells migrate toward the lumen. The adluminal compartment, the inner two thirds of the tubules, contains SPERMATOCYTES and the more advanced germ cells.
UI = D012670
Seminiferous Tubules
MS = The convoluted tubules in the TESTIS where sperm are produced (SPERMATOGENESIS) and conveyed to the RETE TESTIS. Spermatogenic tubules are composed of developing germ cells and the supporting SERTOLI CELLS.
UI = D012671
Seminoma
MS = A radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. There are three variants: classical (typical), the most common type; anaplastic; and spermatocytic. The classical seminoma is composed of fairly well differentiated sheets or cords of uniform polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells), each cell having abundant clear cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, a centrally placed round nucleus, and one or more nucleoli. In the female, a grossly and histologically identical neoplasm, known as dysgerminoma, occurs. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018239
Semliki forest virus
MS = A species of ALPHAVIRUS isolated in central, eastern, and southern Africa.
AN = infection: coord IM with ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D012672
Semustine
MS = 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.
UI = D012673
Sendai virus
MS = The type species of RESPIROVIRUS in the subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE. It is the murine version of HUMAN PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 1, distinguished by host range.
AN = infection: coord IM with RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D029082
Senecio
MS = A species of toxic plants of the Compositae. The poisonous compounds are alkaloids which cause cattle diseases, neoplasms, and liver damage and are used to produce cancers in experimental animals.
AN = poisonous to livestock
UI = D012674
Senegal
MS = A republic in western Africa, southwest of MAURITANIA and east of MALI. Its capital is Dakar. The first settlements were by the Portuguese in the 15th century and the French in the 17th century, with the coastal region becoming the object of much rivalry and conflict between the two until French possession was recognized in 1814. Senegal became independent in 1960. The nation was named for the Senegal River, its main river, which possibly derived its name from a local African word meaning navigable. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1097 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p493)
AN = a republic in western Africa
UI = D012675
Senile Plaques
MS = Spherical masses consisting of amyloid fibrils and neuronal processes.
AN = note category; in neurons; not restricted to Alzheimer dis
UI = D019582
Senna Extract
MS = Preparations of Cassia senna and C. angustifolia (see SENNA PLANT). They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type CATHARTICS and are used in many different preparations as laxatives.
AN = SENNA, the plant is also available
UI = D012676
Senna Plant
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. SENNA EXTRACT is obtained from members of this genus. Members contain ANTHRAQUINONES and have been an ingredient in laxatives (CATHARTICS). Many species of the CASSIA genus have been reclassified into this genus. This bush should not be confused with the Cassia tree (CINNAMOMUM).
AN = note X refs: CASSIA is also available; Cassia tree is indexed under CINNAMOMUM; SENNA EXTRACT is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029846
Sensation
MS = Transduction of physical or chemical changes in the external or internal environment into nerve impulses by specialized receptors, transmission of these impulses by afferent neurons to the effectors, either directly or through the CNS.
AN = SENSATION DISORDERS is available but burning, tingling or prickling sensations go under PARESTHESIA
UI = D012677
Sensation Disorders
MS = Disorders of the special senses (i.e., vision, hearing, taste, and smell) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the peripheral nervous system).
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
UI = D012678
Sense Organs
AN = GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D012679
Sensitivity and Specificity
MS = Measures for assessing the results of diagnostic and screening tests. Sensitivity represents the proportion of truly diseased persons in a screened population who are identified as being diseased by the test. It is a measure of the probability of correctly diagnosing a condition. Specificity is the proportion of truly nondiseased persons who are so identified by the screening test. It is a measure of the probability of correctly identifying a nondiseased person. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
AN = see MeSH definition: not restricted to epidemiol; IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent; DF: SENSITIVITY
UI = D012680
Sensitivity Training Groups
MS = A group of people who meet in an unstructured setting to learn about themselves, interpersonal relationships, and group processes and about larger social systems.
UI = D012681
Sensory Aids
AN = for deafness consider HEARING AIDS; for Braille coord IM with BLINDNESS (IM) + READING (IM)
UI = D012682
Sensory Art Therapies
MS = Therapies using arts or directed at the senses.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D026421
Sensory Deprivation
MS = The absence or restriction of the usual external sensory stimuli to which the individual responds.
AN = human & animal
UI = D012683
Sensory Rhodopsins
MS = Photosensory rhodopsins found in microorganisms such as HALOBACTERIA. They convert light signals into biochemical information that regulates certain cellular functions such as flagellar motor activity.
AN = do not confuse with RHODOPSIN
UI = D025603
Sensory System Agents
MS = Drugs that act on neuronal sensory receptors resulting in an increase, decrease, or modification of afferent nerve activity. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p367)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also RECEPTORS, SENSORY /drug eff & SENSATION /drug eff
UI = D018689
Sensory Thresholds
MS = The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; AUDITORY THRESHOLD; DIFFERENTIAL THRESHOLD; PAIN THRESHOLD; SUBLIMINAL STIMULATION & TASTE THRESHOLD are also available; coord NIM with specific sensory concept (IM), e.g., visual threshold = SENSORY THRESHOLD (NIM) + VISUAL PERCEPTION (IM)
UI = D012684
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
MS = A diagnostic procedure used to determine whether LYMPHATIC METASTASIS has occurred. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive drainage from a neoplasm.
UI = D021701
Sentinel Surveillance
MS = Monitoring of rate of occurrence of specific conditions to assess the stability or change in health levels of a population. It is also the study of disease rates in a specific cohort, geographic area, population subgroup, etc. to estimate trends in larger population. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
AN = an epidemiol method
UI = D018571
Seoul virus
MS = A species of HANTAVIRUS causing a less severe form of HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME in Asia (primarily Korea and Japan). It is transmitted by rats, especially Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus.
AN = infection: coord IM with HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME (IM)
UI = D029263
Sepharose
UI = D012685
Sepsis
MS = The presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in tissues or in the blood. Systemic disease caused by the spread of the microorganisms via the circulating blood is commonly called SEPTICEMIA. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = a type of infect; do not confuse with SEPTICEMIA; SEPSIS SYNDROME is also available
UI = D018805
Sepsis Syndrome
MS = A systemic response to infection, defined as hypothermia or hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, a clinically evident focus of infection or positive blood cultures, one or more end organs with either dysfunction or inadequate perfusion, cerebral dysfunction, hypoxemia, increased plasma lactate or unexplained metabolic acidosis, and oliguria. It is one of the most common causes of adult respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ADULT). (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992) While usually related to infection, it can also be associated with noninfectious insults such as trauma, burns, pancreatitis. (JAMA 1995;273(2):155-6)
AN = often leads to RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ADULT
UI = D018746
Septal Nuclei
MS = Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of forebrain and brainstem areas including the hippocampus, the lateral hypothalamus, the tegmentum, and the amygdala. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis.
UI = D012686
Septicemia
MS = Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a type of sepsis; GEN or unspecified only: prefer BACTEREMIA; FUNGEMIA; PARASITEMIA or VIREMIA; HEMORRHAGIC BACTEREMIA, a Pasteurella infect, is also available
UI = D012687
Septo-Optic Dysplasia
MS = A condition resulting from congenital malformations involving the brain. The syndrome of septo-optic dysplasia combines hypoplasia or agenesis of the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM and the OPTIC NERVE. The extent of the abnormalities can vary. Septo-optic dysplasia is often associated with abnormalities of the hypothalamic and other diencephalic structures, and HYPOPITUITARISM.
UI = D025962
Septum of Brain
MS = Gray matter structures of the telencephalon and limbic system in the brain, but containing widely varying definitions among authors. Included here is the cortical septal area, subcortical SEPTAL NUCLEI, and the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM. Many authorities consider the septal region to be made up of the septal area and the septal nuclei, but excluding the septum pellucidum. (Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 1994, pp485-489; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (November 18, 1998)).
AN = SEPTEM PELLUCIDUM is also available
UI = D020665
Septum Pellucidum
MS = A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix.
UI = D012688
Sequence Alignment
MS = The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
AN = sequence refers to molec seq (amino acid or base); note category; DF: SEQ ALIGNMENT
UI = D016415
Sequence Analysis
MS = A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: SEQ ANAL
UI = D017421
Sequence Analysis, DNA
MS = A multistage process that includes DNA cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis.
AN = DF: SEQ ANAL DNA
UI = D017422
Sequence Analysis, Protein
MS = A process that includes the determination of an amino acid sequence of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.
AN = coord with specific protein (or protein group or peptide) with /chem; DF: SEQ ANAL PROTEIN
UI = D020539
Sequence Analysis, RNA
MS = A multistage process that includes RNA cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis.
AN = DF: SEQ ANAL RNA
UI = D017423
Sequence Deletion
MS = Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.
AN = coord IM with BASE SEQUENCE or AMINO ACID SEQUENCE (IM); DF: SEQ DELETION
UI = D017384
Sequence Homology
MS = The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: SEQ HOMOL
UI = D017385
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
MS = The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the understanding of genetic relatedness of certain species.
AN = no qualif; DF: SEQ HOMOL AA
UI = D017386
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
MS = The sequential correspondence of nucleotide triplets in a nucleic acid molecule which permits nucleic acid hybridization. Sequence homology is important in the study of mechanisms of oncogenesis and also as an indication of the evolutionary relatedness of different organisms. The concept includes viral homology.
AN = coord IM with specific nucleic acid (IM); no qualif; DF: SEQ HOMOL NUCLEIC ACID
UI = D012689
Sequence Tagged Sites
MS = Short, tagged tracts of DNA sequence that are used as landmarks in GENOME mapping. In most instances, 200 to 500 base pairs of sequence define a Sequence Tagged Site (STS) that is operationally unique in the human genome (i.e., can be specifically detected by the polymerase chain reaction in the presence of all other genomic sequences). The overwhelming advantage of STSs over mapping landmarks defined in other ways is that the means of testing for the presence of a particular STS can be completely described as information in a database.
AN = no qualif; DF: SEQ TAGGED SITES
UI = D016324
Sequiviridae
MS = A family of monopartite RNA plant viruses resembling picornaviruses and containing two genera: SEQUIVIRUS and WAIKAVIRUS. Transmission is by aphids or leafhoppers and requires a helper protein.
AN = a family of plant viruses
UI = D019191
Sequivirus
MS = A genus of plant viruses in the family SEQUIVIRIDAE. Transmission is by APHIDS but depends on the presence of a helper protein encoded by the Anthriscus yellow virus, a WAIKAVIRUS. The type species is Parsnip yellow fleck virus (parsnip serotype).
AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
UI = D019192
Sequoia
MS = A plant genus of the family TAXODIACEAE known for including some of the tallest trees.
AN = SEQUOIA, GIANT see SEQUOIADENDRON is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032487
Sequoiadendron
MS = A plant genus of the family TAXODIACEAE known for tall trees like the SEQUOIA redwoods.
AN = SEQUOIA genus is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032488
Serenoa
MS = A plant genus in the family ARECACEAE, order Arecales, subclass Arecidae. The fruit or the extract (Permixon) is used for PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028024
Serial Extraction
MS = The selective extraction of deciduous teeth during the stage of mixed dentition in accordance with the shedding and eruption of the teeth. It is done over an extended period to allow autonomous adjustment to relieve crowding of the dental arches during the eruption of the lateral incisors, canines, and premolars, eventually involving the extraction of the first premolar teeth. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = an orthodontic proced of sequentially extracting selected teeth over a period of years: do not confuse with TOOTH EXTRACTION; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D012690
Serial Learning
MS = Learning to make a series of responses in exact order.
UI = D012691
Serial Passage
MS = Inoculation of a series of animals or in vitro tissue with an infectious bacterium or virus, as in VIRULENCE studies and the development of vaccines.
AN = restrict to in vivo or in vitro passage of infectious organisms or develop of vaccines: do not use for passage of cultured cells, cell lines, etc.; NIM; coord with organism or vaccine (IM)
UI = D012692
Serial Publications
MS = Publications in any medium issued in successive parts bearing numerical or chronological designations and intended to be continued indefinitely. (ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983, p203)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; coord with subject of the publication (IM)
UI = D012693
Serine
MS = A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES, PYRIMIDINES, and other amino acids.
UI = D012694
Serine Endopeptidases
MS = Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis. EC 3.4.21.
UI = D012697
Serine Proteinase Inhibitors
MS = Exogenous or endogenous compounds which inhibit SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES.
AN = DF: SERINE PROTEINASE INHIB
UI = D015842
Serine-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates serine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.11.
UI = D012714
Sermons [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of discourses for the purpose of religious instruction or exhortation, especially one based on a text of Scripture and delivered by a member of the clergy, as part of a religious service. (From: Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = publication type only; do not confuse with Publication Type FUNERAL SERMONS which is restricted to funeral ceremonies
UI = D019523
Sermorelin
MS = Human growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29)amide. The biologically active fragment of SOMATOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. It is used to stimulate growth in children with a growth hormone deficiency or insufficiency.
UI = D017337
Seroepidemiologic Studies
MS = EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); specify geog if pertinent; DF: SEROEPIDEMIOL STUDIES
UI = D016036
Serologic Tests
MS = Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM; Manual 26.9-26.9.2; restrict to determ of immune cpds (e.g., antibodies) in serum: do not confuse with SEROLOGY, the specialty; DF: SERODIAG
UI = D012698
Serology
MS = The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro.
AN = field of immunology dealing with in vitro antigen-antibody reactions; SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with SEROLOGIC TESTS; DF: SEROL
UI = D012699
Serositis
MS = Inflammation of a serous membrane.
UI = D012700
Serotonin
MS = A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
AN = /antag = SEROTONIN ANTAGONISTS but consider also SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS
UI = D012701
Serotonin Agents
MS = Drugs used for their effects on serotonergic systems. Among these are drugs that affect serotonin receptors, the life cycle of serotonin, and the survival of serotonergic neurons.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs
UI = D018490
Serotonin Agonists
MS = Agents that have an affinity for serotonin receptors and are able to mimic the effects of serotonin by stimulating the physiologic activity at the cell receptors. These compounds are used as antidepressants, anxiolytics, and in the treatment of migraine.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with SEROTONIN ANTAGONISTS; DF: SEROTONIN AGON or SEROTONIN AG
UI = D017366
Serotonin Antagonists
MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or serotonin agonists.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; differentiate from SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS: read MeSH definition; do not confuse with SEROTONIN AGONISTS; DF: SEROTONIN ANTAG
UI = D012702
Serotonin Syndrome
MS = An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.
UI = D020230
Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors
MS = Compounds that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. This increases the serotonin concentration in the synaptic cleft which then activates serotonin receptors to a greater extent. These agents have been used in treatment of depression, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and alcoholism, as analgesics, and to treat obesity and bulimia. Many of the ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS also inhibit serotonin uptake; they are not included here.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with SEROTONIN ANTAGONISTS; DF: SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIB
UI = D017367
Serotyping
AN = restrict to classification of micro-organisms: do not use for blood typing ( = BLOOD GROUPING AND CROSSMATCHING); NIM; coord with organism /class, not /immunol
UI = D012703
Serous Membrane
AN = GEN: prefer specific membrane; inflammation = SEROSITIS
UI = D012704
Serpins
MS = A family of serine proteinase inhibitors which are similar in amino acid sequence and mechanism of inhibition, but differ in their specificity toward proteolytic enzymes. This family includes alpha 1-antitrypsin, angiotensinogen, ovalbumin, antiplasmin, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, thyroxine-binding protein, complement 1 inactivators, antithrombin III, heparin cofactor II, plasminogen inactivators, gene Y protein, placental plasminogen activator inhibitor, and barley Z protein. Some members of the serpin family may be substrates rather than inhibitors of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES, and some serpins occur in plants where their function is not known.
AN = "a family of SERine Proteinase INhibitors", thus the source of the name
UI = D015843
Serpulina
MS = A genus of spiral bacteria of the family SPIROCHAETACEAE. This genus contains two species, SERPULINA HYODYSENTERIAE and Serpulina innocens, which were formerly classified as Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens, respectively. When researchers determined that T. hyodysenteriae and T. innocens did not belong to the genus Treponema, the new genus was named Serpula. Within a short time, however, it was discovered that Serpula was already the name of a fungal genus and thus, Serpula was changed to Serpulina.
AN = a genus of the family SPIROCHAETACEAE; infection: coord IM with SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D017400
Serpulina hyodysenteriae
MS = A species of anaerobic, spiral bacteria that was formerly classified as Treponema hyodysenteriae (and for a short while, Serpula hyodysenteriae). This organism is the agent of swine dysentery.
AN = formerly classified as a Treponema; infection: coord IM with SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D017401
Serratia
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the natural environment (soil, water, and plant surfaces) or as an opportunistic human pathogen.
AN = in water, soil, food; infection = SERRATIA INFECTIONS
UI = D012705
Serratia Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus SERRATIA.
AN = gram-neg bact infect
UI = D016868
Serratia marcescens
MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, water, food, and clinical specimens. It is a prominent opportunistic pathogen for hospitalized patients.
AN = in water, soil, dairy products, insects; do not use /blood-csf-urine; opportunistic; infection: coord IM with SERRATIA INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D012706
Sertoli Cell Tumor
MS = A rare benign tumor of the testis that histologically resembles the fetal testis. There are three varieties: diffuse stromal, mixed (stromal and epithelial), and tubular (epithelial). Sertoli cells in the epithelial elements may produce estrogen and cause feminization. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS (IM) in male or OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM) if in female
UI = D012707
Sertoli Cells
MS = Supporting cells projecting inward from the basement membrane of SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN. Their tight junctions with the SPERMATOGONIA and SPERMATOCYTES provide a BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER.
UI = D012708
Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor
MS = An ovarian tumor usually of low-grade malignancy occurring most frequently in the third and fourth decades, with 75% seen in women under 40. It is rare, representing less than .02% of ovarian cancers. The tumor typically produces androgens with virilization being noted in 70-85% of the patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1684)
AN = coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018310
Sertraline
MS = A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.
UI = D020280
Serum Albumin
MS = A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions.
UI = D012709
Serum Albumin, Bovine
MS = Serum albumin from cows, commonly used in in vitro biological studies. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = serum albumin from cows used often in research
UI = D012710
Serum Albumin, Radio-Iodinated
MS = Normal human serum albumin mildly iodinated with radioactive iodine (131-I) which has a half-life of 8 days, and emits beta and gamma rays. It is used as a diagnostic aid in blood volume determination. (from Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = DF: RISA
UI = D012711
Serum Bactericidal Test
MS = Method of measuring the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy. It is used to monitor the therapy in bacterial endocarditis, osteomyelitis and other serious bacterial infections. As commonly performed, the test is a variation of the broth dilution test.
AN = do not confuse with BLOOD BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY, the natural bactericidal property of blood (Cat G); MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) goes here if with regard to blood levels of drug or under MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS if on eff of drug on microorganism
UI = D015610
Serum Globulins
MS = All blood proteins except albumin ( = SERUM ALBUMIN, which is not a globulin) and FIBRINOGEN (which is not in the serum). The serum globulins are subdivided into ALPHA-GLOBULINS; BETA-GLOBULINS; and GAMMA-GLOBULINS on the basis of their electrophoretic mobilities. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = blood proteins; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific
UI = D012712
Serum Response Element
MS = A DNA sequence that is found in the promoter region of many growth-related genes. The regulatory transcription factor SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR binds to and regulates the activity of genes containing this element.
UI = D027602
Serum Response Factor
MS = A MADS domain-containing transcription factor that binds to the SERUM RESPONSE ELEMENT in the promoter-enhancer region of many genes. It is one of the four founder proteins that structurally define the superfamily of MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS.
UI = D026362
Serum Sickness
MS = Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses.
AN = an immune complex dis
UI = D012713
Sesame Oil
MS = The refined fixed oil obtained from the seed of one or more cultivated varieties of Sesamum indicum. It is used as a solvent and oleaginous vehicle for drugs and has been used internally as a laxative and externally as a skin softener. It is used also in the manufacture of margarine, soap, and cosmetics. (Dorland, 28th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = an unsaturated fat
UI = D012715
Sesamoid Bones
UI = D012716
Sesamum
MS = A plant genus of the family PEDALIACEAE that is the source of the edible seed and SESAME OIL.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031685
Sesquiterpenes
UI = D012717
Set (Psychology)
MS = Readiness to think or respond in a predetermined way when confronted with a problem or stimulus situation.
AN = no qualif; DF: SET
UI = D012718
Setaria Nematode
MS = A genus of parasitic nematodes found in the peritoneal cavity of wild or domestic cattle or equines.
AN = infection = SETARIASIS; coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent;
UI = D017182
Setaria Plant
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The small pointed seeds are grown for hay in North America and western Europe and important as food in China and other Asian countries.
AN = note X refs: other millet terms are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032983
Setariasis
MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus SETARIA. This condition is usually seen in cattle and equines and is of little pathogenic significance, although migration of the worm to the eye may lead to blindness.
AN = /drug ther: consider FILARICIDES
UI = D012719
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
MS = Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. About half of the patients with autosomal recessive SCID are deficient in the enzyme adenosine deaminase.
AN = immunol defic in newborn inf; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: note short X ref
UI = D016511
Severity of Illness Index
MS = Levels of severity of illness within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria.
AN = no qualif; TRAUMA SEVERITY INDICES is also available but do not confuse with TRIAGE, emerg selection of patients by priority of need
UI = D012720
Sewage
MS = Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers. (Webster, 3d ed)
AN = X ref SLUDGE: usually mudlike ooze in sewage but non-sewage sludge is indexed under other specific waste term
UI = D012722
Sex
MS = The totality of characteristics of structures and functions differentiating the male from the female organism. SEX includes sexology, the study of the differences and interactions between the sexes. It does not include various sexual factors in epidemiology and statistics or the role of the sexes or differences in behavior, psychology, and sociology.
AN = IM; no qualif; X ref SEX PREFERENCE is restricted to desired or preferred sexual composition of a family (e.g., a mother wants a girl rather than a boy); differentiate from SEX FACTORS, largely statist in concept, (NIM); sex therapy: coord PSYCHOTHERAPY (IM) + SEX DISORDERS /ther or PSYCHOSEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS /ther or their indentions /ther (IM)
UI = D012723
Sex Attractants
MS = Pheromones that elicit sexual attraction or mating behavior usually in members of the opposite sex in the same species.
AN = human & animal pheromones; for opposite sex of same species
UI = D012724
Sex Behavior
MS = Sexual activities of humans.
AN = human only: SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL is available; do not confuse X ref SEXUAL ORIENTATION with GENDER IDENTITY (see note there) nor with SEX PREFERENCE see SEX (see note there)
UI = D012725
Sex Behavior, Animal
MS = Sexual activities of animals.
UI = D012726
Sex Characteristics
MS = Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.
AN = no qualif; for anat or physiol differences between male & female; differentiate from SEX DETERMINATION (GENETICS) (factors determining male or female), SEX DIFFERENTIATION (for differentiation of male from female during embryogenesis), SEX DISTRIBUTION (for usually statistical psychol, social, etc., differences between men & women), SEX FACTORS (for usually sex as an etiol or physiol factor)
UI = D012727
Sex Chromatin
MS = In the interphase nucleus, a condensed mass of chromatin representing an inactivated X chromosome. Each X CHROMOSOME, in excess of one, forms sex chromatin (Barr body) in the mammalian nucleus. (from King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet /isol permitted
UI = D012728
Sex Chromosome Aberrations
MS = Abnormal number or structure of the SEX CHROMOSOMES. Many sex chromosome aberrations, but not all, are the cause of SEX CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.
AN = coord with specific sex chromosome (IM)
UI = D012729
Sex Chromosome Disorders
MS = Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal sex chromosome constitution (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS) in which there is extra or missing sex chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific sex chromosome (IM)
UI = D025064
Sex Chromosomes
MS = The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
AN = X chromosome /abnorm = SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS (IM) + X CHROMOSOME (IM); Y chromosome /abnorm = SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS (IM) + Y CHROMOSOME (IM); A 11 qualif except /cytol /transpl; /genet permitted
UI = D012730
Sex Cord-Stromal Tumor
MS = A malignant neoplasm of the ovary or testis. These tumors differentiate toward sex cords (in embryonic gonads) in the form of female (i.e., granulosa and theca) cells, male (i.e., Sertoli and Leydig) cells, or indifferent elements. In the ovary, sex cord-stromal tumors comprise 5% of all ovarian neoplasms. In the testes, Leydig and Sertoli cell tumors comprise about 5% of all testicular neoplasms, 10% of which behave in a malignant fashion. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS (IM) in male or OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM) if in female
UI = D018312
Sex Counseling
MS = Advice and support given to individuals to help them understand and resolve their sexual adjustment problems. It excludes treatment for PSYCHOSEXUAL DISORDERS or PSYCHOSEXUAL DYSFUNCTION.
UI = D012731
Sex Determination (Analysis)
MS = Validation of the sex of an individual by inspection of the gonads and/or by genetic tests.
AN = validation of sex by exam of gonads or genet tests; do not confuse with SEX DETERMINATION (GENETICS) which is establishment of sex at fertilization; DF: SEX DETERMINATION ANAL
UI = D012732
Sex Determination (Genetics)
MS = The mechanism in a given species, by which the SEX of an individual is fixed. In many species, sex is established at FERTILIZATION by the SPERM that fertilizes the EGG. In human, the Y CHROMOSOME bearing sperm determine production of the male ZYGOTE.
AN = do not confuse with SEX DETERMINATION (ANALYSIS) which is validation of sex by exam of gonads or genet tests; DF: SEX DETERMINATION GENET
UI = D019849
Sex Differentiation
MS = Differentiation of male and female tissues and organs during embryogenesis, but after sex determination (SEX DETERMINATION (GENETICS)).
AN = do not confuse with related sex concepts: see note under SEX CHARACTERISTICS; DF: SEX DIFFER
UI = D012733
Sex Differentiation Disorders
MS = Abnormalities in sexual differentiation that may occur in the gonads, the genital tracts, and the external genitalia. Disorders of sexual differentiation are due to the presence or absence of genetic and endocrine factors. Sex-determining genes (GENE, SRY) dictate the gonadal sex whereas the fetal testicular hormones determine the somatic sex during SEX DIFFERENTIATION.
AN = organic in nature: differentiate from SEX DISORDERS (related to coitus); DF: SEX DIFFER DIS
UI = D012734
Sex Disorders
MS = Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance.
AN = related to coitus: differentiate from SEX DIFFERENTIATION DISORDERS (gonadal)
UI = D012735
Sex Distribution
MS = The number of males and females in a given population. The distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
AN = NIM; no qualif; human & animal; a statist concept: do not confuse with SEX FACTORS, more related to cause & effect; age-sex distribution: coord (NIM) with AGE DISTRIBUTION (NIM)
UI = D017678
Sex Education
MS = Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction.
AN = IM
UI = D012736
Sex Factors
MS = Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
AN = NIM; no qualif; human & animal; related to cause & effect: do not confuse with SEX DISTRIBUTION which is largely statistical; see also note under SEX CHARACTERISTICS; Manual 35.6+; relation to MALE; FEMALE: Manual 18.9.5
UI = D012737
Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin
MS = A glycoprotein migrating as a beta-globulin. Its molecular weight, 52,000 or 95,000-115,000, indicates that it exists as a dimer. The protein binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the plasma. Sex hormone-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosacaccharide modifications.
AN = does not refer to all sex hormones: refers to a specific protein in the blood binding only testosterone or estradiol; for other sex hormone-binding globulins consider ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN & PROGESTERONE-BINDING GLOBULIN; DF: SHBG
UI = D012738
Sex Hormones
MS = Hormones having estrogenic (female sex hormones) or androgenic (male sex hormones) activity. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D012739
Sex Manuals
MS = Books used for sex education and procedural instruction.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012740
Sex Maturation
MS = Achievement of full sexual capacity. Applies to animals and humans.
AN = human & animal
UI = D012741
Sex Offenses
MS = Any violation of established legal or moral codes in respect to sexual behavior.
UI = D012742
Sex Preselection
MS = Methods for control of genetic sex of offspring.
AN = do not confuse with SEX DETERMINATION (ANALYSIS): determ is what the gene decides; preselection is the method to control the genetic sex
UI = D012743
Sex Ratio
MS = The number of males per 100 females.
UI = D012744
Sex Reversal, Gonadal
MS = Complete or partial change from one sex to another with regard to gonadal development. Gonadal sex reversal may occur naturally or be induced by factors such as steroids, temperature, and autosomal abnormalities during the critical period of gonadal differentiation (SEX DIFFERENTIATION) in some species.
AN = do not confuse with GONADAL DYSGENESIS and its specifics
UI = D012745
Sexual Abstinence
MS = Refraining from sexual intercourse.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012746
Sexual and Gender Disorders
MS = Mental disorders related to sexual dysfunction, paraphillias, and gender identity disorders.
AN = GEN: avoid, prefer specifics; DF: SEX GENDER DIS
UI = D019968
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
MS = Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)
UI = D020018
Sexual Harassment
MS = A form of discrimination in the workplace which violates the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Sexual harassment takes two forms: quid pro quo, where the employee must submit to sexual advances in exchange for job benefits or be penalized for refusing; or a hostile environment, where the atmosphere of the workplace is offensive and affects the employee's well-being. Offensive sexual conduct may include unwelcome advances, comments, touching, questions about marital status and sex practices, etc. Both men and women may be aggressors or victims. (Slee and Slee, Health Care Terms, 2d ed, p.404). While civil rights legislation deals with sexual harassment in the workplace, the behavior is not restricted to this; it may take place outside the work environment: in schools and colleges, athletics, and other social milieus and activities.
AN = man or woman as aggressor or victim; non-sexual harassment (bullying, repeated mischievous or deleterious behavior, etc.) is HARASSMENT, NONSEXUAL see SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
UI = D017406
Sexual Partners
MS = Married or single individuals who share sexual relations.
UI = D012747
Sexuality
MS = The constitution of an individual in relation to sexual attitudes or activity. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = human only; refers to sexual attitudes or sexual activity
UI = D019529
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
MS = Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, BACTERIAL & SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES, VIRAL are also available; not all genital diseases are venereal or sexually transm & not all sexually transm diseases are genital; contact tracing: index under CONTACT TRACING (IM) + SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES /epidemiol or /transm (IM); DF: SEX TRANSM DIS
UI = D012749
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial
MS = Bacterial diseases transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; DF: SEX TRANSM DIS BACT
UI = D015231
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral
MS = Viral diseases which are transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; DF: SEX TRANSM DIS VIRAL
UI = D015229
Seychelles
MS = A group of Indian Ocean Islands, east of Tanzania. Their capital is Victoria. They were first claimed by the French in 1744 but taken by the English in 1794 and made a dependency of MAURITIUS in 1810. They became a crown colony in 1903 and a republic within the Commonwealth in 1976. They were named for the French finance minister, Jean Moreau de Sechelles, but respelled by the English in 1794. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1102 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p496)
AN = a group of Indian Ocean Islands east of Tanzania
UI = D012750
Sezary Syndrome
MS = A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative erythroderma, intense pruritus, peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear cells in the skin, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood (Sezary cells). (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a form of T-cell lymphoma of the skin; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM); spell in titles & translations with accent: Sézary
UI = D012751
Shadowing (Histology)
MS = The technique of spraying a tissue specimen with a thin coat of a heavy metal such as platinum. The specimen is sprayed from an oblique angle, which results in the uneven deposition of the coating. The varying thicknesses create a shadow effect and give a three-dimensional appearance to the specimen.
AN = a visualization method used in electron microscopy; DF: SHADOWING
UI = D016626
Shaken Baby Syndrome
MS = Brain injuries resulted from vigorous shaking of an infant or young child held by the chest, shoulders, or extremities causing extreme rotational cranial acceleration. It is characterized by the intracranial and intraocular hemorrhages with no evident external trauma. Serious cases may result in death.
UI = D038642
Shallots
MS = Mildly aromatic herb in the Allium genus related to ONIONS and garlic used in SPICES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027781
Shamanism
MS = An intermediate stage between polytheism and monotheism, which assumes a "Great Spirit", with lesser deities subordinated. With the beginnings of shamanism there was the advent of the medicine man or witch doctor, who assumed a supervisory relation to disease and its cure. Formally, shamanism is a religion of Ural-Altaic peoples of Northern Asia and Europe, characterized by the belief that the unseen world of gods, demons, ancestral spirits is responsive only to shamans. The Indians of North and South America entertain religious practices similar to the Ural-Altaic shamanism. The word shaman comes from the Tungusic (Manchuria and Siberia) saman, meaning Buddhist monk. The shaman handles disease almost entirely by psychotherapeutic means; he frightens away the demons of disease by assuming a terrifying mien. (From Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed, p22; from Webster, 3d ed)
AN = a form of traditional medicine; specify geog; not for African witch doctors: use instead MEDICINE, AFRICAN TRADITIONAL
UI = D019423
Shame
MS = An emotional attitude excited by realization of a shortcoming or impropriety.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012752
Shared Paranoid Disorder
MS = A condition in which two closely related persons, usually in the same family, share the same delusions.
AN = spell FOLIE A DEUX as folie á deux (with accent) in translations
UI = D012753
Sharks
MS = A group of elongate elasmobranchs. Sharks are mostly marine fish, with certain species large and voracious.
AN = elasmobranch fish; IM; qualif permitted; DOGFISH is also available
UI = D012754
Shear Strength
MS = The internal resistance of a material to moving some parts of it parallel to a fixed plane, in contrast to stretching (TENSILE STRENGTH) or compression (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH). Ionic crystals are brittle because, when subjected to shear, ions of the same charge are brought next to each other, which causes repulsion.
UI = D033081
Sheep
MS = Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
AN = SHEEP, DOMESTIC and SHEEP, BIGHORN are also available; SHEEP unspecified goes here
UI = D012756
Sheep Diseases
MS = Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the genus Ovis.
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific sheep dis (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under SHEEP /abnorm or SHEEP /inj; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: SHEEP DIS
UI = D012757
Sheep, Bighorn
MS = A species of sheep, Ovis canadensis, characterized by massive brown horns. There are at least four subspecies and they are all endangered or threatened.
UI = D034581
Sheep, Domestic
MS = A species of sheep, Ovis aries, descended from Near Eastern wild forms, especially mouflon.
AN = sheep unspecified goes under SHEEP; SHEEP, BIGHORN is also available
UI = D034561
Shellfish
MS = Aquatic invertebrates belonging to the crustacean or mollusk families and used as food.
AN = as food; shellfish as animal = CRUSTACEA or MOLLUSCA; GEN or unspecified; as food, coord IM with specific shellfish (IM)
UI = D012758
Sheltered Workshops
MS = Protective places of employment for disabled persons which provide training and employment on a temporary or permanent basis.
AN = do not confuse with EMPLOYMENT, SUPPORTED which takes place in normal or regular work setting: a sheltered workshop is work in a controlled working environment
UI = D012759
Shewanella
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rods. It is a saprophytic, marine organism which is often isolated from spoiling fish.
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D020592
Shewanella putrefaciens
MS = A species of SHEWANELLA noted for its ability to reduce iron and manganese anaerobically.
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D020614
Shiga Toxin
MS = A toxin produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE. It is the protype of class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal RNA; (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) with PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTORS.
AN = SHIGA TOXINS is available
UI = D022621
Shiga Toxins
MS = A class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal RNA; (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) with PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTORS. They include SHIGA TOXIN which is produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE and a variety of shiga-like toxins that are produced by pathologic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157.
AN = SHIGA TOXIN is also available
UI = D022603
Shiga-Like Toxin I
MS = A toxin produced by certain pathogenic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157. It is closely related to SHIGA TOXIN produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE.
UI = D022622
Shiga-Like Toxin II
MS = A toxin produced by certain pathogenic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157. It is shares 50-60% homology with SHIGA TOXIN and SHIGA-LIKE TOXIN I.
UI = D022641
Shigella
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY).
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; infection = DYSENTERY, BACILLARY & specify species if pertinent (IM)
UI = D012760
Shigella boydii
MS = One of the SHIGELLA species that produces bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY).
AN = infection: coord IM with DYSENTERY, BACILLARY (IM)
UI = D012761
Shigella dysenteriae
MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is extremely pathogenic and causes severe dysentery. Infection with this organism often leads to ulceration of the intestinal epithelium.
AN = infection: coord IM with DYSENTERY, BACILLARY (IM)
UI = D012762
Shigella flexneri
MS = A bacterium which is one of the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY) and sometimes of infantile gastroenteritis.
AN = infection: coord IM with DYSENTERY, BACILLARY (IM)
UI = D012763
Shigella sonnei
MS = A lactose-fermenting bacterium causing dysentery.
AN = infection: coord IM with DYSENTERY, BACILLARY (IM)
UI = D012764
Shigella Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY) caused by species of SHIGELLA.
AN = coord IM with specific Shigella species /immunol (IM)
UI = D022281
Shiitake Mushrooms
MS = Mushrooms in the order AGARICALES containing B vitamins, cortinelin, and the polysaccharide LENTINAN.
UI = D020942
Shikimic Acid
UI = D012765
Ships
MS = Large vessels propelled by power or sail used for transportation on rivers, seas, oceans, or other navigable waters. Boats are smaller vessels propelled by oars, paddles, sail, or power; they may or may not have a deck.
AN = sailors goes here if non-med; if med index under NAVAL MEDICINE but see note there
UI = D012767
Shivering
MS = Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals.
UI = D012768
Shock
MS = A pathological condition that can suddenly affect the hemodynamic equilibrium, usually manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.
AN = therapy of shock = SHOCK /ther, not SHOCK THERAPY (see ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY), a psychother technique; note TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME see SHOCK, SEPTIC is available
UI = D012769
Shock, Cardiogenic
MS = Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.
UI = D012770
Shock, Hemorrhagic
MS = Acute hemorrhage or excessive fluid loss resulting in HYPOVOLEMIA.
AN = HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK does not go here: it is a see ref to SHOCK
UI = D012771
Shock, Septic
MS = Shock due to circulatory insufficiency caused most commonly by gram-negative BACTEREMIA. It is less often the result of the persistent presence of other micro-organisms in the blood (FUNGEMIA; VIREMIA); in rare instances, it is caused by gram-positive organisms, but with different symptomatology.
AN = coord (IM) with specific infect (IM)
UI = D012772
Shock, Surgical
MS = A type of shock that occurs as a result of a surgical procedure.
UI = D012773
Shock, Traumatic
MS = Shock produced as a result of trauma.
UI = D012774
Shoes
AN = horseshoes may be indexed here but only as NIM
UI = D012775
Short Bowel Syndrome
MS = A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of small bowel.
UI = D012778
Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements
MS = Highly repeated sequences, 100-300 bases long, which contain RNA polymerase III promoters. The primate Alu (ALU ELEMENTS) and the rodent B1 SINEs are derived from 7SL RNA, the RNA component of the signal recognition particle. Most other SINEs are derived from tRNAs including the MIRs (mammalian-wide interspersed repeats).
UI = D020086
Short Rib-Polydactyly Syndrome
MS = A syndrome inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and incompatible with life. The main features are narrow thorax, short ribs, scapular and pelvic dysplasia, and polydactyly.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; do not confuse X ref with NOONAN SYNDROME, the male Turner syndrome
UI = D012779
Short-Wave Therapy
MS = The use of focused short radio waves to produce local hyperthermia in an injured person or diseased body area.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D012780
Shorthand
AN = no qualif
UI = D012781
Shoulder
AN = TN 117: use for human & other vertebrates; TN 238: differentiation from SHOULDER JOINT & indexing instructions
UI = D012782
Shoulder Dislocation
AN = disloc of humerus from shoulder joint; acromioclavicular disloc = ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT + DISLOCATIONS
UI = D012783
Shoulder Fractures
MS = Fractures of the proximal humerus, including the head, anatomic and surgical necks, and tuberosities.
AN = refers to SHOULDER, not SHOULDER JOINT; restricted to fract of proximal humerus (head, neck, tuberosities): do not confuse with HUMERAL FRACTURES (non-head, etc.)
UI = D012784
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
MS = Compression of the rotator cuff tendons and subacromial bursa between the humeral head and structures that make up the coracoacromial arch and the humeral tuberosities. This condition is associated with subacromial bursitis and rotator cuff (largely supraspinatus) and bicipital tendon inflammation, with or without degenerative changes in the tendon. Pain that is most severe when the arm is abducted in an arc between 40 and 120 degrees, sometimes associated with tears in the rotator cuff, is the chief symptom. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes and Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)
UI = D019534
Shoulder Joint
AN = TN 117: use for human & other vertebrates; TN 238: differentiation from SHOULDER & indexing instructions
UI = D012785
Shoulder Pain
MS = Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.
UI = D020069
Showdomycin
MS = 3-beta-D-Ribofuranosylmaleimide. Antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces showdoensis. It is possibly active also as a sulfhydryl reagent.
AN = an antineoplastic antibiotic
UI = D012787
Shrews
AN = IM; qualif permitted; do not confuse SHREWS (insectivore) with TREE SHREWS see TUPAIIDAE
UI = D012788
Shwartzman Phenomenon
MS = A vasculitis, local or systemic, caused by a two-stage reaction in which a first encounter with endotoxin produces intravascular fibrin thrombi whose clearance results in reticuloendothelial blockade which prevents the clearance of thrombi caused by a second encounter with endotoxin, (or a variety of polyanions, glycogen or antigen/antibody complexes) resulting in tissue necrosis and/or hemorrhage. In pregnancy gram-negative septicemia during delivery or abortion may serve as the first or provocative encounter.
UI = D012790
Shy-Drager Syndrome
MS = A progressive neurodegenerative condition of the central and autonomic nervous systems characterized by atrophy of the preganglionic lateral horn neurons of the thoracic spinal cord, which differentiates this condition from other forms of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC). This disease is generally considered a clinical variant of MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY. Affected individuals present in the fifth or sixth decade with orthostasis and bladder dysfunction; and later develop FECAL INCONTINENCE; anhidrosis; ATAXIA; IMPOTENCE; and alterations of tone suggestive of basal ganglia dysfunction. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p536)
UI = D012791
Shyness
MS = Discomfort and partial inhibition of the usual forms of behavior when in the presence of others.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012792
Sialadenitis
AN = salivary gland inflammation, also called sialitis; tuberc sialitis: coord IM with TUBERCULOSIS, ORAL (IM)
UI = D012793
Sialic Acid Storage Disease
MS = Autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorders caused by lysosomal membrane transport defects that result in accumulation of free sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) within the lysosomes. The two main clinical phenotypes, which are allelic variants of the SLC17A5 gene, are ISSD, a severe infantile form, or Salla disease, a slowly progressive adult form, named for the geographic area in Finland where the kindred first studied resided.
UI = D029461
Sialic Acids
MS = A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. They are ubiquitously distributed in many tissues.
UI = D012794
Sialoglycoproteins
MS = Glycoproteins which contain sialic acid as one of their carbohydrates. They are often found on or in the cell or tissue membranes and participate in a variety of biological activities.
AN = glycoproteins containing sialic acid: do not confuse with SALIVARY PROTEINS, proteins found in saliva; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D012795
Sialography
MS = Radiography of the salivary glands or ducts following injection of contrast medium.
AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: SIALOGR
UI = D012796
Sialometaplasia, Necrotizing
MS = A benign, inflammatory, variably ulcerated, occasionally bilateral, self-healing lesion of the minor salivary glands that is often confused clinically and histologically with carcinoma.
AN = benign inflamm self-healing lesions of minor salivary glands
UI = D012797
Sialorrhea
MS = Increased salivary flow.
AN = "increased salivary flow"
UI = D012798
Sialyltransferases
MS = A group of enzymes with the general formula CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:acceptor N-acetylneuraminyl transferase. They catalyze the transfer of N-acetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid to an acceptor, which is usually the terminal sugar residue of an oligosaccharide, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid. EC 2.4.99.-.
UI = D012799
Siberia
UI = D012800
Sibling Relations
MS = Interactions and relationships between sisters and/or brothers. The concept also applies to animal studies.
AN = human & animal; DF: SIBLING RELAT
UI = D012801
Siblings
MS = Persons or animals having at least one parent in common. (American College Dictionary, 3d ed)
AN = use only when the subject of discussion
UI = D035781
Sicily
UI = D012802
Sick Building Syndrome
MS = A group of symptoms that are two- to three-fold more common in those who work in large, energy-efficient buildings, associated with an increased frequency of headaches, lethargy, and dry skin. Clinical manifestations include hypersensitivity pneumonitis (ALVEOLITIS, EXTRINSIC ALLERGIC); allergic rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL); ASTHMA; infections, skin eruptions, and mucous membrane irritation syndromes. Current usage tends to be less restrictive with regard to the type of building and delineation of complaints. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = coord IM with specific manifest if pertinent (IM)
UI = D018877
Sick Leave
MS = An absence from work permitted because of illness or the number of days per year for which an employer agrees to pay employees who are sick. (Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1981)
AN = permitted absence for sickness, often paid leave
UI = D018582
Sick Role
MS = Behavior patterns consistent with those expected of an individual functioning in a state of ill health.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012803
Sick Sinus Syndrome
MS = Dysfunction of the sinoatrial node manifested by persistent sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, sinoatrial exit block, chronic atrial fibrillation and inability of the heart to resume sinus rhythm following cardioversion for atrial fibrillation.
AN = sinus refers to sinoatrial node
UI = D012804
Sickle Cell Trait
MS = The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.
UI = D012805
Sickness Impact Profile
MS = A quality-of-life scale developed in the United States in 1972 as a measure of health status or dysfunction generated by a disease. It is a behaviorally based questionnaire for patients and addresses activities such as sleep and rest, mobility, recreation, home management, emotional behavior, social interaction, and the like. It measures the patient's perceived health status and is sensitive enough to detect changes or differences in health status occurring over time or between groups. (From Medical Care, vol.xix, no.8, August 1981, p.787-805)
AN = a health status indicator
UI = D018434
Sideritis
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that contains isoscutellarein-7-O-(allosyl(1-2)glucoside).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031365
Siderophores
MS = Low-molecular-weight compounds produced by microorganisms that aid in the transport and sequestration of ferric iron. (The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)
AN = an iron chelate produced by microorganisms
UI = D017262
Siderosis
MS = The deposition of iron in a tissue. In the eye, the iron may be deposited in the stroma adjacent to the Descemet's membrane.
AN = tissue deposition of iron; do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
UI = D012806
Sierra Leone
MS = A republic in western Africa, south of GUINEA and west of LIBERIA. Its capital is Freetown. Its coast was first visited by the Portuguese in 1462, later by English slave traders. In 1787 English philanthropists sponsored settlements on the coast for runaway and freed slaves. After a clash with the French in 1893 the region was acquired by treaty in 1895, proclaimed a protectorate in 1896, and achieved independence in 1961. The name is from the Spanish sierra (mountain chain) + leone (lion), meaning Lion Mountains, which refers not to the roar of lions (they are not found in this part of Africa) but to the noise from claps of thunder from storm clouds constantly surrounding the mountains. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1114 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p504)
AN = a republic in western Africa
UI = D012807
Sigma Factor
MS = A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It effects initiation of specific RNA chains from DNA.
AN = a transcription factor; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D012808
Sigmoid
AN = sigmoiditis = SIGMOID DISEASES (IM) + COLITIS (NIM) but note PROCTOSIGMOIDITIS see PROCTOCOLITIS & RECTOSIGMOIDITIS see PROCTOCOLITIS; diverticulosis & diverticulitis: see note on SIGMOID DISEASES
UI = D012809
Sigmoid Diseases
AN = inflamm dis: coord IM with COLITIS (NIM) but note PROCTOSIGMOIDITIS see PROCTOCOLITIS & RECTOSIGMOIDITIS see PROCTOCOLITIS; diverticula & diverticulosis: coord IM with DIVERTICULUM, COLON (IM); diverticulitis: coord IM with DIVERTICULITIS, COLONIC (IM)
UI = D012810
Sigmoid Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the SIGMOID.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D012811
Sigmoidoscopes
MS = Endoscopes for examining the interior of the sigmoid colon.
UI = D020694
Sigmoidoscopy
MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the sigmoid flexure.
UI = D012812
Sign Language
MS = A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012813
Signal Detection (Psychology)
MS = Psychophysical technique that permits the estimation of the bias of the observer as well as detectability of the signal (i.e., stimulus) in any sensory modality. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)
AN = restrict to psychol: do not use for detection of signals in telecommunication ( = TELECOMMUNICATIONS) or in cellular processes ( = CELL COMMUNICATION or SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION or related concepts); DF: SIGNAL DETECTION
UI = D017603
Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
MS = Computer-assisted processing of electric, ultrasonic, or electronic signals to interpret function and activity.
AN = IM
UI = D012815
Signal Recognition Particle
MS = A cytosolic ribonucleoprotein complex that acts to induce elongation arrest of nascent presecretory and membrane proteins until the ribosome becomes associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It consists of a 7S RNA and at least six polypeptide subunits (relative molecular masses 9, 14, 19, 54, 68, and 72K).
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D018271
Signal Transduction
MS = The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
AN = "inter- or intracellular transfer of information through a signal pathway"
UI = D015398
Signs and Symptoms
MS = Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient.
AN = not used for indexing
UI = D012816
Signs and Symptoms, Digestive
MS = Digestive system manifestations of diseases of the gastrointestinal system or of other organs.
AN = not used for indexing or cataloging; see specific digestive diseases in C6
UI = D012817
Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory
MS = Respiratory system manifestations of diseases of the respiratory tract or of other organs.
AN = not used for indexing
UI = D012818
Sikkim
UI = D012819
Silage
MS = Fodder converted into succulent feed for livestock through processes of anaerobic fermentation (as in a silo).
AN = "fodder converted into succulent feed for livestock"
UI = D012820
Silanes
MS = Compounds similar to hydrocarbons in which a tetravalent silicon atom replaces the carbon atom. They are very reactive, ignite in air, and form useful derivatives.
UI = D012821
Silencer Elements, Transcriptional
MS = Nucleic acid sequences that are involved in the negative regulation of TRANSCRIPTION by CHROMATIN SILENCING.
UI = D037941
Silene
MS = A plant genus of the family CARYOPHYLLACEAE. The common name of campion is also used with LYCHNIS. The common name of 'pink' can be confused with other plants.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029751
Silent Information Regulator Proteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
MS = A set of nuclear proteins in SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE that are required for the transcriptional repression of the silent mating type loci. They mediate the formation of silenced CHROMATIN and repress both transcription and recombination at other loci as well. They are comprised of 4 non-homologous, interacting proteins, Sir1p, Sir2p, Sir3p, and Sir4p. Sir2p, an NAD-dependent HISTONE DEACETYLASE, is the founding member of the family of SIRTUINS.
UI = D038281
Silicate Cement
MS = A relatively hard, translucent, restorative material used primarily in anterior teeth. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p50)
AN = a dent cement; D25-26 qualif
UI = D012823
Silicates
MS = The generic term for salts derived from silica or the silicic acids. They contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals, and may contain hydrogen. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th Ed)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D017640
Silicic Acid
MS = Hydrated silicon dioxide that occurs in nature. It is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D012824
Silicon
MS = Silicon. A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09.
AN = a trace element; Si-28; do not confuse with SILICA or SILICONES; TN 172: differentiation among silic- terms; Si-29, 30 = SILICON (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Si-26, 27, 31, 32 = SILICON (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM); lung dis from various silicon dusts = SILICOSIS
UI = D012825
Silicon Compounds
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain silicon as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: SILICON CPDS
UI = D017655
Silicon Dioxide
MS = Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, QUARTZ, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid.
AN = note X ref: do not confuse with SILICON; TN 172: differentiation among silic- terms; see MeSH definition for names of common forms of silicon dioxide
UI = D012822
Silicone Elastomers
MS = Polymers of silicone that are formed by crosslinking and treatment with amorphous silica to increase strength. They have properties similar to vulcanized natural rubber, in that they stretch under tension, retract rapidly, and fully recover to their original dimensions upon release. They are used in the encapsulation of surgical membranes and implants.
AN = silicones in breast implants probably goes under SILICONE GELS or here if specified as elastomers; for prosthetic implants do not use /ther use; ELASTOMERS is available
UI = D012826
Silicone Gels
MS = Synthetic organosiloxane gels that are formed from synthetic polymers of silicone oxide with organic sidechains (polydimethylsiloxane) by lengthening the polymer chains. Unlike silicone elastomers, they are not treated with amorphous silica. They are used as fillers in breast implants.
AN = silicones in breast implants probably goes here unless specified as elastomers (SILICONE ELASTOMERS); for prosthetic implants do not use /ther use
UI = D020034
Silicone Oils
MS = Organic siloxanes which are polymerized to the oily stage. The oils have low surface tension and density less than 1. They are used in industrial applications and in the treatment of retinal detachment, complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
UI = D012827
Silicones
MS = A broad family of synthetic organosiloxane polymers containing a repeating silicon-oxygen backbone with organic side groups attached via carbon-silicon bonds. Depending on their structure, they are classified as liquids, gels, and elastomers. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)
AN = in breast implants use SILICONE GELS or SILICONE ELASTOMERS; do not confuse with SILICON
UI = D012828
Silicosis
MS = Pneumoconiosis due to the inhalation of dust of stone, sand, or flint containing silicon dioxide, with formation of generalized, nodular fibrotic changes in both lungs. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = pneumoconiosis from silicon dioxide (in stone, sand, flint); do not use /chem ind for dust causing this dis: use /etiol; ANTHRACOSILICOSIS & SILICOTUBERCULOSIS are also available; do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
UI = D012829
Silicotuberculosis
MS = Tuberculosis of the silicotic lung.
AN = tuberc in the silicotic lung; do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
UI = D012830
Silkworms
MS = Moths of the family Bombycidae of the order LEPIDOPTERA, called silkworm moths. The family contains a single species, Bombyx mori from the Greek for silkworm + mulberry tree (on which it feeds). A native of Asia, it is sometimes reared in this country. It has long been raised for its silk and after centuries of domestication it probably does not exist in nature. It is used extensively in experimental genetics. (From Borror et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p519)
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D012831
Silo Filler's Disease
MS = Pneumonia or bronchiolitis caused by inhalation of nitrogen dioxide released by silage.
AN = agric worker's pneumonia or bronchiolitis from silage inhalation
UI = D012832
Siloxanes
MS = Silicon polymers that contain alternate silicon and oxygen atoms in linear or cyclic molecular structures.
AN = silicon polymers; D25-26 qualif
UI = D012833
Silver
MS = Silver. An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.
AN = Ag-107; Ag-109 = SILVER (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Ag-102-106, 108, 110-117 = SILVER (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D012834
Silver Compounds
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain silver as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: SILVER CPDS
UI = D018030
Silver Nitrate
MS = A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHAMALIAL NEONATORUM.
AN = a local anti-infective agent; /diag use: this is probably SILVER STAINING (see note there)
UI = D012835
Silver Proteins
MS = Compounds of silver and proteins used as topical anti-infective agents.
AN = anti-infective agents
UI = D012836
Silver Staining
MS = The use of silver, usually silver nitrate, as a reagent for producing contrast or coloration in tissue specimens.
AN = usually silver nitrate is the reagent in the staining so do not coord with SILVER NITRATE
UI = D016622
Silver Sulfadiazine
MS = Antibacterial used topically in burn therapy.
UI = D012837
Silymarin
MS = A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of silybin and its isomers, silicristin and silidianin. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent.
UI = D012838
Simarouba
MS = A plant genus of the family SIMAROUBACEAE. Members produce quassinoids.
AN = X ref QUASSIA SIMAROUBA: QUASSIA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032272
Simaroubaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Sapindales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Leaves are alternate and compound. Most have small flowers, bitter bark, and fleshy fruits that are sometimes winged. Members contain QUASSINS.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029641
Simazine
MS = A triazine herbicide.
UI = D012839
Simbu virus
MS = A species in the BUNYAVIRUS genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE family. Previously a large group of serotypes, most are now considered separate species.
AN = infection: coord IM with BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D012840
Simethicone
MS = A mixture of dimethyl polysiloxanes and silica gel used as an antiflatulent. Without the addition of silica gel (dimethicone), it is used as an ointment base ingredient and skin protectant.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D012841
Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
MS = Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs naturally in macaques infected with SRV serotypes, experimentally in monkeys inoculated with SRV or MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS; (MPMV), or in monkeys infected with SIV.
AN = coord IM with RETROVIRUSES, SIMIAN or a specific (IM) or MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS (IM) or SIV (IM) if pertinent; DF: note short X ref
UI = D016097
Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1
MS = A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2, closely related to the human HTLV-1 virus. The clinical, hematological, and histopathological characteristics of the disease in STLV-infected monkeys are very similar to those of human adult T-cell leukemia. Subgroups include the African green monkey subtype (STLV-I-AGM), for which the nucleotide sequence is 95% homologous with that of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1, and the Asian rhesus macaque subtype (STLV-I-MM), for which the nucleotide sequence is 90% homologous with that of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.
AN = infection: coord IM with DELTARETROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D015303
Simian T-lymphotropic virus 2
MS = A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2 isolated from Congolese bonobos (PAN PANISCUS).
AN = infection: coord IM with DELTARETROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) if pertinent
UI = D030281
Simian virus 40
MS = A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.
AN = X ref SV40 VIRUS is from Simian Vacuolating virus; infection: coord IM with POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D013539
Simplexvirus
MS = A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. The type species is HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN.
AN = note X ref HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS: HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1 and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2 are also available; do not confuse X ref HERPESVIRUS 1, SAIMIRINE with HERPESVIRUS 2, SAIMIRINE; infection = HERPES SIMPLEX or its indentions
UI = D018139
Simuliidae
MS = Several species of the genus Simulium (family Simuliidae) that act as intermediate hosts (vectors) for the parasitic disease ONCHOCERCIASIS.
AN = a family of flies, including black flies & buffalo gnats; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D012843
Simvastatin
MS = A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL-cholesterol (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL CHOLESTEROL).
UI = D019821
Sin Nombre virus
MS = A species of HANTAVIRUS which emerged in the Four Corners area of the United States in 1993. It causes a serious, often fatal pulmonary illness (HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME) in humans. Transmission is by inhaling aerosolized rodent secretions that contain virus particles, carried especially by deer mice (PEROMYSCUS maniculatus) and pinyon mice (P. truei).
AN = infection = HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME
UI = D029261
Sinapis
MS = A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE. The common name of white mustard sometimes refers to other plants (MUSTARD).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031226
Sincalide
MS = An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.
AN = do not confuse with Sincaline ( = CHOLINE)
UI = D012844
Sindbis Virus
MS = The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.
AN = infection: coord IM with ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D012845
Singapore
UI = D012846
Single Parent
MS = A natural, adoptive, or substitute parent of a dependent child, who lives with only one parent. The single parent may live with or visit the child. The concept includes the never-married, as well as the divorced and widowed.
AN = never-married, divorced or widowed: read MeSH definition
UI = D015406
Single Person
MS = The unmarried man or woman.
AN = /psychol permitted; does not include "celibacy": CELIBACY see SEXUAL ABSTINENCE; "unwed parent" = PARENTS (IM) + ILLEGITIMACY (IM); SINGLE PARENT is also available
UI = D012847
Single-Blind Method
MS = A method in which either the observer(s) or the subject(s) is kept ignorant of the group to which the subjects are assigned.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); when pertinent add CLINICAL TRIAL (PT) or RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (PT); do not index also under PLACEBOS unless particularly discussed; no qualif
UI = D016037
Single-Parent Family
MS = A household that includes children and is headed by one adult.
UI = D020954
Single-Payer System
MS = An approach to health care financing with only one source of money for paying health care providers. The scope may be national (the Canadian System), state-wide, or community-based. The payer may be a governmental unit or other entity such as an insurance company. The proposed advantages include administrative simplicity for patients and providers, and resulting significant savings in overhead costs. (From Slee and Slee, Health Care Reform Terms, 1993, p106)
AN = a type of organized health-care financing
UI = D018855
Singlet Oxygen
MS = An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS, PROTEINS, and LIPIDS causing oxidative damages.
UI = D026082
Sinoatrial Block
MS = Disturbance of heart conduction in which the atrial response is delayed or omitted because of partial or complete interference with the propagation of impulses from the sinoatrial node to the atria.
UI = D012848
Sinoatrial Node
MS = The small mass of modified cardiac muscle fibers located at the junction of the superior vena cava (VENA CAVA, SUPERIOR) and right atrium. Contraction impulses probably start in this node, spread over the atrium (HEART ATRIUM) and are then transmitted by the atrioventricular bundle (BUNDLE OF HIS) to the ventricle (HEART VENTRICLE).
UI = D012849
Sinomenium
MS = A plant genus of the family MENISPERMACEAE. Members contain sinomenine, caffeine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, and other ALKALOIDS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032841
Sinorhizobium
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, nonsporeforming rods which usually contain granules of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D020579
Sinorhizobium meliloti
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of sweet clover, MEDICAGO SATIVA, and fenugreek.
UI = D016962
Sinus of Valsalva
MS = The dilatation of the aortic wall behind each of the cusps of the aortic valve.
AN = aneurysm: coord IM with AORTIC ANEURYSM (IM); ruptured aneurysm of sinus: coord IM with AORTIC RUPTURE (IM)
UI = D012850
Sinus Pericranii
MS = Rare vascular anomaly involving an abnormal communication between the extracranial and intracranial circulations involving the venous dura sinuses. It is often present in childhood and can be congenital or traumatic in origin.
UI = D020779
Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial
MS = Thrombus formation in an intracranial venous sinus, including the superior sagittal, cavernous, lateral, and petrous sinuses. Etiologies include thrombosis due to infection, DEHYDRATION, coagulation disorders (see THROMBOPHILIA), and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
AN = note specific indentions
UI = D012851
Sinusitis
MS = An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism.
AN = IM; sinusitis of specific sinus is also available (e.g., ETHMOID SINUSITIS)
UI = D012852
Siphoviridae
MS = A family of BACTERIOPHAGES and ARCHAEAL VIRUSES which are characterized by long, non-contractile tails.
AN = coord with specific bacterium /virol or specific Archaea /virol; note X refs; BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDA is also available
UI = D017906
Sirenia
MS = An order of heavy-bodied, slow-moving, completely aquatic, herbivorous mammals. The body is fusiform, plump, and hairless, except for bristles on the snout. Hindlimbs are absent, the forelimbs are modified to flippers, and the tail is a horizontal fluke. (From Scott, Concise Encyclopedia Biology, 1996)
UI = D020453
Sirolimus
MS = A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.
UI = D020123
Sirtuins
MS = A homologous family of proteins that includes the NAD-dependent protein deacetylases which deacetylate proteins by catalyzing the formation of O-acetyl-ADP-ribose from the ADP-RIBOSE moiety (of NAD) and the acetyl group that is being removed from the protein. Sir2p, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is the founding member and the family includes other homologs (HSTs - homologs of Sir Two). Some HISTONE DEACETYLASES (the Sir2-like HDACs) belong to this family of proteins.
AN = note specific sirtuins in SCR
UI = D037761
Sisomicin
MS = Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).
UI = D012853
Sister Chromatid Exchange
MS = An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in BLOOM SYNDROME.
UI = D012854
Site-Specific DNA Methyltransferase (Cytosine-Specific)
MS = An enzyme responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern on cytosine residues in a specific short base sequence in the host cell's DNA. The enzyme catalyzes the methylation of DNA cytosine in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to form S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and DNA containing 5-methylcytosine. EC 2.1.1.73.
AN = do not confuse with DNA (CYTOSINE-5-)-METHYLTRANSFERASE
UI = D015257
Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific)
MS = An enzyme responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern on adenine residues in a specific short base sequence in the host cell DNA. The enzyme catalyzes the methylation of DNA adenine in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to form DNA containing 6-methylaminopurine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. EC 2.1.1.72.
UI = D015265
Sitosterols
MS = A family of sterols commonly found in plants and plant oils. Alpha-, beta-, and gamma-isomers have been characterized.
AN = plant sterols
UI = D012855
Situs Inversus
MS = Lateral transposition of the viscera of the thorax and abdomen. It has a familial pattern and consanguineous parents have been reported. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = lateral transposition of the viscera; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D012857
SIV
MS = Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV. SIV is 50% homologous in nucleotide sequence to HIV-1. SIV and HIV-2 exhibit close structural and immunologic properties and are 75% homologous. SIV does not cause immune deficiency in its natural host, the African green monkey, but does produce SAIDS in the rhesus macaque.
AN = do not confuse SIV with Swine influenza virus see INFLUENZA A VIRUS, PORCINE; infection = SAIDS often a model for AIDS
UI = D015302
Size Perception
MS = The sensory interpretation of the dimensions of objects.
UI = D012858
Sizofiran
MS = A beta-D-glucan obtained from the Aphyllophoral fungus Schizophyllum commune. It is used as an immunoadjuvant in the treatment of neoplasms, especially tumors found in the stomach.
AN = /biosyn permitted if by living matter
UI = D012566
Sjogren's Syndrome
MS = Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.
AN = a form of rheum arthritis; do not confuse with SJOGREN-LARSSON SYNDROME, a form of ichthyosis; in titles & translations, use diacrit: Sjogren
UI = D012859
Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome
MS = Rare syndrome of autosomal recessive inheritance characterized by ichthyosis, mental retardation, and spastic pyramidal symptoms. It is associated with a defect in fatty alcohol metabolism.
AN = a type of ichthyosis: do not confuse with SJOGREN'S SYNDROME; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; in titles & translations use diacrit: Sjögren-Larsson
UI = D016111
SK&F-38393
MS = A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.
UI = D015647
Skates (Fish)
MS = The common name for all members of the Rajidae family. Skates and rays are members of the same order (Rajiformes). Skates have weak electric organs.
AN = do not confuse X ref RAYS (FISH) with ELECTRIC RAY see TORPEDO
UI = D012860
Skating
MS = Using ice skates, roller skates, or skateboards in racing or other competition or for recreation.
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1
UI = D012861
Skatole
UI = D012862
Skeletal Muscle Myosins
MS = Myosin type II isoforms found in skeletal muscle.
UI = D024744
Skeletal Muscle Ventricle
MS = Autologous skeletal muscle that is wrapped around the heart and electrically stimulated in order to provide mechanical heart assistance. The latissimus dorsi muscle is commonly used to form this ventricle that functions to independently augment cardiac performance by pumping in series with the heart.
AN = autol skeletal musc wrapped around heart & electrically stimulated to provide mechanical heart assist
UI = D019739
Skeleton
AN = the bony frame as a whole; avoid: use BONE AND BONES; "skeletal" in titles is probably "bone", "bone tissue" or "osseous" which = BONE AND BONES: TN 173; no qualif
UI = D012863
Skiing
MS = A snow sport which uses skis to glide over the snow. It does not include water-skiing.
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; does not include water-skiing (index under SPORTS)
UI = D012865
Skilled Nursing Facilities
MS = Extended care facilities which provide skilled nursing care or rehabilitation services for inpatients on a daily basis.
UI = D012866
Skin
MS = The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
AN = for animal tissue in wound ther see note on BIOLOGICAL DRESSINGS; inflammation = DERMATITIS & its specifics; dryness of skin: index under SKIN DISEASES & do not interpret as XERODERMA see ICHTHYOSIS without clues from text
UI = D012867
Skin Abnormalities
MS = Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin.
AN = for congen struct abnorm only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: SKIN ABNORM
UI = D012868
Skin Absorption
UI = D012869
Skin Aging
MS = The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.
UI = D015595
Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases
MS = A collective term for diseases of the skin and its appendages and of connective tissue.
AN = not used for indexing; DF: SKIN CONNECTIVE TISSUE DIS CATALOG: do not use
UI = D017437
Skin Care
MS = Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer.
AN = IM; coord with specific agent used in the care, as SOAPS; OINTMENTS; DETERGENTS; etc. (IM or NIM) or specific type of care, as BATHS (IM or NIM) or specific ther agent (IM or NIM)
UI = D017592
Skin Diseases
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; X ref DERMATOSES is sometimes used loosely for "dermatitis", strictly speaking an inflamm dis: check text carefully; /drug ther: consider also DERMATOLOGIC AGENTS; inflamm dis = DERMATITIS & its specifics; dryness of skin goes here: do not interpret as XERODERMA see ICHTHYOSIS without clues from text; also available are FACIAL DERMATOSES; FOOT DERMATOSES; HAND DERMATOSES; LEG DERMATOSES & SCALP DERMATOSES
UI = D012871
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
MS = Skin diseases caused by bacteria.
AN = GEN or unspecified; coord IM with precoord bact infect (IM)
UI = D017192
Skin Diseases, Eczematous
MS = Any of a variety of eruptive skin disorders characterized by erythema, oozing, vesiculation, and scaling. Etiology is varied.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer ECZEMA or specific eczematous skin dis
UI = D017443
Skin Diseases, Genetic
MS = Diseases of the skin with a genetic component, usually the result of various inborn errors of metabolism.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: SKIN DIS GENET
UI = D012873
Skin Diseases, Infectious
MS = Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific infect dis (IM) + site (NIM) but note precoord site terms in note on SKIN DISEASES; bacterial = SKIN DISEASES, BACTERIAL, viral = SKIN DISEASES, VIRAL, parasitic = SKIN DISEASES, PARASITIC, fungal = DERMATOMYCOSES
UI = D012874
Skin Diseases, Metabolic
MS = Diseases of the skin associated with underlying metabolic disorders.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: SKIN DIS METAB
UI = D012875
Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous
MS = A group of dermatoses with distinct morphologic features. The primary lesion is most commonly a papule, usually erythematous, with a variable degree of scaling on the surface. Plaques form through the coalescing of primary lesions.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D017444
Skin Diseases, Parasitic
MS = Skin diseases caused by arthropods, helminths, or protozoa.
AN = IM; coord with specific parasitic dis (IM) + site (NIM) but see precoord site terms in note under SKIN DISEASES; ECTOPARASITIC INFESTATIONS is available for parasites on or within the skin
UI = D012876
Skin Diseases, Vascular
MS = Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.
AN = note X ref: livedo reticularis + cerebrovasc disord = SNEDDON SYNDROME
UI = D017445
Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous
MS = Skin diseases characterized by local or general distributions of blisters. They are classified according to the site and mode of blister formation. Lesions can appear spontaneously or be precipitated by infection, trauma, or sunlight. Etiologies include immunologic and genetic factors. (From Scientific American Medicine, 1990)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse X ref SNEDDON-WILKINSON DISEASE with SNEDDON SYNDROME
UI = D012872
Skin Diseases, Viral
MS = Skin diseases caused by viruses.
AN = GEN or unspecified; coord IM with precoord viral infect (IM)
UI = D017193
Skin Irritancy Tests
MS = Tests or bioassays that measure the skin sensitization potential of various chemicals.
UI = D023422
Skin Manifestations
MS = Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.
AN = not used for indexing since 1989; prior to 1989 used for skin manifest of non-skin diseases
UI = D012877
Skin Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neoplasm (IM); coord also with site (NIM) if merely locational but for neoplasms of the head or neck, coord IM with HEAD AND NECK NEOPLASMS or specifics (IM)
UI = D012878
Skin Physiology
MS = The functions of the skin in the human and animal body. It includes the pigmentation of the skin and its appendages.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: SKIN PHYSIOL
UI = D012879
Skin Pigmentation
MS = Coloration of the skin.
UI = D012880
Skin Temperature
UI = D012881
Skin Test End-Point Titration
MS = A quantitative form of intradermal testing for the relative allergenicity of a substance. It is used to determine the amount of an allergen that will be tolerated in immunotherapy.
AN = a type of intradermal allergy test; DF: STEPT
UI = D015927
Skin Tests
MS = Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity.
AN = NIM
UI = D012882
Skin Transplantation
MS = The grafting of skin in humans or animals from one site to another to replace a lost portion of the body surface skin.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS or TRANSPLANTATION, HETEROTOPIC unless particularly discussed
UI = D016038
Skin Ulcer
UI = D012883
Skin Window Technique
AN = IM; no qualif
UI = D012884
Skin, Artificial
MS = Synthetic material used for the treatment of burns and other conditions involving large-scale loss of skin. It often consists of an outer (epidermal) layer of silicone and an inner (dermal) layer of collagen and chondroitin 6-sulfate. The dermal layer elicits new growth and vascular invasion and the outer layer is later removed and replaced by a graft.
AN = to stimulate new skin growth before replacement by graft
UI = D017768
Skinfold Thickness
MS = The measurement of subcutaneous fat located directly beneath the skin by grasping a fold of skin and subcutaneous fat between the thumb and forefinger and pulling it away from the underlying muscle tissue. The thickness of the double layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue is then read with a caliper. The five most frequently measured sites are the upper arm, below the scapula, above the hip bone, the abdomen, and the thigh. Its application is the determination of relative fatness, of changes in physical conditioning programs, and of the percentage of body fat in desirable body weight. (From McArdle, et al., Exercise Physiology, 2d ed, p496-8)
AN = a measurement of body fat; no qualif
UI = D012885
Skull
MS = The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.
AN = bony part of head only; differentiate from HEAD & FACE; "cranial" is SKULL; /abnorm: consider also CRANIOFACIAL ABNORMALITIES; /anat: consider also CEPHALOMETRY (living skull) & CRANIOMETRY (dead skull); /inj "cranio-cerebral inj" is CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA (or its specifics) only & not also here unless particularly discussed; /surg: consider also CRANIOTOMY & TREPHINING; "craniofacial dysmorphism" or "craniofacial fibrous dysplasia": index under FACIAL BONES (IM) + SKULL (IM) + FIBROUS DYSLPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC (IM)
UI = D012886
Skull Base
MS = The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; NIM when merely locational; neopl = SKULL BASE NEOPLASMS
UI = D019291
Skull Base Neoplasms
MS = Neoplasms of the base of the skull specifically, differentiated from neoplasms of unspecified sites or bones of the skull (SKULL NEOPLASMS).
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D019292
Skull Fracture, Basilar
MS = Fractures which extend through the base of the SKULL, usually involving the PETROUS BONE. Battle's sign (characterized by skin discoloration due to extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissue behind the ear and over the mastoid process), CRANIAL NEUROPATHIES, TRAUMATIC; CAROTID-CAVERNOUS SINUS FISTULA; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OTORRHEA are relatively frequent sequelae of this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p876)
AN = coord (IM) with specific bone in the skull/inj (IM) if pertinent
UI = D020205
Skull Fracture, Depressed
MS = A skull fracture characterized by inward depression of a fragment or section of cranial bone, often compressing the underlying dura mater and brain. Depressed cranial fractures which feature open skin wounds that communicate with skull fragments are referred to as compound depressed skull fractures.
AN = coord (IM) with specific bone in the skull/inj (IM) if pertinent
UI = D020204
Skull Fractures
MS = Fractures of the skull which may result from penetrating or nonpenetrating head injuries or rarely BONE DISEASES (see also FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS). Skull fractures may be classified by location (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR), radiographic appearance (e.g., linear), or based upon cranial integrity (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, DEPRESSED).
AN = GEN; fractures of specific bones of the skull: coord IM with specific bone/inj (IM)
UI = D012887
Skull Neoplasms
MS = Neoplasms of the bony part of the skull.
AN = of bony part of skull only: do not confuse with HEAD AND NECK NEOPLASMS or FACIAL NEOPLASMS; "intracranial tumors" is probably BRAIN NEOPLASMS, not SKULL NEOPLASMS; GEN: prefer specifics; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); SKULL BASE NEOPLASMS is also available
UI = D012888
Skunks
MS = Omnivorous New World mammals of the family Mustelidae, showing typical warning coloration of patterned black and white and able to eject a malodorous secretion when the animal is startled or in danger.
AN = IM; qualif permitted
UI = D012889
Sleep
MS = A readily reversible suspension of sensorimotor interaction with the environment, usually associated with recumbency and immobility.
UI = D012890
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
MS = Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APENA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.
AN = DF: SLEEP APNEA
UI = D012891
Sleep Apnea, Central
MS = A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration. This condition may be idiopathic (primary) or associated with lower brain stem lesions; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (LUNG DISEASES, OBSTRUCTIVE); HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE; medication effect; and other conditions. Sleep maintenance is impaired, resulting in daytime hypersomnolence. Primary central sleep apnea is frequently associated with obstructive sleep apnea. When both forms are present the condition is referred to as mixed sleep apnea (see SLEEP APNEA SYNDROMES). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395; Neurol Clin 1996;14(3):611-28)
UI = D020182
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
MS = A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac ARRHYTHMIA and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)
UI = D020181
Sleep Arousal Disorders
MS = Sleep disorders characterized by impaired arousal from the deeper stages of sleep (generally stage III or IV sleep).
UI = D020921
Sleep Bruxism
MS = A sleep disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth and forceful lateral or protrusive jaw movements. Sleep bruxism may be associated with TOOTH INJURIES; TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS; sleep disturbances; and other conditions.
AN = BRUXISM is also available
UI = D020186
Sleep Deprivation
MS = The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder.
AN = do not confuse with SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS, inability to fall asleep or sleep
UI = D012892
Sleep Disorders
MS = Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. Sleep disorders may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and sleep disorders secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
UI = D012893
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm
MS = Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.
UI = D020178
Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic
MS = Dyssomnias (i.e., insomnias or hypersomnias) associated with dysfunction of internal sleep mechanisms or secondary to a sleep-related medical disorder (e.g., sleep apnea, post-traumatic sleep disorders, etc.). (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
UI = D020919
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
MS = Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.
AN = do not confuse with SLEEP DEPRIVATION, being deprived of sleep or prevented from sleeping; usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE
UI = D007319
Sleep Paralysis
MS = A common condition characterized by transient partial or total paralysis of skeletal muscles and areflexia that occurs upon awakening from sleep or less often while falling asleep. Stimuli such as touch or sound may terminate the episode, which usually has a duration of seconds to minutes. This condition may occur in normal subjects or be associated with NARCOLEPSY; CATAPLEXY; and hypogogic HALLUCINATIONS. The pathophysiology of this condition is closely related to the normal hypotonia that occur during REM sleep. (From Adv Neurol 1995;67:245-271)
UI = D020188
Sleep Stages
MS = Periods of sleep manifested by changes in EEG activity and certain behavioral correlates; includes Stage 1: sleep onset, drowsy sleep; Stage 2: light sleep; Stages 3 and 4: delta sleep, light sleep, deep sleep, telencephalic sleep.
UI = D012894
Sleep, REM
MS = A stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low voltage fast pattern EEG. It is usually associated with dreaming.
UI = D012895
Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders
MS = Parasomnias characterized by behavioral abnormalities that occur during the transition between wakefulness and sleep (or between sleep and wakefulness).
UI = D020922
Sloths
MS = Slow-moving exclusively arboreal mammals that inhabit the tropical forests of South and Central America.
AN = IM; qualif permitted
UI = D012896
Slovakia
MS = Created 1 January 1993 as a result of the division of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
UI = D018154
Slovenia
MS = Created 7 April 1992 as a result of the division of Yugoslavia.
UI = D017524
Slow Virus Diseases
MS = Diseases of viral origin, characterized by incubation periods of months to years, insidious onset of clinical manifestations, and protracted clinical course. Though the disease process is protracted, viral multiplication may not be unusually slow. Conventional viruses produce slow virus diseases such as SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL), and AIDS. Diseases produced by unconventional agents were originally considered part of this group. They are now called PRION DISEASES.
AN = caused by viruses incubating months to years; some dis formerly called slow virus dis are now considered prion dis: see note there; GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
UI = D012897
Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins
MS = A class of structurally related proteins of 12-20 kD in size. They covalently modify specific proteins in a manner analogous to UBIQUITIN.
UI = D025841
Small-Area Analysis
MS = A method of analyzing the variation in utilization of health care in small geographic or demographic areas. It often studies, for example, the usage rates for a given service or procedure in several small areas, documenting the variation among the areas. By comparing high- and low-use areas, the analysis attempts to determine whether there is a pattern to such use and to identify variables that are associated with and contribute to the variation.
AN = restrict to small geog or demog areas; no qualif; DF: SMALL AREA ANAL
UI = D017062
Smallpox
MS = An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = caused by a poxvirus
UI = D012899
Smallpox Vaccine
MS = A live VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine of calf lymph or chick embryo origin, used for immunization against smallpox. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to smallpox virus. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Complications that result from smallpox vaccination include vaccinia, secondary bacterial infections, and encephalomyelitis. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D012900
Smear Layer
MS = Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.
AN = note category: in dent cavity prep; no qualif
UI = D016369
Smegma
MS = A foul-smelling accumulation of SEBUM and desquaminated epidermal cells, especially the cheesy substance found under the foreskin of the penis and at the base of the labia minor near the clitoris.
UI = D012902
Smegmamorpha
MS = Group of fish under the superorder Acanthopterygii, separate from the PERCIFORMES, which includes swamp eels, mullets, sticklebacks, seahorses, spiny eels, rainbowfishes, and KILLIFISHES. The name is derived from the six taxa which comprise the group. (From http://www.nanfa.org/articles/Elassoma/elassoma.htm, 8/4/2000)
AN = note X ref SWAMP EELS; EELS is also available
UI = D023701
Smell
MS = The sensation or perception of scents or odors.
UI = D012903
Smilacaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Liliales, subclass Liliidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledon).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029642
Smilacina
MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. The cluster of flowers at the end of the stalk distinguishes this plant from "true" Solomon's seal (POLYGONATUM), which has flowers that grow along the stem.
AN = SMILACINA, FALSE and SOLOMON SEAL see POLYGONATUM is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031401
Smilax
MS = A plant genus of the family SMILACACEAE. Members contain smiglasides (phenylpropanoid glycosides) and steroidal saponins. Commercially it is sometimes adulterated with HEMIDESMUS, which would affect experimental results.
AN = X ref SARSAPARILLA: SARSAPARILLA, WILD see ARALIA and SARSAPARILLA, EAST INDIAN see HEMIDESMUS are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032281
Smiling
MS = A facial expression which may denote feelings of pleasure, affection, amusement, etc.
UI = D012904
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome
MS = Autosomal recessive disorder characterized by multiple congenital anomalies including microcephaly, mental retardation, unusual facies, and genital abnormalities. The biochemical defect is a lack of 7-dehydrocholesterol-delta-7-reductase, resulting in abnormally high levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol and low levels of cholesterol.
AN = an inborn error of lipid metab; the syndrome is named for the authors first describing it, the X ref RSH SYNDROME refers to the initials of the surnames of the first 3 patients
UI = D019082
Smog
MS = A mixture of smoke and fog polluting the atmosphere. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = IM
UI = D012905
Smoke
AN = smoke in any environment, not restricted to industrial smokes; can refer to smoke-filled rooms, elevators, trains, aircraft, from any source including fires, tobacco, etc.; coord IM or NIM with source of smoke (tobacco smoke = TOBACCO + SMOKE but remember TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION is available) provided emphasis is on the nature, composition or eff of the smoke; /adv eff: consider also SMOKE INHALATION INJURY
UI = D012906
Smoke Inhalation Injury
MS = Pulmonary injury following the breathing in of toxic smoke from burning materials such as plastics, synthetics, building materials, etc. This injury is the most frequent cause of death in burn patients.
AN = BURNS, INHALATION is also available; DF: SMOKE INHAL INJ
UI = D015208
Smoking
MS = Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of tobacco or something similar to tobacco.
AN = almost exclusively tobacco smoking: not for smoking marijuana ( = MARIJUANA SMOKING); smokers' patches, smokers' tongue = LEUKOPLAKIA, ORAL; cancer caused by smoking = organ/neopl term with /etiol (not /chem ind) + SMOKING /adv eff (not TOBACCO USE DISORDER); passive smoking = TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION; SMOKING CESSATION is also available
UI = D012907
Smoking Cessation
MS = Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke.
AN = TOBACCO USE CESSATION is also available
UI = D016540
Smooth Muscle Myosins
MS = Myosin type II isoforms found in smooth muscle.
UI = D024745
Smooth Muscle Tumor
MS = A tumor composed of smooth muscle tissue, as opposed to leiomyoma, a tumor derived from smooth muscle.
AN = a specific histol type: do not confuse with NEOPLASMS, MUSCLE TISSUE, a group histol term, or with LEIOMYOMA (see MeSH definition); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); restricted use: Manual 24.2.2.5
UI = D018235
Snails
MS = Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial mollusks of the class Gastropoda. Most have an enclosing spiral shell, and several genera harbor parasites pathogenic to man.
AN = as animal & food; IM; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D012908
Snake Bites
MS = Bites by snakes. The condition of having been bitten by a venomous snake, characterized by stinging pain at the wound puncture. The venom injected at the site of the bite is capable of producing a deleterious effect on the blood or on the nervous system. (Webster's 3d ed; from Dorland, 27th ed, at snake, venomous)
AN = IM; coord with specific available snake family or genus (IM); ther with antivenins is /ther, not /drug ther
UI = D012909
Snake Venoms
MS = Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors.
AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer the many specifics: common & scientific names of venomous snakes to identify specific SNAKE VENOMS term: TN 241; coord IM with specific available snake family or genus (IM); /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted; do not use qualif when coord with ANTIVENINS
UI = D012910
Snakes
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific families or genera; IM; qualif permitted; TN 241: common & scientific names of venomous snakes to identify specific SNAKE VENOMS terms
UI = D012911
Sneddon Syndrome
MS = A systemic non-inflammatory arteriopathy primarily of middle-aged females characterized by the association of livedo reticularis, multiple thrombotic CEREBRAL INFARCTION; CORONARY DISEASE, and HYPERTENSION. Elevation of antiphospholipid antibody titers (see also ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME), cardiac valvulopathy, ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; SEIZURES; DEMENTIA; and chronic ischemia of the extremities may also occur. Pathologic examination of affected arteries reveals non-inflammatory adventitial fibrosis, thrombosis, and changes in the media. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p861; Arch Neurol 1997 Jan;54(1):53-60)
AN = do not confuse with SNEDDON-WILKINSON DISEASE see SKIN DISEASES, VESICULOBULLOUS
UI = D018860
Sneezing
MS = Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.
UI = D012912
Snoring
MS = Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.
AN = note category
UI = D012913
Snow
AN = no qualif
UI = D012914
Snow Sports
MS = Sports activities in the snow.
AN = /inj: coord with specific injury (IM)
UI = D038161
Soaps
MS = Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D012915
Soccer
MS = A game in which a round inflated ball is advanced by kicking or propelling with any part of the body except the hands or arms. The object of the game is to place the ball in opposite goals.
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1; includes non-North American "football"; does not include rugby (RUGBY see FOOTBALL)
UI = D012916
Social Adjustment
MS = Adaptation of the person to the social environment. Adjustment may take place by adapting the self to the environment or by changing the environment. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996)
AN = no qualif
UI = D012917
Social Alienation
MS = The state of estrangement individuals feel in cultural settings that they view as foreign, unpredictable, or unacceptable.
UI = D012918
Social Behavior
MS = Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species.
AN = human & animal; no qualif; note X ref HARASSMENT, NONSEXUAL for bullying, repeated mischievous or deleterious acts, etc.
UI = D012919
Social Behavior Disorders
MS = Behaviors which are at variance with the expected social norm and which affect other individuals.
AN = human only
UI = D012920
Social Change
MS = Social process whereby the values, attitudes, or institutions of society, such as education, family, religion, and industry become modified. It includes both the natural process and action programs initiated by members of the community.
AN = specify geog if pertinent
UI = D012922
Social Class
MS = A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012923
Social Conditions
MS = The state of society as it exists or in flux. While it usually refers to society as a whole in a specified geographical or political region, it is applicable also to restricted strata of a society.
AN = specify geog if pertinent
UI = D012924
Social Conformity
MS = Behavioral or attitudinal compliance with recognized social patterns or standards.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012925
Social Control Policies
MS = Decisions for determining and guiding present and future objectives from among alternatives.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with subject of policy (IM); specify state or country or other body if pertinent
UI = D011049
Social Control, Formal
MS = Control which is exerted by the more stable organizations of society, such as established institutions and the law. They are ordinarily embodied in definite codes, usually written.
AN = X ref REGULATION: not for regulation in biological processes
UI = D012926
Social Control, Informal
MS = Those forms of control which are exerted in less concrete and tangible ways, as through folkways, mores, conventions, and public sentiment.
UI = D012927
Social Desirability
MS = A personality trait rendering the individual acceptable in social or interpersonal relations. It is related to social acceptance, social approval, popularity, social status, leadership qualities, or any quality making him a socially desirable companion.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012928
Social Distance
MS = The degree of closeness or acceptance an individual or group feels toward another individual or group.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012929
Social Dominance
MS = Social structure of a group as it relates to the relative social rank of dominance status of its members. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)
AN = human & animal
UI = D012930
Social Environment
MS = The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community.
AN = human & animal; no qualif; DF: SOCIAL ENVIR
UI = D012931
Social Facilitation
MS = Any enhancement of a motivated behavior in which individuals do the same thing with some degree of mutual stimulation and consequent coordination.
AN = human & animal; no qualif
UI = D012932
Social Identification
MS = The process by which an aspect of self image is developed based on in-group preference or ethnocentrism and a perception of belonging to a social or cultural group. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)
AN = no qualif
UI = D012933
Social Isolation
MS = The separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter, there may be interaction but no real communication.
AN = human & animal
UI = D012934
Social Justice
MS = An interactive process whereby members of a community are concerned for the equality and rights of all.
AN = specify geog
UI = D012935
Social Marketing
MS = Use of marketing principles also used to sell products to consumers to promote ideas, attitudes and behaviors. Design and use of programs seeking to increase the acceptance of a social idea or practice by target groups, not for the benefit of the marketer, but to benefit the target audience and the general society.
UI = D040241
Social Medicine
MS = A branch of medicine concerned with the role of socio-environmental factors in the occurrence, prevention and treatment of disease.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: SOCIAL MED
UI = D012936
Social Mobility
MS = The movement or shifting of membership between or within social classes by individuals or by groups.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012937
Social Perception
MS = The perceiving of attributes, characteristics, and behaviors of one's associates or social groups.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012938
Social Planning
MS = Interactional process combining investigation, discussion, and agreement by a number of people in the preparation and carrying out of a program to ameliorate conditions of need or social pathology in the community. It usually involves the action of a formal political, legal, or recognized voluntary body.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012939
Social Problems
MS = Situations affecting a significant number of people, that are believed to be sources of difficulty or threaten the stability of the community, and that require programs of amelioration.
AN = specify geog if pertinent
UI = D012940
Social Responsibility
MS = The obligations and accountability assumed in carrying out actions or ideas on behalf of others.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012941
Social Sciences
MS = Disciplines concerned with the interrelationships of individuals in a social environment including social organizations and institutions. Includes Sociology and Anthropology.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D012942
Social Security
MS = Government sponsored social insurance programs.
AN = specify country, including U.S.
UI = D012943
Social Support
MS = Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc.
AN = human only; no qualif
UI = D012944
Social Values
MS = Abstract standards or empirical variables in social life which are believed to be important and/or desirable.
UI = D012945
Social Welfare
MS = Organized institutions which provide services to ameliorate conditions of need or social pathology in the community.
AN = specify geog if pertinent
UI = D012946
Social Work
MS = The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D012947
Social Work Department, Hospital
MS = Hospital department responsible for administering and providing social services to patients and their families.
AN = DF: SOCIAL WORK DEP HOSP
UI = D012948
Social Work, Psychiatric
MS = Use of all social work processes in the treatment of patients in a psychiatric or mental health setting.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D012949
Socialism
MS = A system of government in which means of production and distribution of goods are controlled by the state.
AN = specify country; do not confuse with NAZISM see POLITICAL SYSTEMS
UI = D012950
Socialization
MS = The training or molding of an individual through various relationships, educational agencies, and social controls, which enables him to become a member of a particular society.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012951
Societies
MS = Organizations composed of members with common interests and whose professions may be similar.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific types of societies; do not confuse with ORGANIZATIONS: see note there; Manual 35.9+; specify geog; TN 174: scope
UI = D012952
Societies, Dental
MS = Societies whose membership is limited to dentists.
AN = specify geog; DF: SOCIETIES DENT
UI = D012953
Societies, Hospital
MS = Societies having institutional membership limited to hospitals and other health care institutions.
AN = specify geog; DF: SOCIETIES HOSP
UI = D012954
Societies, Medical
MS = Societies whose membership is limited to physicians.
AN = for conventional medical societies & soc of med specialties indented under spec in Cat G2; Manual 35.9.1; TN 174: scope; specify geog; "College of Physicians" goes here; DF: SOCIETIES MED
UI = D012955
Societies, Nursing
MS = Societies whose membership is limited to nurses.
AN = specify geog; DF: SOCIETIES NURS
UI = D012956
Societies, Pharmaceutical
MS = Societies whose membership is limited to pharmacists.
AN = specify geog; DF: SOCIETIES PHARM
UI = D012957
Societies, Scientific
MS = Societies whose membership is limited to scientists.
AN = for societies of scientists & professionals in disciplines not covered under SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; Manual 35.9.1; specify geog
UI = D012958
Sociobiology
MS = The comparative study of social organization in animals including humans, expecially with regard to its genetic basis and evolutionary history. (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)
UI = D035503
Socioeconomic Factors
MS = Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
AN = NIM; no qualif; Manual 35.7; includes both social & economic aspects: purely economic aspect = ECONOMICS
UI = D012959
Socioenvironmental Therapy
MS = Therapy whose primary emphasis is on the physical and social structuring of the environment to promote interpersonal relationships which will be influential in reducing behavioral disturbances of patients.
AN = a psychother technique; DF: SOCIOENVIR THER
UI = D012960
Sociology
MS = A social science dealing with group relationships, patterns of collective behavior, and social organization.
AN = IM: SPEC with SPEC qualif; for "sociological aspects of", NIM with no qualif; Manual 30.5; /methods: probably SOCIOMETRIC TECHNIQUES; DF: SOCIOL
UI = D012961
Sociology, Medical
MS = The study of the social determinants and social effects of health and disease, and of the social structure of medical institutions or professions.
AN = IM; SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: SOCIOL MED
UI = D012962
Sociometric Techniques
MS = Methods for quantitatively assessing and measuring interpersonal and group relationships.
AN = no qualif
UI = D012963
Sodium
MS = An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance.
AN = an alkali metal; Na-23; /physiol permitted; /blood: note also HYPERNATREMIA & HYPONATREMIA; /defic: consider also HYPONATREMIA; /metab: consider also SODIUM CHANNELS & SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP; /urine: consider also NATRIURESIS; SODIUM, DIETARY is also available
UI = D012964
Sodium Acetate
MS = The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.
UI = D019346
Sodium Azide
MS = A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)
UI = D019810
Sodium Benzoate
MS = The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.
UI = D020160
Sodium Bicarbonate
MS = A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.
UI = D017693
Sodium Channel Blockers
MS = A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.
AN = DF: NA CHANNEL BLOCK
UI = D026941
Sodium Channels
MS = Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /rad eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: NA CHANNELS
UI = D015222
Sodium Chloride
MS = A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food. It plays an important biological role in maintaining the osmotic tension of blood and tissues.
AN = for intake of table salt use SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY
UI = D012965
Sodium Chloride, Dietary
MS = Sodium chloride used in foods.
AN = note X ref TABLE SALT; /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with disease /diet ther
UI = D017673
Sodium Cholate
MS = A trihydroxy bile salt that is used as a digestive aid in dietary supplements. It is used in culture media and in conjunction with PAPAIN and PANCREATIN.
AN = CHOLATES is available
UI = D020358
Sodium Compounds
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain sodium as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: SODIUM CPDS
UI = D017670
Sodium Cyanide
MS = A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.
UI = D012966
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
MS = An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D012967
Sodium Fluoride
MS = A source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries.
UI = D012969
Sodium Glutamate
MS = One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor. Medically it has been used to reduce blood ammonia levels in ammoniacal azotemia, therapy of hepatic coma, in psychosis, and mental retardation.
UI = D012970
Sodium Hydroxide
MS = A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = a caustic
UI = D012972
Sodium Hypochlorite
MS = It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = needle bleaching (as by intravenous drug users) is indexed under SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE + DISINFECTION + NEEDLES
UI = D012973
Sodium Iodide
MS = A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.
UI = D012974
Sodium Isotopes
MS = Stable sodium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element sodium, but differ in atomic weight. Na-23 is a stable sodium isotope.
AN = Na-23; NIM
UI = D012975
Sodium Lactate
MS = The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.
UI = D019354
Sodium Morrhuate
MS = The sodium salts of the fatty acids in cod liver oil; an irritant and sclerosing agent used to treat varicose veins and arthritic joints.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D012976
Sodium Nitrite
MS = Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in analytical chemistry. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.
AN = a food preservative & chem reagent; D25-26 qualif
UI = D012977
Sodium Oxybate
MS = The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. Anesthetic used for both induction and maintenance. It may cause bradycardia and dyskinesias.
UI = D012978
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m
MS = A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.
AN = as label in diagnosis; use /diag use; no qualif for other use as label; DF: TC PERTECHNETATE
UI = D013670
Sodium Radioisotopes
MS = Unstable isotopes of sodium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Na atoms with atomic weights 20-22 and 24-26 are radioactive sodium isotopes.
AN = Na-20-22, 24-26; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
UI = D012979
Sodium Salicylate
MS = A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is less effective than equal doses of ASPIRIN in relieving pain and reducing fever. However, individuals who are hypersensitive to ASPIRIN may tolerate sodium salicylate. In general, this salicylate produces the same adverse reactions as ASPIRIN, but there is less occult gastrointestinal bleeding. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p120)
UI = D012980
Sodium Selenite
MS = Selenious acid, disodium salt. It is used therapeutically to supply the trace element selenium.
AN = a selenium cpd: do not confuse X ref SELENITE with the selenite which is a form of CALCIUM SULFATE
UI = D018038
Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate
MS = An anionic surface-active agent used for its wetting properties in industry and used in medicine as an irritant and sclerosing agent for hemorrhoids and varicose veins.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D012981
Sodium, Dietary
MS = Sodium or sodium compounds used in foods or as a food. The most frequently used compounds are sodium chloride or sodium glutamate.
AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /defic = SODIUM /defic but consider also HYPONATREMIA; for intake of table salt index under SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY
UI = D012982
Sodium-Bicarbonate Symporters
MS = Proteins that cotransport sodium ions and bicarbonate ions across cellular membranes.
UI = D027982
Sodium-Calcium Exchanger
MS = An electrogenic ion exchange protein that maintains a steady level of calcium by removing an amount of calcium equal to that which enters the cells. It is widely distributed in most excitable membranes, including the brain and heart.
AN = DF: NA CA EXCHANGER
UI = D019831
Sodium-Hydrogen Antiporter
MS = A plasma membrane exchange glycoprotein transporter that functions in intracellular pH regulation, cell volume regulation, and cellular response to many different hormones and mitogens.
AN = a carrier protein
UI = D017923
Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters
MS = A subclass of symporters that specifically transport SODIUM CHLORIDE and POTASSIUM CHLORIDE across cellular membranes in a tightly coupled process.
UI = D028021
Soft Tissue Infections
MS = Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)
AN = GEN or unspecified soft tissue; coord IM with organism/infect precoord (IM); DF: SOFT TISSUE INFECT
UI = D018461
Soft Tissue Injuries
MS = Injuries of tissue other than bone. The concept is usually general and does not customarily refer to internal organs or viscera. It is meaningful with reference to regions or organs where soft tissue (muscle, fat, skin) should be differentiated from bones or bone tissue, as "soft tissue injuries of the hand".
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord NIM with specific organ or region /inj (IM); DF: SOFT TISSUE INJ
UI = D017695
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
MS = Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.
AN = neoplasms located in soft (connective) tissue, NOT neoplasms composed of soft tissue; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term or site (IM)
UI = D012983
Software
MS = Sequential operating instructions for a particular problem or function to be run on a digital computer.
AN = IM
UI = D012984
Software Design
MS = Specifications and instructions applied to the software.
AN = IM; no qualif
UI = D012985
Software Validation
MS = The act of testing the software for compliance with a standard.
AN = IM; no qualif
UI = D012986
Soil
MS = The loose surface material of the earth in which plants grow. (Webster, 3d ed)
AN = /microbiol = SOIL MICROBIOLOGY (IM) + specific microbe (IM); /parasitol permitted: coord IM with specific parasite (IM); /virol = SOIL MICROBIOLOGY (IM) + specific virus (IM)
UI = D012987
Soil Microbiology
MS = The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
AN = IM; coord IM with specific bact, virus or fungus (IM); DF: SOIL MICROBIOL
UI = D012988
Soil Pollutants
MS = Substances which pollute the soil. Use for soil pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.
AN = specify pollutant if pertinent (IM or NIM)
UI = D012989
Soil Pollutants, Radioactive
MS = Pollutants, present in soil, which exhibit radioactivity.
AN = specify radiopollutant if pertinent (IM or NIM)
UI = D012990
Solanaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Solanales, subclass Asteridae. Among the most important are POTATOES; TOMATOES; CAPSICUM (green and red peppers), TOBACCO; and BELLADONNA.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D019657
Solanaceous Alkaloids
MS = Alkaloids, mainly tropanes, elaborated by plants of the family Solanaceae, including Atropa, Hyoscyamus, Mandragora, Nicotiana, Solanum, etc. Some act as cholinergic antagonists; most are very toxic; many are used medicinally.
UI = D012991
Solanine
UI = D012992
Solanum
MS = A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain SOLANACEOUS ALKALOIDS. Some species in this genus are called deadly nightshade which is also a common name for ATROPA BELLADONA.
AN = several specific Solanum terms are available; check text and MeSH; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032322
Solanum glaucophyllum
MS = A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE that causes CALCINOSIS in grazing livestock due to high levels of 1a,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (CALCITRIOL).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036061
Solanum melongena
MS = A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE. The fruit is a large, egg-shaped berry, varying in colour from dark purple to red, yellowish, or white. The leaves are large and ovate. The flowers are pendant, violet, and two inches across.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032323
Solanum nigrum
MS = A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE that contains steroidal glycosides.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032324
Solar Activity
MS = Any type of variation in the appearance of energy output of the sun. (NASA Thesaurus, 1994)
AN = no qualif
UI = D019445
Solar Energy
MS = Energy transmitted from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
UI = D012993
Solar System
MS = The group of celestial bodies, including the EARTH, orbiting around and gravitationally bound by the sun. It includes nine planets, 34 natural satellites, more than 1,000 observed comets, and thousands of lesser bodies known as MINOR PLANETS (asteroids) and METEOROIDS. (From Academic American Encyclopedia, 1983)
AN = no qualif; METEOROIDS is available: see MeSH definition there
UI = D016082
Solidago
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE known for allergenic pollen (ALLERGENS).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036624
Solitary Nucleus
MS = Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein.
AN = in the medulla oblongata
UI = D017552
Solubility
AN = NIM
UI = D012995
Solutions
MS = The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) when substance in solution is IM (with qualif); /adv eff permitted but be careful: it may be the adv eff of the substance in solution, not the "solution"
UI = D012996
Solvents
MS = Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D012997
Somalia
MS = A republic in eastern Africa bounded by the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Mogadishu. In 1960 it was constituted as an independent republic by the union of British Somaliland with the Trust Territory of Somalia (formerly Italian Somaliland), both flourishing in the 19th century. Many derivations are posed for its name taken from the indigenous people: from a Cushitic word meaning dark or black with reference to their skin; from soo mal, a local phrase meaning go and milk with reference to the hospitable people offering milk to guests; from the name of a tribal chieftain; or from the Arabic zamla, cattle, with reference to the many herds there. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1130 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p512)
AN = a republic in eastern Africa at the Gulf of Aden & Indian Ocean
UI = D012998
Soman
MS = An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.
UI = D012999
Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin
MS = A programmed mutation process whereby changes are introduced to the nucleotide sequence of immunoglobulin gene DNA during development.
UI = D027041
Somatoform Disorders
MS = Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by a general medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-IV)
AN = differentiate from FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC DISORDERS
UI = D013001
Somatomedins
MS = Insulin-like polypeptides made by the liver and some fibroblasts and released into the blood when stimulated by SOMATOTROPIN. They cause sulfate incorporation into collagen, RNA, and DNA synthesis, which are prerequisites to cell division and growth of the organism.
AN = neurotransmitters; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D013002
Somatosensory Cortex
MS = Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving general sensations. It lies posterior to the central sulcus.
UI = D013003
Somatosensory Disorders
MS = Disorders of sensory information received from superficial and deep regions of the body. The somatosensory system conveys neural impulses which pertain to proprioception, tactile sensation, thermal sensation, pressure sensation, and pain. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and BRAIN DISEASES may be associated with impaired or abnormal somatic sensation.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D020886
Somatostatin
MS = A polypeptide hormone produced in the HYPOTHALAMUS, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of growth hormone (SOMATOTROPIN), and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
UI = D013004
Somatostatinoma
MS = A rare somatostatin-secreting tumor of pancreatic delta cells associated with diabetes mellitus or abnormal glucose tolerance. It is also found in the intestine. Of the reported primary tumors, 60% were found in the pancreas and 40% in the duodenum or jejunum. Most patients were between 40 and 60 years of age with a 2:1 ratio of females to males. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp1197-1200)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS (IM) or other precoord organ/neopl term (IM) if primary; this is a delta cell tumor
UI = D013005
Somatotropin-Releasing Hormone
MS = Hypothalamic peptide that regulates the synthesis and secretion of GROWTH HORMONE in the anterior pituitary gland.
AN = a neurotransmitter hypothalamic hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: SRH
UI = D013007
Somatotypes
MS = A particular category of body build, determined on the basis of certain physical characteristics. The three basic body types are ectomorph (thin physique), endomorph (rounded physique), and mesomorph (athletic physique). The typology was devised by the American psychologist William Herbert Sheldon (1899-1977). Somatotypes have been related to personality in early studies.
AN = note category; IM; only /genet /physiol /psychol
UI = D013008
Somites
MS = Paired, segmented masses of mesodermal tissue that form along the length of the neural tube during the early stage of embryonic development. They give rise to the vertebral column and other tissues including voluntary muscle, bone, connective tissue, and the dermal layers of the skin.
UI = D019170
Somnambulism
MS = A parasomnia characterized by a partial arousal that occurs during stage IV of non-REM sleep. Affected individuals exhibit semipurposeful behaviors such as ambulation and are difficult to fully awaken. Children are primarily affected, with a peak age range of 4-6 years.
UI = D013009
Son of Sevenless Protein, Drosophila
MS = A guanine nucleotide exchange factor from DROSOPHILA. Sevenless refers to genetic mutations in DROSOPHILA that cause loss of the R7 photoreceptor which is required to see UV light.
AN = SON OF SEVENLESS PROTEINS is also available
UI = D020839
Son of Sevenless Proteins
MS = A class of RAS GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS that are genetically related to the Son of Sevenless gene from DROSOPHILA. Sevenless refers to genetic mutations in DROSOPHILA that cause loss of the R7 photoreceptor which is required to see UV light.
AN = not for proteins involved in SOS RESPONSE (GENETICS); SOS PROTEIN see SON OF SEVENLESS PROTEIN, DROSOPHILA is also available
UI = D020664
Sonchus
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Sesquiterpene lactone glucosides (SESQUITERPENES) have been found in it.
AN = other 'thistle' plants are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031184
Songbirds
MS = Passeriformes of the suborder, Oscines, in which the flexor tendons of the toes are separate, and the lower syrinx has 4 to 9 pairs of tensor muscles inserted at both ends of the tracheal half rings. They include many commonly recognized birds such as crows, finches, robins, sparrows, and swallows.
UI = D020308
Sonication
UI = D013010
Sophora
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029909
Sorbic Acid
MS = Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.
AN = D25-26 qualif; POLYSORBATES is available
UI = D013011
Sorbitol
MS = A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications.
UI = D013012
Sorbose
UI = D013013
Sorbus
MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031994
Sordariales
MS = An order of fungi in the phylum ASCOMYCOTA that includes many valuable experimental organisms. There are eight families and very few anamorphic forms.
UI = D020037
Sorption Detoxification
MS = Elimination of toxic or biologically active substances from body fluids by interaction with a sorbent medium. The types of media include absorbents, adsorbents, ion-exchange materials, and complexing agents. Detoxification can be extracorporeal (hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemoperfusion, plasmapheresis), or occur inside the body (enterosorption, peritoneal dialysis).
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: SORPTION DETOX
UI = D016060
SOS Response (Genetics)
MS = An error-prone mechanism or set of functions for repairing damaged microbial DNA. SOS functions (a concept reputedly derived from the SOS of the international distress signal) are involved in DNA repair and mutagenesis, in cell division inhibition, in recovery of normal physiological conditions after DNA repair, and possibly in cell death when DNA damage is extensive.
AN = DF: SOS RESPONSE
UI = D013014
SOS1 Protein
MS = A mammalian homolog of the DROSOPHILA SON OF SEVENLESS PROTEIN. It is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RAS PROTEINS.
UI = D020837
Sotalol
MS = An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.
UI = D013015
Sound
UI = D013016
Sound Localization
MS = Ability to determine the specific location of a sound source.
AN = do not confuse with ECHOLOCATION (animal only)
UI = D013017
Sound Spectrography
MS = The graphic registration of the frequency and intensity of sounds, such as speech, infant crying, and animal vocalizations.
AN = NIM; includes "speech, infant crying & animal vocalizations"; DF: SOUND SPECTROGR
UI = D013018
South Africa
MS = A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). The history is a fabric interwoven with hostile activity among the native tribes, particularly the Zulus, the Boers (Dutch settlers), and the British. Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.
AN = official name is Republic of South Africa; X ref UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA was its former name; do not confuse with geog designation AFRICA, SOUTHERN
UI = D013019
South America
AN = each So. Amer. country is available as a heading
UI = D013020
South Australia
MS = A state in south central Australia. Its capital is Adelaide. It was probably first visited by F. Thyssen in 1627. Later discoveries in 1802 and 1830 opened up the southern part. It became a British province in 1836 with this self-descriptive name and became a state in 1901. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1135)
AN = a state of Australia
UI = D013021
South Carolina
UI = D013022
South Dakota
UI = D013023
Southeastern United States
MS = The geographic area of the southeastern region of the United States in general or when the specific state or states are not included. The states usually included in this region are Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, West Virginia, and Virginia.
AN = includes Ala, Ark, Fla, Ga, La, Miss, N Carolina, S Carolina, W Virginia, Virginia; specify as needed but use SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES when text uses the term; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: use for 4 or more states
UI = D015144
Southwestern United States
MS = The geographic area of the southwestern region of the United States. The states usually included in this region are Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah.
AN = includes Ariz, Calif, Colo, Nev, N Mex, Tex, Utah; specify as needed but use SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES when text uses the term; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: use for 4 or more states
UI = D015206
Soybean Oil
MS = Oil from soybean or soybean plant.
UI = D013024
Soybean Proteins
MS = Proteins which are present in or isolated from SOYBEANS.
AN = coordinate IM with VEGETABLE PROTEINS if appropriate
UI = D030262
Soybeans
MS = An annual legume or the seeds of this plant.
AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
UI = D013025
Space Flight
MS = Travel beyond the earth's atmosphere.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D013026
Space Maintenance
AN = note category: dental (mouth & teeth) context only
UI = D013027
Space Motion Sickness
MS = Disorder characterized by nausea, vomiting, and dizziness, possibly in response to vestibular disorientation or fluid shifts associated with space flight. (From Webster's New World Dictionary)
UI = D018489
Space Perception
MS = The awareness of the spatial properties of objects; includes physical space.
UI = D013028
Space Simulation
MS = An environment simulating one or more parameters of the space environment, applied in testing space systems or components. Often, a closed chamber is used, capable of approximating the vacuum and normal environments of space. (From NASA Thesaurus, 1988) This also includes simulated EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY studies in atmosphere exposure chambers or water tanks.
AN = to test space systems or components by approximating the space environment
UI = D018561
Space Suits
MS = Pressure suits for wear in space or at very low ambient pressures within the atmosphere, designed to permit the wearer to leave the protection of a pressurized cabin. (NASA Thesaurus, 1994)
AN = G SUITS is also available
UI = D019442
Space-Time Clustering
MS = A statistically significant excess of cases of a disease, occurring within a limited space-time continuum.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D013029
Spacecraft
MS = Devices, manned and unmanned, which are designed to be placed into an orbit about the Earth or into a trajectory to another celestial body. (NASA Thesaurus, 1988)
AN = manned or unmanned
UI = D018531
Spain
UI = D013030
Sparganosis
MS = Infection of animals, including fish and man, with a developmental stage of Diphyllobothrium. This stage has recently been referred to as a plerocercoid but the name sparganum has persisted. Therefore, infection of fish or other animals with the plerocercoid larvae is sparganosis. Fish-eating mammals, including man, are the final hosts.
AN = tapeworm infect; see note under SPARGANUM; infect at larval stage: DIPHYLLOBOTHRIASIS is infect by adult
UI = D013031
Sparganum
MS = The larval form of the diphyllobothriid tapeworms of the genus DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM and SPIROMETRA. Fish-eating mammals and man are the final hosts.
AN = infection = SPARGANOSIS; coord with precoord helminth terms (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent
UI = D013032
Sparsomycin
MS = An antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sparsogenes. It inhibits protein synthesis in 70S and 80S ribosomal systems.
AN = an antineoplastic antibiotic
UI = D013033
Sparteine
MS = A quinolizidine alkaloid isolated from several FABACEAE including LUPINUS; SPARTIUM; and CYTISUS. It has been used as an oxytocic and an anti-arrhythmia agent. It has also been of interest as an indicator of CYP2D6 genotype.
UI = D013034
Spartium
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is a source of SPARTEINE. Do not confuse with Broom or Scotch Broom (CYTISUS) or Butcher's Broom (RUSCUS) or Desert Broom (BACCHARIS) or Brome (BROMUS).
AN = X ref BROOM, SPANISH: several other Broom terms are also available; check text and MeSH; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031302
Spasm
MS = An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL) or smooth muscle (MUSCLE, SMOOTH).
AN = GEN or unspecified only; coord IM with specific organ/dis (IM); spasms in infants: index SPASMS, INFANTILE if an epileptic seizure (see MeSH definition) or SPASM + INFANT if non-epileptic such as in tetany or vitamin defic; "facial spasm" = SPASM (IM) + FACIAL MUSCLES (IM) but "hemifacial spasm" = HEMIFACIAL SPASM; also available are BRONCHIAL SPASM & ESOPHAGEAL SPASM, DIFFUSE
UI = D013035
Spasms, Infantile
MS = An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)
AN = epileptic seizures only: do not confuse with SPASM + INFANT for non-epileptic seizures in inf such as in tetany or vitamin defic; check tag INFANT or INFANT, NEWBORN
UI = D013036
Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary
MS = A group of inherited diseases that share similar phenotypes but are genetically diverse. Different genetic loci for autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and x-linked forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia have been identified. Clinically, patients present with slowly progessive distal limb weakness and lower extremity spasticity. Peripheral sensory neurons may be affected in the later stages of the disease. (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Jan;64(1):61-6; Curr Opin Neurol 1997 Aug;10(4):313-8)
AN = coord with GENES, DOMINANT or GENES, RECESSIVE if discussed
UI = D015419
Spatial Behavior
MS = Reactions of an individual or groups of individuals with relation to the immediate surrounding area including the animate or inanimate objects within that area.
AN = human & animal
UI = D013037
Specialism
MS = The limitation of practice or study to a particular branch of medicine, dentistry, or other health profession. It is philosophically distinct from the generalist theory in which familiarity with a wide cross-section of the particular discipline is advocated.
AN = concept of specializing in any field, medical or non-med; for general articles on specialism as a philosophy vis-Ã -vis "generalism"; for articles on "X as a specialty" coord IM with field or subject (IM); for medical specialties, use SPECIALTIES, MEDICAL
UI = D013038
Specialties, Dental
MS = Various branches of dental practice limited to specialized areas.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; coord IM with field or subject (IM); DF: SPECIALTIES DENT
UI = D013039
Specialties, Medical
MS = Various branches of medical practice limited to specialized areas.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; coord IM with field or subject (IM); with biog: Manual 32.16.9, 34.4; policy: Manual 28.5, 28.7; DF: SPECIALTIES MED
UI = D013040
Specialties, Nursing
MS = Various branches of nursing practice limited to specialized areas.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; coord IM with type of nursing or subject
UI = D013041
Specialties, Surgical
MS = Various branches of surgical practice limited to specialized areas.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; coord IM with field or subject (IM)
UI = D013043
Specialty Boards
MS = Organizations which certify physicians and dentists as specialists in various fields of medical and dental practice.
AN = specify specialty (IM) + geog
UI = D013044
Specialty Chemicals and Products
MS = Chemicals and chemical products used in a research, industrial, or household setting. Included here are the specific drug preparations, as well as the substances involved in the manufacture and stabilization of pharmaceutical preparations and agricultural agents.
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics: DF: SPECIALTY CHEM PRODUCTS CATALOG: do not use
UI = D008918
Species Specificity
MS = Restriction of a characteristic or response to the members of one species; it usually refers to that property of the immune response which differentiates one species from another on the basis of antigen recognition, but the concept is not limited to immunology and is used loosely at levels higher than the species.
AN = NIM; no qualif; may refer to phylum, class, order, family, genus or strain as well as species: TN 176; do not limit to immunol specificity
UI = D013045
Specific Gravity
AN = NIM
UI = D013046
Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
MS = Animals or humans raised in the absence of a particular disease-causing virus or other microorganism. Less frequently plants are cultivated pathogen-free.
AN = organism may be human, animal or plant free of specific pathogens; usually NIM; when IM, coord IM with specific pathogenic microorganism discussed (IM); do not confuse with GERM-FREE LIFE which refers to freedom from any microorganism, unspecified; DF: SPF ORGANISMS
UI = D013047
Specimen Handling
MS = Procedures for collecting, preserving, and transporting of specimens sufficiently stable to provide accurate and precise results suitable for clinical interpretation.
AN = includes "collection"
UI = D013048
Spectinomycin
MS = An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of gonorrhea.
UI = D000198
Spectral Karyotyping
MS = The simultaneous identification of all chromosomes from a cell by fluorescence in situ hybridization (IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION, FLUORESCENCE) with chromosome-specific florescent probes that are discerned by their different emission spectra.
UI = D032681
Spectrin
MS = A high molecular weight (220-250 kDa) water-soluble protein which can be extracted from erythrocyte ghosts in low ionic strength buffers. The protein contains no lipids or carbohydrates, is the predominant species of peripheral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and exists as a fibrous coating on the inner, cytoplasmic surface of the membrane.
AN = from erythrocytes; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D013049
Spectrometry, Fluorescence
MS = Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.
AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM; do not confuse with SPECTROMETRY, X-RAY FLUORESCENCE see SPECTROMETRY, X-RAY EMISSION
UI = D013050
Spectrometry, Gamma
MS = Determination of the energy distribution of gamma rays emitted by nuclei. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM
UI = D013051
Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
MS = A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.
UI = D021241
Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment
MS = A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of a wide range of biomolecules, such as glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and peptides. Positive and negative fast atom bombardment spectra are recorded on a mass spectrometer fitted with an atom gun with xenon as the customary beam. The mass spectra obtained contain molecular weight recognition as well as sequence information.
AN = a type of mass spectrum anal; NIM; DF: FABMS
UI = D016339
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
MS = A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.
UI = D019032
Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion
MS = A mass-spectrometric technique that is used for microscopic chemical analysis. A beam of primary ions with an energy of 5-20 kiloelectronvolts (keV) bombards a small spot on the surface of the sample under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Positive and negative secondary ions sputtered from the surface are analyzed in a mass spectrometer in regards to their mass-to-charge ratio. Digital imaging can be generated from the secondary ion beams and their intensity can be measured. Ionic images can be correlated with images from light or other microscopy providing useful tools in the study of molecular and drug actions.
AN = for SIMS microscopy, coordinate with type of microscopy
UI = D018629
Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
MS = Identification and measurement of concentration of elements based on the fact that x-rays emitted by an excited element have a wavelength characteristic of that element and an intensity related to its concentration. It includes fluorescence, or secondary-emission, x-ray spectrometry, in which the specimen is irradiated by x-rays. Primary-emission x-ray spectrometry, in which the specimen is bombarded by electrons, is a specific type of x-ray emission spectrometry known as ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS.
AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM; do not confuse with any of numerous X refs under ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS; do not confuse X ref SPECTROMETRY, X-RAY FLUORESCENCE with SPECTROMETRY, FLUORESCENCE
UI = D013052
Spectrophotometry
MS = The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.
AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM
UI = D013053
Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption
MS = A highly sensitive technique used to analyze various elements, especially metals, including aluminum, arsenic, beryllium, calcium, copper, iron, lead, and lithium, which are present in trace amounts. The atoms are excited above a ground state by flame vaporization, and the radiation emitted as the molecules return to a ground state is measured in unexcited non-ionized molecules. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM
UI = D013054
Spectrophotometry, Infrared
MS = Spectrophotometry in the infrared region, usually for the purpose of chemical analysis through measurement of absorption spectra associated with rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM; 770-1500 millimus
UI = D013055
Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
MS = Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM; 180-390 millimus
UI = D013056
Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
MS = A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.
AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM; DF: note short X ref
UI = D017550
Spectroscopy, Mossbauer
MS = A spectroscopic technique which uses the Mossbauer effect (inelastic scattering of gamma radiation resulting from interaction with heavy nuclei) to monitor the small variations in the interaction between an atomic nucleus and its environment. Such variations may be induced by changes in temperature, pressure, chemical state, molecular conformation, molecular interaction, or physical site. It is particularly useful for studies of structure-activity relationship in metalloproteins, mobility of heavy metals, and the state of whole tissue and cell membranes.
AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM
UI = D015204
Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
MS = A noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. Near-infrared light (NIR) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxgenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Illumination of intact tissue with NIR allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. The analysis is also used to determine body composition.
AN = a type of spectrum anal; DF: note short X ref
UI = D019265
Spectrum Analysis
MS = The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = an anal chem technique; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM; x-ray absorption spectroscopy goes here + X-RAYS (NIM)
UI = D013057
Spectrum Analysis, Mass
MS = Analysis of the mass of an object through means of determining the wave length(s) at which electromagnetic energy is absorbed by that object.
AN = mass refers to the mass of the object being analyzed; NIM
UI = D013058
Spectrum Analysis, Raman
MS = Analysis of the intensity of Raman scattering of monochromatic light as a function of frequency of the scattered light.
AN = NIM
UI = D013059
Speech
MS = Communication through a system of conventional vocal symbols.
AN = = LANGUAGE as it comes out of the mouth; VERBAL BEHAVIOR is how it comes out; PHONETICS is the sounds making up SPEECH; AMERICAN SPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOCIATION is also available
UI = D013060
Speech Acoustics
MS = The acoustic aspects of speech in terms of frequency, intensity, and time.
AN = no qualif
UI = D013061
Speech Articulation Tests
MS = Tests of accuracy in pronouncing speech sounds, e.g., Iowa Pressure Articulation Test, Deep Test of Articulation, Templin-Darley Tests of Articulation, Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation, Screening Speech Articulation Test, Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale.
UI = D013062
Speech Discrimination Tests
MS = Tests of the ability to hear and understand speech as determined by scoring the number of words in a word list repeated correctly.
AN = the examinee hears & understands the examiner's speech; do not confuse with SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY (the speaker speaks in such a way that the hearer understands him)
UI = D013063
Speech Disorders
MS = Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language.
AN = /ther: consider also SPEECH THERAPY; do not confuse with LANGUAGE DISORDERS: read differentiation of SPEECH & LANGUAGE under SPEECH
UI = D013064
Speech Intelligibility
MS = Ability to make speech sounds that are recognizable.
AN = the speaker's speech is understood or not understood by the hearer; do not confuse with SPEECH DISCRIMINATION TESTS (the examinee hears & understands the examiner's speech)
UI = D013065
Speech Perception
MS = The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes).
UI = D013067
Speech Production Measurement
MS = Measurement of parameters of the speech product such as vocal tone, loudness, pitch, voice quality, articulation, resonance, phonation, phonetic structure and prosody.
UI = D013068
Speech Reception Threshold Test
MS = A test to determine the lowest sound intensity level at which fifty percent or more of the spondaic test words (words of two syllables having equal stress) are repeated correctly.
AN = DF: SRT TEST
UI = D013069
Speech Therapy
AN = do not confuse with LANGUAGE THERAPY: SPEECH THERAPY is for SPEECH DISORDERS; LANGUAGE THERAPY is for LANGUAGE DISORDERS; coord IM with specific speech disord /ther (IM), not /rehabil
UI = D013070
Speech, Alaryngeal
MS = Methods of enabling a patient without a larynx or with a non-functional larynx to produce voice or speech. The methods may be pneumatic or electronic.
UI = D013071
Speech, Esophageal
MS = A method of speech used after laryngectomy, with sound produced by vibration of the column of air in the esophagus against the contracting cricopharyngeal sphincter. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = post-laryngectomy speech
UI = D013072
Speech-Language Pathology
MS = The study of speech or language disorders and their diagnosis and correction.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; the specialty devoted to study of speech & language disord, their diag & ther; do not confuse with the patient or dis ( = SPEECH DISORDERS or LANGUAGE DISORDERS); AMERICAN SPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOCIATION is also available; DF: SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOL or SPEECH PATHOL
UI = D013066
Sperm Agglutination
MS = Agglutination of spermatozoa by antibodies or autoantibodies.
UI = D013073
Sperm Banks
MS = Centers for acquiring and storing semen.
UI = D013074
Sperm Capacitation
MS = The process by which a spermatozoon becomes capable of fertilizing an ovum after it reaches the ampullary portion of the uterine tube.
UI = D013075
Sperm Count
MS = A count of sperm in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter.
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted
UI = D013076
Sperm Head
MS = The anterior portion of the spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) that contains mainly the nucleus with highly compact CHROMATIN material.
UI = D013077
Sperm Immobilizing Agents
MS = Chemical substances with sperm immobilizing activity used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives.
AN = consider also SPERM MOTILITY /drug eff, etc.
UI = D013078
Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic
MS = An assisted fertilization technique consisting of the microinjection of a single viable sperm into an extracted ovum. It is used principally to overcome low sperm count, low sperm motility, inability of sperm to penetrate the egg, or other conditions related to male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE).
UI = D020554
Sperm Maturation
MS = Posttesticular ripening of spermatozoa.
AN = /drug eff: consider also SPERM MATURATION BLOCKING AGENTS
UI = D013079
Sperm Midpiece
MS = The middle piece of the spermatozoon is a highly organized segment consisting of MITOCHONDRIA, the outer dense fibers and the core microtubular structure.
UI = D032961
Sperm Motility
MS = Ability of the spermatozoon to move by flagellate swimming.
AN = /drug eff: consider also SPERM IMMOBILIZING AGENTS
UI = D013081
Sperm Tail
MS = The posterior filiform portion of the spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) that provides sperm motility.
UI = D013082
Sperm Transport
MS = Passive transport or active migration of spermatozoa from the testes through the male genital system as well as within the female genital system.
AN = "passive transport or active migration of spermatozoa from the testes through the male genital system as well as within the female genital system"
UI = D013083
Sperm-Ovum Interactions
MS = Interactive processes between the ovum and the spermatozoon.
AN = in vivo or in vitro
UI = D013084
Spermatic Cord
AN = diseases: coord IM with GENITAL DISEASES, MALE (IM)
UI = D013085
Spermatic Cord Torsion
MS = Torsion of the spermatic cord caused usually by incomplete attachment of the epididymis to the testis or by inclusion of the cord within the tunica vaginalis. Faulty development of various anatomical components of the testes is also a cause. It occurs most frequently in childhood and adolescence. (From Current Medical Information & Terminology, 5th ed)
UI = D013086
Spermatids
MS = Male germ cells derived from the haploid secondary SPERMATOCYTES. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to SPERMATOZOA.
UI = D013087
Spermatocele
MS = A cystic distention of the epididymis or the rete testis containing spermatozoa. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = epididymis cyst containing sperm
UI = D013088
Spermatocidal Agents
MS = Chemical substances that are destructive to spermatozoa used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives.
AN = consider also SPERMATOZOA /drug eff
UI = D013089
Spermatocytes
MS = Male germ cells derived from SPERMATOGONIA. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to SPERMATIDS.
UI = D013090
Spermatogenesis
MS = The process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through SPERMATOGONIA, SPERMATOCYTES, SPERMATIDS, to the mature haploid SPERMATOZOA, SPERM.
UI = D013091
Spermatogenesis-Blocking Agents
MS = Chemical substances which inhibit the process of spermatozoa formation at either the first stage, in which spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes and then into spermatids, or the second stage, in which spermatids transform into spermatozoa.
AN = consider also SPERMATOGENESIS /drug eff & ANTISPERMATOGENIC AGENTS
UI = D013092
Spermatogonia
MS = Euploid male germ cells of an early stage of SPERMATOGENESIS, derived from prespermatogonia. With the onset of puberty, spermatogonia at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule proliferate by mitotic then meiotic divisions and give rise to the haploid SPERMATOCYTES.
UI = D013093
Spermatozoa
MS = Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.
AN = polyspermia & polyspermy = SPERMATOZOA if excessive sperm or = FERTILIZATION if fertilization of ovum by more than one sperm; sperm donors: coord SPERMATOZOA (IM) + TISSUE DONORS (IM); consider also INSEMINATION, ARTIFICIAL, HOMOLOGOUS (husband)(IM) or INSEMINATION, ARTIFICIAL, HETEROLOGOUS (non-husband)(IM) if pertinent but note SPERM BANKS is available; sperm preservation = SPERM PRESERVATION see SEMEN PRESERVATION; hemospermia: index under BLOOD (IM) + SEMEN (IM)
UI = D013094
Spermidine
MS = A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine.
UI = D013095
Spermidine Synthase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the propylamine moiety from 5'-deoxy-5'-S-(3-methylthiopropylamine)sulfonium adenosine to putrescine in the biosynthesis of spermidine. The enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 73,000 kD and is composed of two subunits of equal size. EC 2.5.1.16.
AN = do not confuse with SPERMINE SYNTHASE
UI = D011436
Spermine
MS = A biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure.
UI = D013096
Spermine Synthase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the propylamine moiety from 5'-deoxy-5'-S-(3-methylthiopropylamine)sulfonium adenosine to spermidine in the biosynthesis of spermine. It has an acidic isoelectric point at pH 5.0. EC 2.5.1.22.
AN = do not confuse with SPERMIDINE SYNTHASE
UI = D013097
Sphaeriales
MS = An order of ascomycetous fungi which includes many economically important plant parasites as well as saprophytes.
AN = an order of ascomycetes; saprophyte & plant parasite
UI = D013098
Sphenoid Bone
AN = fractures: coord SPHENOID BONE /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM); neopl: coord IM with SKULL NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D013100
Sphenoid Sinus
MS = One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the sphenoid bone and communicating with the highest meatus of the nasal cavity on the same side.
AN = inflammation or sinusitis = SPHENOID SINUSITIS; fractures: coord SPHENOID SINUS /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PARANASAL SINUS NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D013101
Sphenoid Sinusitis
MS = Inflammation of the sphenoid sinus. This condition usually is accompanied by pansinusitis and may present itself in an acute or chronic form.
UI = D015524
Sphenostylis
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that contains LECTINS and raffinose oligosaccharides.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031303
Spherocytes
MS = Small, abnormal spherical red blood cells with more than the normal amount of hemoglobin.
UI = D013102
Spherocytosis, Hereditary
MS = A familial congenital hemolytic anemia characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.
AN = a congen hemolytic anemia; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D013103
Spheroids
MS = Spherical, heterogeneous aggregates of proliferating, quiescent, and necrotic cells in culture that retain three-dimensional architecture and tissue-specific functions. They represent an in-vitro model for studies of the biology of both normal and malignant cells. Generally the ability to form spheroids is a characteristic trait of malignant cells derived from solid tumors, though cells from normal tissues can also form spheroids. (From Bjerkvig, Spheroid Culture in Cancer Research, 1992, p4)
AN = usually refers to tumor cells: do not confuse with "spheroid bodies" referring to axons in neuropathol; A 11 qualif
UI = D018874
Spheroplasts
MS = Cells, usually bacteria or yeast, which have partially lost their cell wall, lost their characteristic shape and become round.
AN = in micro-organisms only; coord IM with specific micro-organism (IM)
UI = D013104
Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic
MS = Incision of Oddi's sphincter or Vater's ampulla performed by inserting a sphincterotome through an endoscope (DUODENOSCOPE) often following retrograde cholangiography (CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY, ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE). Endoscopic treatment by sphincterotomy is the preferred method of treatment for patients with retained or recurrent bile duct stones post-cholecystectomy, and for poor-surgical-risk patients that have the gallbladder still present.
AN = refers to Oddi's sphincter or Vater's ampulla only; coord with disease /surg, not /diag; /instrum is probably DUODENOSCOPES
UI = D016717
Sphincterotomy, Transhepatic
MS = Surgery of the smooth muscle sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla to relieve blocked biliary or pancreatic ducts.
AN = refers to Oddi's sphincter only; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D013105
Sphingolipidoses
MS = A group of inherited metabolic disorders characterized by an excessive intra-lysosomal deposition of glycosphingolipids and phosphosphingolipids in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and, to a variable degree, in visceral structures. Clinical features vary with the specific subtype of the disease, but common features include progressive deterioration in psychomotor and visual function. (From Arch Neurol 1998 Aug;55(8):1055-6; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p89)
UI = D013106
Sphingolipids
MS = A class of membrane lipids that have a polar head and two nonpolar tails. They are composed of one molecule of the long-chain amino alcohol sphingosine (4-sphingenine) or one of its derivatives, one molecule of a long-chain acid, a polar head alcohol and sometimes phosphoric acid in diester linkage at the polar head group. (Lehninger et al, Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd ed)
UI = D013107
Sphingomonas
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria characterized by an outer membrane that contains glycosphingolipids but lacks lipopolysaccharide. They have the ability to degrade a broad range of substituted aromatic compounds.
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D020578
Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide (N-acylsphingosine) plus choline phosphate. A defect in this enzyme leads to NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE. EC 3.1.4.12.
AN = /defic: consider also NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE
UI = D013108
Sphingomyelins
MS = A class of sphingolipids found largely in the brain and other nervous tissue. They contain phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head group so therefore are the only sphingolipids classified as PHOSPHOLIPIDS.
UI = D013109
Sphingosine
MS = An amino alcohol with a long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. Sphingosine and its derivative sphinganine are the major bases of the sphingolipids in mammals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D013110
Sphygmomanometers
MS = Instruments for measuring arterial blood pressure consisting of an inflatable cuff, inflating bulb, and a gauge showing the blood pressure. (Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D019722
Spices
MS = The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food.
AN = coord with specific plant + specific plant component (if pertinent); for use in therapy coord with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease /*drug ther (IM)
UI = D017365
Spider Venoms
MS = Venoms of arthropods of the order Araneida of the Arachnida. The venoms usually contain several protein fractions, including enzymes, hemolytic, neurolytic, and other toxins.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted
UI = D013111
Spiders
MS = Arthropods of the class ARACHNIDA, order Araneae. Except for mites and ticks, spiders constitute the largest order of arachnids, with approximately 37,000 species having been described. The majority of spiders are harmless, although some species can be regarded as moderately harmful since their bites can lead to quite severe local symptoms. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p508; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, pp424-430)
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; spider bites = ARACHNIDISM; several venomous genera: Latrodectus (BLACK WIDOW SPIDER), Loxosceles (brown recluse), Tarantula
UI = D013112
Spin Labels
MS = Molecules which contain an atom or a group of atoms exhibiting an unpaired electron spin that can be detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and can be bonded to another molecule. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = /chem syn permitted
UI = D013113
Spin Trapping
MS = A technique for detecting short-lived reactive FREE RADICALS in biological systems by providing a nitrone or nitrose compound for an addition reaction to occur which produces an ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY-detectable aminoxyl radical. In spin trapping, the compound trapping the radical is called the spin trap and the addition product of the radical is identified as the spin adduct. (Free Rad Res Comm 1990;9(3-6):163)
AN = a method for detecting free radicals
UI = D019097
Spina Bifida Cystica
MS = A form of spinal dysraphism associated with a protruding cyst made up of either meninges (i.e., a MENINGOCELE) or meninges in combination with spinal cord tissue (i.e., a MENINGOMYELOCELE). These lesions are frequently associated with spinal cord dysfunction, HYDROCEPHALUS, and SYRINGOMYELIA. (From Davis et al., Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp224-5)
UI = D016137
Spina Bifida Occulta
MS = A common congenital midline defect of fusion of the vertebral arch without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges. The lesion is also covered by skin. L5 and S1 are the most common vertebrae involved. The condition may be associated with an overlying area of hyperpigmented skin, a dermal sinus, or an abnormal patch of hair. The majority of individuals with this malformation are asymptomatic although there is an increased incidence of tethered cord syndrome and lumbar SPONDYLOSIS. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p34)
UI = D016136
Spinach
MS = A widely cultivated plant, Spinacia oleracea, native to Asia, having succulent, edible leaves eaten as a vegetable. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)
AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
UI = D018724
Spinal Canal
AN = coord IM with specific vertebrae (NIM) to locate level of spinal canal; "narrowing of the spinal canal" = SPINAL STENOSIS
UI = D013115
Spinal Cord
AN = /radiogr permitted but consider MYELOGRAPHY; /surg: probably CORDOTOMY; inflammation = MYELITIS; coord IM with specific vertebrae (NIM) to locate site on spinal cord; do not confuse words containing "myel-" for spinal cord with "myel-" for bone marrow
UI = D013116
Spinal Cord Compression
MS = Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the SPINAL CORD due to extramedullary neoplasm; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; SPINAL FRACTURES; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence.
AN = coord IM with specific vertebrae (NIM) to locate site on spinal cord; not for "cauda equina syndrome": use CAUDA EQUINA (IM) + NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES (IM)
UI = D013117
Spinal Cord Diseases
MS = Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.
AN = coord IM with specific vertebrae (NIM) to locate site on spinal cord; inflamm dis of spinal cord= MYELITIS
UI = D013118
Spinal Cord Injuries
MS = Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
AN = coord IM with specific vertebra (NIM) to locate site on spinal cord
UI = D013119
Spinal Cord Ischemia
MS = Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord which is supplied by the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries. This condition may be associated with ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, trauma, emboli, diseases of the aorta, and other disorders. Prolonged ischemia may lead to INFARCTION of spinal cord tissue.
UI = D020760
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
MS = Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); coord IM with specific vertebrae (NIM) to locate site on spinal cord
UI = D013120
Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases
MS = Hypoxic-ischemic and hemorrhagic disorders of the spinal cord. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, emboli, and vascular malformations are potential causes of these conditions.
UI = D020758
Spinal Curvatures
MS = Deviations of the spine from its normal direction or position. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D013121
Spinal Diseases
AN = coord IM with specific vertebrae (IM)
UI = D013122
Spinal Dysraphism
MS = Congenital defects of closure of one or more vertebral arches, which may be associated with malformations of the spinal cord, nerve roots, congenital fibrous bands, lipomas, and congenital cysts. These malformations range from mild (e.g., SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA) to severe, including rachischisis where there is complete failure of neural tube and spinal cord fusion, resulting in exposure of the spinal cord at the surface. Spinal dysraphism includes all forms of spina bifida. The open form is called SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA and the closed form is SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p34)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D016135
Spinal Fractures
MS = Broken bones in the vertebral column.
AN = coord IM with specific vertebrae /inj (IM)
UI = D016103
Spinal Fusion
MS = Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; X ref SPONDYLODESIS is found largely in lang of Germanic family as synonym for X ref SPONDYLOSYNDESIS
UI = D013123
Spinal Injuries
MS = Injuries involving the vertebral column.
AN = do not confuse with SPINAL CORD INJURIES; GEN only, vertebrae unspecified
UI = D013124
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood
MS = A group of recessively inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)
AN = infantile, childhood or adolescent: for other, MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL is available
UI = D014897
Spinal Neoplasms
AN = do not confuse with SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS; coord IM with specific vertebrae (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D013125
Spinal Nerve Roots
MS = The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule.
AN = /surg: consider also RHIZOTOMY; DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA is see GANGLIA, SPINAL; inflammation = RADICULITIS (single root) or POLYRADICULITIS (several roots) or POLYRADICULONEURITIS (nerve roots & peripheral nerves); do not use vertebra headings to locate area of spinal nerves; nerve root compression: coord IM with NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES (IM), not SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION
UI = D013126
Spinal Nerves
MS = The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.
AN = peripheral nerves; do not use vertebra headings to locate area of spinal nerves
UI = D013127
Spinal Osteophytosis
MS = Outgrowth of immature bony processes from the vertebrae, reflecting the presence of degenerative disease and calcification. It includes cervical and lumbar spondylosis.
AN = coord IM with specific vertebrae (IM)
UI = D013128
Spinal Puncture
MS = Tapping of the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D013129
Spinal Stenosis
MS = Narrowing of the spinal canal.
AN = "narrowing of the spinal canal"; do not use vertebra headings to locate level of spinal canal
UI = D013130
Spine
MS = The spinal or vertebral column.
AN = GEN or unspecified: specific groups of vertebrae are available; /inj = SPINAL INJURIES for GEN or unspecified vertebrae but specific vertebrae are available with /inj; /transpl of the whole spine is unlikely: use /transpl with specific vertebra terms instead; inflammation = SPONDYLITIS; spondylosis = SPONDYLOSIS (see SPINAL OSTEOPHYTOSIS) (IM) + specific vertebrae (IM)
UI = D013131
Spinocerebellar Ataxias
MS = A group of dominantly inherited, predominantly late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)
AN = SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA TYPE 3 see MACHADO-JOSEPH DISEASE is available
UI = D020754
Spinocerebellar Degenerations
MS = A heterogenous group of degenerative syndromes marked by progressive cerebellar dysfunction either in isolation or combined with other neurologic manifestations. Sporadic and inherited subtypes occur. Inheritance patterns include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked.
UI = D013132
Spinocerebellar Tracts
MS = Fibers that arise from cell groups within the spinal cord and pass directly to the cerebellum. They include the anterior, posterior, and rostral spinocerebellar tracts, and the cuneocerebellar tract. (From Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p607)
UI = D020824
Spinothalamic Tracts
UI = D013133
Spiperone
MS = A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of schizophrenia.
UI = D013134
Spiraea
MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE. Members contain prunioside, spiramine and other diterpene alkaloids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031992
Spiral and Curved Bacteria
MS = A large, very diverse group of bacteria in which some species are curved, some helical.
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics; DF: SPIRAL CURVED BACT
UI = D013135
Spiral Ganglion
MS = The sensory ganglion of the COCHLEAR NERVE. The cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM.
AN = sensory ganglion of the cochlear nerve
UI = D013136
Spiral Lamina
MS = The bony plate which extends outwards from the modiolus. It is part of the structure which divides trhe cochlea into sections.
UI = D013137
Spiramycin
MS = A macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. The drug is effective against gram-positive aerobic pathogens, N. gonorrhoeae, and staphylococci. It is used to treat infections caused by bacteria and Toxoplasma gondii.
AN = do not use /biosyn unless by living matter
UI = D015572
Spirillum
MS = A genus of gram-negative, curved and spiral-shaped bacteria found in stagnant, freshwater environments. These organisms are motile by bipolar tufts of flagella having a long wavelength and about one helical turn.
AN = one species causes one type of RAT-BITE FEVER
UI = D013139
Spiritual Therapies
MS = Mystical, religious, or spiritual practices performed for health benefit.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D026443
Spiritualism
MS = Religious philosophy expressing the fundamental belief that departed spirits may be contacted by the living through a medium.
AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent; do not confuse with SPIRITUAL HEALING see MENTAL HEALING
UI = D013140
Spirituality
MS = Sensitivity or attachment to religious values, or to things of the spirit as opposed to material or worldly interests. (from Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed, and Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed)
UI = D029181
Spiro Compounds
MS = A group of compounds consisting in part of two rings sharing one carbon atom in common.
AN = DF: SPIRO CPDS
UI = D013141
Spirochaeta
MS = A genus of flexible, spiral rods found in hydrogen sulfide-containing mud, sewage, and polluted water. None of the species properly referred to in this genus are pathogenic.
AN = a genus of the family SPIROCHAETACEAE of the order SPIROCHAETALES; do not confuse with SPIROCHETES see SPIROCHAETALES; found in mud & slime
UI = D013142
Spirochaetaceae
MS = A family of spiral bacteria of the order SPIROCHAETALES.
AN = a family in the order SPIROCHAETALES; in stagnant water & in bivalve mollusks
UI = D013143
Spirochaetales
MS = An order of slender, flexuous, helically coiled bacteria, with one or more complete turns in the helix.
AN = pathogenic & non-pathogenic; infection = SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS
UI = D013144
Spirochaetales Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the order SPIROCHAETALES.
AN = infect by "spirochetes"; GEN or unspecified only: prefer specific spirochete infection
UI = D013145
Spirometra
MS = A genus of tapeworms of the family Diphyllobothriidae, which are parasites of fish-eating cats, dogs, and birds. Infection in man is caused by eating undercooked fish. The larval form is called SPARGANUM.
AN = a genus of tapeworm of Diphyllobothriidae; found in fish; larval form is SPARGANUM; infection: coord IM with CESTODE INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D013146
Spirometry
MS = Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung.
AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; BRONCHOSPIROMETRY is also available
UI = D013147
Spironolactone
MS = A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)
UI = D013148
Spiroplasma
MS = Gram-negative organisms isolated from the leaves of citrus plants affected by "Stubborn" disease.
AN = in citrus plants
UI = D013149
Spiroplasmataceae
MS = A family of bacteria consisting of helical cells that require sterols for growth.
AN = "require sterols for growth"
UI = D016991
Spirostans
MS = Steroid derivatives containing a fused lactone ring at the 16,17-position and a spiroglycosidic linkage at C-22. The most common representatives in this group are the plant-derived SAPOGENINS.
AN = includes spirostenes, spirostadienes, spirostatrienes
UI = D013150
Spirurida
MS = An order of nematodes of the subclass SECERNENTEA. Characteristics include ventral or caudoventral papillae and an esophagus divided into anterior muscular and posterior glandular parts.
AN = an order of nematodes; do not confuse with the suborder SPIRURINA or the superfamily SPIRUROIDEA; infection = SPIRURIDA INFECTIONS
UI = D017174
Spirurida Infections
MS = Infections with nematodes of the order SPIRURIDA.
UI = D017205
Spirurina
MS = A suborder of nematodes characterized by larvae possessing cephalic hooks and multinucleated esophageal glands.
AN = a suborder of nematodes; do not confuse with the order SPIRURIDA or the superfamily SPIRUROIDEA; infection: coord IM with SPIRURIDA INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D017177
Spiruroidea
MS = A superfamily of parasitic nematodes which requires one or two intermediate arthropod hosts before finally being eaten by the final host. Its organisms occur rarely in man.
AN = a superfamily of nematodes; do not confuse with the order SPIRURIDA or the suborder SPIRURINA; infection: coord IM with SPIRURIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D013151
Splanchnic Circulation
MS = The circulation of blood through the vessels supplying the abdominal viscera.
AN = DF: SPLANCHNIC CIRC
UI = D013152
Splanchnic Nerves
MS = The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. The greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses. The lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia.
AN = major nerves of sympath innerv of abdomen
UI = D013153
Spleen
AN = /inj: consider also SPLENIC RUPTURE but traumatic spleen perforation is indexed under SPLEEN /inj; accessory spleen: index under SPLEEN /abnorm
UI = D013154
Spleen Focus-Forming Viruses
MS = Strains of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) that are replication-defective and rapidly transforming. The envelope gene plays an essential role in initiating erythroleukemia (LEUKEMIA, ERYTHROBLASTIC, ACUTE), manifested by splenic foci, SPLENOMEGALY, and POLYCYTHEMIA. Spleen focus-forming viruses are generated by recombination with other viral types.
AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) or LEUKEMIA, ERYTHROBLASTIC, ACUTE (IM) (for spontaneous erythroleukemia); DF: SFFV
UI = D013155
Splenectomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with non-splenic dis /surg (IM), not /ther
UI = D013156
Splenic Artery
MS = The largest branch of the celiac trunk with distribution to the spleen, pancreas, stomach and greater omentum.
UI = D013157
Splenic Diseases
UI = D013158
Splenic Infarction
MS = Insufficiency of arterial or venous blood supply to the spleen due to emboli, thrombi, vascular torsion, or pressure that produces a macroscopic area of necrosis. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = DF: SPLENIC INFARCT
UI = D013159
Splenic Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the SPLEEN.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D013160
Splenic Rupture
AN = traumatic or spontaneous; if spontaneous coord IM with RUPTURE, SPONTANEOUS (NIM); differentiate from traumatic spleen perforation ( = SPLEEN /inj)
UI = D013161
Splenic Vein
MS = Vein formed by the union (at the hilus of the spleen) of several small veins from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and mesentery.
UI = D013162
Splenomegaly
MS = Enlargement of the spleen.
AN = do not confuse with HYPERSPLENISM, increase in splenic hemolytic function; IM only if point of article; do not index at all if the usual symptom of a disease; NIM if merely one of many symptoms in article
UI = D013163
Splenorenal Shunt, Surgical
MS = Anastomosis of splenic vein to renal vein to relieve portal hypertension.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: SPLENORENAL SHUNT
UI = D013164
Splenosis
MS = The spontaneous transplantation of splenic tissue to unusual sites after open splenic trauma, e.g., after automobile accidents, gunshot or stab wounds. The splenic pulp implants appear as red-blue nodules on the peritoneum, omentum, and mesentery, morphologically similar to multifocal pelvic endometriosis. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = spontaneous intra-abdom transpl of spleen tissue to other tissue, usually after trauma
UI = D017890
Spliceosomes
MS = Organelles in which the splicing and excision reactions that remove introns from precursor messenger RNA molecules occur. One component of a spliceosome is five small nuclear RNA molecules (U1, U2, U4, U5, U6) that, working in conjunction with proteins, help to fold pieces of RNA into the right shapes and later splice them into the message.
AN = organelles in which splicing of mRNA occurs; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D017381
Splints
MS = Rigid or flexible appliances used to maintain in position a displaced or movable part or to keep in place and protect an injured part. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D013165
Spodoptera
MS = A genus of owlet moths of the family Noctuidae. These insects are used in molecular biology studies during all stages of their life cycle.
AN = a genus of moths; /microbiol /parasitol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D018411
Spondylarthritis
MS = Arthritis of the spine, specifically involving the intervertebral articulations.
AN = coord IM with specific vertebrae (IM)
UI = D025241
Spondylarthropathies
MS = Heterogeneous group of arthritic diseases sharing clinical and radiologic features and presence of the HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.
AN = coord IM with specific vertebrae (IM)
UI = D025242
Spondylitis
MS = Inflammation of the vertebrae. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.
AN = coord IM with specific vertebrae (IM); do not confuse with SPONDYLOSIS see SPINAL OSTEOPHYTOSIS
UI = D013166
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
MS = The form of rheumatoid arthritis affecting the spine. It occurs predominantly in young males and produces pain and stiffness as a result of inflammation of the sacroiliac, intervertebral, and costovertebral joints. Etiology is unknown.
AN = coord IM with specific vertebrae (IM)
UI = D013167
Spondylolisthesis
MS = Forward displacement of one vertebra over another.
AN = "forward displacemt of 1 vertebra over another"; do not confuse with SPONDYLOLYSIS, dissolution of a vertebra; IM; coord with specific vertebra (IM)
UI = D013168
Spondylolysis
MS = Dissolution of a vertebra, especially the pars interarticularis.
AN = "dissolution of a vertebra"; do not confuse with SPONDYLOLISTHESIS, displacemt of 1 vertebra over another; IM; coord with specific vertebra (IM)
UI = D013169
Spontaneous Combustion
MS = A circumstance where a substance or organism takes fire and burns without an exogenous source. Spontaneous human combustion differs from preternatural human combustibility in that in the latter, some spark or trivial flame sets the fire and the body tissues, which have a greatly enhanced inflammability, continue to undergo incineration without any external heat source or combustible materials. (Bergman NA. Spontaneous human combustion: its role in literature and science. Pharos 1988;Fall;51(4):18-21)
AN = material or human: read MeSH definition; only /hist
UI = D018605
Sporadotrichina
MS = A suborder of ciliate protozoa having a body that is commonly oval to elliptical in shape. Most species are free-living in widely diverse habitats.
AN = a suborder of ciliate protozoa
UI = D016811
Spores
MS = The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as BACTERIA, PROTOZOA, FUNGI, and cryptogamic plants.
AN = GEN: SPORES, BACTERIAL, SPORES, FUNGAL and SPORES, PROTOZOAN are available; sporulation: coord organism /physiol (IM) + SPORES (NIM); Manual 22.31
UI = D013170
Spores, Bacterial
MS = Heat and stain resistant, metabolically inactive bodies formed within the vegetative cells of bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium.
AN = NIM; sporulation: coord specific bacterium /physiol (IM) + SPORES, BACTERIAL (NIM); Manual 22.31; SPORES BACT
UI = D013171
Spores, Fungal
MS = Reproductive bodies produced by fungi.
AN = coord with specific fungus; sporulation: coord specific fungus /physiol; Manual 22.31
UI = D013172
Spores, Protozoan
MS = A vegetative stage in the life cycle of sporozoan PROTOZOA. It is characterisic of members of the phyla APICOMPLEXA and MICROSPORA.
AN = sporulation: coord organism /physiol (IM) + SPORES, PROTOZOAN (NIM); Manual 23.31
UI = D033761
Sporidesmins
MS = A group of related mycotoxins produced by the pasture fungus Pithomyces chartarum (formerly Sporidesmium bakeri); causes liver damage and facial eczema in cattle and sheep.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS
UI = D013173
Sporothrix
MS = A mitosporic Ophiostomataceae fungal genus, whose species Sporothrix schenckii is a well-known animal pathogen. The conidia of this soil fungus may be inhaled causing a primary lung infection, or may infect independently via skin punctures.
AN = infection = SPOROTRICHOSIS
UI = D013175
Sporotrichosis
MS = The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound.
AN = fungus dis of skin
UI = D013174
Sporozoites
MS = The product of meiotic division of zygotes in parasitic PROTOZOA comprising haploid cells. These infective cells invade the host and undergo asexual reproduction producing merozoites (or other forms) and ultimately gametocytes.
UI = D034101
Sports
MS = Activities or games, usually involving physical effort or skill. Reasons for engagement in sports include pleasure, competition, and/or financial reward.
AN = SPORTS is the activity, SPORTS MEDICINE is the speciality; /inj = ATHLETIC INJURIES but see note there; /physiol permitted; Manual 30.31
UI = D013177
Sports Equipment
MS = Equipment required for engaging in a sport (such as balls, bats, rackets, skis, skates, ropes, weights) and devices for the protection of athletes during their performance (such as masks, gloves, mouth pieces).
AN = coord IM with specific sport (IM); for protective equipment coord with PROTECTIVE DEVICES (IM) or specific protective device (IM)
UI = D019876
Sports Medicine
MS = The field of medicine concerned with physical fitness and the diagnosis and treatment of injuries sustained in sports activities.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; differentiate from SPORTS; sports inj = ATHLETIC INJURIES; policy: Manual 30.31; DF: SPORTS MED
UI = D013178
Spouse Abuse
MS = Deliberate severe and repeated injury to one domestic partner by the other.
AN = wife or husband abused or abuser
UI = D013179
Spouses
MS = Married persons, i.e., husbands and wives, or partners. Domestic partners, or spousal equivalents, are two adults who have chosen to share their lives in an intimate and committed relationship, reside together, and share a mutual obligation of support for the basic necessities of life.
AN = husbands, wives, or partners as persons: differentiate from MARRIAGE, the sociol or anthropol concept
UI = D018454
Sprains and Strains
MS = A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.
AN = IM; coord sprain with specific joint /inj (IM) or ligament /inj (IM) & strain with specific muscle /inj (IM); CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS is available; "strain fracture": index under FRACTURES (IM) + CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS (IM); DF: SPRAINS
UI = D013180
Spreading Cortical Depression
UI = D013181
Sprue, Tropical
MS = A malabsorption syndrome occurring in the tropics and subtropics. Protein malnutrition is usually precipitated by the malabsorption, and anemia due to folic acid deficiency is particularly common. Administration of antibiotics (especially tetracycline) and folic acid usually results in remission. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a malabsorpt syndrome; note "tropical": do not confuse with non-tropical sprue which is SPRUE see CELIAC DISEASE
UI = D013182
Spumavirus
MS = Genus of non-oncogenic retroviruses which establish persistent infections in many animal species but are considered non-pathogenic. Its organisms have been isolated from primates (including humans), cattle, cats, hamsters, and sea lions. Spumaviruses have a foamy or lace-like appearance and are often accompanied by syncytium formation. Chimpanzee foamy virus is the type species.
AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016092
Sputum
MS = Material coughed up from the lungs and expectorated via the mouth. It contains MUCUS, cellular debris, and microorganisms. It may also contain blood or pus.
UI = D013183
SQ-18506
MS = A nitrovinyl furan used as a schistosomicidal agent and proposed for trypanosomiasis, especially Chagas disease.
UI = D013184
Squalene
UI = D013185
Squalene Synthetase
MS = Catalyzes the rearrangement and reduction of the cyclopropane compound, presqualene pyrophosphate to form squalene, with NADPH as the coenzyme.
UI = D013186
Squid
MS = A ten-armed cephalopod mollusk of the order Decapoda. It includes the squid as food.
AN = as animal & food; IM; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; giant squid axon: coord NIM with AXONS (IM)
UI = D013187
src Homology Domains
MS = Regions of sequence similarity in the src family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. The SH1 domain is a catalytic domain. SH2 and SH3 domains are protein-binding domains. SH2 usually binds phosphotyrosine-containing proteins and SH3 interacts with cytoskeletal proteins.
UI = D018909
src-Family Kinases
MS = A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.
UI = D019061
Sri Lanka
UI = D013188
SRS-A
MS = A group of LEUKOTRIENES (LTC4; LTD4; and LTE4) that is the major mediator of BRONCHOCONSTRICTION; HYPERSENSITIVITY; and other allergic reactions. Earlier studies described a "slow-reacting substance of ANAPHYLAXIS" released from lung by cobra venom or after anaphylactic shock. The relationship between SRS-A leukotrienes was established by UV which showed the presence of the conjugated triene. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D013189
SSPE Virus
MS = A defective variant of MEASLES VIRUS that has been isolated from the brain tissue of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
AN = a defective MEASLES VIRUS; infection = SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS
UI = D013190
Stachybotrys
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus including one species which forms a toxin in moldy hay that may cause a serious illness in horses.
UI = D013191
Stachys
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that has a characteristic odor.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031366
Staff Development
MS = The process by which the employer promotes staff performance and efficiency consistent with management goals and objectives.
UI = D013192
Staining and Labeling
MS = The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.
UI = D013194
Stainless Steel
MS = Stainless steel. A steel containing Ni, Cr, or both. It does not tarnish on exposure and is used in corrosive environments. (Grant & Hack's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D013193
Stanford-Binet Test
MS = An individual intelligence test designed primarily for school children to predict school performance and the ability to adjust to everyday demands.
UI = D013195
Stanolone
UI = D013196
Stanozolol
MS = A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194)
AN = an anabolic steroid
UI = D013197
Stapedius
MS = The stapedius muscle arises from the wall of the middle ear and is inserted into the neck of the stapes. Its action is to pull the head of the stapes backward.
AN = /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D013198
Stapes
MS = One of the three ossicles of the middle ear. It transmits sound vibrations from the INCUS to the internal ear (Ear, Internal see LABYRINTH).
UI = D013199
Stapes Mobilization
MS = An operation to remobilize the footplate of the stapes to relieve conductive hearing impairment caused by its immobilization through otosclerosis or middle ear disease. (Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = in otosclerosis surg; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D013200
Stapes Surgery
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; STAPES MOBILIZATION is also available
UI = D013201
Staphylococcaceae
MS = Family of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria, in the order Bacillales. Genera include Gemella, Macrococcus, Salinicoccus, and STAPHYLOCOCCUS.
UI = D040141
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
MS = Poisoning by staphylococcal toxins present in contaminated food.
AN = DF: STAPH FOOD POIS
UI = D013202
Staphylococcal Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.
AN = gram-pos bact infect; STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING is also available; DF: STAPH INFECT
UI = D013203
Staphylococcal Protein A
MS = A protein present in the cell wall of most Staphylococcus aureus strains. The protein selectively binds to the Fc region of human normal and myeloma-derived IMMUNOGLOBULIN G. It elicits antibody activity and may cause hypersensitivity reactions due to histamine release; has also been used as cell surface antigen marker and in the clinical assessment of B lymphocyte function.
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: STAPH PROTEIN A
UI = D013205
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
MS = A disease of infants due to group 2 phage type 17 staphylococci that produce an epidermolytic exotoxin. Superficial fine vesicles and bullae form and rupture easily, resulting in loss of large sheets of epidermis.
AN = in inf; do not confuse with another epidermolytic disease: NONSTAPHYLOCOCCAL SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME see EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS, TOXIC; DF: SSSS
UI = D013206
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
MS = Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.
AN = coord IM with specific STAPHYLOCOCCUS (IM); DF: STAPH SKIN INFECT
UI = D013207
Staphylococcal Toxoid
AN = DF: STAPH TOXOID
UI = D013208
Staphylococcal Vaccines
AN = coord IM with specific Staphylococcus; DF: STAPH VACCINES
UI = D013209
Staphylococcus
MS = A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.
AN = infection = STAPH INFECTIONS on data form; staphylococcal clumping factor = COAGULASE (see X refs there); DF: STAPH
UI = D013210
Staphylococcus aureus
MS = Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.
AN = infection = STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS & do not bother to coord with S. aureus unless particularly discussed (index IM); DF: STAPH AUREUS
UI = D013211
Staphylococcus epidermidis
MS = A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS that is a spherical, non-motile, gram-positive, chemoorganotrophic, facultative anaerobe. Mainly found on the skin and mucous membrane of warm-blooded animals, it can be primary pathogen or secondary invader.
AN = infection: coord IM with STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: STAPH EPIDERMIDIS
UI = D013212
Staphylococcus haemolyticus
MS = A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS found on the skin of humans (and non-human primates), often causing hospital-acquired infections (CROSS INFECTION).
AN = infection: coord IM with STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: STAPH HAEMOLYTICUS
UI = D041162
Staphylococcus hominis
MS = A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS similar to STAPHLOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS, but containing different esterases. The subspeces Staphylococcus hominis novobiosepticus is highly virulent and novobiocin resistant.
AN = infection: coord IM with STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: STAPH HAEMOLYTICUS
UI = D041181
Staphylococcus Phages
MS = Viruses whose host is Staphylococcus.
AN = coord IM with specific Staph (NIM); DF: STAPH PHAGES
UI = D013204
Starch
MS = Any of a group of polysaccharides of the general formula (C6-H10-O5)n, composed of a long-chain polymer of glucose in the form of amylose and amylopectin. It is the chief storage form of energy reserve (carbohydrates) in plants.
UI = D013213
Starch Phosphorylase
MS = An enzyme of the PHOSPHORYLASES family that catalyzes the degradation of starch, a mixture of unbranched AMYLOSE and branched AMYLOPECTIN compounds. This phosphorylase from plants is the counterpart of GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE in animals that catalyzes the reaction of inorganic phosphate on the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of glucans resulting in the release of glucose-1-phosphate.
UI = D024941
Starch Synthase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of glucose from ADPglucose to glucose-containing polysaccharides in 1,4-alpha-linkages. EC 2.4.1.21.
AN = do not confuse with GLYCOGEN (STARCH) SYNTHASE see GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE
UI = D013214
Starfish
MS = Echinoderms having bodies of usually five radially disposed arms coalescing at the center.
AN = echinoderm; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D013215
Startle Reaction
MS = A complex involuntary response to an unexpected strong stimulus usually auditory in nature.
AN = human & animal
UI = D013216
Starvation
MS = Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = TN 80: definition & relation to FASTING; refeeding after starvation: index refeeding under FOOD if pertinent
UI = D013217
State Dentistry
MS = Control, direction and financing of the total dental care of the population by a national government.
AN = not for dent programs of individual states ( = specific dent program + specific state); specify country; DF: STATE DENT
UI = D013218
State Government
MS = The level of governmental organization and function below that of the national or country-wide government.
AN = not restricted to the U.S.; no qualif; specify state or province
UI = D013219
State Health Planning and Development Agencies
MS = Agencies established under PL93-641 to coordinate, conduct, and implement state health planning activities. Two primary responsibilities are the preparation of an annual State Health Plan and giving assistance to the Statewide Health Coordinating Council.
AN = U.S. only; Public Law 93-641; specify geog & add UNITED STATES also; DF: SHPDA
UI = D013220
State Health Plans
MS = State plans prepared by the State Health Planning and Development Agencies which are made up from plans submitted by the Health Systems Agencies and subject to review and revision by the Statewide Health Coordinating Council.
AN = Public Law 93-641; specify geog & add UNITED STATES also
UI = D013221
State Medicine
MS = A system of medical care regulated, controlled and financed by the government, in which the government assumes responsibility for the health needs of the population.
AN = not for med programs of individual states; compulsory system of personal med care under control of a natl govt paying physicians out of public funds; compulsory: do not confuse with NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS; specify country, even GREAT BRITAIN despite X ref below; DF: STATE MED
UI = D013222
Statistical Distributions
MS = The complete summaries of the frequencies of the values or categories of a measurement made on a group of items, a population, or other collection of data. The distribution tells either how many or what proportion of the group was found to have each value (or each range of values) out of all the possible values that the quantitative measure can have.
AN = how many or what proportion of a group has a given value: read MeSH definition; GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; IM; coord with subject of data /epidemiol or /statist (IM); DF: STATIST DISTRIBUTIONS
UI = D016008
Statistics
MS = The science and art of collecting, summarizing, and analyzing data that are subject to random variation. The term is also applied to the data themselves and to the summarization of the data.
AN = IM SPEC only: SPEC qualif; NIM no qualif; prefer /statist with non-disease terms: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.68; statist on dis = /epidemiol; IM for statistical theory or statistical methods; tables in texts are not necessarily /statist; do not confuse with MATHEMATICS; DF: STATIST
UI = D013223
Statistics [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of presentations of numerical data on particular subjects.
UI = D020500
Statistics, Nonparametric
MS = A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease /epidemiol (IM) or specific non-disease term /statist (IM); no qualif
UI = D018709
Status Asthmaticus
MS = A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.
AN = sudden intense aggravation of asthma
UI = D013224
Status Epilepticus
MS = A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)
AN = note X ref petit mal status: do not confuse with PETIT MAL EPILEPSY see EPILEPSY, ABSENCE
UI = D013226
Staurosporine
MS = A potent protein kinase C inhibitor that enhances cAMP-mediated responses in human neuroblastoma cells. (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;214(3):1114-20)
UI = D019311
Stavudine
MS = A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D018119
Steam
UI = D013227
Steam Bath
MS = Therapy of sitting in a hot steamy room followed by a cool bath or shower.
UI = D029002
Stearates
MS = Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.
UI = D013228
Stearic Acids
MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of octadecanoic acid which is one of the most abundant fatty acids found in animal lipids. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = do not confuse X ref OCTADECANOIC ACIDS with OCTADECENOIC ACIDS see OLEIC ACIDS
UI = D013229
Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of oleoyl-CoA, A, and water from stearoyl-CoA, AH2, and oxygen where AH2 is an unspecified hydrogen donor. EC 1.14.99.5.
UI = D013230
Steatitis
MS = A disease of cats and mink characterized by a marked inflammation of adipose tissue and the deposition of "ceroid" pigment in the interstices of the adipose cells. It is believed to be caused by feeding diets containing too much unsaturated fatty acid and too little vitamin E. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = inflamm of adipose tissue in cats & minks; coord IM with CAT DISEASES (IM) or MINKS (IM); check tags CATS if cat & ANIMAL for cat or mink
UI = D013231
Steel
MS = A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D013232
Stellaria
MS = A plant genus of the family CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029752
Stellate Ganglion
MS = A paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia.
AN = a sympath ganglion
UI = D013233
Stem Cell Factor
MS = A hematopoietic growth factor and the ligand of the cell surface c-kit protein (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-KIT). It is expressed during embryogenesis and is a growth factor for a number of cell types including the MAST CELLS and the MELANOCYTES in addition to the HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS.
UI = D019089
Stem Cell Transplantation
MS = The transfer of STEM CELLS from one individual to another within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or between species (XENOTRANSPLANTATION), or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). The source and location of the stem cells determines their potency or pluripotency to differentiate into various cell types.
UI = D033581
Stem Cells
MS = Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
UI = D013234
Stenotrophomonas
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacteria formerly classified as part of the genus XANTHOMONAS.
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D020588
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
MS = A species of STENOTROPHOMONAS, formerly called Xanthomonas maltophilia, which reduces nitrate. It is a cause of hospital-acquired ocular and lung infections, especially in those patients with cystic fibrosis and those who are immunosuppressed.
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D020615
Stents
MS = Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D015607
Stephania
MS = A plant genus of the family MENISPERMACEAE. Members contain cycleanine.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031607
Stephania tetrandra
MS = A plant species of the genus STEPHANIA, family MENISPERMACEAE, that contains tetrandrine and bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031609
Sterculia
MS = A plant genus of the family STERCULIACEAE. S. urens is the source of KARAYA GUM which is sometimes called Indian tragacanth, which is different from the true TRAGACANTH which comes from ASTRAGALUS GUMMIFER.
AN = source of TRAGACANTH, INDIAN see KARAYA GUM; source of true tragacanth is ASTRALAGUS GUMMIFER; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032361
Sterculiaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Malvales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. The leaves of Sterculiaceae are alternate and simple or palmately compound. Flowers have three to five sepals and five or no petals.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029643
Stereognosis
MS = Perception of shape and form of objects by touch.
UI = D013236
Stereoisomerism
MS = The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
AN = NIM; no qualif; policy: Manual 25.5.5.1
UI = D013237
Stereotaxic Techniques
MS = Techniques during brain surgery that use a system of three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D013238
Stereotyped Behavior
MS = Relatively invariant mode of behavior elicited or determined by a particular situation; may be verbal, postural, or expressive.
AN = human & animal
UI = D013239
Stereotypic Movement Disorder
MS = Motor behavior that is repetitive, often seemingly driven, and nonfunctional. This behavior markedly interferes with normal activities or results in severe bodily self-injury. The behavior is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition. (DSM-IV, 1994)
UI = D019956
Stereotyping
MS = An oversimplified perception or conception especially of persons, social groups, etc.
AN = no qualif; includes both person using stereotype thinking & person or group being stereotyped; do not confuse with STEREOTYPED BEHAVIOR: read MeSH definition
UI = D013240
Sterigmatocystin
MS = A carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds, Aspergillus versicolor, A. nidulans, and an unidentified species of Bipolaris. It causes necrosis of the liver and kidney and has an inhibitory effect on orotic acid incorporation into nuclear RNA.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; /biosyn permitted if by fungus
UI = D013241
Sterilization
MS = The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means.
AN = of the environment, not sexual; differentiate from DISINFECTION: DISINFECTION renders matter free of pathogens, STERILIZATION destroys all microbes; if in doubt, use the word of the text
UI = D013242
Sterilization Reversal
MS = Reversal of sexual sterilization.
AN = sexual; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D013243
Sterilization, Involuntary
MS = Sexual sterilization without consent of the patient.
UI = D013244
Sterilization, Sexual
MS = Procedures for the purpose of rendering individuals incapable of reproduction.
AN = restrict to humans & Cat B2; for Cat B1 consider PEST CONTROL, BIOLOGICAL; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D013245
Sterilization, Tubal
MS = Surgical interruption of the fallopian tube during laparotomy or in the context of pelvioscopy.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D013246
Sternoclavicular Joint
UI = D013247
Sternocostal Joints
UI = D013248
Sternum
UI = D013249
Steroid 11-beta-Hydroxylase
MS = A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 11-beta-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B1 gene, is important in the synthesis of CORTICOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Defects in CYP11B1 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).
UI = D013252
Steroid 12-alpha-Hydroxylase
MS = A liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 12-alpha-hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of sterols in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP8B1gene, converts 7-alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one to 7-alpha-12-alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and is required in the synthesis of BILE ACIDS from cholesterol.
UI = D013253
Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase
MS = A liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 16-alpha-hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme is encoded by a number of genes from several CYP2 subfamilies.
UI = D039181
Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase
MS = A microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 17-alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone or pregnenolone and subsequent cleavage of the residual two carbons at C17 in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP17 gene, generates precursors for glucocorticoid, androgen, and estrogen synthesis. Defects in CYP17 gene cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL) and abnormal sexual differentiation.
UI = D013254
Steroid 21-Hydroxylase
MS = An adrenal microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 21-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP21 gene, converts progesterones to precursors of adrenal steroid hormones (CORTICOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE). Defects in CYP21 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).
UI = D013255
Steroid Hydroxylases
MS = Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D013250
Steroid Isomerases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transposition of double bond(s) in a steroid molecule. EC 5.3.3.
UI = D013251
Steroids
MS = A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
AN = GEN; avoid: too general; prefer more specific steroid groups or specific steroids
UI = D013256
Steroids, Brominated
MS = Steroids which are substituted with one or more bromine atoms in any position.
UI = D013257
Steroids, Chlorinated
MS = Steroids which are substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position.
UI = D013258
Steroids, Fluorinated
MS = Steroids which are substituted with one or more fluorine atoms in any position.
UI = D013259
Steroids, Heterocyclic
MS = Steroidal compounds in which one or more carbon atoms in the steroid ring system have been substituted with non-carbon atoms.
UI = D013260
Sterol O-Acyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters by the direct transfer of the fatty acid group from a fatty acyl CoA derivative. This enzyme has been found in the adrenal gland, gonads, liver, intestinal mucosa, and aorta of many mammalian species. EC 2.3.1.26.
UI = D002785
Sterols
MS = Steroids with a hydroxyl group at C-3 and most of the skeleton of cholestane. Additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain. (IUPAC Steroid Nomenclature, 1987)
UI = D013261
Stethoscopes
MS = Instruments intended to detect and study sound produced by the heart, lungs, or other parts of the body. (from UMDNS, 1999)
UI = D019023
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
MS = A variant of bullous erythema multiforme. It ranges from mild skin and mucous membrane lesions to a severe, sometimes fatal systemic disorder. Ocular symptoms include ulcerative conjunctivitis, keratitis, iritis, uveitis, and sometimes blindness. The cause of the disease is unknown.
AN = a sometimes fatal form of erythema multiforme
UI = D013262
Stevia
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain stevioside and other sweet diterpene glycosides. The leaf is used for sweetening (SWEETENING AGENTS).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036625
Stiff-Person Syndrome
MS = A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)
UI = D016750
Stifle
MS = In horses, cattle, and other quadrupeds, the joint between the femur and the tibia, corresponding to the human knee.
AN = in quadrupeds, corresponds to the human knee
UI = D013264
Stigmasterol
AN = called "anti-stiffness factor"
UI = D013265
Stigmatella
MS = A genus of the MYXOCOCCALES having vegetative cells which are straight rods with tapered ends and myxospores which are short and somewhat crooked. Fruiting bodies consist of spherical, ovoid, or club-shaped sporangioles on stalks. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D020597
Stigmatella aurantiaca
MS = A species of STIGMATELLA usually isolated from rotting wood. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D020606
Stilbamidines
UI = D013266
Stilbenes
MS = Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.
UI = D013267
Still's Disease, Adult-Onset
MS = Systemic-onset rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It differs from classical rheumatoid arthritis in that it is more often marked by acute febrile onset, and generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are more prominent.
AN = a type of rheum arthritis; do not confuse with STILL'S DISEASE, JUVENILE-ONSET see ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE RHEUMATOID
UI = D016706
Stimulants (Historical)
MS = Agents or remedies that historically have produced stimulation or excited functional activity. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = hist articles & hist contexts only: do not confuse with CNS, ganglionic or cardiac stimulants; D25-26 qualif
UI = D018758
Stimulation, Chemical
AN = NIM; no qualif; TN 49: definition & use as NIM
UI = D013268
Stochastic Processes
MS = Processes that incorporate some element of randomness, used particularly to refer to a time series of random variables.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D013269
Stomach
MS = An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.
AN = /blood supply: gastric varix or varices = ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES & see note there; perforation = STOMACH /inj, not STOMACH RUPTURE; gastric secretion = GASTRIC JUICE /secret or GASTRIC MUCOSA /secret, not STOMACH /secret; stomach secretes GASTRIN; HYDROCHLORIC ACID, GASTRIC (see GASTRIC ACID); INTRINSIC FACTOR & PEPSINOGENS; /surg: consider also GASTRECTOMY; GASTROENTEROSTOMY & GASTROSTOMY; inflammation = GASTRITIS; Heidenhain pouch: index STOMACH /physiol; gastric hyperacidity: index under GASTRIC ACID /secret; mucosal prolapse = GASTRIC MUCOSA (IM) + STOMACH DISEASES (NIM) + PROLAPSE; many parts of STOMACH are available
UI = D013270
Stomach Dilatation
MS = Distention of the stomach with retained secretions, food, and/or gas due to obstruction, ileus, or denervation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D013271
Stomach Diseases
AN = GEN; inflamm dis = GASTRITIS; gastric varix or varices = ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES & see note there
UI = D013272
Stomach Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); neopl of ruminant stomach or its parts: coord STOMACH, RUMINANT or indention (IM) with STOMACH NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type of neopl /vet (IM)
UI = D013274
Stomach Rupture
AN = traumatic or spontaneous; if spontaneous coord IM with RUPTURE, SPONTANEOUS (NIM); differentiate from traumatic stomach perforation ( = STOMACH /inj)
UI = D013275
Stomach Ulcer
MS = Ulceration of the mucous membrane of the stomach. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = perforated = STOMACH ULCER /compl (IM) + PEPTIC ULCER PERFORATION (IM); hemorrhage = STOMACH ULCER /compl (IM) + PEPTIC ULCER HEMORRHAGE (IM); "gastroduodenal ulcer" = GASTRODUODENAL ULCER see PEPTIC ULCER
UI = D013276
Stomach Volvulus
MS = Twisting of the stomach that may result in obstruction and impairment of the blood supply to the organ. It can occur in paraesophageal hernia and occasionally in eventration of the diaphragm. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = twisting of the stomach
UI = D013277
Stomach, Avian
AN = dis: coord IM with STOMACH DISEASES /vet (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type (IM); Manual 24.6.4.1
UI = D013278
Stomach, Ruminant
AN = dis: coord IM with STOMACH DISEASES /vet (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type (IM); ulcer: coord IM with STOMACH ULCER /vet (IM); Manual 24.6.4.1
UI = D013279
Stomas
MS = Artificial openings between two cavities or canals, or between such and the surface of the body. (Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = surgically-created opening; coord IM with organ /surg (IM) or surg procedure (IM) or organ /surg (IM) if proced is not available
UI = D019740
Stomatitis
MS = Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors, which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = inflamm of oral mucosa; mycotic stomatitis = CANDIDIASIS, ORAL; mucositis: coord IM with MOUTH MUCOSA (NIM)
UI = D013280
Stomatitis, Aphthous
MS = A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)
AN = do not confuse X refs ULCER, APHTHOUS or CANKER SORE with "oral ulcers" ( = ORAL ULCER )
UI = D013281
Stomatitis, Denture
MS = Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.
AN = coord with specific denture /adv eff; unspecified mycotic denture-sore mouth: coord IM with CANDIDIASIS, ORAL (IM)
UI = D013282
Stomatitis, Herpetic
MS = Stomatitis caused by Herpesvirus hominis. It usually occurs as acute herpetic stomatitis (or gingivostomatitis), an oral manifestation of primary herpes simplex seen primarily in children and adolescents.
AN = Herpes simplex virus infect of the mouth; "cold sore" & "fever blister" of the mouth go here but of the lips & nares = HERPES LABIALIS
UI = D013283
Stomatognathic Diseases
MS = General or unspecified diseases of the stomatognathic system, comprising the mouth, teeth, jaws, and pharynx.
AN = includes dis of mouth, teeth, jaws & pharynx; GEN: prefer specifics; index here for "stomatol dis" of foreign lit
UI = D009057
Stomatognathic System
MS = The mouth, teeth, jaws, pharynx, and related structures as they relate to mastication, deglutition, and speech.
AN = includes mouth, teeth, jaws & pharynx; GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D013284
Stomatognathic System Abnormalities
MS = Congenital structural abnormalities of the mouth and jaws, including the dentition.
AN = for congen struct abnorm only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics or specific organ /abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: STOMATOGNATHIC SYSTEM ABNORM
UI = D018640
Strabismus
MS = Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)
UI = D013285
Street Drugs
MS = Drugs obtained and often manufactured illegally for the subjective effects they are said to produce. They are often distributed in urban areas, but are also available in suburban and rural areas, and tend to be grossly impure and may cause unexpected toxicity.
AN = /econ /legis permitted; coord IM with specific drug or chemical (IM); CRACK COCAINE is available
UI = D013287
Strelitziaceae
MS = A plant family of the order ZINGIBERALES, subclass Zingiberidae, class Liliopsida. Some species in this genus are called bird-of-paradise which is also a common name for CAESALPINIA and Heliconia (HELICONIACEAE).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032428
Strepsirhini
MS = A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of the following five families: CHEIROGALEIDAE; Daubentoniidae; Indriidae; LEMURIDAE; and LORISIDAE.
UI = D011443
Streptavidin
MS = A 60kD extracellular protein of Streptomyces avidinii with four high-affinity biotin binding sites. Unlike AVIDIN, streptavidin has a near neutral isoelectric point and is free of carbohydrate side chains.
UI = D019809
Streptobacillus
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that require serum, ascitic fluid, or blood for growth. Its organisms inhabit the throat and nasopharynx of wild and laboratory rats and cause one form of RAT-BITE FEVER in man.
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) or RAT-BITE FEVER (IM) (see MeSH definition)
UI = D013288
Streptococcaceae
MS = Gram-positive non-sporing bacteria including many parasitic, pathogenic, and saprophytic forms.
AN = DF: do not abbreviate since it would conflict with DF for STREPTOCOCCUS
UI = D013289
Streptococcal Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.
AN = gram-pos bact infect; coord IM with species (IM); DF: STREP INFECT
UI = D013290
Streptococcal Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.
AN = coord IM with specific Streptococcus species /immunol (IM)
UI = D022541
Streptococcus
MS = A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; hemolytic streptococci = STREPTOCOCCUS unless specified in text as S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, etc.; group A = STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; B = STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE; D = ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS; ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM; STREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS; S. equinus (index under STREPTOCOCCUS); N = LACTOCOCCUS LACTIS; groups E, L, M, O, R, S go under STREPTOCOCCUS; infection = STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; DF: STREP
UI = D013291
Streptococcus agalactiae
MS = A bacterium which causes mastitis in cattle and occasionally in man.
AN = infection: coord IM with STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: STREP AGALACTIAE
UI = D013292
Streptococcus anginosus
MS = A species of gram-positive bacteria in the STREPTOCOCCUS MILLERI GROUP. It is the most frequently seen isolate of that group, has a proclivity for abscess formation, and is most often isolated from the blood, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tract.
AN = infection: coord IM with STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D034366
Streptococcus bovis
MS = A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly found in the alimentary tract of cows, sheep, and other ruminants. It occasionally is encountered in cases of human endocarditis. This species is nonhemolytic.
AN = rumen bacterium; sometimes in human endocarditis; infection: coord IM with STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: STREP BOVIS
UI = D016985
Streptococcus constellatus
MS = A species of gram-positive bacteria in the STREPTOCOCCUS MILLERI GROUP. It is commonly found in the oropharnyx flora and has a proclivity for abscess formation in the upper body and respiratory tract.
AN = infection: coord IM with STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D034365
Streptococcus equi
MS = A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from abscesses in submaxillary glands and mucopurulent discharges of the upper respiratory tract of horses. This organism belongs to Group C streptococci with regards to antigen response and is known to cause strangles. The subspecies S. zooepidemicus is also considered a pathogen of horses.
AN = infection: coord IM with STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: STREP EQUI
UI = D018502
Streptococcus intermedius
MS = A species of gram-positive bacteria in the STREPTOCOCCUS MILLERI GROUP. It is commonly found in the oropharynx flora and has a proclivity for abscess formation, most characteristically in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and LIVER.
AN = infection: coord IM with STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D034367
Streptococcus milleri Group
MS = A subset of VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI, but the species in this group differ in their hemolytic pattern and diseases caused. These species are often beta-hemolytic and produce pyogenic infections.
AN = infection: coord IM with STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D034364
Streptococcus mitis
MS = A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commensal in the respiratory tract.
AN = infection: coord IM with STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D034361
Streptococcus mutans
MS = A polysaccharide-producing species of STREPTOCOCCUS isolated from human dental plaque.
AN = found in dental plaque; DF: STREP MUTANS
UI = D013295
Streptococcus oralis
MS = A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria that is numerous in the mouth and throat. It is a common cause of endocarditis and is also implicated in dental plaque formation.
AN = infection: coord IM with STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: STREP ORALIS
UI = D019533
Streptococcus Phages
MS = Viruses whose host is Streptococcus.
AN = coord IM with specific Streptococcus (NIM)
UI = D017108
Streptococcus pneumoniae
MS = A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.
AN = infection = PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS & do not coord with STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; consider also PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCOCCAL; DF: STREP PNEUMONIAE
UI = D013296
Streptococcus pyogenes
MS = A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from skin lesions, blood, inflammatory exudates, and the upper respiratory tract of humans. It is a group A hemolytic Streptococcus that can cause SCARLET FEVER and RHEUMATIC FEVER. Unlike the docile strains that cause strep throat, however, the virulent strains penetrate deep into the body, with catastrophic results. It has been demonstrated that invasive streptococcus A infections can trigger a toxic shock syndrome, chew up muscle (MYOSITIS), or destroy the sheath that covers the muscle (FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING).
AN = infection: coord IM with STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM); note X ref: consider also FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING; DF: STREP PYOGENES
UI = D013297
Streptococcus sanguis
MS = A gram-positive organism found in dental plaque, in blood, on heart valves in subacute endocarditis, and infrequently in saliva and throat specimens. L-forms are associated with recurrent aphthous stomatitis.
AN = infection: coord IM with STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: STREP SANGUIS
UI = D013298
Streptococcus sobrinus
MS = A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from the human tooth surface. Strains have been shown to be cariogenic in experimental animals and may be associated with human dental caries.
AN = a cariogenic bacterium on human teeth; infection: coord IM with STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: STREP SOBRINUS
UI = D016986
Streptococcus suis
MS = A species of STREPTOCOCCUS isolated from pigs. It is a pathogen of swine but rarely occurs in humans.
AN = pathogenic for swine; infection: coord IM with STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: STREP SUIS
UI = D017011
Streptodornase and Streptokinase
MS = A mixture of the enzymes (streptokinase and streptodornase) produced by hemolytic streptococci. It is used topically on surface lesions and by instillation in closed body cavities to remove clotted blood or fibrinous or purulent accumulations. It is also used as a skin test antigen in evaluating generalized cell-mediated immunodeficiency. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.-.
AN = a pharm prep as ther agent combining both enzymes in a single dosage form; do not confuse with STREPTODORNASE see DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE I nor with STREPTOKINASE
UI = D013299
Streptogramin A
MS = A specific streptogramin group A antibiotic produced by Streptomyces graminofaciens and other bacteria.
UI = D025364
Streptogramin B
MS = A specific streptogramin group B antibiotic produced by Streptomyces graminofaciens and other bacteria.
UI = D025381
Streptogramin Group A
MS = A structural subclass of streptogramins that includes molecules containing unsaturated macrocyclic lactones with approximate molecular weight of 500 KD.
AN = STREPTOGRAMIN A is also available
UI = D025362
Streptogramin Group B
MS = A structural subclass of streptogramins. They are cyclic hexadepsipeptides with approximate molecular weight of 800 that contain a characteristic 3-hydroxy picolinoyl exocyclic component.
AN = STREPTOGRAMIN B is available
UI = D025382
Streptogramins
MS = A class of natural cyclic peptide antibiotics produced by certain subspecies of STREPTOMYCES. They include two structurally unrelated components, STREPTOGRAMIN GROUP A and STREPTOGRAMIN GROUP B, which generally act synergistically to inhibit bacterial growth.
UI = D025361
Streptokinase
MS = Streptococcal fibrinolysin . An enzyme produced by hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes amide linkages and serves as an activator of plasminogen. It is used in thrombolytic therapy and is used also in mixtures with streptodornase (STREPTODORNASE AND STREPTOKINASE). EC 3.4.-.
AN = an enzyme; see note on STREPTODORNASE AND STREPTOKINASE
UI = D013300
Streptolysins
MS = Exotoxins produced by certain strains of streptococci, particularly those of group A, that lyse red blood cells. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTISTREPTOLYSIN
UI = D013301
Streptomyces
MS = A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the antibiotics of practical value.
AN = the bacterium that produces many antibiotics
UI = D013302
Streptomyces antibioticus
MS = An actinomycete from which the antibiotic OLEANDOMYCIN is obtained.
AN = yields oleandomycin
UI = D013303
Streptomyces aureofaciens
MS = An actinomycete from which the antibiotic CHLORTETRACYCLINE is obtained.
AN = yields chlortetracycline
UI = D013304
Streptomyces griseus
MS = An actinomycete from which the antibiotics STREPTOMYCIN, grisein, and CANDICIDIN are obtained.
AN = yields streptomycin, candicidin & grisein
UI = D013305
Streptomycetaceae
MS = A family of soil bacteria. It also includes some parasitic forms.
AN = soil bacteria
UI = D013306
Streptomycin
MS = An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.
UI = D013307
Streptonigrin
MS = Complex cytotoxic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces flocculus or S. rufochronmogenus. It is used in advanced carcinoma and causes leukopenia.
UI = D013308
Streptothricins
MS = A group of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces variants. They are composed of an aminosugar and different polypeptide chains and may have broad spectrum antimicrobial and some antiviral properties.
UI = D013309
Streptovaricin
MS = A complex of ansamycin antibiotics consisting of streptovaricins A, B, C, D, E, F, G, J, and K of which streptovaricin C is the major component. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D013310
Streptozocin
MS = An antibiotic that is produced by Stretomyces achromogenes. It is used as an antineoplastic agent and to induce diabetes in experimental animals.
UI = D013311
Stress
MS = A pathological process resulting from the reaction of the body to external forces and abnormal conditions that tend to disturb the organism's homeostasis.
AN = includes "aggressology" (French: agressologie) & the French "agression"; stress ulcer: index under PEPTIC ULCER or specific (IM) + STRESS or STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL (IM or NIM); not for stress in lower animals, plants or microorganisms
UI = D013312
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
MS = A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.
AN = COMBAT DISORDERS is also available
UI = D013313
Stress Disorders, Traumatic
MS = Anxiety disorders manifested by the development of characteristic symptoms following a psychologically traumatic event that is outside the normal range of usual human experience. Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, increased arousal, and numbing of responsiveness to or reduced involvement with the external world. Traumatic stress disorders can be further classified by the time of onset and the duration of these symptoms.
AN = STRESS DISORDERS, TRAUMATIC, ACUTE is also available
UI = D040921
Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute
MS = A class of traumatic stress disorders that is characterized by the significant dissociative states seen immediately after overwhelming trauma. By definition it cannot last longer than 1 month, if it persists, a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC) is more appropriate.
AN = STRESS DISORDERS, TRAUMATIC is also available
UI = D040701
Stress Fibers
MS = Bundles of actin filaments (MICROFILAMENTS) and myosin-II that span across the cell attaching to the cell membrane at FOCAL ADHESIONS and to the network of INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS that surrounds the nucleus.
UI = D022502
Stress, Mechanical
MS = A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.
AN = NIM; no qualif; see MeSH definition: does not refer to stress response to mechanical stimuli such as vibration ( = STRESS + VIBRATION, not STRESS, MECHANICAL)
UI = D013314
Stress, Psychological
MS = Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.
AN = human & animal; coord IM with type of stress if relevant (IM or NIM); "stressful events" is indexed under LIFE CHANGE EVENTS (restrict to humans) but note LIFE STRESS goes here; stress ulcer: index under PEPTIC ULCER or specific (IM) + STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL or STRESS (IM or NIM); DF: STRESS PSYCHOL
UI = D013315
Stria Vascularis
MS = A layer of highly vascular pigmented granular cells on the outer wall of the cochlear duct.
UI = D013316
Striatonigral Degeneration
MS = A sporadic neurodegenerative disease with onset in middle-age characterized clinically by Parkinsonian features (e.g., MUSCLE RIGIDITY; HYPOKINESIA; stooped posture) and HYPOTENSION. This condition is considered a clinical variant of MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY. Pathologic features include a prominent loss of neurons in the zona compacta of the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and PUTAMEN. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1075-6)
UI = D020955
Striga
MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE that is parasitic on the roots of other plants. Members contain the flavones, apigenin and luteolin.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D034362
Strikes, Employee
MS = Work-related situations in which the employees as a group refuse to work until certain conditions of employment are granted by the employer.
AN = DF: STRIKES
UI = D013317
Stroke Volume
MS = The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time).
UI = D013318
Stromal Cells
MS = Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere.
AN = connective tissue cells; NIM; coord with organ /cytol (IM)
UI = D017154
Stromelysin 1
MS = An extracellular endopeptidase of vertebrate tissues similar to INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENASE. It digests proteoglycan, fibronectin, collagen types III, IV, V, and IX, and activates procollagenase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.24.17.
AN = /antag is permitted but TISSUE INHIBITOR OF-METALLOPROTEINASE-3 is available
UI = D019278
Strongyle Infections, Equine
MS = Infection of horses with parasitic nematodes of the superfamily STRONGYLOIDEA. Characteristics include the development of hemorrhagic nodules on the abdominal peritoneum.
AN = nematode infect; don't forget also HORSES (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; for organism coord IM with STRONGYLUS (NIM) or other genus of superfamily STRONGYLOIDEA & its taxonomic families (NIM)
UI = D013319
Strongylida
MS = An order of nematodes of the subclass SECERNENTEA. Characteristics include an H-shaped excretory system with two subventral glands.
AN = an order of nematodes: do not confuse with STRONGYLOIDEA, a superfamily; infection = STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS
UI = D017183
Strongylida Infections
MS = Infections with nematodes of the order STRONGYLIDA.
AN = nematode infect
UI = D017206
Strongyloidea
MS = A superfamily of strongyles or roundworms which are parasites in the intestinal tract of equines, pigs, rodents, and primates (including man). It includes the genera Cyasthostomum, Ransomus, Globocephalus, OESOPHAGOSTOMUM, and STRONGYLUS.
AN = a superfamily of nematodes: do not confuse with STRONGYLIDA, an order; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D013320
Strongyloides
MS = A genus of parasitic nematodes widely distributed as intestinal parasites of mammals.
AN = a genus of nematodes; do not confuse with STRONGYLOIDEA; infection = STRONGYLOIDIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D013321
Strongyloides ratti
MS = A species of parasitic nematode found in rats.
AN = a species of nematode; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLOIDIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D017170
Strongyloides stercoralis
MS = A species of parasitic nematode widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries. The females and their larvae inhabit the mucosa of the intestinal tract, where they cause ulceration and diarrhea.
AN = a species of nematode; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLOIDIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D017171
Strongyloidiasis
MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.
AN = nematode infect caused by STRONGYLOIDES, not STRONGYLOIDEA
UI = D013322
Strongylus
MS = A genus of intestinal parasitic nematodes occurring in animals and man.
AN = a genus of nematodes; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D013323
Strontium
MS = An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.
AN = an alkaline earth metal; Sr-88
UI = D013324
Strontium Isotopes
MS = Stable strontium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element strontium, but differ in the atomic weight. Sr-84, 86, 87, and 88 are the stable strontium isotopes.
AN = Sr-84,86,87; NIM
UI = D013325
Strontium Radioisotopes
MS = Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.
AN = Sr-80-83, 85, 89-95; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
UI = D013326
Strophanthidin
MS = 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.
AN = a cardioactive agent
UI = D013327
Strophanthins
MS = A number of different cardioactive glycosides obtained from Strophanthus species. OUABAIN is from S. gratus and CYMARINE from S. kombe. They are used like the digitalis glycosides.
AN = cardiac glycosides
UI = D013328
Strophanthus
MS = A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE that contains OUABAIN cardiac glycosides.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D030013
Structural Homology, Protein
MS = The degree of 3-dimensional shape similarity between proteins. It can be an indication of distant AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and used for rational DRUG DESIGN.
UI = D040681
Structure-Activity Relationship
MS = The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects.
AN = NIM with specific drug IM; no qualif; DF: STRUCT ACTIV RELAT
UI = D013329
Struma Ovarii
MS = A rare teratoid tumor of the ovary composed almost entirely of thyroid tissue, with large follicles containing abundant colloid. Occasionally there are symptoms of hyperthyroidism. 5-10% of struma ovarii become malignant, the only absolute criterion for which is the presence of metastasis. (Dorland, 27th ed; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM); struma carcinoid = STRUMA OVARII (IM) + CARCINOID TUMOR (IM) + OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D013330
Strychnine
MS = An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.
UI = D013331
Strychnos
MS = A plant genus of the family LOGANIACEAE (classified by some botanists as Strychnaceae).
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031451
Strychnos nux-vomica
MS = A plant genus of the genus STRYCHNOS, family LOGANIACEAE that is the source of STRYCHNINE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031461
Student Dropouts
MS = Individuals who leave school, secondary or college, prior to completion of specified curriculum requirements.
UI = D013332
Student Health Services
MS = Health services for college and university students usually provided by the educational institution.
AN = do not confuse with SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES for high school & under; specify geog; DF: STUDENT HEALTH SERV
UI = D013333
Students
MS = Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program.
AN = /psychol: consider also PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL; as persons: Manual 30.7.3; as children: Manual 34.16; relation to EDUCATION: Manual 34.16; /educ = EDUCATION
UI = D013334
Students, Dental
MS = Individuals enrolled a school of dentistry or a formal educational program in leading to a degree in dentistry.
AN = /educ = EDUCATION, DENTAL or its specifics; DF: STUDENTS DENT
UI = D013335
Students, Health Occupations
MS = Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program in the health occupations.
AN = /educ = HEALTH OCCUPATIONS /educ; DF: STUDENTS HEALTH OCCUP
UI = D013336
Students, Medical
MS = Individuals enrolled in a school of medicine or a formal educational program in medicine.
AN = /educ = EDUCATION, MEDICAL or its specifics; DF: STUDENTS MED
UI = D013337
Students, Nursing
MS = Individuals enrolled in a school of nursing or a formal educational program leading to a degree in nursing.
AN = /educ = EDUCATION, NURSING or its specifics; DF: STUDENTS NURS
UI = D013338
Students, Pharmacy
MS = Individuals enrolled in a school of pharmacy or a formal educational program leading to a degree in pharmacy.
AN = /educ = EDUCATION, PHARMACY or its specifics; DF: STUDENTS PHARM
UI = D013339
Students, Premedical
MS = Individuals enrolled in a preparatory course for medical school.
AN = /educ = EDUCATION, PREMEDICAL; DF: STUDENTS PREMED
UI = D013340
Students, Public Health
MS = Individuals enrolled in a school of PUBLIC HEALTH or a formal educational program in public health.
UI = D040443
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
MS = A congenital syndrome characterized by a port-wine nevus covering portions of the face and cranium (in the distribution of the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE) and angiomas of the meninges and choroid. Clinical manifestations include the onset of focal SEIZURES, progressive hemiparesis, GLAUCOMA, hemianopsia, and cognitive deficits in the first decade of life. By age two years, skull radiographs reveal "tramline calcifications" of the margins of the occipital and parietal lobes. Pathologically cortical neurons are replaced by glial tissue that undergoes calcification. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1018-9)
UI = D013341
Stuttering
MS = A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
UI = D013342
Styracaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029644
Styrax
MS = A plant genus of the family STYRACACEAE. Sap of these Asian trees are a source of a balsam (BALSAMS). This styrax balsam is 3/4 coniferyl benzoate, 1/8 free BENZOIC ACID, along with benzyl cinnamate, vanillin, and TRITERPENES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032362
Styrene
MS = A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.
AN = STYRENES is also available
UI = D020058
Styrenes
MS = Derivatives and polymers of styrene. They are used in the manufacturing of synthetic rubber, plastics, and resins. Some of the polymers form the skeletal structures for ion exchange resin beads.
AN = STYRENE and POLYSTYRENES are also available
UI = D013343
Subacute Care
MS = Medical and skilled nursing services provided to patients who are not in an acute phase of an illness but who require a level of care higher than that provided in a long-term care setting. (JCAHO, Lexikon, 1994)
AN = med & nurs care for patient out of acute phase of dis
UI = D019467
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
MS = A rare, slowly progressive encephalitis caused by chronic infection with the MEASLES VIRUS. The condition occurs primarily in children and young adults, approximately 2-8 years after the initial infection. A gradual decline in intellectual abilities and behavioral alterations are followed by progressive MYOCLONUS; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; SEIZURES; DEMENTIA; autonomic dysfunction; and ATAXIA. DEATH usually occurs 1-3 years after disease onset. Pathologic features include perivascular cuffing, eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, neurophagia, and fibrous gliosis. It is caused by the SSPE virus, which is a defective variant of MEASLES VIRUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp767-8)
UI = D013344
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
MS = Hemorrhage within the intracranial or spinal subarachnoid space, most often resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture or CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA (see also SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurologic deficits, intraocular subhyaloid hemorrhages, and a reduced level of consciousness which may progress to coma or death. Spasm of intracranial arteries (see VASOSPASM, INTRACRANIAL) frequently accompanies this condition and may lead to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or CEREBRAL INFARCTION. (From N Engl J Med 1997 Jan 2;336(1):28-40)
UI = D013345
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Traumatic
MS = Bleeding into the subarachnoid space following CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Minor hemorrhages may be asymptomatic; moderate to severe hemorrhages may be associated with INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION and VASOSPASM, INTRACRANIAL.
UI = D020206
Subarachnoid Space
AN = NIM: usually locational so few qualif apply
UI = D013346
Subcellular Fractions
MS = Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)
AN = NIM; A 11 qualif except /cytol
UI = D013347
Subclavian Artery
MS = Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb.
UI = D013348
Subclavian Steal Syndrome
MS = A clinically significant reduction in blood supply to the BRAIN STEM and CEREBELLUM (i.e., VERTEBROBASILAR INSUFFICIENCY) resulting from reversal of blood flow through the VERTEBRAL ARTERY from occlusion or stenosis of the proximal subclavian or brachiocephalic artery. Common symptoms include VERTIGO; SYNCOPE; and INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION of the involved upper extremity. Subclavian steal may also occur in asymptomatic individuals. (From J Cardiovasc Surg 1994;35(1):11-4; Acta Neurol Scand 1994;90(3):174-8)
UI = D013349
Subclavian Vein
MS = The continuation of the axillary vein which follows the subclavian artery and then joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.
UI = D013350
Subcommissural Organ
MS = An ependymal derivative located at the junction of the third ventricle and the cerebral aqueduct, secreting somatostatin.
UI = D013351
Subcutaneous Emphysema
MS = Presence of air or gas in the subcutaneous tissues of the body.
UI = D013352
Subcutaneous Tissue
MS = Loose connective tissue lying under the DERMIS, which binds SKIN loosely to subjacent tissues. It may contain a pad of ADIPOCYTES, which vary in number according to the area of the body and vary in size according to the nutritional state.
UI = D040521
Subdural Effusion
MS = Leakage and accumulation of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID in the subdural space which may be associated with an infectious process; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; INTRACRANIAL HYPOTENSION; and other conditions.
AN = Coord IM with specific infection (IM)
UI = D013353
Subdural Space
AN = NIM: usually locational so few qualif apply
UI = D013355
Subfornical Organ
MS = A structure, situated close to the intraventricular foramen, which induces drinking behavior after stimulation with angiotensin II.
UI = D013356
Subgingival Curettage
MS = Removal of degenerated and necrotic epithelium and underlying connective tissue of a periodontal pocket in an effort to convert a chronic ulcerated wound to an acute surgical wound, thereby insuring wound healing and attachment or epithelial adhesion, and shrinkage of the marginal gingiva. The term is sometimes used in connection with smoothing of a root surface or ROOT PLANING. (Jablonski; Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D013357
Subject Headings
MS = Terms or expressions which provide the major means of access by subject to the bibliographic unit.
AN = no qualif; VOCABULARY, CONTROLLED is also available
UI = D013358
Sublimation
MS = A defense mechanism through which unacceptable impulses and instinctive urges are diverted into personally and socially acceptable channels; e.g., aggression may be diverted through sports activities.
AN = no qualif
UI = D013359
Subliminal Stimulation
MS = Stimulation at an intensity below that where a differentiated response can be elicited.
AN = no qualif
UI = D013360
Sublingual Gland
AN = diseases: coord IM with SALIVARY GLAND DISEASES (NIM)
UI = D013361
Sublingual Gland Neoplasms
MS = Neoplasms of the sublingual glands.
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D013362
Submandibular Gland
MS = One of two salivary glands in the neck, located in the space bound by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the angle of the mandible. It discharges through the submandibular duct. The secretory units are predominantly serous although a few mucous alveoli, some with serous demilunes, occur. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D013363
Submandibular Gland Diseases
UI = D013364
Submandibular Gland Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D013365
Submarine Medicine
MS = The field of medicine concerned with conditions affecting the health of people in submarines or sealabs.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; for med & physiol aspects of activities of submarine personnel; Manual 28.8; DIVING is also available; DF: SUBMARINE MED
UI = D013366
Submitochondrial Particles
MS = The various filaments, granules, tubules or other inclusions within mitochondria.
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; coord IM with specific precoord mitochondria term (IM or NIM) if pertinent
UI = D013367
Submucous Plexus
MS = One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the enteric nervous system. The submucous (Meissner's) plexus is in the connective tissue of the submucosa. Its neurons innervate the epithelium, blood vessels, endocrine cells, other submucosal ganglia, and myenteric ganglia, and play an important role in regulating ion and water transport. (From FASEB J 1989;3:127-38)
AN = a neural network of the enteric nerv syst
UI = D013368
Subphrenic Abscess
MS = An abscess beneath the diaphragm. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = for coord read note on ABSCESS
UI = D013369
Subrenal Capsule Assay
MS = In vivo method of screening investigative anticancer drugs and biologic response modifiers for individual cancer patients. Fresh tumor tissue is implanted under the kidney capsule of immunocompetent mice or rats; gross and histological assessments follow several days after tumor treatment in situ.
AN = DF: SRCA
UI = D013370
Substance Abuse Detection
MS = Detection of drugs that have been abused, overused, or misused, including legal and illegal drugs. Urine screening is the usual method of detection.
AN = coord IM with precoord substance abuse term (IM) or substance abused (IM)
UI = D015813
Substance Abuse Treatment Centers
MS = Health facilities providing therapy and/or rehabilitation for substance-dependent individuals. Methadone distribution centers are included.
AN = IM
UI = D016320
Substance Abuse, Intravenous
MS = Abuse, overuse, or misuse of a substance by its injection into a vein.
AN = IM + specific drug or substance IM (without qualif); for "abuse, overuse or misuse"; DF: IVDA
UI = D015819
Substance P
MS = An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.
AN = a neurotransmitter tachykinin; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D013373
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
MS = Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.
AN = includes withdrawal from addictive drugs or other substances, administered drugs, smoking & alcohol (but DELIRIUM TREMENS see ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL DELIRIUM is also available); do not use /compl for the symptom; coord IM with specific substance /adv eff (IM) + specific dis or symptom following withdrawal /chem ind (IM), e.g., hypertension after propranolol withdrawal = SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME (IM) + PROPRANOLOL /adv eff (IM) + HYPERTENSION /chem ind (IM); babies born to addicted mothers & developing withdraw symp = NEONATAL ABSTINENCE SYNDROME: see note there
UI = D013375
Substance-Related Disorders
MS = Disorders related to substance abuse, the side effects of a medication, toxin exposure, and ALCOHOL-RELATED DISORDERS.
AN = consider also PSYCHOSES, SUBSTANCE-INDUCED or PSYCHOSES, ALCOHOLIC; /diag: consider SUBSTANCE ABUSE DETECTION
UI = D019966
Substantia Gelatinosa
MS = Gelatinous-appearing material in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, consisting chiefly of Golgi type II neurons and some larger nerve cells.
UI = D013376
Substantia Innominata
MS = Tissue in the base of the forebrain inferior to the anterior perforated substance, and anterior to the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and ansa lenticularis. It contains the BASAL NUCLEUS OF MEYNERT.
UI = D013377
Substantia Nigra
UI = D013378
Substrate Cycling
MS = A set of opposing, nonequilibrium reactions catalyzed by different enzymes which act simultaneously, with at least one of the reactions driven by ATP hydrolysis. The results of the cycle are that ATP energy is depleted, heat is produced and no net substrate-to-product conversion is achieved. Examples of substrate cycling are cycling of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways and cycling of the triglycerides and fatty acid pathways. Rates of substrate cycling may be increased many-fold in association with hypermetabolic states resulting from severe burns, cold exposure, hyperthyroidism, or acute exercise.
AN = restricted to enzyme activity; almost never IM; coord NIM with specific enzyme (IM)
UI = D015219
Substrate Specificity
MS = A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
AN = almost never IM; coord NIM with specific enzyme or catalytic molecule (IM)
UI = D013379
Subtalar Joint
MS = Formed by the articulation of the talus with the calcaneus.
AN = human & animal
UI = D013380
Subthalamic Nucleus
MS = Lens-shaped structure on the inner aspect of the internal capsule. The subthalamic nucleus and pathways traversing this region are concerned with the integration of somatic motor function. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p52)
UI = D020531
Subthalamus
MS = A transition zone in the anterior part of the diencephalon interposed between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon. Components of the subthalamus include the SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS, zona incerta, nucleus of field H, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis. The latter contains the ENTOPEDUNCULAR NUCLEUS.
UI = D020530
Subtilisin
MS = A serine endopeptidase isolated from Bacillus subtilis. It hydrolyzes proteins with broad specificity for peptide bonds, and a preference for a large uncharged residue in P1. It also hydrolyzes peptide amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.21.62.
AN = SUBTILISINS is also available
UI = D020860
Subtilisins
MS = A family of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES isolated from Bacillus subtilis. EC 3.4.21.-
AN = SUBTILISIN is available
UI = D013381
Subtraction Technique
MS = Combination or superimposition of two images for demonstrating differences between them (e.g., radiograph with contrast vs. one without, radionuclide images using different radionuclides, radiograph vs. radionuclide image) and in the preparation of audiovisual materials (e.g., offsetting identical images, coloring of vessels in angiograms).
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with RADIOGRAPHY (NIM) or RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING (NIM) for general articles only: do not use these coords when using /radiogr or /radionuclide
UI = D013382
Suburban Health
MS = The status of health in suburban populations.
AN = specify geog
UI = D018881
Suburban Health Services
MS = Health services, public or private, in suburban areas. The services include the promotion of health and the delivery of health care.
AN = IM; coord with specific health serv (IM); DF: SUBURBAN HEALTH SERV
UI = D019036
Suburban Population
MS = The inhabitants of peripheral or adjacent areas of a city or town.
AN = specify geog; SUBURBAN HEALTH & SUBURBAN HEALTH SERVICES are also available
UI = D013383
Succimer
MS = A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D004113
Succinate Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase
MS = A portion of the electron transport chain, catalyzing the transfer of electrons from succinate to cytochrome c via FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE, ubiquinone, and cytochrome b. The first step is catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1), the other steps are not well characterized. EC 1.-.
AN = spell in titles & translations with lowercase c: succinate cytochrome c oxidoreductase
UI = D013384
Succinate Dehydrogenase
UI = D013385
Succinate-CoA Ligases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the first step leading to the oxidation of succinic acid by the reversible formation of succinyl-CoA from succinate and CoA with the concomitant cleavage of ATP to ADP (EC 6.2.1.5) or GTP to GDP (EC 6.2.1.4) and orthophosphate. Itaconate can act instead of succinate and ITP instead of GTP.EC 6.2.1.-.
UI = D013389
Succinates
MS = The salts and esters of SUCCINIC ACID and its derivatives.
UI = D013386
Succinic Acid
MS = A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)
AN = specific compound only; SUCCINIC ACIDS also available
UI = D019802
Succinic Acids
MS = A class of dicarboxylic acids with the general structure of butanedioic acid (succinic acid). They are used in perfumery and as a chemical intermediate in medicine.
AN = SUCCINIC ACID also available
UI = D019822
Succinic Anhydrides
MS = A subclass of anhydrides with the general structure of dihydrofurandione. They can be substituted on any carbon atom. They modify and inhibit proteins and enzymes and are used in the acylation of amino- and hydroxyl groups.
UI = D013387
Succinimides
MS = A subclass of IMIDES with the general structure of pyrrolidinedione. They are prepared by the distillation of ammonium succinate. They are sweet-tasting compounds that are used as chemical intermediates and plant growth stimulants.
UI = D013388
Succinylcholine
MS = A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.
UI = D013390
Sucking Behavior
MS = Any suction exerted by the mouth; response of the mammalian infant to draw milk from the breast. Includes sucking on inanimate objects. Not to be used for thumb sucking, which is indexed under fingersucking.
AN = human & animal
UI = D013391
Sucralfate
MS = A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose.
UI = D013392
Sucrase
AN = do not confuse with SUCROSE; /defic: consider also SUCROSE /metab (IM) + CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)
UI = D013393
Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex
MS = An enzyme complex found in the brush border membranes of the small intestine. It is believed to be an enzyme complex with different catalytic sites. Its absence is manifested by an inherited disease called sucrase-isomaltase deficiency.
AN = /defic: consider also SUCROSE /metab (IM) + CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)
UI = D013394
Sucrose
MS = A nonreducing disaccharide obtained from cane sugar, sugar beet, and sorghum. It is composed of glucose and fructose linked via their anomeric carbons. It is used extensively as a food and a sweetener. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not confuse with SUCRASE; table sugar is DIETARY SUCROSE; sucrose density gradient is CENTRIFUGATION, DENSITY GRADIENT & ignore sucrose
UI = D013395
Suction
MS = The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure.
AN = NIM; note X ref DRAINGAGE, SUCTION: differentiate from DRAINAGE; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; SUCTION LIPECTOMY see LIPECTOMY is available
UI = D013396
Sudan
MS = A republic in eastern Africa, south of EGYPT and west of ETHIOPIA. Its capital is Khartoum. It was under Egypt 1820-82, then jointly administered by Egypt and Great Britain after 1899 as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. It gained independence in 1956. The name is of Arabic origin, balad as-sudan: bal (land) + al (as) (the) + sudan (black), the land of the blacks, the name given originally by Arabian travelers. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1161 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p524)
AN = a republic in eastern Africa, formerly the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
UI = D013397
Sudden Infant Death
MS = The abrupt and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant under one year of age, remaining unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including performance of a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene, and review of the clinical history. (Pediatr Pathol 1991 Sep-Oct;11(5):677-84)
UI = D013398
Sufentanil
MS = An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.
UI = D017409
Sugar Acids
UI = D013400
Sugar Alcohol Dehydrogenases
MS = Reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of a hydroxyl group of sugar alcohols to form a keto sugar, aldehyde or lactone. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.; EC 1.1.2. and EC 1.1.99.
UI = D013401
Sugar Alcohols
MS = Polyhydric alcohols having no more than one hydroxy group attached to each carbon atom. They are formed by the reduction of the carbonyl group of a sugar to a hydroxyl group.(From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D013402
Sugar Phosphates
UI = D013403
Suggestion
MS = The uncritical acceptance of an idea or plan of action.
AN = no qualif; consider also PERSUASION see PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION
UI = D013404
Suicide
MS = The act of killing oneself.
UI = D013405
Suicide, Assisted
MS = Provision (by a physician or other health professional, or by a family member or friend) of support and/or means that gives a patient the power to terminate his or her own life. (from APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed).
UI = D017236
Suicide, Attempted
MS = The unsuccessful attempt to kill oneself.
UI = D013406
Suipoxvirus
MS = A genus of the family POXVIRIDAE, subfamily CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, containing one species, swinepox virus.
AN = infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018148
Sulbactam
MS = A beta-lactamase inhibitor with very weak antibacterial action. The compound prevents antibiotic destruction of beta-lactam antibiotics by inhibiting beta-lactamases, thus extending their spectrum activity. Combinations of sulbactam with beta-lactam antibiotics have been used successfully for the therapy of infections caused by organisms resistant to the antibiotic alone.
UI = D013407
Sulbenicillin
MS = Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.
UI = D013408
Sulfacetamide
MS = An anti-infective agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.
UI = D013409
Sulfachlorpyridazine
MS = A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.
UI = D013410
Sulfadiazine
MS = One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.
AN = note: METHYLSULFADIAZINE see SULFAMERAZINE
UI = D013411
Sulfadimethoxine
MS = A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.
UI = D013412
Sulfadoxine
MS = A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.
UI = D013413
Sulfaguanidine
MS = A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.
UI = D013414
Sulfalene
MS = Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.
UI = D013415
Sulfamerazine
MS = A sulfanilamide that is used as an antibacterial agent.
UI = D013416
Sulfameter
MS = Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.
UI = D013417
Sulfamethazine
MS = A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.
UI = D013418
Sulfamethizole
MS = A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.
UI = D013419
Sulfamethoxazole
MS = A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208)
AN = a sulfanilamide anti-infective
UI = D013420
Sulfamethoxypyridazine
MS = A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.
UI = D013421
Sulfamonomethoxine
MS = Long acting sulfonamide antibacterial agent.
UI = D013422
Sulfamoxole
MS = A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.
UI = D013423
Sulfanilamides
AN = anti-infectives; GEN; prefer specific sulfanilamide anti-infective
UI = D013424
Sulfanilic Acids
MS = Aminobenzenesulfonic acids. Organic acids that are used in the manufacture of dyes and organic chemicals and as reagents.
UI = D013425
Sulfaphenazole
MS = A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.
UI = D013426
Sulfapyridine
MS = Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.
UI = D013427
Sulfaquinoxaline
MS = An antiprotozoal agent used to combat coccidial infections of swine, cattle, fowl, and other veterinary animals. Also used in controlling outbreaks of fowl typhoid and fowl cholera and in treatment of infectious enteritis.
UI = D013428
Sulfasalazine
MS = A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907)
UI = D012460
Sulfatases
UI = D013429
Sulfate Adenylyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the activation of sulfate ions by ATP to form adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate and pyrophosphate. This reaction constitutes the first enzymatic step in sulfate utilization following the uptake of sulfate. EC 2.7.7.4.
UI = D013430
Sulfates
MS = Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.
UI = D013431
Sulfathiazoles
AN = sulfanilamide anti-infectives
UI = D013432
Sulfenic Acids
MS = Oxy acids of sulfur with the general formula RSOH, where R is an alkyl or aryl group such as CH3. They are often encountered as esters and halides. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
UI = D013434
Sulfhemoglobin
UI = D013435
Sulfhemoglobinemia
MS = A morbid condition due to the presence of sulfmethemoglobin in the blood. It is marked by persistent cyanosis, but the blood count does not reveal any special abnormality in the blood. It is thought to be caused by the action of hydrogen sulfide absorbed from the intestine. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = sulfmethemoglobin (see Dorland) in the blood
UI = D013436
Sulfhydryl Compounds
MS = Compounds containing the -SH radical.
AN = do not confuse with SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS; /physiol permitted with only endogenous SH cpds; DF: SULFHYDRYL CPDS
UI = D013438
Sulfhydryl Reagents
MS = Chemical agents that react with SH groups. This is a chemically diverse group that is used for a variety of purposes. Among these are enzyme inhibition, enzyme reactivation or protection, and labelling.
AN = do not confuse with SULFHYDRYL COMPOUNDS
UI = D013439
Sulfides
MS = Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.
UI = D013440
Sulfinic Acids
MS = Any of the monobasic inorganic or organic acids of sulfur with the general formula RSO(OH). (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = do not confuse with SULFONIC ACIDS
UI = D013441
Sulfinpyrazone
MS = A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.
AN = a uricosuric
UI = D013442
Sulfisomidine
MS = A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.
UI = D013443
Sulfisoxazole
MS = A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.
UI = D013444
Sulfite Oxidases
MS = A molybdohemoprotein which catalyzes the terminal reaction in the oxidative degradation of sulfur-containing amino acids with the formation of a sulfate. Cytochrome c, ferricyanide and molecular oxygen can act as acceptors. A deficiency is manifested by brain damage and mental deterioration. EC 1.8.2.1 utilizes ferricytochrome C as acceptor. EC 1.8.3.1 uses molecular oxygen.
UI = D013445
Sulfite Reductases
MS = Hydrogen sulfide:(acceptor) oxidoreductases. Enzymes which reversibly catalyze the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in the presence of various acceptors to sulfite and a reduced acceptor. EC 1.8.1.2 utilizes NADP+ as the acceptor. EC 1.8.7.1 utilizes oxidized ferredoxin as acceptor and EC 1.8.99.1 will utilize a variety of acceptors.
UI = D013446
Sulfites
MS = Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.
UI = D013447
Sulfobromophthalein
MS = A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in heptatic function determination.
AN = usually /diag use in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS; D25-26 qualif
UI = D013448
Sulfoglycosphingolipids
MS = GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.
UI = D013433
Sulfolobaceae
MS = A family of SULFOLOBALES consisting of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic chemolithotrophic cocci, usually occurring singly. They grow best at a pH of about 2.
AN = a family of the order Sulfolobales
UI = D016943
Sulfolobales
MS = An order of CRENARCHAEOTA consisting of aerobic or facultatively aerobic, chemolithotrophic cocci which are extreme thermoacidophiles. They lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
AN = an order of Crenarchaeota, of the domain Archaea
UI = D016942
Sulfolobus
MS = A genus of aerobic, chemolithotrophic, coccoid ARCHAEA whose organisms are thermoacidophilic. Its cells are highly irregular in shape, often lobed, but occasionally spherical. It has worldwide distribution with organisms isolated from hot acidic soils and water. Sulfur is used as an energy source.
AN = a genus of archaea found in "hot acid soils & water"
UI = D016944
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
MS = A species of aerobic, chemolithotrophic ARCHAEA consisting of coccoid cells that utilize sulfur as an energy source. The optimum temperature for growth is 70-75 degrees C. They are isolated from acidic fields.
AN = a species of archaea
UI = D016945
Sulfonamides
MS = A group of compounds that contain the structure SO2NH2. Members of this group, also known as sulfa drugs, are derivatives of sulfanilamide, which competitively inhibit folic acid synthesis in microorganisms, and are bacteriostatic. They have been largely supplanted by more effective and less toxic antibiotics. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = anti-infective agents
UI = D013449
Sulfones
UI = D013450
Sulfonic Acids
MS = Inorganic or organic oxy acids of sulfur which contain the RSO2(OH) radical.
AN = do not confuse with SULFINIC ACIDS
UI = D013451
Sulfonium Compounds
MS = Sulfur compounds in which the sulfur atom is attached to three organic radicals and an electronegative element or radical.
AN = DF: SULFONIUM CPDS
UI = D013452
Sulfonylurea Compounds
AN = hypoglycemics; DF: SULFONYLUREA CPDS
UI = D013453
Sulfotransferases
MS = Enzymes which transfer sulfate groups to various acceptor molecules. They are involved in posttranslational sulfation of proteins and sulfate conjugation of exogenous chemicals and bile acids. EC 2.8.2.
AN = do not confuse with SULFURTRANSFERASES
UI = D015238
Sulfoxides
MS = Organic compounds that have the general formula R-SO-R. They are obtained by oxidation of mercaptans (analogous to the ketones). (From Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 4th ed)
UI = D013454
Sulfur
MS = An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.
AN = S-32
UI = D013455
Sulfur Acids
MS = Inorganic or organic acids that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = do not confuse with SULFURIC ACIDS
UI = D013456
Sulfur Compounds
MS = Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; DF: SULFUR CPDS
UI = D013457
Sulfur Dioxide
MS = A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.
AN = an air pollutant
UI = D013458
Sulfur Group Transferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of sulfur atoms (2.8.1), sulfur groups (2.8.2) or coenzyme A (2.8.3). EC 2.8.
UI = D019885
Sulfur Hexafluoride
MS = Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.
AN = an inert gas used in resp physiol studies
UI = D013459
Sulfur Isotopes
MS = Stable sulfur atoms that have the same atomic number as the element sulfur, but differ in atomic weight. S-33, 34, and 36 are stable sulfur isotopes.
AN = S-33,34,36; NIM
UI = D013460
Sulfur Oxides
MS = Inorganic oxides of sulfur.
AN = inorganic; SULFUR DIOXIDE is available
UI = D013461
Sulfur Radioisotopes
MS = Unstable isotopes of sulfur that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. S 29-31, 35, 37, and 38 are radioactive sulfur isotopes.
AN = S-29-31, 35, 37, 38; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
UI = D013462
Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria
MS = A group of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that is able to oxidize acetate completely to carbon dioxide using elemental sulfur as the electron acceptor.
AN = gram-neg anaerobic bacteria
UI = D016999
Sulfur-Sulfur Bond Isomerases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transposition of a sulfur-sulfur bond. EC 5.3.4.
UI = D019749
Sulfuric Acid Esters
MS = Organic esters of sulfuric acid.
UI = D013463
Sulfuric Acids
MS = Inorganic and organic derivatives of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The salts and esters of sulfuric acid are known as SULFATES and SULFURIC ACID ESTERS respectively.
AN = do not confuse with SULFUR ACIDS
UI = D013464
Sulfurtransferases
MS = Enzymes which transfer sulfur atoms to various acceptor molecules. EC 2.8.1.
AN = do not confuse with SULFOTRANSFERASES
UI = D013466
Sulindac
MS = A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.
UI = D013467
Suloctidil
MS = A peripheral vasodilator that was formerly used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is hepatotoxic and fatalities have occurred. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)
UI = D013468
Sulpiride
MS = A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D013469
Sumatriptan
MS = A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of migraines.
UI = D018170
SUMO-1 Protein
MS = A 1.5 kD small ubiquitin-related modifier protein that can covalently bind via an isopeptide link to a number of cellular proteins. It may play a role in intracellular protein transport and a number of other cellular processes.
UI = D025842
Sunburn
MS = An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.
AN = /prev: consider also SUNSCREENING AGENTS
UI = D013471
Sunlight
AN = /adv eff permitted but consider also SUNBURN & SUNSTROKE; using sunlight therapeutically = HELIOTHERAPY
UI = D013472
Sunscreening Agents
MS = Chemical or physical agents that protect the skin from sunburn and erythema by absorbing or blocking ultraviolet radiation.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D013473
Sunstroke
MS = A condition produced by exposure to the sun, and marked by convulsions, coma, and a high temperature of the skin. It is distinguished from HEAT STROKE which is caused by excessive heat, natural or artificial, and is marked by dry skin, vertigo, headache, thirst, nausea and muscular cramps. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a form of heat exhaustion
UI = D013474
Superantigens
MS = Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions.
AN = microbial antigens; coord IM with specific microbe /immunol (IM)
UI = D018089
Superego
MS = The component of the personality associated with ethics, standards, and self-criticism - the "conscience". It is derived mainly from identification with parents and parent substitutes.
AN = no qualif
UI = D013475
Superfetation
MS = The fertilization and subsequent development of an ovum when a fetus is already present in the uterus, a result of fertilization of ova during different ovulatory cycles and yielding fetuses of different ages. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = a form of multiple pregn
UI = D013476
Superinfection
MS = A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies.
AN = opportunistic infect; IM; coord with specific infect (IM)
UI = D015163
Superior Cervical Ganglion
MS = The largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.
AN = the largest sympath ganglion
UI = D017783
Superior Colliculus
UI = D013477
Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome
MS = Duodenal obstruction caused by compression of the third part of the duodenum by the root of the intestinal mesentery which contains the superior mesenteric artery, vein, and nerve.
AN = duodenal compression by the superior mesenteric artery
UI = D013478
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
MS = Obstruction of the superior vena cava caused by neoplasm, thrombosis, aneurysm, or external compression and causing suffusion and/or cyanosis of the face, neck, and upper arms.
AN = caval obstruction
UI = D013479
Superovulation
MS = Occurrence or induction of release of more ova than are normally released at the same time in a given species. The term applies to both animals and humans.
AN = note categories; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY
UI = D013480
Superoxide Dismutase
MS = An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1.
UI = D013482
Superoxides
MS = Highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. In biological systems, they may be generated during the normal catalytic function of a number of enzymes and during the oxidation of hemoglobin to METHEMOGLOBIN. In living organisms, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE protects the cell from the deleterious effects of superoxides.
UI = D013481
Superstitions
MS = A belief or practice which lacks adequate basis for proof; an embodiment of fear of the unknown, magic, and ignorance.
UI = D013483
Supination
MS = Applies to the movements of the forearm in turning the palm forward or upward and when applied to the foot, a combination of adduction and inversion of the foot.
AN = refers to foot or forearm; do not confuse with SUPINE POSITION
UI = D013484
Supine Position
MS = The posture of an individual lying face up.
AN = almost never IM; do not confuse with SUPINATION, a movement of the foot or forearm
UI = D016683
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
AN = check tag only: NON-US GOVT SUP; for all articles noted as supported by Amer sources (societies, institutes, state govts, universities, private organizations, etc.) & by foreign sources (national, departmental, provincial, academic & private organizations, etc.); for support by both a non-US Govt source & a US Govt source, check NON-US GOVT SUP + NIH/PHS SUP or OTHER US GOVT SUP; Manual 18.15+; DF: SUP NON GOVT CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only
UI = D013485
Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
AN = check tag only: OTHER US GOVT SUP; for all articles noted as supported by US Govt agencies other than PHS & NIH (which is SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, P.H.S.); for support by both a US Govt agency & PHS or NIH, check OTHER US GOVT SUP + NIH/PHS SUP; for support by both a US Govt agency & any non-US Govt source, check OTHER US GOVT SUP + NON-US GOVT SUP; Nat Sci Found is checked here, Nat Acad of Sci & Nat Res Counc are checked NON-US GOVT SUP; Manual 18.15+; DF: SUP NON PHS CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only
UI = D013486
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
AN = check tag only: NIH/PHS SUP; for all articles noted as supported by PHS & its bureaus & serv; includes support by any institute of NIH (note X ref); for support by both PHS or NIH & another US Govt agency, check NIH/PHS SUP + OTHER US GOVT SUP; for support by both PHS or NIH & any non-US Govt source, check NIH/PHS SUP + NON-US GOVT SUP; for support by BRSG (Biomedical Research Support Grants) check NIH/PHS SUP; Manual 18.15+; DF: SUP PHS CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only
UI = D013487
Suppositories
MS = Medicated dosage forms that are designed to be inserted into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body for absorption. Generally, the active ingredients are packaged in dosage forms containing fatty bases such as cocoa butter, hydrogenated oil, or glycerogelatin that are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM
UI = D013488
Suppression, Genetic
MS = Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).
UI = D013489
Suppressor Factors, Immunologic
MS = Proteins, protein complexes, or glycoproteins secreted by suppressor T-cells that inhibit either subsequent T-cells, B-cells, or other immunologic phenomena. Some of these factors have both histocompatibility (I-J) and antigen-specific domains which may be linked by disulfide bridges. They can be elicited by haptens or other antigens and may be mass-produced by hybridomas or monoclones in the laboratory.
AN = lymphokines; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: SUPPRESSOR FACTORS IMMUNOL
UI = D013491
Suppuration
MS = A pathologic process consisting in the formation of pus.
AN = NIM; TN 178: for suppurative dis & coord
UI = D013492
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
MS = An ovoid densely packed collection of small cells of the anterior hypothalamus lying close to the midline in a shallow impression of the optic chiasm.
AN = in the HYPOTHALAMUS, ANTERIOR
UI = D013493
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
MS = A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)
UI = D013494
Supraoptic Nucleus
MS = Hypothalamic nucleus overlying the beginning of the optic tract.
AN = in the anterior hypothalamus
UI = D013495
Supratentorial Neoplasms
MS = Primary and metastatic (secondary) tumors of the brain located above the tentorium cerebelli, a fold of dura mater separating the CEREBELLUM and BRAIN STEM from the cerebral hemispheres and DIENCEPHALON (i.e., THALAMUS and HYPOTHALAMUS and related structures). In adults, primary neoplasms tend to arise in the supratentorial compartment, whereas in children they occur more frequently in the infratentorial space. Clinical manifestations vary with the location of the lesion, but SEIZURES; APHASIA; HEMIANOPSIA; hemiparesis; and sensory deficits are relatively common features. Metastatic supratentorial neoplasms are frequently multiple at the time of presentation.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D015173
Supreme Court Decisions
MS = Decisions made by the United States Supreme Court.
AN = US only; for supreme courts of other nations use JURISPRUDENCE
UI = D035521
Suprofen
MS = An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.
UI = D013496
Sural Nerve
MS = A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot.
AN = dis: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D013497
Suramin
MS = A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.
UI = D013498
Suregada
MS = A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE that contains gelonin, a ribosome-inactivating protein.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029843
Surface Plasmon Resonance
MS = A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.
AN = do not confuse with plasmon, extrachromosomal genetic material
UI = D020349
Surface Properties
AN = NIM
UI = D013499
Surface Tension
AN = NIM
UI = D013500
Surface-Active Agents
MS = Agents that modify interfacial tension of water; usually substances that have one lipophilic and one hydrophilic group in the molecule; includes soaps, detergents, emulsifiers, dispersing and wetting agents, and several groups of antiseptics.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D013501
Surgery
MS = A specialty in which manual or operative procedures are used in the treatment of disease, injuries, or deformities.
AN = SPEC only: prefer /surg with organs & dis: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.70; the surgeon & specialty go here: the surgical patient = SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE: Manual 26.15+; /instrum = SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS or SURGICAL EQUIPMENT; military surgery = MILITARY MEDICINE (IM) + SURGERY (IM) if the specialty; DF: SURG
UI = D013502
Surgery Department, Hospital
MS = Hospital department which administers all departmental functions and the provision of surgical diagnostic and therapeutic services.
AN = DF: SURG DEP
UI = D013503
Surgery, Computer-Assisted
MS = Surgical procedures conducted with the aid of computers. This is most frequently used in orthopedic and laproscopic surgery for implant placement and instrument guidance. Image-guided surgery interactively combines prior CT scans or MRI images with real-time video.
UI = D025321
Surgery, Oral
MS = A dental specialty concerned with the diagnosis and surgical treatment of disease, injuries, and defects of the human oral and maxillofacial region.
AN = SPEC of surg ther of dis, inj & defects of soft tissue of mouth & jaws; do not confuse with DENTISTRY, OPERATIVE: to restore tooth function; not a substitute for MOUTH /surg or /surg with specific related terms; SPEC qualif & /contra /nurs /psychol /rehabil /util
UI = D013515
Surgery, Plastic
MS = The branch of surgery concerned with restoration, reconstruction, or improvement of defective, damaged, or missing structures.
AN = SPEC; do not confuse with RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES, the technique; not for -plasty in internal surgery: Manual 26.18
UI = D013518
Surgery, Veterinary
MS = A board-certified specialty of VETERINARY MEDICINE, requiring at least four years of special education, training, and practice of veterinary surgery after graduation from veterinary school. In the written, oral, and practical examinations candidates may choose either large or small animal surgery. (From AVMA Directory, 43d ed, p278)
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; see note on VETERINARY MEDICINE; DF: SURG VET
UI = D013522
Surgical Equipment
MS = Nonexpendable apparatus used during surgical procedures. They are differentiated from SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, usually hand-held and used in the immediate operative field.
AN = differentiate from SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS in that the instrument is for use in the immediate operative field, usually held in the hand
UI = D013523
Surgical Flaps
MS = Tongues of tissue (skin and subcutaneous tissue, sometimes including muscle) cut away from the underlying parts but attached at one end. They retain their own blood supply during transfer to the new site. They are used in plastic surgery for filling a defect in a neighboring region. The concept includes pedicled flaps, rotation flaps, tube flaps, etc.
AN = includes skin & muscle tissue but do not specify site or tissue unless particularly discussed; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS; pedicled grafts, rotation flaps, tube flaps, free tissue flaps, soft tissue flaps go here; note X ref ISLAND FLAPS
UI = D013524
Surgical Instruments
MS = Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer /instrum with specialty or with surg technique; differentiate from SURGICAL EQUIPMENT on basis of size (instruments are holdable in the hand); surg instrum left in the operative field: coord IM with FOREIGN BODIES (IM)
UI = D013525
Surgical Mesh
MS = Any woven or knit material of open texture used in surgery for the repair, reconstruction, or substitution of tissue. The mesh is usually a synthetic fabric made of various polymers. It is occasionally made of metal.
UI = D013526
Surgical Procedures, Elective
MS = Surgery which could be postponed or not done at all without danger to the patient. Elective surgery includes procedures to correct non-life-threatening medical problems as well as to alleviate conditions causing psychological stress or other potential risk to patients, e.g., cosmetic or contraceptive surgery.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: SURG PROCEDURES ELECTIVE
UI = D017558
Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive
MS = Procedures that avoid use of open invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery. These generally involve use of laparoscopic devices and remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope or similar device. With the reduced trauma associated with minimally invasive surgery, long hospital stays may be reduced with increased rates of short stay or day surgery.
AN = IM for general only; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: MINIMAL SURG PROCEDURES
UI = D019060
Surgical Procedures, Minor
MS = Surgery restricted to the management of minor problems and injuries; surgical procedures of relatively slight extent and not in itself hazardous to life. (Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = IM GEN only; do not use as NIM coord for surg in minor ailments; DF: SURG PROCEDURES MINOR
UI = D013511
Surgical Procedures, Operative
MS = Operations carried out for the correction of deformities and defects, repair of injuries, and diagnosis and cure of certain diseases. (Taber, 18th ed.)
AN = not the field nor spec ( = SURGERY); only the surg patient or surg procedures; prefer /surg with organs or dis; /instrum = SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS or SURGICAL EQUIPMENT; surgical inj = SURGICAL INJURIES see INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS: see TN 179; /hist = SURGERY /hist; differentiation from SURGERY: Manual 26.15+; unnecessary surgery = SURGERY, UNNECESSARY see UNNECESSARY PROCEDURES (IM) + specific surg procedure (IM); SECOND-LOOK SURGERY see REOPERATION is also available
UI = D013514
Surgical Sponges
MS = Gauze material used to absorb body fluids during surgery. Referred to as gossypiboma if accidentally retained in the body following surgery.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; surgical sponge accidentally left in the surg field, called gossypiboma from the classical word for cotton, goes here
UI = D015503
Surgical Staplers
MS = Fastening devices composed of steel-tantalum alloys used to close operative wounds, especially of the skin, which minimizes infection by not introducing a foreign body that would connect external and internal regions of the body. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995)
UI = D013528
Surgical Stapling
MS = A technique of closing incisions and wounds, or of joining and connecting tissues, in which staples are used as sutures.
AN = /instrum: consider also SURGICAL STAPLERS; coord IM with staple material (IM or NIM) if pertinent; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: SURG STAPLING
UI = D017792
Surgical Wound Dehiscence
MS = Pathologic process consisting of a partial or complete disruption of the layers of a surgical wound.
UI = D013529
Surgical Wound Infection
MS = Infection occurring at the site of a surgical incision.
AN = do not coord with POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; do not coord with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS unless particularly discussed but coord IM with specific bact infect (IM)
UI = D013530
Surgically-Created Structures
MS = Organs or parts of organs surgically formed from nearby tissue to function as substitutes for diseased or surgically removed tissue.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with organ or tissue /surg (IM) or specific surg procedure (IM); DF: SURG CREATED STRUCTURES
UI = D019738
Surgicenters
MS = Facilities designed to serve patients who require surgical treatment exceeding the capabilities of usual physician's office yet not of such proportion as to require hospitalization.
UI = D013531
Suriname
MS = A republic in the north of South America, bordered on the west by GUYANA (British Guiana) and on the east by FRENCH GUIANA. Its capital is Paramaribo. It was formerly called Netherlands Guiana or Dutch Guiana or Surinam. Suriname was first settled by the English in 1651 but was ceded to the Dutch by treaty in 1667. It became an autonomous territory under the Dutch crown in 1954 and gained independence in 1975. The country was named for the Surinam River but the meaning of that name is uncertain. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1167 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p526)
AN = in So. Amer; X refs NETHERLANDS GUIANA & DUTCH GUIANA were former names; in translations use American spelling Suriname, not Surinam
UI = D013532
Surrogate Mothers
MS = Women who allow themselves to be impregnated with the understanding that the offspring are to be given over to the parents who have commissioned the surrogate.
AN = human only; check tags HUMAN; FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D013533
Survival
MS = Continuance of life or existence especially under adverse conditions; includes methods and philosophy of survival.
AN = survival after disasters, plane crashes, shipwrecks, mountain-slides, etc; TN 180: definition & use
UI = D013534
Survival Analysis
MS = A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); DF: SURVIVAL ANAL
UI = D016019
Survival Rate
MS = The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /mortal (IM); specify geog if pertinent
UI = D015996
Survivors
MS = Persons who have experienced a prolonged survival after serious disease or who continue to live with a usually life-threatening condition as well as family members, significant others, or individuals surviving traumatic life events.
UI = D017741
Sus scrofa
MS = A species of SWINE, in the family Suidae, comprising a number of subspecies including the domestic pig Sus scrofa domestica.
AN = only Sus scrofa; index other species or unspecified swine or pigs under SWINE
UI = D034421
Suspensions
MS = Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (AEROSOL) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions.
AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif); /adv eff permitted but be careful: it may be the adv eff of the drug in suspension, not the "suspension"
UI = D013535
Suture Techniques
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D013536
Sutures
MS = Materials used in closing a surgical or traumatic wound. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = /adv eff permitted but do not confuse adv eff of the suture with the adv eff of the material of which suture is made or the adv eff of the suture method
UI = D013537
Svalbard
UI = D013538
Swainsonine
MS = An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity.
UI = D017026
Swayback
MS = Congenital locomotor ataxia of lambs, thought to be associated with copper deficiency. It is characterized clinically by progressive incoordination of the hind limbs and pathologically by disruption of neuron and myelin development in the central nervous system. It is caused by a deficiency of metabolizable copper in the ewe during the last half of her pregnancy. (Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = animal only: disease of sheep; check tag ANIMAL; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) but do not index under SHEEP DISEASES
UI = D013540
Swaziland
MS = A kingdom in southern Africa, west of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Mbabane. The area was settled by the Swazi branch of the Zulu nation in the early 1880's, with its independence guaranteed by the British and Transvaal governments in 1881 and 1884. With limited self-government introduced in 1962, it became independent in 1968. Swazi is the Zulu name for the people who call themselves Swati, from Mswati, the name of a 16th century king, from a word meaning stick or rod. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1170 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p527)
AN = a kingdom in southern Africa
UI = D013541
Sweat
MS = The fluid excreted by the SWEAT GLANDS. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products.
AN = TN 181: relation to SWEAT GLANDS & SWEATING
UI = D013542
Sweat Gland Diseases
MS = Diseases of the SWEAT GLANDS.
AN = inflamm dis = HIDRADENITIS
UI = D013543
Sweat Gland Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D013544
Sweat Glands
MS = Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the DERMIS. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct.
AN = /secret: see also SWEAT or SWEATING; inflammation = HIDRADENITIS
UI = D013545
Sweating
AN = TN 181: relation to SWEAT & SWEAT GLANDS; prickly heat: index under MILIARIA
UI = D013546
Sweating Sickness
MS = A clinical condition characterized by fever and profuse sweating and associated with high mortality. It occurred in epidemic form five times in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in England, first in 1485 and last in 1551, specially during the summer and early autumn, attacking the relatively affluent adult male population. The etiology was unknown.
AN = a hist epidemic dis
UI = D018614
Sweating, Gustatory
MS = An autonomic disorder characterized by excessive sweating of the forehead, upper lip, perioral region, or sternum subsequent to gustatory stimuli. The auriculotemporal syndrome features facial flushing or sweating limited to the distribution of the auriculotemporal nerve and may develop after trauma to the parotid gland, in association with PAROTID NEOPLASMS, or following their surgical removal. (From Ann Neurol 1997 Dec;42(6):973-5)
UI = D013547
Sweden
UI = D013548
Sweet's Syndrome
MS = Condition characterized by large, rapidly extending, erythematous, tender plaques on the upper body usually accompanied by fever and dermal infiltration of neutrophilic leukocytes. It occurs mostly in middle-aged women, is often preceded by an upper respiratory infection, and clinically resembles erythema multiforme. Sweet's syndrome may herald the appearance of leukemia.
AN = a form of erythema nodosum with upper resp infect
UI = D016463
Sweetening Agents
MS = Substances that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc., such as sugar, saccharine or other low-calorie synthetic products. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D013549
Swertia
MS = A plant genus of the family GENTIANACEAE. It is a source of swertiapuniside and iridoid glycosides.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029967
Swimming
MS = An activity in which the body is propelled through water by specific movement of the arms and/or the legs. Swimming as propulsion through water by the movement of limbs, tail, or fins of animals is often studied as a form of EXERTION or endurance.
AN = human & animal; /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; includes body-surfing, does not include surfboarding, windsurfing or water-skiing (index under SPORTS); consider also DIVING; index NIM for swimming in animal experiments on EXERTION
UI = D013550
Swimming Pools
UI = D013551
Swine
MS = Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
AN = includes boars & wart hogs; PIG, DOMESTIC see SUS SCROFA is available; unspecified swine or pigs goes here
UI = D013552
Swine Diseases
MS = Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific swine dis (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under SWINE /abnorm or SWINE /inj; don't forget also SWINE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; swine fever & swine plague = CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER; DF: SWINE DIS
UI = D013553
Swine Erysipelas
MS = An acute and chronic contagious disease of young pigs caused by Erysipelothrix insidiosa.
AN = Erysipelothrix infect; don't forget also SWINE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL
UI = D013554
Swine Vesicular Disease
MS = An enterovirus infection of swine clinically indistinguishable from FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE, vesicular stomatitis, and VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE. It is caused by a strain of HUMAN ENTEROVIRUS B.
UI = D013555
Swine, Miniature
MS = Genetically developed small pigs for use in biomedical research. There are several strains - Yucatan miniature, Sinclair miniature, and Minnesota miniature.
AN = IM; qualif permitted; don't forget also SWINE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL
UI = D013556
Switzerland
UI = D013557
Sydnones
UI = D013558
Symbiosis
MS = The living together of organisms of different species.
UI = D013559
Symbolism
MS = A concept that stands for or suggests something else by reason of its relationship, association, convention, or resemblance. The symbolism may be mental or a visible sign or representation. (From Webster, 3d ed)
AN = no qualif; symbolism in art, music, literature, etc. goes here; graphic symbols go in a variety of places where pertinent (EMBLEMS AND INSIGNIA; LANGUAGE; COMMUNICATION; WRITING; etc.); coord IM with the object or concept symbolized (IM)
UI = D013561
Sympathectomy
MS = The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord with nerve /surg or plexus /surg (IM or NIM) but note that GANGLIONECTOMY is also available: see note there; lumbar sympathectomy: coord with LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS/surg; coord IM with disease /surg (IM)
UI = D013562
Sympathectomy, Chemical
MS = Sympathectomy using chemicals (e.g., 6-hydroxydopamine or guanethidine) which selectively and reversibly destroy adrenergic nerve endings while leaving cholinergic nerve endings intact.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with specific chemical (no qualif) (NIM) + disease /ther (IM); do not confuse with SYMPATHETIC NERVE BLOCK see AUTONOMIC NERVE BLOCK
UI = D013563
Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic
MS = Nerve fibers which project from sympathetic ganglia to synapses on target organs. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers use norepinephrine as transmitter, except for those innervating eccrine sweat glands (and possibly some blood vessels) which use acetylcholine. They may also release peptide cotransmitters.
AN = do not confuse with PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS, POSTGANGLIONIC
UI = D017779
Sympathetic Nervous System
MS = The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.
AN = /drug eff: consider also SYMPATHOLYTICS & SYMPATHOMIMETICS; /surg: probably SYMPATHECTOMY
UI = D013564
Sympatholytics
MS = Drugs that inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by any mechanism. The most common of these are the ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS and drugs that deplete norepinephrine or reduce the release of transmitters from adrenergic postganglionic terminals (see ADRENERGIC AGENTS). Drugs that act in the central nervous system to reduce sympathetic activity (e.g., centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, see ADRENERGIC ALPHA-AGONISTS) are included here.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff
UI = D013565
Sympathomimetics
MS = Drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; cardiotonics; consider also SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff
UI = D013566
Symphoricarpos
MS = A plant genus of the family CAPRIFOLIACEAE. The common name of "snowberry" is also used for GAULTHERIA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031240
Symphysiotomy
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D013567
Symporters
MS = Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.
UI = D027981
Synapses
MS = Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in GAP JUNCTIONS.
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol /transpl; /genet permitted; /physiol: consider also SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION (see note there)
UI = D013569
Synapsins
MS = A family of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins involved in the short-term regulation of neurotransmitter release. Synapsin I (Protein I), the predominant member of this family, links synaptic vesicles to actin filaments in the presynaptic nerve terminal. These interactions are modulated by the reversible phosphorylation of synapsin I through various signal transduction pathways. The protein is also a substrate for cAMP- and calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinases. It is believed that these functional properties are also shared by synapsin II (Protein III).
AN = nerve tissue proteins; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D016704
Synaptic Membranes
MS = Cell membranes associated with synapses. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are included along with their integral or tightly associated specializations for the release or reception of transmitters.
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D013570
Synaptic Transmission
MS = The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or second-messenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions.
AN = between nerves; differentiate X ref NEURAL TRANSMISSION from NEURAL CONDUCTION (along a single nerve); consider also NEURAL INHIBITION; neuromusc transm = NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION /physiol + SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
UI = D009435
Synaptic Vesicles
MS = Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents.
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D013572
Synaptonemal Complex
MS = The three-part structure of ribbon-like proteinaceous material that serves to align and join the paired homologous chromosomes during the pachytene stage of meiotic division. It is a prerequisite for crossing-over.
UI = D013573
Synaptophysin
MS = A 38-kDa integral membrane glycoprotein of the presynaptic vesicles in neuron and neuroendocrine cells. It is expressed by a variety of normal and neoplastic neuroendocrine cells and is therefore used as an immunocytochemical marker for neuroendocrine differentiation in various tumors. In ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other dementing disorders, there is an important synapse loss due in part to a decrease of synaptophysin in the presynaptic vesicles.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D016708
Synaptosomes
MS = Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol
UI = D013574
Synchrotrons
MS = Devices for accelerating protons or electrons in closed orbits where the accelerating voltage and magnetic field strength varies (the accelerating voltage is held constant for electrons) in order to keep the orbit radius constant.
AN = particle accelerators; do not confuse with SYNCHROCYCLOTRONS see CYCLOTRONS
UI = D017356
Syncope
MS = A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)
UI = D013575
Syncope, Vasovagal
MS = Loss of consciousness due to a reduction in blood pressure that is associated with an increase in vagal tone and peripheral vasodilation.
UI = D019462
Syndactyly
MS = A congenital anomaly of the hand or foot, marked by the webbing between adjacent fingers or toes. Syndactylies are classified as complete or incomplete by the degree of joining. Syndactylies can also be simple or complex. Simple syndactyly indicates joining of only skin or soft tissue; complex syndactyly marks joining of bony elements.
AN = do not confuse with POLYDACTYLY; coord IM with FINGERS /abnorm (IM) or TOES /abnorm (IM); ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA is also available
UI = D013576
Syndrome
MS = A symptom complex of unknown etiology, that is characteristic of a particular abnormality.
AN = NIM; no qualif; policy: Manual 23.20.2.1, 23.26+
UI = D013577
Syndrome X
MS = ANGINA PECTORIS or angina-like chest pain with a normal coronary arteriogram and positive exercise test. The cause of the syndrome is unknown. While its recognition is of clinical importance, its prognosis is excellent. (Braunwald, Heart Disease, 4th ed, p1346; Jablonski Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)
UI = D017566
Synechococcus Group
MS = Unicellular, coccoid to rod-shaped CYANOBACTERIA that divide by binary fission in a single plane. Their cells lack structured sheaths and range in diameter from 0.3 to 2.3 microns. These organisms are isolated from freshwater, marine, and hot spring environments. By examining morphological, physiological, and chemical properties it has been possible to subdivide this group into six "strain clusters". These clusters are equivalent to genera but have not been formalized.
AN = a group of CYANOBACTERIA found in fresh & sea water
UI = D017030
Synechocystis Group
MS = Unicellular CYANOBACTERIA that divide by binary fission in two or three successive planes at right angles to one another. Typically, the cells occur singly or in pairs. These organisms are isolated from freshwater and seawater environments. By examining morphological, physiological, and chemical properties it has been possible to subdivide this group into four "strain clusters". These clusters are equivalent to genera but have not been formalized.
AN = a group of CYANOBACTERIA found in fresh & sea water
UI = D017031
Synephrine
MS = Sympathetic alpha-adrenergic agonist with actions like PHENYLEPHRINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in circulatory failure, asthma, nasal congestion, and glaucoma.
UI = D013578
Synostosis
MS = A union between adjacent bones or parts of a single bone formed by osseous material, such as ossified connecting cartilage or fibrous tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = abnorm union between bones or parts of bones; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D013580
Synovial Cyst
MS = A nodular, tumorlike lesion in or about a tendon sheath or joint capsule, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. It is not a true cyst as it lacks an epithelial wall, and it does not communicate with the underlying synovial space. The lesion represents a focal accumulation of mucin in the dermis of the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanges or, less often, other portions of the extremities.
AN = non-neoplastic; wrist ganglion = WRIST (IM) + SYNOVIAL CYST (IM); /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D013581
Synovial Fluid
MS = The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints.
UI = D013582
Synovial Membrane
MS = The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes SYNOVIAL FLUID.
AN = inflammation = SYNOVITIS
UI = D013583
Synovitis
MS = Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = inflamm of synovial membrane: do not confuse with TENOSYNOVITIS, inflamm of tendon sheath
UI = D013585
Synovitis, Pigmented Villonodular
MS = Outgrowths of synovial membrane composed of villi and fibrous nodules characterized histologically by hemosiderin- and lipid-containing macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. It usually occurs in the knee.
AN = usually in the knee
UI = D013586
Synsepalum
MS = A plant genus of the family SAPOTACEAE. Members contain miraculin (also spelled mieraculin), a sweet protein.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032133
Synteny
MS = The presence of two or more genetic loci on the same chromosome. Extensions of this original definition refer to the similarity in content and organization between chromosomes, of different species for example.
UI = D026801
Syphilis
MS = A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.
AN = Treponema infect; /diag will probably be SYPHILIS SERODIAGNOSIS: check for serol method; NEUROSYPHILIS & its indentions are also available
UI = D013587
Syphilis Serodiagnosis
MS = Serologic tests for syphilis.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: SYPHILIS SERODIAG
UI = D013588
Syphilis, Cardiovascular
AN = coord IM with specific cardiovasc organ or dis (IM) but note X ref below
UI = D013589
Syphilis, Congenital
MS = Syphilis acquired in utero and manifested by any of several characteristic tooth (Hutchinson's teeth) or bone malformations and by active mucocutaneous syphilis at birth or shortly thereafter. Ocular and neurologic changes may also occur.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D013590
Syphilis, Cutaneous
MS = Cutaneous lesions arising from infection with Treponema pallidum. In the primary stage, 18-21 days following infection, one or more chancres appear. If untreated, the subsequent stages of the disease appear as syphilids. These eruptions are superficial, nondestructive, exanthematic, transient, macular roseolas that may later be maculopapular or papular polymorphous or scaly, pustular, pigmented eruptions.(Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p409)
UI = D013591
Syphilis, Latent
UI = D013592
Syria
UI = D013593
Syringa
MS = A plant genus of the family OLEACEAE. Oleuropein has been identified in the stem bark.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031662
Syringes
MS = Instruments used for injecting or withdrawing fluids. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D013594
Syringoma
MS = A benign tumor of the sweat glands which is usually multiple and results from malformation of sweat ducts. It is uncommon and more common in females than in males. It is most likely to appear at adolescence, and further lesions may develop during adult life. It does not appear to be hereditary. (Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, pp2407-8)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SWEAT GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018252
Syringomyelia
MS = Longitudinal cavities in the spinal cord, most often in the cervical region, which may extend for multiple spinal levels. The cavities are lined by dense, gliogenous tissue and may be associated with SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS; spinal cord traumatic injuries; and vascular malformations. Syringomyelia is marked clinically by pain and PARESTHESIA, muscular atrophy of the hands, and analgesia with thermoanesthesia of the hands and arms, but with the tactile sense preserved (sensory dissociation). Lower extremity spasticity and incontinence may also develop. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1269)
UI = D013595
Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine
MS = Controlled vocabulary of clinical terms produced by the College of American Pathologists.
AN = CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D039061
Systems Analysis
MS = The analysis of an activity, procedure, method, technique, or business to determine what must be accomplished and how the necessary operations may best be accomplished.
AN = no qualif
UI = D013597
Systems Integration
MS = The procedures involved in combining separately developed modules, components, or subsystems so that they work together as a complete system. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = no qualif
UI = D018511
Systems Theory
MS = Principles, models, and laws that apply to complex interrelationships and interdependencies of sets of linked components which form a functioning whole, a system. Any system may be composed of components which are systems in their own right (sub-systems), such as several organs within an individual organism.
AN = no qualif
UI = D013598
Systole
MS = Period of contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles.
AN = SYSTOLIC PRESSURE see BLOOD PRESSURE & do not add SYSTOLE (NIM) unless particularly discussed
UI = D013599